Experiment 9 New

EML331/2 Engineering laboratory II
TITLE
OBJECTIVE :
THEORY
Exp. 9: Boundary Layer Measurement on a Flat Plate
Boundary layer measurement on a flat plate

To determine the boundary layer thickness on a plate at different
Reynolds number
number.
Consider the flow is steady flow over a smooth plate where the free stream velocity U is constan t
over the length of the plate. The flow is retarded in the neighborhood of the surface, and the
boundary layer begins at the leading edge of the plate. It is found that the thickness of the
boundary grows along the length of the plate as shown in Figure 11.The
.The edge of boundary layer,
with the thickness designated by , and cannot be observed in actual flow. It is defined it to be
locus of points where the velocity is equal to 99% of the free stream velocity. The thickness of
the boundary layer is gradually increased along in xx- direction the plate shown in Figure 3.
Figure 1 : Boundary layer grows from a flat plate

The boundary layer begins as a laminar flow with zero thicknes
thicknesss at the leading edge of a
flat plate. After a distance x, the boundary lay
layer
er is depends on the free stream velocity,
viscosity, wall roughness and others.
Figure 2 : Thickness of boundary layer varying with length
As we know the boundary layer as divided to 3 regions which first is laminar

boundary layer region, transitionn region and lastly is a turbulent boundary layer region.
The laminar flow undergoes the transition process after a short distance in a turbulent
flow as shown in figure 3.The transition is region is relatively short and is usually ignored
the calculation. The flow up to x is assumed to be laminar and the flow after x is
considered turbulent. The parameter which characterizes the point of transition is the
=
(1)
Where x is distance from leading edge,U is free stream velocity aand v is kinematic
viscosity.
Lower than ( 5 10 ) laminar flow
More than (5 10 ) Turbulent flow
In the turbulent region the thickness development is much more rapidly than laminar
layer development. It has also relatively greater wall shear force. As shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3 : Laminar
aminar ,transition and turbulen
Thickness Boundary Layer Measurement in theory
=
(2)
(3)
INTRODUCTION
As the fluid flow over

er a flat surface, different type of boundary layer could exist. The
boundary layer are divided into three types which are laminar, transition and turbulent layer. The
first case is said to be laminar ,characterized by smooth streamlines and highly ordered motion
and the second case is turbulent which characterize by velocity fluctuation and highly disordered.
The transition occur between laminar and turbulent region.It occur for a short time before the turn
to turbulent boundary layer.For this experiment, the fluid velocity is setted to zero becaused non
slip condition are introduced. The boundary layer thickness increase as the displacement along
the x axis increase. So, this would affect
ffect the Reynolds number. The
he boundary layer thickness is
denoted as .
For this experiment, pitot tube is used.the function of pitot tube is to measure stagnation
pressure. Equation 3 is used to find the fluid local velocity and then the Reynold number could be
calculated.
Figure 4:Apparatus set

set-up
PROCEDURE :
Firstly, the experimental apparatus is set up as shown in figure 4. Then
Then,, the air
gap is setting up to 300 mm. The wind tunnel is sswitched on. The
he oil inside inclined tube
manometer is set to zero. Make sure no trapped air inside the tube. After that, 4 point are
set along the x-axis
axis to measure the boundary layer. The point are at 3cm, 6cm, 9cm amd
11cm is measured. The experimental is sta
started with the first point in x-direction. The
reading on the inclined manometer is recorded when the level of oil is constant forr a few
second. The reading iss recorded with increase up to 1 mm yy- direction for 30 points. The
T
wind tunnel is switched off before change the location in xx-direction. This steps are
repeated until finish to fourth point in xx-direction for 80 mm air gap.
RESULT :
Table 1:
y (mm)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Manometer Reading, h (mm) and Local Velocity, u (m/s) for Height of

