CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION OF BUTADIENE

1.1 History
The first men that isolate the butadiene by pyrolysis of amyl alcohol was
E.Caventou. It was produced by passing a mixture of ethylene and acetylene
through a red-hot iron tube. This method was discovered by M.Berthelot and
in the 1885, two scientist found another structure of butadiene, that were
G.Ciamician and P.Magnaghi. A year after they discovered that,
H.E.Amstrong and A.K.Miller discovered the production of Butadiene by
cracking petroleum process. Since then, many scientist discovered so many
was to produce butadiene. In 1990 S.Lebedew discovered the butadiene in the
form of rubber such as polymer. Because of serious interest in this product, he
managed to develop the derivatives.
Butadiene was first manufactured in German,that was during the
World War I from acetylene and during World War II, different raw material
were used. It used butenes from petroleum and natural gas as their main raw
material for US butadiene production. During that year, there were different
developed method for manufacturing useful butadiene polymer and as the war
end, K.Ziegler and G.Natta produce butadiene by polymerization with
organometalluc catalytic agent led for a better quality of rubber.

1.2 Application
Butadiene acts as the primary used for a monomer or co-monomer for the
production of synthetic rubber. It was the main component of SBR that was
70% of butadiene and the remainder is styrene. For polybutadiene
rubber(PBR) and thermoplastic rubbers, they contained polystyrene and
polybutadiene blocks. There were used to produce tires and plastic materials.
Next was Nitrile rubber(NBR) that contained at least 20% - 60% of
acrylonitrile and the rest was butadiene. They were copolymerised. The
application was to produced rubber in used of hoses, gloves, seals and gaskets.
The next type was chloroprene rubber(CP) which was the monomer of 2chlorobutadiene, and other latex material were also produced by conjunction
with other monomer. For example was Nitrile lattices that was produced from
acrylonitrile and butadiene.
Besides that, butadiene also important for the production of plastic, the
main product was copolymer of acrylonitrile that was an ingredient in rocket
fuel, butadiene and styrene that was known as ABS resin, which cooperated at
least 10-15% butadiene. For the production of Nylon-66, butadiene was also
used as the intermediates and as the raw material for adiponitrile production.

End Use

Percentage of total

Synthetic elastomers
Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)
Polybutadiene (BR)
Polychloroprene (Neoprene)
Nitrile rubber

63.3
32.0
23.0
5.60
2.70

Polymers and resins

Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene(ABS)
Styrene-butadiene copolymer (latex)

15.7
4.70
11.0

Chemical and other uses

Adiponitrile
others

21.0
13.0
8.00

Table 1.0: The End Use of Butadiene

Polymer

Uses

Styrene-Butadiene rubber (SBR)

Tires, Adhesives, Sealants, Coating,

Rubber Articles (eg:Footwear)
Chewing gum base

Acrylonitriler-Butadiene Styrene

Automative Parts, Office Machines

(ABS)

Computers, Appliances,
Telephone

Styrene-Butadiene Latex (SBL)

Foam rubber, Cushions, Pads

Sponges, Adhesives, Sealants and
Paper coatings

Methyl Methacrylate Styrene

Impact modifier, Used in Auto parts,

(MMBS)

Food packaging, bottles

Nitrile Rubber (NBR)

Hoses, Fuel Lines, Latex, Auto Parts,

Adheives, Oil Resistant,
Clothing/Articles, Gloves, footwear

Polybutadiene (PB)

Tires, ABS Resins,

Intermediates, Impact Modifiers

Styrene-Butadiene Block

Automotive, Application, Asphalt,

Copolymers (SBS,SEBS)

Extender, Lubricanting oil, Additives,

Food Packaging, Adhesives, Medical
Devices, Footwear, polymer Mods,
Toys, Disposable, Dinnerware

Table 1.1: Some uses of Butadiene

Chemical intermediates
1,4-Hexadiene
Chloropropene
Adiponitriles
Neoprene

Ethylene-propylene
Terpolymer (EPDM)

gloves

coated fabric

coatings

automotives partss

adhesives

safety bumpers

binder

wire & cable coating

sealants

resins modifier

tires

footwear

belts and footwear

mechanical rubber
products

Hexamethylenedia
mine

nylon resins and

fibers

Sulfolane
Extraction
Solvet

1,5,9cyclodecatrine
nylon fibers
and resins

gaskets
tire tubes

Figure 1.0: Chemical Intermediates

1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties

1.3.1

Physical properties
1,3-Butadiene is a non-corrosive, colourless gas with a mild
aromatic odor, and flammable gas at a room temperature and in
atmospheric pressure. It is soluble in water, and slightly soluble
in methanol and ethanol, polymerizes readily and soluble in
organic solvent.

Property

Value

Physical state
Gas, Liquid under pressure
Color
colourless
Odor
Mild, Aromatic(hydrocarbon)
Molecular formula
C4H6
Molecular weight
54.092
Boiling point at atm.pressure, C
-4.411
Freezing point, C
-108.902
Critical temperature, C
152.0
Critical pressure, MPa
4.32
3
Critical volume, cm /mole
221
Critical density, g/ml
.245
Density (liquid),g/ml at
0C
.6452
25C
.6194
Density (gas) (air=1)
1.9
Purity wt%
99.5 min
Heat capacity at 25C, J/(mole.K)
79.538
Reactive Index , at -25C
1.4292
Solubility in water at 25C, ppm
735
Viscosity (liquid), mPa.s at 0C
.25
Heat of formation, gas, kJ/mole
110.165
Heat of formation, liquid, kJ/mole
88.7
Flash point, C
-85
Explosion limit in air, vol %
Lower
2.0
Upper
11.5
Ignition point, C
429
Odor Threshold in Air, ppm
Recognition
1.0-1.6
Dectection
0.025
UN or ID no
1010
Table 1.2: Physical Properties of Butadiene