Nagpur Institute of Technology Heat Transfer Question Bank

NagpurInstituteofTechnology,Nagpur
Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)
QUESTION BANK WITH

SOLUTION
HEAT TRANSFER
B.E. V Semester
Mechanical Engineering
HeatTransfer
Page1
Note:Thesequestionbankisnotforanycirculationandsale
Q.1Explaindifferentmodesofheattransferwiththeirgoverninglaw
1)Conduction:Itisaprocessofheattransferfromaregionofhighertemperaturetoaregionoflower
temperatureofasamemediumorbetweendifferentmediumwhichareindirectphysicalcontact.In
solidthermalenergytransferredbymeansofelectronswhicharefreetomovethroughlatticestructure
ofmaterial.
Forexample,whenarodofmetalisheatedatoneend,theheatenergywillbetransferalongthelength
andotherendalsogetheated.Thistransferofheatissaidtobyconduction.
Forthiscaserateofheatflowbetweentwoendsofmetalroddependupontemperature
differencebetweentwoends,lengthofrodandphysicalandchemicalcompositionofbarmaterial.
ItisgovernedbyFouriersLaw
Statement:Theratethroughasolidisdirectlyproportionaltotheareaofthesectioninadirection
perpendiculartothedirectionofheatflow,andtochangeoftemp.withrespecttothelength.
Overwhichtheheattransfertakesplace.
Thevesignisusedbecausetemperaturegradient .
Q A.
dt
isnegativealongpositivexdirection.
dx
dt
dt
=K.A.
dx
dx
WhereKiscalledthermalconductivityofthematerial..
Thenegativesignisusedbecausetemperaturegradient
dt
isnegativealongpositivexdirection
dx
2]Convection:
Itisthetransferofheatbyactualphysicalmovementoffluid.Convectionispossibleonlyinfluid
mediumandisdirectlylinkedwithtransportofmediumitself.
e.g.supposeairgettingcontactwithhotplate.Theairincontactwithplatewilltaketheheatfromplate
andgetheatedthistransferofheatisbyconvection.Forconvectionheattransfertooccurfluidmedium
isessential.
Naturalconvectionisoneinwhichfluidcirculatesbyvirtueofnaturaldifferenceindensitiesofhotand
coldfluids.
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Thehotfluidhavelessdensitysobecomelighteranditisdisplacedbycoldfluidhavingmoredensity
duringtheprocessofheattransferconvection.
e.g.Heatflowfromhotplatetoatmosphere.
Forcedconvection;Flowoffluidcausedbyapumporfanthenconvectioniscalledforcedconvection.
Themechanicaldevicesusedforcirculatingthefluid,increasestheheattransferratebyspeedingup
themovementoffluid.
GoverningLaw;
ItisgovernedbyNewtonsLaw
Newtonslawofcooling,Q=h.A.(tsurfacetfluid)
Thisequationgivestherateofheattransferinconvection,wherehisheattransfercoefficient,ts
Surfacetemperature,tffluidtemperatureandAsurfacearea.
3]Radiation:Itistransmissionofheatintheformofradientenergyorwavemotionfromonebodyto
anotheracrossaninterveningspace.Transportofthermalradiationdoesnotnecessarilyaffectmaterial
mediumbetweenheatsourceandreceiver.
Energyreleasedfrombodyinformofsuccessiveandseparatepacketsorquantaofenergy
calledphotons.Thesephotonsarepropagatedthroughspaceasrayswhichcarriesenergy.
Theheattransferbyradiationisgivenby,thetransferofheatQ=.A.(T14T24)inradiationisgoverned
bytheequation.
Q.2Explainthetermthermalconductivityandthermaldiffusivity:
Thermalconductivityistheabilityofmaterialtotransferheatbyconduction.Thermalconductivity
providesanindicationofrateatwhichheatenergyistransferredthroughamediumbyconduction
process.Thermalconductivitydependsuponthematerialstructure,moisturecontentanddensityof
materialandoperatingconditionofpressureandtemperature.
ItsunitisW/moKorW/moC
Thermalconductivityofamaterialisduetothemigrationoffreeelectronsandlattice
vibrationalwaves.Inmetalmoleculesarecloselypackedandthermalconductivityisduetoflowoffree
electrons.Influid,freeelectronmovementisnegligiblysmallandthereforethermalconductionresults
primarilyfrominteractionbetweenlatticeatoms.Thermalconductivityisalwayshigherinpurestform
ofmetal.
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Nonmetallicsoliddonotconductheatasefficientlyasmetals.Formanyofbuildingand
insulatingmaterial(concrete,stone,brick,glasswooletc)thermalconductivitymayvaryfromsample
tosampleduetovariationinstructure,composition,densityandporosity.
Thermalconductivityofporousmaterialdependsontypeofgasorliquidexistinginvoids.
Presenceofairfilledporesandcavitiesreducesthermalconductivity.
Thermaldiffusivity( ):
Itistheratioofthermalconductivityofmaterialtoitsthermalstoragecapacity(.C)Theheat
storagecapacityessentiallyrepresentsthermalcapacitanceorthermalinertiaofthemateriali.e.its
sluggishnesstoconductheat.Ahighvalueofthermalconductivitycouldresulteitherfromhighvalueof
thermalconductivityorfromlowvalueofthermalcapacity.
Thermaldiffusivityindicatetherateatwhichheatisdistributedinamaterialandthisratedependsnot
onlyonkbutalsoonrateatwhichheatenergycanbestored.
Liquidhavelowthermalconductivity,highthermalcapacityandhencesmallthermaldiffusivity.
Metalposseshighthermalconductivity,lowthermalinertiaandhencealargethermaldiffusivity.
Thermal Contact Resistance
Theresistancethataninterfaceofferstoheattransferperunitinterfaceareaiscalledthermal
contact resistance, Rc . The inverse of thermal contact resistance is called the thermal contact
conductance.
The thermal contact resistance will be greater for rough surfaces because an interface with rough
surfaceswillcontainmoreairgapswhosethermalconductivityislow.
Aninterfaceactslikeaverythinlayerofinsulation,andthusthethermalcontactresistanceissignificant
for highly conducting materials like metals. Therefore, the thermal contact resistance must be
consideredfortwolayersofmetalspressedagainsteachother.
Heattransferthroughthevoidsataninterfaceisbyconductionandradiation.Evacuatingtheinterface
eliminatesheattransferbyconduction,andthusincreasesthethermalcontactresistance.
Thermalcontactresistancecanbeminimizedby(1)applyingathermallyconductingliquidonthe
surfacesbeforetheyarepressedagainsteachother,(2)byreplacingtheairattheinterfacebyabetter
conductinggassuchasheliumorhydrogen,(3)byincreasingtheinterfacepressure,and(4)byinserting
asoftmetallicfoilsuchastin,silver,copper,nickel,oraluminumbetweenthetwosurfaces.
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Q.3DerivetheGeneralHeatConditionEquationinCartesiancoordinates.
Consider flow of heat through an infinite small rectangular parallelepiped volume element
oriented in a three dimensional coordinate system sides dx, dy, & dz parallel to x, y & z axis
respectively.
.Thenchangeoftempthroughdistancedxwillbedx0
kx thermal conductivity at left face. Quantity of heat flowing into control volume through left face
duringtimeintervald isgivenby,
HeatinfluxQx=
____a)
Duringsametimeintervalfeatflowoutofrightfaceofparallelepipedis
Heatefflux,Qx+dx=
____b)
Accumulationofheatinparallelepipedduetoheatflownxdirectionisgivenbydifferencebetweenheat
influx&heatefflux.
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ThereforeHeataccumulationduetoheatflowinxdirection
--------c
Similarlywecancalculateheataccumulationincontrolvolumeduetoheatflowalongy&zdirection.
Forheatflowalongy&zdirection
d,e
Totalaccumulationofheatisgivenby
f
supposedgisheatgeneratedperunitvolume&perunittime.Thereforetotalheatgeneratedincontrol
volmequalto=qgdxdydzd g
Totalheatwhichisstoredinbodywillbeutilizedforincreasingtempofbody&isgiven
=massofbodysp.heatofbodyxriseintempintimed .
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h
FromenergyBalanceEqn
dividingbothsidesbydxdydzd
generalheatconductionequationusingvectoroperator
ForHomogenous&isotropicmaterialthermalconductivityissameateverypoint&inalldirections
kx=ky=kz=k
Where
calledthermaldiffusivity
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Differentcases:
1) Heatflowissteadystatecondition
2) Absenceofinternalheatgeneration
LaplaceEqn.
3) Unsteadyheatflowwithnointernalheatgeneration
FourierEqn.
Q.4Acertainbuildingwallconsistsof0.15mofconcrete(k=1.2W/m0C),0.05moffiberglass
insulationand10mmofgypsumboard(k=0.05W/m0C).Theinsideandoutsideconvectioncoefficient
is10and40W/m2oC,respectively.Theoutsideairtemperatureis60Candtheinsidetemperatureis
220C.Calculatetheoverallheattransfercoefficientforthewall,theRvalue,andtheheatlossper
area.
Ans:
Theoverallheattransfercoefficientforthewall,
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Rtotal =
L
L
L
1
1
1
=
+ X + Y + Z +
U hhf K X K Y K Z hcf
Rtotal =
1 1 0.15 0.05 0.01 1