Chimney's Opening, D = 3 cm at different pitot tube distance from the
solid surface.
Manometers Readings, h (mm)
x = 3 cm x = 6 cm x = 9 cm x = 11 cm
Local Velocity, u (m/s)

x = 3 cm x = 6 cm x = 9 cm x = 11 cm
2.3
5.1
6.5
6.5
5.43
8.09
9.13
9.13
5.6
7.1
7.16
8.47
9.47
9.54
5.2
6.2
7.9
8.1
8.16
8.91
10.06
10.19
7.3
6.8
8.2
8.8
9.67
9.34
10.25
10.62
8.7
7.3
8.5
8.9
10.56
9.67
10.44
10.68
9.8
11.21
10.13
10.74
10.74
11
8.9
9.7
9.6
11.87
10.68
11.15
11.09
11.6
9.2
9.9
9.9
12.19
10.86
11.27
11.27
11.9
9.8
10.2
10.2
12.35
11.21
11.43
11.43
12.1
10
10.7
10.5
12.45
11.32
11.71
11.60
12.1
10.4
10.9
10.8
12.45
11.55
11.82
11.77
12.3
10.8
11.2
11.2
12.56
11.77
11.98
11.98
12.3
11.2
11.2
11.2
12.56
11.98
11.98
11.98
12.3
11.3
11.3
11.3
12.56
12.04
12.04
12.04
12.3
11.6
11.5
11.5
12.56
12.19
12.14
12.14
12.3
12
11.8
11.8
12.56
12.40
12.30
12.30
12.3
12.3
12.1
12.1
12.56
12.56
12.45
12.45
12.3
12.3
12.3
12.3
12.56
12.56
12.56
12.56
12.3
12.3
12.3
12.3
12.56
12.56
12.56
12.56
12.3
12.3
12.3
12.3
12.56
12.56
12.56
12.56
12.3
12.3
12.3
12.3
12.56
12.56
12.56
12.56
12.3
12.3
12.3
12.3
12.56
12.56
12.56
12.56
12.3
12.3
12.3
12.3
12.56
12.56
12.56
12.56
12.3
12.3
12.3
12.3
12.56
12.56
12.56
12.56
12.3
12.3
12.3
12.3
12.56
12.56
12.56
12.56
12.3
12.3
12.3
12.3
12.56
12.56
12.56
12.56
12.3
12.3
12.3
12.3
12.56
12.56
12.56
12.56
12.3
12.3
12.3
12.3
12.56
12.56
12.56
12.56
12.3
12.3
12.3
12.3
12.56
12.56
12.56
12.56
12.3
12.3
12.3
12.3
12.56
12.56
12.56
12.56
12.3
12.3
12.3
12.3
12.56
12.56
12.56
12.56
Local Velocity VS Height from Flat Plate for

Chimney Opening of 3cm
Local Velocity, U (m/s)
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
X=3cm
6.00
X=6cm
4.00
X=9cm
2.00
X=11cm
0.00
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
Height from theflat plate, y (mm)
Graph 1: Graph of Local Velocity against Height from Flat Plate for Chimney Opening of
4cm
Height from Flat Plate VS Local Velocity for

Height from the flat plat, y(mm)
35
30
25
20
X=3cm
15
X=6cm
10
X=9cm
X=11cm
5
0
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
Graph 2: Graph of Height from Flat Plate against Local Velocity for Chimney Opening of
4cm
Table 2:
y (mm)
Manometer Reading, h (mm) and Local Velocity, u (m/s) for Height of

Chimney's Opening, D = 8 cm at different pitot tube distance from the
solid surface.
Manometers Readings, h (mm)
Local Velocity, u (m/s)
x=3
x=6
x=9
x = 11
x=3
x=6
x=9
x = 11
cm
cm
cm
cm
cm
cm
cm
cm
2.4
12
14
14.4
5.55
12.40
13.40
13.59
4.3
12.8
14.6
14.8
7.42
12.81
13.68
13.77
4.5
14.6
15.6
16
7.60
13.68
14.14
14.32
5.6
14.6
16.4
16.8
8.47
13.68
14.50
14.67
10
15
17.6
17.6
11.32
13.87
15.02
15.02
14.6
17.4
18.2
18.2
13.68
14.93
15.27
15.27
18.2
18
19
18.8
15.27
15.19
15.61
15.52
20.8
19
19.4
19
16.33
15.61
15.77
15.61
23.4
20.2
19.8
19.2
17.32
16.09
15.93
15.69
26
21
20.8
19.6
18.26
16.41
16.33
15.85
10
26
21.6
21.2
20
18.26
16.64
16.49
16.01
11
26
22.3
21.2
20.6
18.26
16.91
16.49
16.25
12
26
23
21.6
21.4
18.26
17.17
16.64
16.56
13
26
23.2
21.8
21.4
18.26
17.25
16.72
16.56
14
26
23.4
22.2
21.8
18.26
17.32
16.87
16.72
15
26
23.4
22.6
22
18.26
17.32
17.02
16.79
16
26
23.6
22.8
22.2
18.26
17.39
17.10
16.87
17
26
23.6
23
22.4
18.26
17.39
17.17
16.95
18
26
25.5
23
22.6
18.26
18.08
17.17
17.02
19
26
25.5
23.4
22.6
18.26
18.08
17.32
17.02
20
26
25.5
23.4
23.2
18.26
18.08
17.32
17.25
21
26
25.5
25
23.6
18.26
18.08
17.90
17.39
22
26
25.5
25
23.6
18.26
18.08
17.90
17.39
23
26
25.5
25
23.8
18.26
18.08
17.90
17.47
24
26
25.5
25
23.8
18.26
18.08
17.90
17.47
25
26
25.5
25
23.8
18.26
18.08
17.90
17.47
26
26
25.5
25
25
18.26
18.08
17.90
17.90
27
26
25.5
25
25
18.26
18.08
17.90
17.90
28
26
25.5
25
25
18.26
18.08
17.90
17.90
29
26
25.5
25
25
18.26
18.08
17.90
17.90
30
26
25.5
25
25
18.26
18.08
17.90
17.90

