a) What do the terms “activation energy” and “effective collision” mean in a chemical reaction? [2 marks J b) Size of substance is a factor affecting the rate of chemical reaction. Using the collision theory, explain how the rate of reaction is affected when smaller pieces of marble chips are added to dilute hydrochloric acid. [6 marks ] a) Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy needed for reactant particles to react. Effective collision is a collision that results in a chemical reaction and the formation of products. b) When reactants in the form of marble chips are added to dilute hydrochloric acid, only hydrogen ions from the acid react with carbonate ions from the marble chips to produce carbon dioxide and water molecules. 2H"(aq) + CO,*(aq) > CO,(g) + H,0(!) Smaller pieces of marble chips have a larger total surface area, exposing more carbonate ions for collisions with hydrogen ions. Since there is an increase in the frequency of collisions between hydrogen ions and carbonate ions, the frequency of effective collision increases, and so the rate of reaction increases, Tutor’s comments: b) Students need to answer with reference to the stated reaction in the question. First, identify the main reacting particles ~ the hydrogen ions and carbonate ions ~ and then answer the question with reference to these reacting particles. Also, write out the chemical equation of the reaction.‘Two experiments are carried out to compare the effects of two different catalysts on the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. In each experiment, 0.010 mol of the catalyst is added to 40cm? of 0.05 moldan? hydrogen peroxide solution. The volume of oxygen produced is measured at 30-second intervals. The results are then plotted, as shown on the graphs. if Experiment Il a) Based on the graphs, Iron(Ifl) oxide as catalyst calculate the average rate of reaction for the first 60 seconds of i) Experiment 1 [2 marks ] ii) Experiment II [2 marks J Based on your results in b(i) and (ii), name the better catalyst. Explain. [ 2 marks ] If Experiment I is allowed to continue until the reaction is completed, predict the total volume of oxygen that will be produced. [1 mark J How do catalysts like manganese(IV) oxide and iron(II) oxide speed up a chemical reaction? [1 mark J Volume of oxygen/em* 30 Experiment I: Manganese(IV) oxide as catalyst Time/s a) The rate of reaction for the first 60 seconds the volume of gas collected after 60 seconds 60 12 te i) B = 0.2em’s ii) & = O.tem’st b) Manganese(IV) oxide is a better catalyst. The average rate of production of oxygen gas is higher when manganese(IV) oxide is used, if compared to that when iron(II) oxide is used ) The final volume of gas collected in Experiments I and I will be the same ~ 24cm’s* = because the quantity of reactants in both experiments is the same. 4d) Catalysts serve to lower the activation energy needed for a reaction, thus increasing the frequency of effective collisions.© Study topics on the mole concept, acid-base reactions, and the rate of reaction, concurrently. © Differentiate the meaning between “compare” and “contrast”. Compare: find the similarities and differences between two or more things, concepts, etc Contrast: find only the differences between two things, concepts, etc Student's answers: Here are some of the common errors made by students when answering questions on the rate of reaction. . Rate of reaction described as fast or slow. Eg: Rate of reaction getting slower. . The smaller the size of a substance, the bigger is its surface area. |. Drawing graphs: The axes not labelled and the units not stated. Thistle funnel 52 Hydrogen Ya 985 Units not shown oF wrong units given. . State or size of substance not described. 7 Eg: Potassium iodide reacting with..., ) Hydrochloric magnesium reacting with. acid . Thistle funnel not immersed In solution . Fast reaction ~ high rate; Slow reaction ~ low rate Eg: Rate of reaction decreases. . The smaller the size of a substance, the bigger is its total surface area. Volume/om? Label the axes and units, Time/s aoe seer edocs oes . Eg: Aqueous potassium iodide or potassium iodide solution reacting with... magnesium Thistle 5 _. Hydrogen powder reacting with funnel hi ges . Thistle funnel must be immersed in solution. 2 Hydrochloric: acid