1. Bolton CF, Young GB. Encephalopathy of chronic renal failure.

In: Neurological Complications of

Renal Disease. 1990:49-74.
2. Brouns R, De Deyn PP. Neurological complications in renal failure: a review. Clin Neurol
Neurosurg. Dec 2004;107(1):1-16.
3. Arieff AI. Nervous system manifestations of renal failure. In: Schrier RW, ed. Diseases of the
Kidney. Lippincott; 2007:2460-2482.
4. Seifter JL, Samuels MA. Uremic encephalopathy and other brain disorders associated with renal
failure.Semin Neurol. Apr 2011;31(2):139-43.
5. Biasioli S, D'Andrea G, Feriani M, Chiaramonte S, Fabris A, Ronco C, et al. Uremic
encephalopathy: an updating. Clin Nephrol. Feb 1986;25(2):57-63.
6. Biasioli S. Neurologic aspects of dialysis. In: Nissenson A, Fine R, eds. Clinical Dialysis.
2005:855-876.
7. Moe SM, Sprague SM. Uremic encephalopathy. Clin Nephrol. Oct 1994;42(4):251-6.
8. Deguchi T, Isozaki K, Yousuke K, Terasaki T, Otagiri M. Involvement of organic anion
transporters in the efflux of uremic toxins across the blood-brain barrier. J Neurochem. Feb
2006;96(4):1051-9.
9. De Deyn PP, Vanholder R, Eloot S, et al. Guanidino compounds as uremic (neuro)toxins. Semin
Dial. Jul-Aug 2009;22(4):340-5.
10. Liu M, Liang Y, Chigurupati S, Lathia JD, Pletnikov M, Sun Z, et al. Acute kidney injury leads to
inflammation and functional changes in the brain. J Am Soc Nephrol. Jul 2008;19(7):1360-70.
11. Nomoto K, Scurlock C, Bronster D. Dexmedetomidine controls twitch-convulsive syndrome in the
course of uremic encephalopathy. J Clin Anesth. Dec 2011;23(8):646-8.
12. Yamamoto T, Satomura K, Okada S, et al. Risk factors for neurological complications in complete
hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by Escherichia coli O157. Pediatr Int. Apr 2009;51(2):216-9.
13. Schmidt M, Sitter T, Lederer SR, Held E, Schiffl H. Reversible MRI changes in a patient with
uremic encephalopathy. J Nephrol. Sep-Oct 2001;14(5):424-7.
14. De Deyn PP, D'Hooge R, Van Bogaert PP, Marescau B. Endogenous guanidino compounds as
uremic neurotoxins. Kidney Int Suppl. Feb 2001;78:S77-83.
15. Liu M, Liang Y, Chigurupati S, Lathia JD, Pletnikov M, Sun Z, et al. Acute kidney injury leads to
inflammation and functional changes in the brain. J Am Soc Nephrol. Jul 2008;19(7):1360-70.
16. Lacerda G, Krummel T, Hirsch E. Neurologic presentations of renal diseases. Neurol Clin. Feb
2010;28(1):45-59.
17. Brouns R, De Deyn PP. Neurological complications in renal failure: a review. Clin Neurol
Neurosurg. Dec 2004;107(1):1-16.
18. Yoon CH, Seok JI, Lee DK, An GS. Bilateral basal ganglia and unilateral cortical involvement in a
diabetic uremic patient. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. Jun 2009;111(5):477-9.
19. Rhl JE, Harms L, Pommer W. Quantitative EEG findings in patients with chronic renal
failure. Eur J Med Res. Apr 26 2007;12(4):173-8.
20. Singh NP, Sahni V, Wadhwa A, Garg S, Bajaj SK, Kohli R. Effect of improvement in anemia on
electroneurophysiological markers (P300) of cognitive dysfunction in chronic kidney
disease. Hemodial Int. Jul 2006;10(3):267-73.