=
+
+
+
+
U 10 1.2
0.7 0.05 40
Rtotal =
1
=0.52
U
U=1.91W/m20C
Heatlossperunitarea
Q/A=UA T
Q/A=1.91*[22(6)]
Q/A=53.48W/m2
Q.5DiscussthesignificanceofBinumber&fonumber
ThenondimensionalfactorhLc/KiscalledBiotnumberBi=hLc/k
Itgivesanindicationoftheratioofinternalresistancei.e.conductionresistancetothesurface
resistancei.e.convectionresistance.WhenthevalueofBino.issmall,itindicatesthatsystemhasa
smallinternalresistanceandsmallinternalresistancemeansrelativelysmalltemperaturegradient
Theconvectiveresistancethenpredominatesandheattransferiscontrolledbyconvectiveheat
exchange.
IfBi
0.1thelumpedheatcapacityapproachcanbeusedtoadvantagewithsimpleshapelikeplates,
cylinderssphere&cubes.
2
Thenondimensionalfactor T/Lc iscalledFouriernumber,representedbyfo
fo= /Lc
Lcischaracteristiclengthandthisno.Signifiesthedegreeofpenetrationofheatingorcoolingeffect
throughasolid.
Q. 6 Explain Critical Thickness of Insulation and Write down the equation for critical radius for
cylinder.
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Insulationisamaterialwithreasonableeffectivenesstoretardstheflowofheat.
Conductive thermals resistance increases with addition of insulation. But in cases where fluid
flowsthroughcylinder&sphere,totalthermalresistanceismadeofconductivethermalresistance(Rth.
cond)&convectionthermalresistance(Rth.cov),theadditionofinsulationwillincreasethesurfacearea
whichreducetheconvectivethermalresistance.Dependingontheinsulationthicknesstheheatflow
canbeincreasedbyreducingtotalthermalsresistance.
The thickness up to which heat flow increases and after which heat flow decrease is called as
criticalthicknessofinsulationorcriticalradiusincaseofsphere&cylinder.
Thisisrelationforcriticalradiusforcylinder;itshowsconditionforminimumresistanceandmaxmheat
flowrate.Theinsulationradiusatwhichresistancetoheatflowisminimumiscalledcriticalradius(rc)
The critical radius rc, is depend on thermal conductivity & heat transfer coefficient and is
independentofcylinderradius
Q.7Whatismeanbyfin.Discussfinefficiencyandfineffectiveness.
Fins are nothing but extended surfaces that are used for Increasing the rate of heat transfer
fromasurfacebyincreasingtheheattransfersurfacearea.
The fin efficiency is defined as the ratio of actual heat transfer rate from the fin to the ideal heat
transferratefromthefiniftheentirefinwereatbasetemperature,anditsvalueisbetween0and1.Fin
effectivenessisdefinedastheratioofheattransferratefromafinnedsurfacetotheheattransferrate
fromthesamesurfaceiftherewerenofins,anditsvalueisexpectedtobegreaterthan1.
Heat transfer rate will decrease since a fin effectiveness smaller than 1 indicates that the fin acts as
insulation.
Finsenhanceheattransferfromasurfacebyincreasingheattransfersurfaceareaforconvectionheat
transfer.However,addingtoomanyfinsonasurfacecansuffocatethefluidandretardconvection,and
thusitmaycausetheoverallheattransfercoefficientandheattransfertodecrease.
Effectivenessofasinglefinistheratiooftheheattransferratefromtheentireexposedsurfaceofthe
fin to the heat transfer rate from the fin base area. The overall effectiveness of a finned surface is
definedastheratioofthetotalheattransferfromthefinnedsurfacetotheheattransferfromthesame
surfaceiftherewerenofins.
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Finsshouldbeattachedontheairsidesincetheconvectionheattransfercoefficientislowerontheair
sidethanitisonthewaterside.
Finsshouldbeattachedtotheoutsidesincetheheattransfercoefficientinsidethetubewillbehigher
due to forced convection. Fins should be added to both sides of the tubes when the convection
coefficientsattheinnerandoutersurfacesarecomparableinmagnitude.
Q.8Athermometerwell22mindiameterand0.5mmthickismadeofsteel(k=27W/m2 0K)anditis
to be used to measure the temperature of steam flowing through a pipe. Calculate the minimum
lengthofthewellsothattheerrorislessthan0.5%ofthedifferencebetweenthepipewallandfluid
temperature.Takesteamtemperatureas2500Candheattransfercoefficientas98W/m2oK.
Ans:
hP
h
=
KA
K
m=
98
=85.20
27 * 0.5
1000
m=
Tx t 0.5
1
=
= mL
T 0 t 100 e + e mL
2
mL
2
= 0.005
+ e mL
e mL =0.0025or399.997
L=7.03cm
Q.9Awireof6.5mmdiameteratatemperature of60 oCistobeinsulatedbyamaterialhavingk =
