JUWAIRIAH ZAKIRAH BINTI ABDUL RAZAK

PA11024

Safety Precaution for Car Collisions

Safety precaution for driver, occupant and pedestrian protection or features designed to
improve safety when vehicle or car collisions are important. Safety precaution or features
designed are include crumple zone, crash cushions and crash barriers, air bags, seatbelt, antilock brakes, impact-absorbing side-panels, front and rear head restraints, run-flat tires, smooth
and deformable front-ends, impact-absorbing bumpers, and retractable headlamps, thicker
pillars, safety glass, interiors with no sharp edges, stronger bodies, other active or passive safety
features, and smooth exteriors to reduce the consequences of an impact with pedestrian."Active
safety" is used to refer to technology assisting in the prevention of a crash and "passive safety" to
components of the vehicle (primarily airbags, seatbelts and the physical structure of the vehicle)
that help to protect occupants during a crash.
One of safety precautions is crumple zones that can absorb and dissipate the force of a
collision, displacing and diverting it away from the passenger compartment and reducing the
negative acceleration impact force on the vehicle occupants. Typically, crumple zones are
located in the front part of the vehicle, in order to absorb the impact of a head-on collision,
though they may be found on other parts of the vehicle as well. In other words, crumple zones
are

designed

to

absorb

the energy from

the

impact

during

a traffic

collision by

controlled deformation. According to a British Motor Insurance Repair Research Centre study of
where on the vehicle impact damage occurs: 65% were front impacts, 25% rear impacts, 5% left
side, and 5% right side. Some racing cars use aluminium or composite / carbon fibre honeycomb
to form an impact attenuator that dissipates crash energy using a much smaller volume and lower
weight than road car crumple zones.
The sequence of energy dissipating and speed reducing technologies which are crumple
zone, seat belt, airbags, padded interior are designed to work together as a system to reduce the
force of the impact on the outside of the passenger's body and the final impact of organs inside
the body. In a collision, slowing down the deceleration of the human body by even a few tenths
of a second drastically reduces the force involved. Force is a simple equation: Force = mass X
acceleration. Cutting the deceleration in half also cuts the force in half. Therefore, changing the
deceleration time from 0.2 seconds to 0.8 seconds will result in a 75 percent reduction in total
force.