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This supplements not replaces core T file with some violations our lab put together
Topicality Violations
Substantial (Funding)
a.) Interpretation: Substantial means at least 50% change
UNEP 02 (United Nations Environment Programme, 2002, Global Environment Outlook 3, Ch. 4, pg.
398, http://www.unep.org/geo/geo3/english/584.htm, accessed 7/4/14, BCG)
Change in selected pressures on natural ecosystems 2002-32. For the ecosystem quality component, see
the explanation of the Natural Capital Index. Values for the cumulative pressures were derived as
described under Natural Capital Index. The maps show the relative increase or decrease in pressure
between 2002 and 2032. 'No change' means less than 10 per cent change in pressure over the scenario
period; small increase or decrease means between 10 and 50 per cent change; substantial increase or
decrease means 50 to 100 per cent change; strong increase means more than doubling of pressure.
Areas which switch between natural and domesticated land uses are recorded separately.
b.) Current funding for ocean management is 650.6 million that means substantial
funding must be at least 325.3 million
Sargent Jr., Science and Technology Specialist, 13 (John, 12/5/13, Congressional Research Service,
Specialist in Science and Technology Policy, Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2013, pg.
42, http://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42410.pdf, accessed 7/4/14, BCG)
For FY2013, President Obama requested $650.6 million in R&D funding for NOAA, an 11.9% increase in
funding from the FY2012 actual level of $573.4 million. R&D accounted for 12.9% of NOAAs total
FY2013 discretionary budget request of $5.055 billion. The R&D request consisted of $452 million for
research (69.4%), $56 million for development (8.6%), and $143 million for R&D equipment (22.0%).
Excluding equipment, about $371 million (73.0%) of the R&D request would have funded intramural
programs and $137 million (27.0%) would have funded extramural programs.
Substantial 50%
1.) Interpretation: Substantial means at least 50% change
UNEP 02 (United Nations Environment Programme, 2002, Global Environment Outlook 3, Ch. 4, pg.
398, http://www.unep.org/geo/geo3/english/584.htm, accessed 7/4/14, BCG)
Change in selected pressures on natural ecosystems 2002-32. For the ecosystem quality component, see
the explanation of the Natural Capital Index. Values for the cumulative pressures were derived as
described under Natural Capital Index. The maps show the relative increase or decrease in pressure
between 2002 and 2032. 'No change' means less than 10 per cent change in pressure over the scenario
period; small increase or decrease means between 10 and 50 per cent change; substantial increase or
decrease means 50 to 100 per cent change; strong increase means more than doubling of pressure.
Areas which switch between natural and domesticated land uses are recorded separately.
Increase - On Face
Interp- The plan itself must by an on-face increase
Increase means to make greater
Merriam-Webster no date
[Merriam-Webster Dictionary, Increase, http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/increase, accessed 6/29/14, AC]
increase verb \in-krs, in-\ increasedincreasing Definition of INCREASE intransitive verb 1: to
become progressively greater (as in size, amount, number, or intensity) 2: to multiply by the production
of young transitive verb 1: to make greater : augment 2 obsolete : enrich
Increase must be the direct mandate of the plan, not just its resultan increase
cannot be effectual
Higher Education Funding Council 4
*9/30/4, British Parliament, Memorandum from the Higher Education Funding Council for England (DCH
137), http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt200304/jtselect/jtchar/167/167we98.htm, accessed
6/29/14, AC]
9.1 The Draft Bill creates an obligation on the principal regulator to do all that it "reasonably can to
meet the compliance objective in relation to the charity".[45] The Draft Bill defines the compliance
objective as "to increase compliance by the charity trustees with their legal obligations in exercising
control and management of the administration of the charity".[46] 9.2 Although the word "increase" is
used in relation to the functions of a number of statutory bodies,[47] such examples demonstrate that
"increase" is used in relation to considerations to be taken into account in the exercise of a function,
rather than an objective in itself. 9.3 HEFCE is concerned that an obligation on principal regulators to
"increase" compliance per se is unworkable, in so far as it does not adequately define the limits or
nature of the statutory duty. Indeed, the obligation could be considered to be ever-increasing.