0.174W/m0C,convectionheattransfercoefficient=8.722W/m2 0C.Theambienttemperatureis20oC.
formaximumheatloss,whatistheminimumthicknessofinsulationandtheheatlosspermeterlength
?Alsofindpercentageincreaseinheatdissipation.
Ans:
D=6.5mm,thereforer=3.25mm,k=0.174W/m0C,h=8.722W/m20C
1]Minimumthicknessofinsulation
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rc=k/h=0.174/8.722=0.01995m=19.95mm
Thereforeminimumthicknessofinsulation=rcr=19.953.25=16.7mm
2]Percentageincreaseinheatdissipationrate
Heattransferwithoutinsulation
Q1=
Q1=
2 L(ts tair )
1
hr
2 *1 * (60 20)
1
8.722 * 0.00325
Q1=7.124W/m
Withinsulation
Q2=
Q2=
2 L(ts tair )
1 log(rc / r )
+
hrc
k
2 *1 * (60 20)
1
log(0.01995 / 0.00325)
+
8.722 * 0.01995
0.174
Q2=15.537W/m
ThereforePercentageincreaseinheatdissipationrate=(Q2Q1)/Q1*100
=118.09%
Q.10Writeshortnotesonfollowing
1]HeislerCharts(forunsteadystateproblem)
Thetemperaturedistributionchartscanbeconstructedbyplottingdimensionlesstemp.againstoneof
parameterkeepingtheothertwoparameterconstant(parameterlike,fi,bi,&x/lorr/R),suchchartsare
constructedbyHeisler&Grober.
Heislerchartsarecommonlyusedinpracticeforplates,cylinderandspheres.
firstchartdrawnbyHeisler, 0/ 1=T0Ta/TiTa
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plottedagainstfi=fouriernumber= t/Lc2usingconstantparameter1/Bi
Insecondchart 0/ 1Isplottedagainst1/Bitakingx/Lasaparameter
ThirdtypeofgraphsarebetweenQ/Q0againstBiandtakingfiasaparameter
Q0totalheatcontentperunitareaofslab.
Qtotalchangeininternalenergyperunitarea,Heislerhasalsogiventheseparatechartsforproblem
when1/Bi
100andfo
0.2.Thismeanstheinternalresistanceissmallascomparedtosurface
resistance.Thisstatesthattemp.throughoutsolidsatanytimediffersnegligiblyfromtemp.atx=0and
itbecomesafunctionoftimeonly.
2]Lumpedparameteranalysis
Allsolidshavefinitethermalconductivityandthereexistsatemperaturegradientinsidesolid
wheneverthereisaheatisadditionorremovalfromsolid.
Howeverforsolidsoflargethermalconductivitywithproportionatelylargesurfacearearelative
totheirvolume,internalresistance(
resistance(
K. A
)canbeassumedtobesmallincomparisonwithconvective
1
)atthesurface.
h. A
Theprocessinwhichinternalresistanceisassumednegligibleincomparisonwithitssurface
resistanceiscalledNewtonianheatingorcoolingprocess.
Theprocessinwhichtemperatureisconsideredtobeuniformatagiventime,suchananalysis
iscalledlumpedparameteranalysis.Inthisanalysisthewholesolidwhoseenergyatanytimeisa
functionofitstemperatureandtotalheatcapacityistreatedasonelump.
Q.11DefinefollowingDimensionlessnumberandgivetheirphysicalsignificance
1]Reynoldsnumber:Itisdefinedastheratioofinertiaforcetoviscousforce.ItisdenotedbyRe.
Re=
inertiaforce V 2 L 2 VL V
=
=
=
Viscousforce
VL
densityoffluid,Vfreestreamvelocity,Llengthofplate
Ddiameterofpipe, kinematicviscosity, dynamicviscosity
Reisalsowrittenas=
G.d
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Wheregisthemassvelocity=m/A
(1)Reistakenasanimportantcriterionofdynamiticsimilaritiesinforcedconvectionheattransfer.
(2)Reisusedtodecideswhethertheflowislaminarorturbulent.
2]Nusseltnumber:
Itisdefinedastheratioofheatflowratebyconvectionprocessunderaunittemperaturegradientto
theheatflowratebyconductionprocessunderaunittemperaturegradientthroughastationary
thicknessofLmeters.
Nu=
Qconvection h hl
= =
Qconduction k k
L
Itistheratioofcharacteristiclengthtothethicknessofastationaryfluidlayerconductingtheheatat
thesamerateasinthecaseofconvectionprocessunderthesametemp.difference.
Q=K
t
=ht
x
x=h/k
TheNusseltnumberisameasureoftheconvectiveheattransfercoefficient.Foragivenvalueofthe
Nusseltno.theconvectiveheattransfercoefficientisdirectlyproportionaltothermalconductivityof
thefluidandinverselyproportionaltothelength.
3]Prandtlnumber(Pr):itistheratioofkinematicviscositytothethermaldiffusivity.
Pr=
.Cp
K
. .Cp
K
Significance(1)Prandtlno.providesameasuresoftherelativeeffectivenessoftheenergyand
momentumtransportbydiffusion.
(2)Prandtlno.isalinkbetweenthetemperaturefieldandvelocityfield,anditsvalueaffectsrelative
growthofvelocityboundarylayerandthermalboundarylayers.
4]Grashoffnumber(Gr):.Itisdefinedastheratiooftheproductofinertiaforceandbuoyancyforceto
thesquareofviscousforce.Itisrelatedwithnaturalconvectionheattransfer.
Gr=
Inertiaforce * Buoyancyforce 2. .g.t.L3