20
18
16
14
12
X=3cm
10
8
X=6cm
X=9cm
X=11cm
2
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
Graph 3: Graph of Local Velocity against Height from Flat Plate for Chimney Opening of
8cm

35
30
25
20
x=3cm
15
x=6cm
10
x=9cm
X=11cm
5
0
0
10
15
20
Graph 4: Graph of Height from Flat Plate against Local Velocity for Chimney Opening of
8cm
Table 3:
Experimental and Theoretical Values Boundary Layer Thickness for D =

3cm
x (m)
u (m/s)
U (m/s)
0.03
0.06
0.09
0.11
12.56
12.56
12.56
12.56
12.69
12.69
12.69
12.69
Table 4:
24403
48807
73211
89480
(mm)
Experimental Theoretical
11.0
1.5
16.0
2.6
17.0
3.5
17.0
4.2
Percentage
Difference (%)
633
515
385
305
Experimental & Theoretical Values of Boundary Layer Thickness for D =

8 cm
x (m)
u (m/s)
U (m/s)
Rex
0.03
0.06
0.09
0.11
18.25
18.07
17.90
17.90
18.43
18.25
18.08
18.08
35442
70192
104307
127487
(mm)
Experimental Theoretical
9.0
1.37
13.0
2.38
21.0
3.30
26.0
3.88
Sample calculation:
Height of chimney open,D
Manometer reading,h
Distance from leading edge,x
Local velocity,u
Kinematic viscosity,v
Experimental boundry layer thickness,
local velocity,u = 113.22

=113.220.011 = 11.87m/s
From equation 2, u=0.99U
Free stream velocity, U = .
= .
= 12.69m/s
0.03m
0.011m
0.03m
11.87m/s
1.56x10-5m2/s
0.017m
Percentage
Difference (%)
557
446
536
570
Reynolds number,
=
12.69(0.03)
=
= 0.24403 x 10
1.56 10
Theoretical Boundary Layer Thickness,

Using Prandtl Power Law
0.37 (0.03)
0.37
=
=
(0.24403x 10 )
= 2.472 mm
Boundary Layer Thickness VS Reynolds

Number
Boundary Layer Thickness,
30
25
Experimental Value of 3cm
Chimney Opening
20
15
theoretical Value of 3cm

Chimney Opening
10
Experimental Value of 8cm

Chimney Opening
5
0
0
50000
100000
150000
Theoretical Value of 3cm

Chimney Opening
Reynolds Number
Graph 5: Graph of boundry layer thickness against Reynolds number

