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Carburetion
The process of mixture preparation in an SI
engine is called carburetion. This air-fuel mixture
is prepared outside the cylinder in a device
called CARBURETOR.
Starting
Loads
Idling
Cruising
Accelerating
2
Functions
It must atomize, vaporize and mix the
fuel homogeneously with air.
Remark
For high speed engines (3000 rpm), the time
available for mixture preparation is very small
(0.02 sec).
Air-Fuel Mixtures
Vary
Load/
speed
Various Loads
Idling/Starting: Engine runs without load.
Produces power only to overcome friction
between the parts. Rich mixture is required to
sustain combustion.
10
Carburetor Performance
11
Simple Carburetor
Inlet
Valve
Throttle
Vent
Fuel discharge
nozzle
Float
Fuel metering
jet lip, h
Fuel
from
supply
Float
Chamber
Fuel
Choke
Air
12
Inlet
Valve
Vent
Fuel discharge
nozzle
Float
Fuel metering
jet lip, h
Fuel
from
supply
Float
Chamber
Fuel
Choke
Air
13
Venturi-type Carburetor
Air/Fuel Mixture To Engine
Bernoulli Effect:
P+1/2 V2 = Constant
Throttle Plate
Atomized Fuel
Valve Stem
Fuel Inlet
Float
Venturi
Choke Plate
Bowl
Fuel
Nozzle
Inlet Air
Metering Orifice
14
Operation
The fuel supply to the float chamber is
controlled by the action of the float and the
attached fuel supply valve. During the intake or
the suction stroke of the engine, the piston
moves from TDC to BDC, and creates a vacuum
in the space above it and in the suction
manifold. Due to this fall in pressure, the
atmospheric air rushes into the carburetor. Near
the venturi, velocity increases, pressure
decreases and the fuel comes out in the form of
a jet. The fuel gets mixed with air and goes into
the cylinder.
15
Operation
Choke
Venturi
Throttle
Higher Pressure
Outside Engine
Fuel
16
17
A ma
=
F mf
Let the tip of
19
1 2
2
q w = h2 h1 + (c2 c1 )
2
For adiabatic flow,
q = 0, w = 0, and c1 0
We have,
c2 = 2(h1 h2 )
c2 = 2C p (T1 T2 )
20
Also,
ma = 1A1C1 = 2 A2C2
A1C1 A2C2
ma =
=
v1
v2
p1v1k = p2v2k
v1k
p2
=
p1
v2k
We have
v2 = v1
p1 k
p2
RT1
v2 =
p1
p1 k
p2
21
A2C2
ma =
gives
v2
ma =
Finally, we have
A2
RT1
p1
p1 k
p2
2C pT1 1
A2 p1
(ma )theoretical =
2C p
R T1
k 1
k
p2
p1
p2 k
p1
k +1
k
p2
p1
22
p1
p2
p2
C22
2g
Cf 2
2
+z
+ gz
p p
1
2
C f = 2
gz
f
p p
1
2
C f = 2
gz
f
(m f )theoretical = f A f C f
(m f )theoretical = A f 2 f ( p1 p2 f gz )
(m f )actual = Cd (m f )theoretical
f
where Cd
Complete Carburetor
A simple carburetor is capable to supply a
correct air-fuel mixture to the engine only at a
particular load and speed. In order to meet the
engine demand at various operating conditions,
the following additional systems are added to the
simple carburetor.
idling system
auxiliary port system
power enrichment by economizer system
accelerating pump system
choke
25
Idling system
During starting
or idling, engine
runs without load
and the throttle
valve remains in
closed
position.
Engine produces
power
only
to
overcome friction
between the parts,
and a rich mixture
is to be fed to the
engine to sustain
combustion.
Throttle
Adjusting
screw
Air bleed
Idling jet
Main
jet
Float chamber
Air
26
Throttle
Adjusting
screw
Air bleed
Idling jet
Main
jet
Float chamber
Air
27
Air
+
Fuel
Main jet
Air
28
29
During
sudden
acceleration
of
an
engine (e.g., overtaking
a vehicle), an extra
amount
of
fuel
is
momentarily required to
supply a rich mixture.
This is obtained by an
accelerating
pump
system. It consists of a
spring-loaded plunger,
and
the
necessary
linkage mechanism.
Plunger
Open
Pump
Float
chamber
30
Remark
During cold starting period, at low cranking
speed and before the engine gets warmed up,
a rich mixture has to be supplied, simply
because a large fraction of the fuel remains in
liquid state in the cylinder, and only the vapor
fraction forms the combustible mixture with air.
The most common method of obtaining this rich
mixture is to use a choke valve between the
entry to the carburetor and the venturi throat.
31
Types of Carburetor
based on direction of flow
32
Multi-barrel Carburetor
A single barrel carburetor has one outlet
connected to the intake manifold of engine.
33
Aircraft Carburetors
Automobile carburetors are calibrated at
sea-level conditions
34
Enrichment
(due to variation of air density)
If /0 = 0.84,
E +1 =
E +1 =
p 0 RT
RT0 p
E +1 =
p 0T
pT0
1
E +1 =
= 1.091
0.84
E = 0.091 = 9.1%
METHODS
Reduction of pressure in float chamber
Auxiliary air valve/air port
Supercharger
36
Summary
Basic Carburetor
1. The carburetor is a
device which mixes air
and
fuel
in
a
reciprocating internal
combustion
engine.
Carburetors are still
found in small engines
and
in
older
or
specialized automobiles
such as racing cars.
However, most cars
built since the early
1980s use fuel injection
instead of carburetion.
37
Summary
2. Most carbureted (as opposed to fuel
injected) engines have a single carburetor,
though some, primarily higher performance
engines, can have multiple carburetors. Most
automotive carburetors are either downdraft
(flow of air is downwards) or side-draft (flow of
air is sideways). In the United States, downdraft
carburetors were almost ubiquitous, partly
because a downdraft unit is ideal for V
engines. In Europe, side-draft carburetors are
much more common in performance
applications. Small
propeller-driven flat
airplane engines have the carburetor below
the engine (updraft).
38
References
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Wiley & Sons.
4. Ganesan V, (2003), Internal Combustion Engines, Tata McGraw Hill.
5. Gill PW, Smith JH, and Ziurys EJ, (1959), Fundamentals of I. C. Engines, Oxford
and IBH Pub Ltd.
6. Heisler H, (1999), Vehicle and Engine Technology, Arnold Publishers.
7. Heywood JB, (1989), Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw Hill.
8. Heywood JB, and Sher E, (1999), The Two-Stroke Cycle Engine, Taylor & Francis.
9. Joel R, (1996), Basic Engineering Thermodynamics, Addison-Wesley.
10. Mathur ML, and Sharma RP, (1994), A Course in Internal Combustion Engines,
Dhanpat Rai & Sons, New Delhi.
11. Pulkrabek WW, (1997), Engineering Fundamentals of the I. C. Engine, Prentice Hall.
12. Rogers GFC, and Mayhew YR,
YR (1992), Engineering Thermodynamics, Addison
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