Voting issue for limits and ground everything affects the oceanunder their interp
the aff could basically do anything as long as it would somehow contribute to ocean
developmentrequiring a direct mandate allows sufficient flexibility but creates a
core mechanism for preparation
Its
Its
Merriam-Webster Dictionary, 11 (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/its)
: of or relating to it or itself especially as possessor, agent, or object of an action <going to its kennel>
<a child proud of its first drawings> <its final enactment into law>
Violation: The aff doesn't increase the United States Federal Governments
development or Exploration of the Earths Oceans
Voting Issue Extra T: the aff garners advantages off of non-governmental organizations exploring or
developing the Ocean and isnt just the USFGs exploration/development
Ground: the private sector is a huge piece of ground for the Neg, as is state bad
arguments
Restriction to non-military requires exclusion of dual use --- most military applications
are from civilian efforts
Adams, Lieutenant Colonel, 6
(Lieutenant Colonel Thomas K. Adams, US Army, Retired, 2006 , is involved in military futures work for
the US Army Special Operations Command, Fort Bragg, North Carolina. He received a Ph.D. from
Syracuse University, and is a graduate of the National Strategy Course and the US Army Command and
General Staff College, C4I, 10 GPS Vulnerabilities http://www.c4i.org/gps-adams.html, Accessed
7/4/14, AA)
A Double-Edged Sword
Like most recent force-modernization efforts, most of Army After Next (AAN) and Army XXI
technologies will come from commercial-sector research rather than Department of Defense (DOD)sponsored research and development. Major General Robert Scales, a key architect of the AAN
program, says about 40 percent of the dollars spent 25 years ago on telecommunications research
and development came from DOD. In Fiscal Year 2000, DOD provided about 2 percent of the funds
spent on developing information-age technologies.5 During a National Defense Industrial Association
conference on the future force, Scales remarked, "Like it or not, the advantage we are going to gain
in the future over a potential major competitor is going to come from the commercial sector. We
ought to just step back, relax and be prepared to exploit it. In many ways, too much emphasis on
military specific research . . . may very well work to our disadvantage."6
Dual use is not a ground-breaking innovation; it is a long-term trend. The United States has never
owned a freestanding, solely military industrial base. Most military equipment is off-the-shelf
commercial equipment painted olive drab. The American Expeditionary Force took commercial
trucks right off the assembly line to France in 1917. The famous C-47 World War II transport aircraft
was a green-painted cargo version of the Douglas DC-3 airliner. Artillery officers discovered handheld Hewlett-Packard calculators early on, but the first widely distributed small computers in the US
Army were ordinary Apple IIe's in a "militarized" box. The best-known example is probably the
military use of thousands of off-the-shelf commercial Grid Positioning System receivers during the
Gulf War.
DOD directed research and development in areas of particular defense interest until about 1965.
Since then, especially after the Cold War, the trend has accelerated away from DOD-led research.7
B--The plan violates it involves dual use, it has military applications[Insert reason
from their ev. Or some card on why the aff is dual-use]
C-Standards--The affirmative interpretation is bad for debate
1) Limits are important for negative clash and ability to prep. There are too many
possible affs for development and/or of the oceans. The specific exclusion of dual-use
is necessary because it is a starting point for making the topic more manageable.
2) Ground Discussion of non-state interactions moots core negative positions which
center on the effects of engaging with specific states by introducing scenarios not
within the context of economic engagement skewing links and means their scenarios
will always o/w because they access EXTRA TOPICAL action
T is a voter because it's necessary for good, well-prepared debating, fairness, and
competitive equity
Establishing and implementing effective strategic trade controls are imperative to stopping the
proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and conventional weapons. One component of
effective strategic trade controls is the adoption of control lists which meet international standards.
Control lists outline which goods should be controlled due to proliferation concerns. Typically,
control lists fall into two categories, dual-use and military.
Goods and technologies are classified as military goods if they are designed specifically for military
use, such as small arms, armed vehicles and protective equipment. Goods and technologies are
considered to be dual-use when they can be used for both civil and military purposes, such as
special materials, sensors and lasers, and high-end electronics.
Limits are important for negative clash and ability to prep. There are too many
possible affs for development and/or of the oceans. The specific exclusion of dual-use
is necessary because it is a starting point for making the topic more manageable.
Swaminathan, Technology Transfer Expert, 3
(Dr K V Swaminathan, Waterfalls Institute of
Technology Transfer (WITT) February 2003 Ocean Vistas
http://www.witts.org/Ocean_wealth/oceanwealth_01_feb03/wista_oceanwealth_feture.htm
The oceans cover nearly two-thirds of the world's surface area and have profoundly influenced the
course of human development. Indeed the great markers in mans progress around the world are in a
large measure the stages in his efforts to master the oceans. Nations and people who are conscious
of the almost limitless potential of the oceans. Those who have sought to comprehend its deep
mysteries, processes and rhythms and have made efforts to explore and utilize its resources, stand
in the van of progress, while those who have been indifferent to the critical role that oceans play in
human life and its development, have remained mired in stagnation and backwardness.