DISCUSSION:
From table 1 and table 2, the local velocity increase when the distance from the
leading edge(along x-axis) increase.. Thus, the Reynolds number increase
simultaneously. The local velocity reach constant velocity at different level in y-direction
for every distance from leading edge(x-axis). The boundary layer would change from
laminar to transition and finally become turbulent boundary layer. Theoretically, the
Reynolds number is proportionally to distance from the leading edge(along the x-axis).
Thus, the equation(1) is proved.
From graph 1 and graph 2, the highest free stream velocity is at x=11cm which is
12.69m/s. This is due to the highest local velocity at x=11cm which is 12.56m/s.
However for graph 3 and graph 4, the highest free stream velocity is at x=3cm which is
18.43m/s. This is because at x=3cm, the local velocity is the highest at 18.25m/s.
From table 3 and 4, the experimental and theoretical value of boundary layer
thickness for D = 3cm and D=8cm is shown. For both tables, the experimental and
theoretical values are not exactly the same. The values even show a lot of differences
between experimental and theoretical value. The highest percentage differences for
D=3cm is at x=3cm and D=8cm is at x=11cm which are 633% and 570%.
These differences occur due to some errors while conducting the experiment. One
of the error is there might be air leakage due the hole for setting x positions is not covered
entirely. The second possible error might be the existence of human in front of air inlet
could affect the flow entering into the tube. Another errors are the reading is taken before
the liquid in the inclined manometer stop fluctuating and parallax error due to position of
eyes are not perpendicular to the scale while taking the reading.
Some precaution should be taken in order to reduce the percentage difference.
One of the precaution is make sure the hole for setting in x direction is covered properly
using cellophane tape. Then make sure there is no human standing in front of the air inlet.
Also, wait for a few seconds after the liquid reach constant state and make sure the
position of eyes is perpendicular to the scale while taking the reading.
CONCLUSION:
The boundary layer thickness is depended on reynolds number. As the distance

from leading edge increase, reynolds number also increase. The boundary layer region
also change from laminar to transition and then to turbulent layer. Furthermore, we can
noticed that the local velocity,u is increase as they value increase, but it will stop under
certain limit once the local velocity is same as the free stream velocity; u=0.99U.
REFERENCES:
1. Laboratory Manual , EML 331/2 , Engineering Lab II.

2. Yunus A. Cengel, John M. Cimbala, Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and
Application 2nd ed. McGrawHill.
3. Prof. Mohd. Zulkifly B. Abdullah, Lecture notes on Boundary Layer Theory.

Experiment 9 New

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EML331/2 Engineering laboratory II

Exp. 9: Boundary Layer Measurement on a Flat Plate

Boundary layer measurement on a flat plate

Figure 1 : Boundary layer grows from a flat plate

Figure 2 : Thickness of boundary layer varying with length

EML331/2 Engineering laboratory II

Exp. 9: Boundary Layer Measurement on a Flat Plate

As we know the boundary layer as divided to 3 regions which first is laminar

More than (5 10 ) Turbulent flow

EML331/2 Engineering laboratory II

Exp. 9: Boundary Layer Measurement on a Flat Plate

As the fluid flow over

Figure 4:Apparatus set

EML331/2 Engineering laboratory II

Exp. 9: Boundary Layer Measurement on a Flat Plate

Manometer Reading, h (mm) and Local Velocity, u (m/s) for Height of

Local Velocity, u (m/s)

EML331/2 Engineering laboratory II

Exp. 9: Boundary Layer Measurement on a Flat Plate

Local Velocity VS Height from Flat Plate for

Height from theflat plate, y (mm)

Height from Flat Plate VS Local Velocity for

Local Velocity, U (m/s)

EML331/2 Engineering laboratory II

Exp. 9: Boundary Layer Measurement on a Flat Plate

Manometer Reading, h (mm) and Local Velocity, u (m/s) for Height of

EML331/2 Engineering laboratory II

Exp. 9: Boundary Layer Measurement on a Flat Plate

Height from Flat Plate VS Local Velocity for

Height from the flat plat, y(mm)

Height from Flat Plate VS Local Velocity for

Local Velocity, U (m/s)

EML331/2 Engineering laboratory II

Experimental and Theoretical Values Boundary Layer Thickness for D =

Exp. 9: Boundary Layer Measurement on a Flat Plate

Experimental & Theoretical Values of Boundary Layer Thickness for D =

local velocity,u = 113.22

EML331/2 Engineering laboratory II

Exp. 9: Boundary Layer Measurement on a Flat Plate

Theoretical Boundary Layer Thickness,

Boundary Layer Thickness VS Reynolds

theoretical Value of 3cm

Experimental Value of 8cm

Theoretical Value of 3cm

Graph 5: Graph of boundry layer thickness against Reynolds number

EML331/2 Engineering laboratory II

Exp. 9: Boundary Layer Measurement on a Flat Plate

The boundary layer thickness is depended on reynolds number. As the distance

1. Laboratory Manual , EML 331/2 , Engineering Lab II.

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