SECOND TERM LESSON PLANS (2015)

964/2 BIOLOGY
WEEK /
DATE

TOPIC
7. Gas Exchange

1
5/1 - 9/1

TEACHI
NG
PERIOD

LEARNING OUTCOMES

12

7.1 Gaseous exchange in

humans

Candidates should be able to:

- outline the structure of human respiratory system, including the
microscopic structure of the wall of an alveolus
- describe the structure of haemoglobin
- explain the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood
- explain the oxygen dissociation curves of haemoglobin,
myoglobin and foetal haemoglobin
- explain Bohr effect and relate it to the oxygen dissociation curve.

2
12/1 16/1

7.2 Breathing cycle

Candidates should be able to:

- explain the control of human breathing mechanism, including the
role of chemoreceptor
- define the tidal volume, vital capacity, total lung capacity,
inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume and
residual volume

2
12/1 16/1

7.3 Gaseous exchange in

plants

Candidates should be able to:

- describe the structure and functions of stomata
- describe the mechanism of opening and closing of stomata
based on potassium ion accumulation hypothesis

8. Transport in
Animals and Plants
3
19/1 23/1

8.1 Transport system in

mammals

16
8

Candidates should be able to:

- describe the structure of a mammalian heart
- define systole and diastole, and explain the sequence of events
in a cardiac cycle including changes in pressure and volume in
aorta, left atrium and left ventricle

REMARKS

- describe the initiation and regulation of heart beat

- explain hypertension, atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis and
myocardial infarction and state their causes and preventions
- describe the lymphatic system in relation to the blood circulatory
system
- determine the direction of fluid movement at the arterial and
venous ends of the capillaries by calculating the differences
between osmotic pressure/solute potential and hydrostatic
pressure
4
26/1 30/1

5
2/2 - 6/2
6
9/2 - 13/2

8.2 Transport system in

vascular plants

9. Control and
Regulation
9.1 Nervous system

Candidates should be able to:

- explain the uptake of water and mineral ions from the soil by the
root hair s involving water potential
- describe apoplast, symplast and vacuolar pathway of water
movement through the root tissues
- describe the root pressure, cohesion-tension theory and
transpiration pull in relation to water movement from the roots to
leaves
- explain translocation using the mass flow, electro-osmosis,
cytoplasmic streaming and peristaltic waves hypotheses
- explain the concept of source and sink, and phloem loading and
unloading in translocation according to pressure flow hypothesis.

22
16

Candidates should be able to:

- describe the organization of the nervous system in humans
- explain the formation of resting and action potentials
- describe the characteristics of nerve impulse
- describe the structure of synapse and explain the role of
neurotransmitter (acetylcholine and norepinephrine)
- explain and compare the mechanisms of impulse transmission
along the axon and across the synapse
- describe the of neuromuscular junction and sacromere
- explain the role of sacroplasmic reticulum, calcium ions,
myofibril and T tubules in muscle contraction
- explain the mechanism of muscle contraction according to the
sliding filament hypothesis

- compare the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

- explain the mechanisms of drug action on nervous system and
neuromuscular junction (cocaine and curare)
7
16/2 20/2
8
23/2 27/2

9
2/3 - 6/3

*CHINESE NEW YEAR HOLIDAY*

9.2 Hormones

10. Reproduction,
Development and
Growth

Candidates should be able to:

- explain the mechanisms of action of steroid hormone and nonsteroid hormones
- explain the roles of plant hormones in growth and development
- explain the mechanisms of phytochrome action and their roles in
photoperiodism and flowering
- outline the application of plant growth regulators (synthetic
auxin, synthetic gibberellins and synthetic ethylene) in
agriculture.