=
Viscous. force * Viscous. force

2
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Significance:(1)ItplaysthesameroleasthatofReynoldno.
(2)FreeconvectionisusuallysuppressedatsufficientlysmallGr,beginsatsomecriticalvalueofGr
dependinguponthearrangementamdthenbecomesmoreandmoreeffectivewithincreasingGr.
5]Stantonnumber(St):
ItistheratioofNussseltno.andproductofReynoldno.andPrandtlno.
Italsoindicatestheratioofheattransfercoefficienttotheflowofheatperunittemperaturerisedue
tothevelocityofthefluid.
St=
h
Nu
hL / K
=
=
.V .Cp VL .Cp Re* Pr

*
K
Itisusedonlyincorrelatingforcedconvectiondata.
6]Pecletno.(Pe):Itistheratioofmassheatflowratebyconvectiontotheflowratebyconduction
underaunittemperaturegradientandthroughathicknessL.
Pe=
Qconvection .Cp.L..V L.V

=
=
=Re.Pr
Qconduction
K
ItisaproductofReynoldno.&Prandtlno.andaconstant.
7]Graetznumber(G):
Itisdefinedastheratioofheatcapacityoffluidflowingthroughthepipeperunitlengthofthe
pipetotheconductivityofthepipe.
G=
m.Cp
D
=Pe.
Lk
4
ThusitisaproductofPecletno.andaconstant.
Itisrelatedonlyfortheheatflowtothefluidflowingthroughacircularpipe.
Q.12Discussthermal&Hydrodynamicboundarylayer.
Thermalboundarylayer
Wheneveraflowoffluidtakesplacepastaheatedorcoldsurface,atempfieldissetupinthefield
nexttothesurface.Itthesurfaceofplateishotterthanfluid,thereisatempthereisatemp
distribution.theoneorlayerwhereinthetemperaturefieldexistsiscalledthethermalboundarylayer
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.thethermalboundarylayerthicknessdefinedasthedistanceoffromtheplatesurfaceatwhichtst/ts
t =0.99
Temperatureprofileofthethermalboundarylayerdependsupontheviscosity,velocityofflow,specific
heat,andthermalconductivityofthefluid.
Therelativemagnitudeof & thareaffectedbythethermophysicalpropertiesofthefluid.
Thegoverningparameterisaprandtlno,iePr= cp/k
th= whenPr=1
th whenPr 1
th whenPr 1
Hydrodynamicboundarylayer.
WhenairwithfreestreamvelocityUflowsoveraflatplate,thelayerofairgettingcontactwithplate
getretardedduetoviscouseffect.Theairadjacenttothislayerisalsoslowsdown.Sothereisavelocity
gradientdevelopedinaperpendiculardirectiontoplateortothedirectionofairstream.Thicknessof
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boundarylayerisarbitrarydefinedasthatdistancefromtheboundaryinwhichthevelocityreaches
99%ofthevelocityoffreestream( =0.99U).Itisalsocallednormalthicknessoftheboundarylayer.
Displacementthickness:
Itisthedistance,measuredperpendiculartotheboundarybywhichthemainfreestreamisdisplaced
onaccountofformationofboundarylayer.or
Itisanadditionalwallthicknessthatwouldhavetobeaddedtocompensateforthereducedflowrate
anaccountofboundarylayerformation.
Momentumthickness:
Itmayalsobedefinedasthedistance,measuredperpendiculartotheboundaryofthesolidbody,by
whichtheboundaryshouldbedisplacedtocompensateforreductionin,momentumoftheflowingfluid
anaccountofboundarylayerformation.
Q.13Inacertainprocess,asquareglassplateisheateduniformlyto80 0Candiscooledbyairat300C
flowingoverbothsidesparalleltotheplateat2m/s.theplateishavingtheareaof1m2andthickness
of 4 mm. Calculate the initial rate of cooling the plate. Heats lost by plate instantaneously. Neglect
temperaturegradientinglassplateandconsideronlyforcedconvection.
Takeforglass=2500kg/m3 ,Cp=0.07KJ/kgK
Forair=1.076kg/m3,Cp=1008J/kgk,K=0.0286W/m0C,=19.8x106Ns/m2.
Ans:
Nu=
hL
=0.664*(Re)1/2*(Pr)1/3
K
Rel=
Pr=
.V .L 1.076 * 2 * 1
=
=1.0868*105
6
19.8 * 10
.Cp
K
19.8 *10 6 *1008