"preserve, protect, and restore," the definition of "develop" must have a natural, conservationist
meaning. That argument is not supported by the legislative history of the CZMA. Congress intended
the CZMA to balance conservation of environmental resources with commercial development in the
coastal zone. See, e.g., COASTAL AND OCEAN LAW at 229. In fact, in the context of the CZMA, the term " develop" has been
defined to mean commercial improvement. Id. ("[T]he CZMA reflects a competing national interest in encouraging
development of coastal resources.").See also Conservation Law Foundation v. Watt, 560 F. Supp. 561, 575 (D. Mass. 1983)
(noting that the CZMA recognizes a wide range of uses of the coastal zones, including economic development).
Development is Commercial
Development is preparation for commercial production
Energy Dictionary, 7
[11-3-07, Energy Dictionary, http://www.photius.com/energy/glossaryd.html#develop, Accessed
7/4/14, CX]
Development: The preparation of a specific mineral deposit for commercial production; this
preparation includes construction of access to the deposit and of facilities to extract the minerals. The
development process is sometimes further distinguished between a preproduction stage and a current
stage, with the distinction being made on the basis of whether the development work is performed
before or after production from the mineral deposit has commenced on a commercial scale.
Violation: The aff doesnt defend the tangible benefits from their exploration
Standards
1) Limits: the topic is huge on its own. Allowing the aff to explore the ocean for no
reason explodes the amount of affs we have to prepare for
2) Ground: intangible advantages are impossible to get negative ground for. Making
tangible, scientific benefits the standard gives equal ground for both sides to defend
Violation: The aff only expands the use of machinery in the ocean doesnt expand
human presence in the ocean
Ocean
An ocean is what you think it is
Dictionary.com, no date [Random House INC., http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ocean, accessed 7-5-14, AKS]
ocean [oh-shuh n] Show IPA
noun
the vast body of salt water that covers almost three fourths of the earth's surface.
B) Violation: The plan develops in the sea bed, that is not water and thus are not
development/exploration of the ocean
C) Standards:
1. LimitsLimiting the Affirmatives to ones that are topical are key to fairness and
negative ground, the negative team should be able to predict what the aff will
run based on the topickey to good, educational debates
2. Educationonly debating topical affirmatives is key to topic specific education
D) T is a voter for Fairness and Education
Affirmative Answers
AT: Substantial
1.) We meet: The government only passes one plant every 3.5 years thats our
Hussain 14 evidence. (This will be different for each aff, look at inherency evidence)
2.) Counter interp: Substantial is an arbitrary value without an exact definition
USLegal.com No date (Website with legal terms and definitions from US Legal Forms Inc,
Substantial Interest Law & Legal Definition, http://definitions.uslegal.com/s/substantial-interest/,
accessed 7/4/14, BCG)
Substantial interest is a term that applies in many contexts and often isn't capable of a precise
definition. It may be defined as a percentage of ownership, but may be more generally used to mean an
interest that is not remote or nominal and affects a proprietary or pecuniary interest.
b.) Ground: Our aff allows for fair ground on both aff and neg teams. They still have
access to politics DAs while the aff also has access to core topic affirmatives like
natural gas exports. (AT: spending DA ground loss The resolution does not specify funding of ocean R&D)
4.) Reasonability: Competing interpretations leads to a race to a bottom and potential
abuse isnt a voter.
AT: Increase
Increase simply means make greatercan be effectual
Vocabulary.com, No date
*Vocabulary.com, Increase, http://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/increase, Accessed 7/5/14, AC]
The noun increase indicates growth of something that gets bigger in number or volume. When used as a
verb, it means the act of growing or gaining more. However it's used, it refers to something that has
gotten bigger. Anything that can add on can increase. You can increase your speed to go faster, increase your
strength by working out, increase your knowledge by studying, and increase your circle of friends by meeting more people. You
can work harder to see an increase of profits, and you can prevent an increase in your electric bill by turning out unnecessary
lights. And now youve increased your vocabulary by learning a new word!
6/30/14, AC]
The meaning of the term "developed" under ANCSA is a question of federal law.
Consequently, the primary consideration in determining meaning is the intent of Congress. Although it
is well established that ambiguities in ANCSA are to be resolved favorably to Natives, Alaska Public
Easement Defense Fund v. Andrus, 435 F. Supp. 664, 670-71 (D. Alaska 1977); People of South Naknek v.
Bristol Bay Borough, 466 F. Supp. 870, 873 (D. Alaska 1979), if congressional intent is clear, we must
defer to it. Hakala v. Atxam Corp., 753 P.2d 1144, 1147 (Alaska 1988).
One indication of congressional intent is the ordinary meaning of the words used in the statute. In the
context of raw land,8 the common meaning of developed includes subdivided property which is ready
for sale. Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1968),
defines develop in a land context as follows:
to make actually available or usable (something previously only potentially available or usable) . . . .: as
(1): to convert (as raw land) into an area suitable for residential or business purposes they ~ed
several large tracts on the edge of town; also: to alter raw land into (an area suitable for building)
the subdivisions that they ~ed were soon built up . . . .
