Modelling of urban drainage and

wastewater collection systems

by
Berislav Tomicic, MSc.
Ole Mark, PhD., MSc.
DHI Water Environment Health
And now Birgitte Lilholt Srensen

Approach to learning ?

To make it efficient / easy but

You learn by doing (no pain no gain !)
I expect questions
I expect self-learning

WHAT IS YOUR EXPERIENCE WITH

MODELS ?

WHAT DO YOU EXPECT TO GET FROM

THIS COURSE ?

WHAT WILL YOU LEARN ?

To understand, identify and solve problems within
urban drainage and wastewater
To choose and apply urban drainage models
Good modelling practice
Esmaeil will teach the numerical mathematics

COURSE PROGRAMME
Dynamic modelling of sewage transport
Rationale: To provide applied knowledge of hydrology and hydraulics to
principal of design, function, planning and management of stormwater drainage
in urban area.
Catalogue Description: Weather and hydrology, element of urban stormwater
runoff, stormwater facilities and detention/retention, computer models in urban
drainage, planning and management.
Course Outline:
I Introduction
II Weather and Hydrology
1.Hydrologic cycle in urban area
2.Rainfall and runoff relationship
3.Infiltration and groundwater flow
III Element of Urban Stormwater Runoff
Design storms
Rainfall excess
Design storm frequency
Design duration and distribution

COURSE PROGRAMME
2. Dry weather flow
Wastewater
Self cleaning of pipes
Hydraulic capacity
3. Overland flow
Hydrographs
Effect of infiltration
4. Hydraulics of channel flow
Flow routing
Hydraulic
Capacity
Backwater (tidal) effects from rivers and seas

Mathematical Modelling, e.g. a River

PHYSICAL SYSTEM

PHYSICAL LAWS

River Network
Flood Plains
Structures

Conservation of Mass
Conservation of
Momentum

SCHEMATIZE

DISCRETIZE

Represent by a simple
Equivalent System

Express as e.g. a Finite

Difference Relation

BOUNDARIES

NUMERICAL MODEL

OUTPUTS

Mathematical Modeling
Any computer program for mathematical
modeling of unsteady flow is based on
fundamental elements like:
A differential relationship expressing the
physical laws
A numerical scheme (e.g. finite difference)
producing a system of algebraic equations
An algorithm to solve these equations

Urban Flooding Problems MIKE FLOOD

Street and pipe flow hydraulic

model concept
Street
Runoff ~ 100%
Overflow to
pervious areas

Catchment
Runoff <
100%
Overflow bi-directional

Street
manhole
Infiltration to soil

pipe

Sewer and roads modelled

simultaneously in 1D

Areas next to the road are

included

Figure : 2 layers with surface storage model

Computed and observed flood map for Dhaka, 1996

Red:
Observed flooded

Flood Indundation Maps & Applications

Bangkok April 2002

The flood mitigation cycle

2. Flood warning

Disaster
Impact

Before
impact

During
impact
3. Emergency
response

1. Prepardness for
Prevention and
mitigation

After
impact
4. Recovery and
rehabilitation

The Bangkok model, 2001

In the past the model

was a copy of the sewer
system.

Today, the model is a copy of the city

Final grid with streets

and buildings

Raising by 5 m places
where there are buildings

Grid with streets

Lowering by 20 cm places
where there are streets

Initial elevation grid

Results from Bangkok

How can computer

models help us ?

To understand the
reasons for the present
situation and ...

To test a new design

before it is implemented...

To test What happens if...

Argentina - sometime around 1990

Part of the Solution

Treatment
T Plant
P

Sewers /
Klongs

Water Level (m)

River

Integrated
Modelling

2.4
2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
14.30

14.50

14.70

14.90

15.10

Time (decimal day)

Sea

15.30

Integrated Modelling

MIKE 11/21

TP

WEST

MOUSE

MIKE SHE

The Challenge at Pattaya

1. Evaluate the water

quality at the beach
2. Estimate the
improvements from
the new WWTP
Pattaya Beach

CSO into the river

A mix of sewage and rain is pumped onto the

beach !

A recreational place

Pattaya, Thailand 2001

The Model of Pattaya Beach

1. Model of the sewers
2. Model of the bay

Lisbon Harbour, Portugal - Summer 1999

Danger level

Warning level

24-hour water level forecasts at Bhadrachalam

Yangtze flood, August 1998

250 mill people affected
2500 dead
5 bill. $ damages

Juijiang main street

What is

MOUSE

Urban drainage model for pipe flow and surface flow

MOUSE TRAP - Water Quality & Sediment Transport
MOUSE RTC - Real Time Control
MIKE URBAN - Data management and result
presentation

MOUSE - Part of a Family

MIKE 11 and MIKE 21 for modelling of the
quality of the receiving waters
MIKE SHE for modelling of surface water /
groundwater / sewer system interaction
MIKE 21 for modelling of 2D flows in
flooded urban areas
WEST for modelling of sewage treatment
facilities

MOUSE Classic

The ICS model for Barcelona, Spain

MOUSE MIKE URBAN

MOUSE - Modelling of Urban Sewers

Rainfall-Runoff

Hydrodynamic

Advection-Dispersion

Water Quality

Sediment Transport

SUMMARY
Models are approximations!
Models are never 100% correct replications of nature,
but they may not be wrong or better: they may be
right for the purpose!
Calibration requires understanding, systematic
approach and reliable data
Its not magic - just do it!

The Calibration Process

Input Catchment Data
Disturbances

Physical
System

Model

Minimise
Disturbances

Recorded Output

Error
Differences

Statistical Measures

Model Output

Parameter
Adjustment

Make a simple runoff model of

Faculty of Engineering

Copyright: COWI

Definition of a Rainfall Runoff Model for

Faculty of Engineering

1. Which data do you need ?

2. Which physical equations have you got ?
3. How do you want to solve the equations ?

The Kinematic Wave Model

V MR I
2/3

V
M
R
I

= flow velocity (m/s)

= The Manning Number (m1/3/s)
= Hydraulic Radius (m)
= Slope

R = Flow area/wetted perimeter Water depth

The Kinematic Wave Model

Q V A

Q MWY I
5/3

Q = (m3/s)
M = The Manning Number (m1/3/s)
Y = Water depth
W = The flow width = the width catchment
I = Slope

The Kinematic Wave Model

V MR I
2/3

Pros:
Fast & Easy
Widely applied - sooner or later you will meet this
model
Applied for simple river modelling
Also applicable for 2-D surface runoff modelling
Cons:

No hydrological memory
No Back water i.e. no flooding....

Exercise: Kinematic Rainfall Runoff Model

If possible, calibrate the model by changing:

Manning no.
Slope
Catchment Width
Reduction factor
Answer the questions:
1. Do you consider you model calibrated ?
2. Explain your answer above.