=0.0698
0.0286
hL/K=0.664*(1.63*105)1/2*(0.0698)1/3
=194.19
h=0.0286*194.19=5.55W/m2oC
Qforbothsideofplate
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Q=2hAs(tst )
=2*5.55*1*(9020)
=777W
Heatlostbyplateinstantaneously
Q=m.Cp t
m=area*thickness*
1*4*2500/1000=10kg
777=10*0.67*103* t
t=0.116oC/s
Q.14Inacertainprocess,castoroilat300Cflowspastaflatplate.Thevelocityofoilis0.08m/s.The
lengthoftheplateis5m.Theplateisheateduniformlyandmaintainedat900C.Calculate
1)Hydrodynamicandthermalboundarylayerthicknessatthetrailingedgeofplate.2)Totaldragforce
perunitwidthononesideoftheplate.
Usefollowingcorrelation
Nu=0.332(Re)1/2(Pr)1/3
Takepropertiesas
=956.8kg/m3,k=0.2132W/mK,=7.2*108m2/s,=0.65*104m2/s
Ans:
Re=
U.L
0.08 * 5
=6153
0.65 * 10 4
Thereforeflowislaminar
5*5
= 0.32 m
6153
th =
(Pr)1 / 3
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th =
(Pr)1 / 3
Pr=/=902.78
Therefore th =
Cf=1.328/
0.32
= 0.033m
(902.78)1 / 3
6153=0.0169
FD=Cf*1/2**Areaofplate*U2
=0.2587Npermwidth
Q.15Explaintheregimesofboilingonnucleatecurvewithneatsketch.
1.InterfaceEvaporation:
Thefirstregionisofinterfaceevaporation,whereevaporationtakesplaceatliquidvaporinterface
withoutformationofbubbles.Ininterfaceevaporationtheliquidlayerincontactwithheatsurfaceget
evaporated,theconvectioncurrentisdevelopedwhichmovestheflowitandevaporationtakesplaceat
liquidsurface.Inthisregiontheexcesstemperatureisupto5oC
2.NucleateBoiling:
NucleateboilingexistinregionsIIandIIIwithincreaseinexcesstemperature,inregionIIthe
nucleateboilingstart.Thebubblesstartsformingatcertainlocalizedspot,travelsthroughtheliquidand
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condenseintheliquidwithoutreachingtheliquidsurface.Withfurtherincreaseinexcesstemperature
thebubblesareformedmorerapidlyandrisetothesurfaceoftheliquidresultinginrapidevaporation
in region III. Thus the nucleate boiling consist of formation of bubbles at specific location and that
results in liquid agitation. The bubble agitation causes fluid mixing and that promotes substantial
increaseinheattransfercoefficientandheatflux.
Nucleateboilingexistuptote 50oC
Themaximumheatfluxknownascriticalheatflux,occursatpointX.
3.Filmboiling:
FilmboilingcomprisesofregionsIV,VandVI.InregionIVthebubbleformationisveryrapidand
the bubbles covers the heating surface and prevent liquid from taking their place. The bubble break
down,formsfilmofvaporcoveringtheheatinge.Duetothisheatfluxdrops.
Withinthetemperaturerangeof50oC<te<150oCconditionoscillatesbetweennucleateboilingfilm
boilingandthephaseisrefusedastransitionboiling,unstableboilingorpartialboiling.
Withfurtherincreaseintethevapourfilmisestablishedandtheheatingsurfaceiscompletely
coveredbyavapourfilmandtheheatfluxisminimuminregionV.
Tomaintainastablefilmatsurface,thesurfacetemperaturerequiredtomaintainishighand
duetothis,considerableamountofheatislostbythesurfaceduetoradiationasinregionVI.
Q.16Whatismeanbycriticalheatfluxorburnoutpoint
The critical heat flux or burn out point is the point of maximum heat flux at which transition
from nucleate boiling to film boiling takes place. The boiling process beyond critical heat flux point is
unstable so it is called as boiling crisis .the boiling equipment design to operate close to this point ,
because beyond this point the surface temp. reached may be above the melting point of equipment
material.
Q.17DiscusstheFactorsaffectingnucleateboiling:
1.Liquidproperties
The dynamic viscosity of fluid affect the size of bubbles . with increase in dynamic viscosity size of
bubblesincreases.asthesizeofbubbleincreases,thefrequencyofbubbleformationdecreases.which
resultsinreducedheattransfer.
2.Materialshapeandconditionoftheheatingsurface
Theheattransferrateorboilingheattransfercoefficientgreatlydependsonthematerialoftheheating
surface.Theconditionofheatingsurfacealsoinfluencetheheattransfer.Theroughsurfacegivesa
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betterheattransmissionthanwhenthesurfaceiseithersmoothorhasbeencoated.Theshapeof
heatingsurfacealsoaffectstransmissionofheat.
3.Pressure
The pressure affect the rate of bubble growth and in turn also affects the temperature difference
causing heat flow. For a boiling liquid up to the critical pressure, the maximum allowable heat flux
increasesandafterthatitdeclines.
4.Mechanicalagitation
Theheattransferrateincreaseswiththeincreaseindegreeofagitation.
Q.18Influenceofpresenceofnoncondensablegasesoncondensation
The presence of non condensable gas such as air in a condensing vapour produces a
detrimental effect on the heat transfer coefficient. Even few percent by volume of air in steam, the
condensationheattransfercoefficientisreduced bymorethan50%.Thisisbecauseofdepositionof
noncondensablegasatthesurfaceduringthecondensationofvapour.Thislayerofdepositionofnon
condensablegasoverthesurfaceactsasthermalresistance.thisadditionalthermalresistancetensto
reduce the heat transfer rate which results in reduced condensation rate. The rate of condensation
decreases remarkably even with presence of small amount of non condensable gas in condensing
vapour. . Any further condensation at the surface will occur only after incoming vapour has diffused
through this non condensable gas collected in the vicinity of the surface. The non condensable gas
adjacent to the surface acts as a thermal resistance to the condensation process. The rate of
condensation decreases greatly when the condensable vapour is contaminated with even very small
amountofnoncondensablegases.
Q.19DifferentiatebetweenFilmwiseandDropwiseCondensation
If the condensate tends to wet the surface and thereby forms a liquid film then the
condensation process is known as film condensation. In film condensation, condensate film exists
betweenthehotvapourandcoolingsurface.Thiscondensatefilmtemperatureishighercomparedto
coolingsurfacetemperatureduetowhichavailabletemperaturedifferenceforheattransferdecreases.
HeatTransfer
Page21
So in case of film condensation heat transfer rate are smaller. As the film thickness increases
furthertheheattransferratedecreases.
In dropwise condensation the vapour condenses as small liquid droplets of various sizes. The
drop of condensate forms in pits and cracks in the surface, grow there and leave the surface without
formingacontinuousfilmofcondensateonthecoolingsurface.
Indropwisecondensationhigherratesofheattransferandthushigherrateofcondensationae
achieved because large surface area is directly exposed to vapour without any intermediate film of
condensate between them The coefficient of heat transfer in this condensation is upto 5 to 10 times
than that in film condensation. For dropwise condensation to occur either highly polished surfaces or
surfaces contaminated with impurities are required. Use of additives or painting of surface may be
employedtoachievedropwisecondensation.
Q.20Acondenserisdesignedtocondense500kg/hrofdryandsaturatedsteamat0.1bar.Asquare
array of 400 tubes, 6 mm in diameter is used. The tubes surface is maintained at 24 0C by flowing
water.Calculatetheheattransfercoefficientandlengthofeachtube.
Ans:
D=6mm=0.006m,ts=24oC,m=500kg/hr
Fromsteamtable
Propertiesofvapourare
HeatTransfer
Page22
tsat=45.7oCv=0.0677kg/m3,hfg=2393kJ/kg
meanfilmtemperaturetf=
45.7 + 24
=34.85oC
2
Propertiesofwaterattf
l=993.95kg/m3, =728.15*106Ns/m2,K=0.6253W/moC
theno.ofhorizontaltubesinverticalcolumnis
N= 400 =20
l ( l v)k 3 .g.h fg
h=0.725
N l (t sat t s ) D
1/ 4
993 .95(993 .95 0.0677 )(0.6253) 3 .9.81. * 2393 * 10 3
20 * 728 .15 * 10 6 ( 45.7 24) * 0.006
h=0.725
1/ 4
h=5355.124W/m2oC
Now
Q=h.A.(tsatts)
500/3600*2393*1000=5355.124*3.14*400*0.006*L*(45724)
L=0.38m
Q.21Averticaltubeof60mmoutsidediameterand2mlongisexposedtosteamatatmospheric
pressure.Theoutersurfaceofthetubeismaintainedatatemperatureof84oCbycirculatingcoolwater
throughthetube.Calculaterateofheattransfertocoolantandrateofcondensation.Takethefollowing
propertiesofwater.
=963.4kg/m3,K=67.7x102W/m0K,=306X106kg/ms,hfg=2257KJ/Kg.Ts=100oC
v=0.598kg/m3
L=500mm=0.5m,B=1m,ts=30oC
(1)RateofHeatTransfer
HeatTransfer
Page23
h=1.13
1/4
afterputtingvalues
h= 1.13[
9.81 * 963.4 * (963.4 0.598) * 0.677 3 * 2257 *1000
306 *10 6 * (100 84) * 2
h=5707.21W/m2oK
Q=hA(tsatts)
=5707.21*0.06*2*3.14*(10084)
=34425.072W
m=34425.072/2257*1000
=0.01525kg/s
Q.22DeriveanexpressionforLMTDforcounterflowheatexchanger:
Consideringasinglepasscounterflowheatexchangerarrangement
ConsideringtherateflowofheatthroughanelementaryareadAoftheheatexchanger.
HeatTransfer
Page24
IntegratingfromA=otoA=A
1 1