Cases dealing with the term "developed" in the context of land confirm that
"develop" connotes conversion into an area suitable for use or sale. Winkelman v. City of
Tiburon, 108 Cal. Rptr. 415, 421 (Cal. App. 1973) The term `developed' connotes the act of converting a
tract of land into an area suitable for residential or business uses) Muirhead v. Pilot Properties, Inc.,
258 So.2d 232, 233 (Miss. 1972) (same holding); Prince George's County v. Equitable Trust Co., 408 A.2d
737, 742 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1979) ("Develop [is defined as] the conversion of raw land into an
area suitable for residential or business uses." (Quoting Webster's New International Dictionary,
(2d Ed. 1959)); Best Building Co. v. Sikes, 394 S.W.2d 57, 63 (Tex. App. 1965) (court approved trial court
finding based in part on extrinsic evidence that "developed" included subdividing, building
streets, and installing utilities)
AT: Its
Its
MacMillan Dictionary, 10 (http://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/american/its)
Its belonging or relating to a thing, idea, place, animal, etc. when it has already been mentioned or
when it is obvious which one you are referring to
Counter interpretation:
The aff has to increase Exploration or Development relating to the USFG: private
actors are normal means
Extra T: the aff only gets advantages off of USFG action: this is not a voter and the aff
directly increases exploration/development relating to the USFG
equipped, and interlinked. armed forces and police will perform many of the same functions and may
eventually become indistinguishable. All of this means that the distinction between military functions
and civilian functions, or between a military career and a nonmilitary career may be less evident than
in the past and may eventually fade away all together.
have had a very intimate relationship with the [U.S. Army] Corps of Engineers. I spent my military
time as a fishery biologist for them in one of their district offices. My first job with the National Marine Fisheries
Service
was in the headquarters working with the Section 10 permit program. I do know it quite well. More recently, for the past ten years
or so, I have been involved with fisheries development activities and this has been primarily working with the Saltonstall-Kennedy grant
program, but I have also had some time in management, so I have worked very closely with the [Regional Fishery Management] Councils. All of
these different phases have given me a different piece of the pie. Sometimes when you are trying to figure out how an agency reacts to a
particular situation, it's good to have a little bit more than one, narrow approach. Trying to look at how they look at one aspect, without seeing
the bigger picture. I think that is perhaps why it is a pleasure for me to be here and if it clears some heat that you folks would like to address
towards the NMFS, I'll be glad to take that too. The balancing act within the National Marine Fisheries Service covers fish management,
fisheries development, conservation, a number of different aspects. In aquaculture you see an endeavor which is truly a fisheries development
approach. I think that the agency realized, as
aquaculture was developing, that we did have an interest but we also saw some
problems. Chris Mantzaris and his crew in the Habitat Division worked very closely with the State and developed a joint
permit review process so that as an aquaculture developer began his permit process, he could go to one office or one individual and say, "What
do I need? What are the steps that I need to go through?" and he would get most of the answers that he was seeking. This is the type of
approach that we would like to see in other states and this is being pursued by Chris Mantzaris and his staff. Within the National Marine
Fisheries Service we have a risk-averse or a conservation-first approach to fisheries issues. While we are responsible for the marine resources, I
think that with any development that may be impacting on the marine resources, we have to take an outlook that if those resources are going
to be adversely affected, we have to address that up front. That is our first concern. The
National Marine Fisheries Service has a signifi- cant role in the marine environment. If permitting responsibility,
leasing or whatever it happens to be, is vested with one of the federal agencies it seems logical that it be with
the National Marine Fisheries Service. Within the last two years the funding we have provided through the Saltonstall-Kennedy
grant program for aquaculture has amounted to over $5 million. In some of those proposals there were matching funds which totaled over $2
million, so all together there is $7 million that has been invested in the northeast in aquaculture in just a few years. While our investment in this
industry is not the end result, I think that resolving the problems that have faced many of the aquaculturists in permitting prob- lems has been
facilitated by the fact that these grants are in place, that they have money-they have access-to try to resolve some of the problems. We have
invested and we want to see them succeed. If the permits they need are being held up by other federal agencies, state agencies, and in some
cases local governments, then there is added incentive for those bodies to come up with solutions because of the investment that is behind the
request.
ICOD's mandate encompasses all aspects of ocean resource development and management. Programs
build on specific areas of sectoral expertise in developing countries or regions. The programs and
projects of ICOD have been grouped under several broad themes: integrated ocean management and
development (IOM); fisheries management and development; mariculture; coastal development and
management; non-living resource management and development; marine transportation and ports
management; and marine environmental conservation.