13
6

Candidates should be able to:

- outline spermatogenesis and oogenesis
- describe the passage and development of sperms from the testis
to the oviduct for fertilisation
- describe the process of fertilisation and implanation
- describe the roles of hormones in menstrual cycle and pregnancy
- describe briefly the stages in embryonic development
- explain the roles of placenta, amniotic fluid and allantois in foetal
development
- explain the process of parturition

10. 1 Sexual reproduction

in humans

10
9/3 - 13/3

10.2 Sexual reproduction

in flowering plants

Candidates should be able to:

- outline double fertilisation
- describe the embryonic development in seed and formation if
fruit

10
9/3 - 13/3

10.3 Seed germination

Candidates should be able to:

- explain the mobilization of nutrients after imbibition in seed
germination

- state the external factors affecting germination

10
9/3 - 13/3

10.4 Growth curves and

patterns of growth

11
14/3 22/3

Candidates should be able to:

- explain the types of growth curves (absolute growth curve,
absolute growth rate curve and relative growth rate curve)
- explain with examples the patterns of growth (limited growth in
humans, unlimited growth in perennial plant, allometric growth in
humans, isometric growth in fish and intermittent growth in
insect)
- explain the processes of ecdysis and metamorphosis in insects
amd relate the role of hormones (neurosecretory hormone,
juvenile hormone and ecdysone) in these processes.
MID TERM 1 HOLIDAY

11. Homeostasis

10

12
23/3 27/3

11.1 Importance of
homeostasis

Candidates should be able to:

- explain the importance of homeostasis
- describe the homeostatic control system in mammals
- explain physiological and behavioural control in
thermoregulation of endotherms

12
23/3 27/3

11.2 Liver

Candidates should be able to:

- describe the structure of liver and explain the roles of its
components
- describe carbohydrate metabolism in the liver (glycogenesis,
glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis)
- describe protein metabolism (transamination, deamination and
urea formation) in the liver

11.3 Osmoregulation in
mammals

Candidates should be able to:

- explain the process of ultrafiltration, reabsorption and secretion
in the formation of urine
- explain the role of ADH and aldosterone and the related
hormones in regulating water, sodium and potassium ions of urine

13
30/3 - 2/4

- explain the regulation of pH of tissue fluid

13
30/3 - 2/4

11.4 Osmoregulation in
plants

12. Immunity

Candidates should be able to:

- describe the role of stomata in regulation of water loss and
explain the importance of transpiration
- describe the various type of plant adaptations to prevent water
loss (halophytes and xerophytes)

10

13
30/3 - 2/4

12.1 Immune system

Candidates should be able to:

- describe human lymphatic system and explain its function in
relation to immunity
- describe antibody (structure and function), antigen, epitope and
the development of B and T cells
- describe the roles of macrophages, B cells and T cells

14
6/4 - 10/4

12.2 Development of
immunity

Candidates should be able to:

- explain cell-mediated and humoral immune responses
- outline the antigen-antibody reactions (precipitation,
agglutination, neutralization, complement fixation)

14
6/4 - 10/4

12.3 Concept of self and

non-self

Candidates should be able to:

- explain the concept of self and non-self and relate this to tissue
rejection in organ transplant
- explain the mechanism of immune suppression (HIV infection)

14
6/4 - 10/4

12.4 Immune disorder

Candidates should be able to:

- describe autoimmune disorder (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
(SLE))

13. Infectious
Diseases
15
13/4 17/4
15
13/4 -

13.1 Infectious Disease

13.2 Dengue

13
1

Candidates should be able to:

- explain what is meant by an infection and an infectious disease
- outline the types of infectious agents

Candidates should be able to:

- describe the causes and symptoms of dengue

17/4

- explain the transmission of dengue

- discuss the roles of social, economical and biological factors in
the prevention of dengue

15
13/4 17/4

13. 3 Cholera

Candidates should be able to:

- describe the causes and symptoms of cholera
- explain the transmission of cholera
- discuss the roles of social, economical dan biological factors in
the prevention of cholera

16
20/4 24/4

13.4 Tuberculosis (TB)

Candidates should be able to:

- describe the causes and symptoms of tuberculosis (TB)
- explain the transmission of TB
- discuss the roles of social, economical dan biological factors in
the prevention of TB

16
20/4 24/4

13.5 Malaria

Candidates should be able to:

- describe the causes and symptoms of malaria
- explain the transmission of malaria
- discuss the roles of social, economical dan biological factors in
the prevention of malaria

17
27/4 30/4
18
4/5 - 8/5
19
11/5 15/5
20
18/5 22/5
21
25/5 29/5
22-23
30/5 -

SECOND TERM STPM TRIAL EXAMINATION

REVISION
REVISION
SECOND TERM STPM EXAMINATION ( 18-21 MEI)
*SOCIAL SERVICE PROGRAM*
MID YEAR SCHOOL HOLIDAY

14/6