cn cc
Loge( 2/ 1)= U . A.
HeatTransfer
Page25

LMTDforacounterflowunitisalwaysgreaterthanthatforaparallelflowunit.Hencecounter
flowheatexchangefortransferringsameamountofheatcounterflowneedssmallerheattransferarea
ascompoundtoparallelflow.
AMTD:
When temperature variations of the fluids are relatively small, then temp variation lines are
approximatelystraightlinesthenAMTDcanbetakenforadequalityaccurateresult.
LMTDisusedwhen
1
1.7
2
Q.23Whatismeanbyfoulingofheatexchanger.Writedowntheequationofoverallheattransfer
coefficientconsideringfoulingofheatexchanger
Itmaypossiblethatfluidsflowingthroughheatexchangercontainsimpuritiesandduringflow
ofthisfluidcontainingimpuritiesthroughheatexchanger,theimpuritiesgetdepositedonthesurface
oftubes.
Thisphenomenonofformationanddepositionoffluidimpuritiesonthetubesurfacesiscalled
asfouling.Duetothisdepositionofscaleonthesurfaceofheatexchangertubes,thethermalresistance
increaseswhichtendtoreducetheefficiencyofheatexchanger.
Theeffectofscaleonheattransferisconsideredbyspecifyinganequivalentscaleheattransfer
coefficient,hs
Consideringscaleformationonbothsidesofheatexchangertubes
Let
hsiheattransfercoefficientforthescaleformedontheinside
hsoheattransfercoefficientforthescaleformedontheoutsidesurface
Aiinsidesurfacearea
HeatTransfer
Page26
Aooutsidesurfacearea
ThereforeRsi=
1
=Thermalresistanceoninsidesurface
Ai.hsi
AndRso=
1
=Thermalresistanceonoutsidesurface
Ao.hso
Then
UA=
1
1
1
1
1
1
log(ro / ri ) +
+
+
+
Aihi Ai.hsi 2 KL
Ao.ho Ao.hso
Kthermalconductivityoftubematerial
Fortheinnersurface
Ui=
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+ ri log(ro / ri) + ri / ro
+ ri / ro
hi hsi
K
ho
hso
Fortheoutersurface
Uo=
1
1
1
1
1
1
(ro / ri) + (ro / ri)
+ ro log(ro / ri) +
+
hi
hsi
K
ho hso
Neglectingscaleresistanceandresistanceduetomaterialweget
Uo=
1
1
(ro / ri) +
hi ho
Ifro=ri
Uo=
Uo=
1
1
1
+
hi ho
ho.hi
ho + hi
HeatTransfer
Page27
Q.24Discussthedesignaspectsofheatexchanger
Depending on the use of the heat exchanger there are various criterion for selection of a
particular type of heat exchanger. But in general following points to be considered while selecting a
heatexchanger
1)heattransferrequirement:Theheattransferrequirementmustbemetintheselectionordesignof
anyheatexchanger.
2)Fluidtemperatures: The fluid temperature are also important while selecting a type of heat
exchanger,sodueconsiderationmustbegiventoinletandoutlettemperaturesflowingfluids..
2)Physicalsize:Tubesize,tubethickness,numberoftubesallinfluencetheheattransferinexchanger,
somustbeselectedwithcare.Withincreasingthephysicalsizeofheatexchanger,thesurfaceareaof
the exchanger can be increased. But while selecting the dimensions of heat exchanger consideration
mustbegiventospaceavailableandcost.
3)Pressuredropcharacteristics:Whileaimingtoincreaseheattransferbyincreasingfluidvelocity,the
pressuredropshouldbetakenintoconsideration.
scaleformation,scalethicknessandresultingpressuredropmustbeconsideredwhiledesigning.
4)Typeoffluid:foulingcharacteristicsoffluiddependsontypeoffluid.Itcanbeoneofthefactorsfor
selectingatypeofheatexchanger.
5)Tubelayouts:Intubelayoutsshouldbeconsidered.Becauseinsufficienttubepitchwillcreatehurdle
incleaningwhichreducestheheattransfer.
Q.25Writeshortnoteson
1]EffectivenessNTUmethodorDiscusseffectivenessofheatexchanger
When inlet and outlet temperatures of fluids flowing through the heat exchanger are known,
theLMTDapproachcanbeeasilyutilizedtoanalyzetheheatexchanger.Butincaseswherefluidsinlet
and outlet temperature are unknown, the method based on effectiveness of heat exchanger gives an
easywayforanalysisofheatexchanger.Thismethodisalsoadvantageousforcomparingvariousheat
exchangersforselectingatypebestsuitedforaparticularheattransferobjective.
The heat exchanger effectiveness is defined as the ratio of heat transfer to the maximum
possibleheattransfer.Itisdenotedby.
Effectiveness==Actualheattransfer/maximumpossibleheattransfer
HeatTransfer
Page28
Qactual
Q max imum
Theactualheattransfer=theheatlostbyhotfluid=byheatgainbycoldfluid.
Qact=mhCph(th1th2)=mcCpc(tc2tc1)
Since mass flow rate and specific heat of fluids remains constant, the maximum heat transfer
related to maximum temperature difference available in heat exchanger. The fluid for which capacity
rateisminimumwillundergothismaximumtemperaturedifference.
Therefore Q max is the product of minimum heat capacity rate and maximum temperature difference
availableinheatexchanger
Qmax=(m.c)min(thinlettcinlet)
=(m.c)min(th1tc1)
ThefluidhavingminimumcapacityrateI.e(m.c)min=Cminiscalledminimumfluid
mc.CpccoldfluidcapacityrateCc
mh.CphhotfluidcapacityrateCh
Theminimumheatcapacityfluidmaybehotfluidorcoldcluid
ifmh.Cph<mc.CpcorCh<CcthenCmin=ChandCmax=Cc
ifmc.Cpc<mh.CphorCc<ChthenCmin=CcandCmax=Ch
Ifhotfluidisminimumfluid
C h (t h1 t h 2 )
t t
= h1 h 2
C min (t h1 t c1 )
t h1 t c1
Ifcoldfluidisminimumfluid
t c 2 t c1