21. Cheng BC, Chang WN, Lu CH, Chen JB, Chang CS, Lee CH. Bacterial meningitis in
hemodialyzed patients.J Nephrol. Mar-Apr 2004;17(2):236-41.
22. Arieff AI, Mahoney CA. Pathogenesis of dialysis encephalopathy. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol.
Nov-Dec 1983;5(6):641-4.
23. Balzer S, Kuttner K. [Early auditory evoked potential. A diagnostic parameter in uremic
encephalopathy].HNO. Oct 1996;44(10):559-66.
24. Biasioli S, D'Andrea G, Chiaramonte S, Fabris A, Feriani M, Ronco C, et al. The role of
neurotransmitters in the genesis of uremic encephalopathy. Int J Artif Organs. Mar 1984;7(2):1016.
25. Biasioli S, D'Andrea G, Fabris A, Feriani M, La Greca G. The pathogenesis of uremic
encephalopathy (UE).Int J Artif Organs. Jan 1985;8(1):59-60.
26. Bolton CF, Young GB. Uremic encephalopathy. In: Neurological Complications of Renal Disease.
Boston, MA: Butterworths; 1990:43-74.
27. Bourne JR, Teschan PE. Computer methods, uremic encephalopathy, and adequacy of
dialysis. Kidney Int. Oct 1983;24(4):496-506.
28. Brouns R, De Deyn PP. Neurological complications in renal failure: a review. Clin Neurol
Neurosurg. Dec 2004;107(1):1-16.
29. Chiappa KH, Hill RA. Evoked Potentials in Clinical Medicine. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins; 1997.
30. Chow KM, Wang AY, Hui AC, Wong TY, Szeto CC, Li PK. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus in
peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. Aug 2001;38(2):400-5.
31. De Deyn PP, Saxena VK, Abts H, et al. Clinical and pathophysiological aspects of neurologic
complications in renal failure. Acta Neurol Belg. 1992;92:191-206.
32. De Deyn PP, Vanholder R, D'Hooge R. Nitric oxide in uremia: effects of several potentially toxic
guanidino compounds. Kidney Int Suppl. May 2003;S25-8.
33. Ganesh SK, Hulbert-Shearon T, Port FK, Eagle K, Stack AG. Mortality differences by dialysis
modality among incident ESRD patients with and without coronary artery disease. J Am Soc
Nephrol. Feb 2003;14(2):415-24.
34. Habach G, Bloembergen WE, Mauger EA, Wolfe RA, Port FK. Hospitalization among United
States dialysis patients: hemodialysis versus peritoneal dialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. May
1995;5(11):1940-8.
35. Hung SC, Hung SH, Tarng DC, Yang WC, Chen TW, Huang TP. Thiamine deficiency and
unexplained encephalopathy in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis.
Nov 2001;38(5):941-7.
36. Jagadha V, Deck JH, Halliday WC, Smyth HS. Wernicke's encephalopathy in patients on
peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis. Ann Neurol. Jan 1987;21(1):78-84.
37. Jeppsson B, Freund HR, Gimmon Z, et al. Blood-brain barrier derangement in uremic
encephalopathy.Surgery. Jul 1982;92(1):30-5.
38. Kiley JE, Pratt KL, Gisser DG, Schaffer CA. Techniques of EEG frequency analysis for evaluation
of uremic encephalopathy. Clin Nephrol. Jun 1976;5(6):279-85.
39. Liu M, Liang Y, Chigurupati S, Lathia JD, Pletnikov M, Sun Z, et al. Acute kidney injury leads to
inflammation and functional changes in the brain. J Am Soc Nephrol. Jul 2008;19(7):1360-70.

40. Lockwood AH. Neurologic complications of renal disease. Neurol Clin. Aug 1989;7(3):617-27.
41. Mahoney CA, Arieff AI. Uremic encephalopathies: clinical, biochemical, and experimental
features. Am J Kidney Dis. Nov 1982;2(3):324-36.
42. Moe SM, Sprague SM. Uremic encephalopathy. Clin Nephrol. Oct 1994;42(4):251-6.
43. Murphy SW, Foley RN, Barrett BJ, Kent GM, Morgan J, Barr P, et al. Comparative
hospitalization of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients in Canada. Kidney Int. Jun
2000;57(6):2557-63.
44. Niedermeyer E. Metabolic central nervous system disorders. In: Basic Principles, Clinical
Applications, and Related Fields. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins;
1993:405-18.
45. Norenberg MD, Bruce-Gregorios J. Renal disease. In: Textbook of Neuropathology. 3rd ed.
Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1997:575-9.
46. Ropper AH, Brown RH. Uremic encephalopathy. In: Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology.
8th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Professional; 2005:969-71.
47. Schmidt M, Sitter T, Lederer SR, et al. Reversible MRI changes in a patient with uremic
encephalopathy. J Nephrol. Sep-Oct 2001;14(5):424-7.
48. Souheaver GT, Ryan JJ, DeWolfe AS. Neuropsychological patterns in uremia. J Clin Psychol. Jul
1982;38(3):490-6.
49. Topczewska-Bruns J, Pawlak D, Chabielska E, et al. Increased levels of 3-hydroxykynurenine in
different brain regions of rats with chronic renal insufficiency. Brain Res Bull. Aug 15
2002;58(4):423-8.
50. Wu AW, Fink NE, Marsh-Manzi JV, Meyer KB, Finkelstein FO, Chapman MM, et al. Changes in
quality of life during hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis treatment: generic and disease specific
measures. J Am Soc Nephrol. Mar 2004;15(3):743-53.
51. Zucker I, Yosipovitch G, David M, et al. Prevalence and characterization of uremic pruritus in
patients undergoing hemodialysis: uremic pruritus is still a major problem for patients with endstage renal disease. J Am Acad Dermatol. Nov 2003;49(5):842-6.
52. Toyin F. Olatinwo, MD, Ross G. Hewitt, MD. New Onset Seizures as an Initial Presentation of
End-Stage Renal Failure in Patients With HIV/AIDS. AIDS Read. 2002;12(6).
53. Steven Jay Rosansky, William F. Clark, Paul Eggers, Richard J. Glassock. Initiation of Dialysis at
Higher GFRs: Is the Apparent Rising Tide of Early Dialysis Harmful or Helpful?. Kidney
Int. 2009;76(3):257261.
54. Anyzeila Diaz, Beverly Deliz, Selim R Benbadis. The Use of Newer Antiepileptic Drugs in Patients
With Renal Failure. Expert Rev Neurother. 2012;12(1):99-105.
55. Pamela Wratchford, Charles D. Ponte. High-Dose Simvastatin and Rhabdomyolysis. Am J Health
Syst Pharm. 2003;60(7)