t h1 t c1
Ingeneral
t (min fluid )
.
max temperature.diff c in.heat.exchanger
m
HeatTransfer
Page29
Theminimumfluidisalwaystheoneexperiencingthelargertempdifferenceintheheatexchangerand
themaximumtemperaturedifferenceintheheatexchangerisalwaysthedifferenceintheinlet
temperaturesofthehotandcoldfluids.
Q.26Acounterflowheatexchangerisemployedtocool0.55kg/s(Cp=2.45KJ/kgoC)ofoilfrom115oC
to40oCbytheuseofwater.Theinletandoutlettemperaturesofcoolingwaterare15oCand75oC
respectively.Theoverallheattransfercoefficientisexpectedtobe1450W/m2oC.UsingNTUmethod,
calculatetheFollowing
(i)themassflowrateofwater
(ii)theeffectivenessoftheheatexchanger
(iii)thesurfacearearequired.
moil=0.55kg/s,Cph=2.45KJ/kgoC,th1=115oC,th2=40oC
tc1=15oCtc2=75oCU=1450W/m2oC
mw=
mhCph(th1th2)=mwCpw(tc2tc1)
.55*2.45*(11540)=mw*4.18*(7515)
mw=0.4kg/s
(ii)Theeffectiveness
Cc=mw*Cpw
=0.4*4.18=1.672KW
Ch=mh*Cph
=0.55*2.45=1.347KW
AsCh<Ccthereforehotfluidisaminimumfluid
Therefore
=
th1 th 2
th1 tc1
=0.75
HeatTransfer
Page30
(iii)Surfacearearequired
Cmax=1.672KW
Cmin=1.347KW
R=1.347/1.672=0.806
1 exp[ NTU (1 R)]
1 Re xp[ NTU (1 R)]
1
= exp[ NTU (1 R )]
R 1
0.75 1
= exp[ NTU (1 0.806)]
0.750 * 806. 1
NTU=2.365
2.365=1450*A/1.347*1000
A=2.197m2
Q.27Aparallelflowofheattransferuse1500kg/hrofcoldwaterenteringat25 oCtocool600kg/hrof
hotwaterat70 oC.Theexittemperatureonhotsideisrequiredtobe50 oC.Neglectingtheeffectsof
thefollowingfactor,calculatetheareaoftheheatexchange.Itmaybeassumedthattheindividualheat
transfercoefficientonbothsideare1600W/m2K.UsemeantemperaturedifferenceandNTUapproach
separately. Also calculate the exit temperature of hot and cold stream if the flow of hot water is
doubled. i.e. 1200 kg/hr. it has been state that individual heat transfer coefficient proportional to .8th
powerofflowrate.TakeCp=4180J/kgK.
mh=600kg/hrmc=1500kg/hr
th1=70oCth2=50oCtc1=25oCtc2=?U=2270W/m2oKC=4180J/KgK
Q=mhCph(th1th2)=mcCpc(tc2tc1)
600/3600*4.187*(7050)=1500/3600*4.187*(tc225)
tc2=33oC
1=7025=45oC
2=5033=17oC
HeatTransfer
Page31
LMTD=(12)/In(1/2)=28.76oC
1
1
1
= +
U hi ho
1
1
1
=
+
U 1600 1600
U=800W/m2K
Q=U.A.LMTD
ThereforeA=.6m2
ByNTUapproach
th1 th 2 70 50
=
= 0.54
th1 Tc1 70 33
1 e 2 NTU
=
2
NTU=1.25
NTU=UA/m*Cph
A=1m2Q
Q.28Stateandexplainfollowinglawsofradiation
1]Wiensdisplacementlaw
Apeakvalueofmonochromaticemissivepoweroccursataparticularwavelength.Thislawgives
arelationshipbetweentemperatureofbodyandthewavelengthatwhichthemaximumvalueof
monochromaticemissivepoweroccurs.
A/ctoWienslaw
max.T=constant
max.T=2898mk
Itisusedtopredictveryhightemperaturethroughmeasurementofwavelength.
2]Lambertscosinelaw
HeatTransfer
Page32
ThislawstatesthattotalemissivepowerEfromadiffuseradiatingsurfaceinanyparticular
directionisdirectlyproportionaltothecosineoftheanglebetweenthedirectionunderconsideration
andnormaltothesurface()
LetEnbetotalemissivepowerofthesurfaceinthedirectionnormaltoitssurfacethen,
E=EnCos
3]Kirchoffslaw
TheKirchoffslawstatesthatatthermalequilibrium,theratiooftotalemissivepowerEtothetotal
absorptivity isaconstantforallsubstances.
Thusatequilibrium
A1E1= 1A1Ebforbody1Ebemissivepowerofblackbody
Ifbody1isreplacedbybody2then
A1E1= 2A2Eb
Thereforewecanwrite
Eb=E1/ 1=E2/
2=E/
But=E/Eb
Eb=E/
Kirchoffslawalsostatesthattheemissivityofablackbodyisequaltoitsabsorptivitywhenthe
bodyremainsinthermalequilibriumwithitssurrounding.
Q.29Shapefactor
Theshapefactorisusefulinanalysisofheatexchangebyradiationbetweentwosurfaces.
HeatTransfer
Page33
ConsidertwosurfaceswithareaAi&Ajexchangingheat.Rdistancebetweenthesetwoarea.
i& jaretheanglesmadebynormaltotheAi&Aj
RateofenergyradiatedbyAi
Qi
RateofradiantenergyemittedbyAiandthatfallsonAj
Q ij
Fij(Shapefactorforbodyiwrtoj)
Fijiscalledconfigurationfactor,viewfactororshapefactor.
DefinitionItdefinedasthefractionofradiativeenergythatisdiffusedfromonesurfaceandstrikes
theothersurfacedirectlywithnointerveningreflections.
SimilarFjiistheshapefactorforbodyjwithrespecttoi
AiFij=AjFji
Thisisknownasreciprocitytherom.
Q.30DiscussRadiationshield
Certainapplicationrequirestoreducetheoverallthattransferbetweentworadiatingsurfaces.Thiscan
beachievedeitherbyusingmaterialswhicharehighlyreflectiveorbyusingradiationshieldsbetween
theheatexchangingsurfaces.Theradiationshieldsdoesnotactuallyremovesanyheatfromthe
overallsystembutiteffectivelyincreasesthesurfaceresistancetoreducetheradiationheattransfer.
thinshieldsofplasticcoatedwithhighlyreflectingmetallicfilmsonbothsidesservesasveryeffective
radiationshield.
Theshieldsareusedinthetemperaturemeasurementofafluidbyathermometerorathermocouple
whichisshieldtoreducetheeffectofradiation.
Q31Twoverylargeparallelplates,aremaintainedatuniformtemperature800Kand500Kandhave
emissivities1=0.2,and2=0.7respectively.Determineheattransferbetweenthetwosurfacesper
unitsurfaceareaoftheplates.
Ans:
heattransferbetweenthetwosurfacesperunitsurfacearea
HeatTransfer
Page34
T1 T2 5.67 (800) (500) x108

Q1 2
=
q12 =
= 1 1
1
1
A
+ 1
+
1
4
1 2
0.2 0.7
q12 =3625W/m2
Q.32Twoparallelsquareplates,each4m2areaarelargecomparedtoagapof5mmseparatingthem.
Oneplatehasatemperatureof800oKandsurfaceemissivityof0.6,whiletheotherhasatemperature
of300oKandasurfaceemissivityof0.9.Findthenetenergyexchangebyradiationbetweentheplates.
Ifathinpolishedmetalchipofsurfaceemissivity0.1onbothsidesisnowlocatedcentrallybetweenthe
twoplates,whatwillbeitssteadystatetemperature?Howtheheattransferwouldbealtered?Neglect
theconvectionandedgeeffects,ifany.Commentuponthesignificanceofthisexercise.
Ans:
1=0.6,T1=800 2=0.9,T2=300oK
Heattransferwhenthereisnoshield
Q=
1 2
Q=
* A* (T14 T24 ) 5.67* 4 * 4 * (800)4 (300)4 x108

=
1
1
+
1
0.6 0.9
91060.2
= 51211.76watts
1.667 + 1.111 1
Heattransferwithshield
T14 T24
Q
=
1 1
1
1
A
( + 1) + (
+
1)
1 2
31 32
Q
5.67*108 8004 3004
= 1095.6watts/ m2
=
1
1
1
1
A
( +
1) + ( + 1)
0.6 0.9
0.1 0.1
Fortemperatureofshield
HeatTransfer
Page35
(T3 T2 )
Q T14 T34
=
=
1
1
1
1
A
( +
1)
+ 1
1 31
32 2
Q 8004 T34 (T3 3004 )

=
=
A
(10.66)
10.11
4
T3=671.67oK
Q.33Discussthefollowing
1)Heatpipe:
Adevicewhichmakesuseofphaseheattransferistheheatpipe.Acircularpipehasalayerof
wickingmaterialcoveringtheinsidesurfacewithahollowcoreinthecenter.Acondensablefluidisalso
containedinthepipeandtheliquidpermeatesthewickingmaterialbycapillaryaction.Whentheheatis
addedtooneendofpipe,liquidisvaporizedinthewickandthepipeheatisremovedandthevapour
condensesbackintothewick.Liquidisreplenishedintheevaporatorsectionbythecapillaryaction.
Thebasicconceptofheatpipewillworkintheabsenceofgravity,theheatpipemaybetiltedso
thatthecondenserisatahigherelevationthantheevaporator.Inthiscaseactionofgravityservesto
speedtheflowofliquiddownthroughthewickingmaterial.Thisiscalledasfavorabletilt.Incontrast,
whenthecondenserisplacedatalowerelevationthantheevaporatortheactionofgravitywillimpede
theflowofliquidinthewickandtheheatpipeissaidtohaveadversetilt.
Heatpipeisparticularlyusefulinenergyconservationequipmentwhereitisdesiredtorecover
heatfromhotgasesforairpreheaterorsupplementalheatingapplication.
2)thermalresistance
When two physical systems are described by similar equation and have similar boundary conditions,
thesearesaidtobeanalogous.Theheattransferprocessesmaybecomparedbyanalogywithflowof
electricityinanelectricalresistance.
AsperOhmslaw,current(I)=
potential .differance (dV )
Electrical .resis tan ce
Byanalogy,fromFourierequationforheatflow
HeatflowrateQ=
Temperature.differance(dt )
K .A
HeatTransfer
Page36
HereIisanaloguestoQ
dVisanaloguestodt
Risanaloguesto
Rth=
K .A
K .A
andthisquantityiscalledthermalresistance
UnitwillbeoC/WoroK/W
Reciprocalofthermalresistanceiscalledthermalconductance.
HeatTransfer
Page37

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Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

QUESTION BANK WITH

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

1 1 0.15 0.05 0.01 1

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

Inertiaforce * Buoyancyforce 2. .g.t.L3

Viscous. force * Viscous. force

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

.V .Cp VL .Cp Re* Pr

Qconvection .Cp.L..V L.V

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

19.8 *10 6 *1008

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

993 .95(993 .95 0.0677 )(0.6253) 3 .9.81. * 2393 * 10 3

20 * 728 .15 * 10 6 ( 45.7 24) * 0.006

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

9.81 * 963.4 * (963.4 0.598) * 0.677 3 * 2257 *1000

306 *10 6 * (100 84) * 2

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

1 exp[ NTU (1 R)]

1 Re xp[ NTU (1 R)]

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

T1 T2 5.67 (800) (500) x108

* A* (T14 T24 ) 5.67* 4 * 4 * (800)4 (300)4 x108

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

Q 8004 T34 (T3 3004 )

potential .differance (dV )

Electrical .resis tan ce

Subject Heat Transfer (v th semester Mech.Engg.)

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19.8 10 6 1008

306 10 6 (100 84) * 2