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OF
WAVELETS
SUBMITTED TO
BY MILIND GOSWAMI
ECE-1, 7TH
Q . WHAT IS A WAVELET?
A wavelet is a small wave-like oscillation with an amplitude that begins
at zero, increases, and then decreases back to zero.
It can typically be visualized as a "brief oscillation" .
Generally, wavelets are purposefully crafted to have specific properties that make
them useful for signal processing.
These are small waves of varying frequency and limited duration.
Wavelets can be combined, using a technique called convolution, with portions of
a known signal to extract information from the unknown signal.
FACT
The properties of wavelets make them equivalent to a musical score for an
image, revealing not only what notes(frequencies) to play, but also when(time) to play.
Fourier transform only provided the frequency information.
The Haar sequence was proposed in 1909 by Alfred Haar. In mathematics, the Haar
wavelet is a sequence of rescaled "square-shaped" functions which together form
a wavelet family or basis.
1983-Present
Jan-Olov Strmberg's early work on discrete wavelets (1983).
Daubechies' orthogonal wavelets with compact support (1988).
Mallat's multiresolution framework (1989).
Akansu's Binomial QMF (1990), Nathalie Delprat's time-frequency interpretation of
the CWT (1991).
Newland'sharmonic wavelet transform (1993) and many others since.
CONTINUOUS WAVELETS:
In numerical analysis, continuous wavelets are functions used by the continuous
wavelet transform. These functions are defined as analytical expressions, as functions
either of time or of frequency. They are the continuous counterpart of orthogonal
wavelets.
Following are some of the continuous wavelets invented:
Beta wavelet
Hermitian wavelet
Meyer wavelet
Poisson wavelet
Shannon wavelet
DISCRETE WAVELETS
Discrete wavelets on the other hand are used by the discrete wavelet transform. Following are
some of the discrete wavelets invented:
BNC wavelets
Coiflet wavelets
Cohen-Daubechies-Feauveau wavelet
Daubechies wavelet
Haar wavelet
Mathieu wavelet
Legendre wavelet
Villasenor wavelet
Symlet
can be described as
(t ) 1
0
0 t 1/ 2,
1/ 2 t 1,
otherwise.
MATLAB Code:
[psi,xval] = wavefun('haar',10);
plot(xval,psi); axis([0 1 -1.5 1.5]);
title('Haar Wavelet');
2. Shannon Wavelet:
A Shannon wavelet may be either of real or complex type. Signal analysis by ideal bandpass
filters defines a decomposition known as Shannon wavelets (or sinc wavelets). The Haar and
sinc systems are Fourier duals of each other.
While the Haar Wavelet uses a scaling function which has limited support in time, the Sinc
wavelet uses a scaling function which has limited support in frequency, hence is band limited.
As the name already suggests, this is the Sinc function.
t
3 t
(Sha) (t ) sinc cos
2
2
plot(x,real(psi)),
title('Complex Shannon wavelet shan1.5-1')
xlabel('Real part'), grid
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(x,imag(psi))
3. Daubechies wavelet:
The Daubechies wavelets are a family of orthogonal wavelets defining a discrete wavelet
transform . With each wavelet type of this class, there is a scaling function (called the father
MATLAB Code:
W = dbaux(16);
plot(W);
4. Poisson wavelet:
The term "Poisson wavelet" is used to denote a family of wavelets labeled by the set
of positive integers, the members of which are associated with the Poisson probability
distribution. These wavelets were first defined and studied by by Karlene A. Kosanovich, Allan
R. Moser and Michael J. Piovoso in 199596.
For each positive integer n the Poisson wavelet
is defined by
t n n 1 t
t e
n (t ) n !
0
for t 0
for t 0
Basic properties
n (t ) pn (t ) pn1 (t ).
( )
i
.
n 1
(1 i )
is given
MATLAB Code:
phi=[];
n=1;
for t=0:0.5:100
a=t-n/factorial(n);
x=pow2(t,n-1);
e=exp(-t);
z=a*x*e;
phi=[phi z];
end
plot(phi);
2
t 2 2 2
(t )
1 2 e
1
3 4
is the second derivative of a Gaussian function. It is a special case of the family
of continuous wavelets (wavelets used in a continuous wavelet transform) known
as Hermitian wavelets. It is usually only referred to as the "Mexican hat" in the
Americas, due to cultural association. The Mexican Hat Wavelet is frequently employed
to model seismic data, and as a broad spectrum source term in computational
electrodynamics.
The multidimensional generalization of this wavelet is called the Laplacian of
selection in computer vision applications of Gaussian and scale space. The Mexican
hat wavelet can also be approximated by derivatives of Cardinal B-Splines.
MATLAB Code:
6. Coiflets Wavelets:
Coiflets are discrete wavelets designed by Ingrid Daubechies, at the request of Ronald
Coifman, to have scaling functions with vanishing moments. The wavelet is near
symmetric, their wavelet functions have
functions
Operators.
Both the scaling function (low-pass filter) and the wavelet function (High-Pass Filter)
must be normalised by a factor
functions for C6-30. The wavelet coefficients are derived by reversing the order of the
scaling function coefficients and then reversing the sign of every second one (i.e. C6
wavelet = {0.022140543057, 0.102859456942, 0.544281086116, 1.205718913884,
0.477859456942, 0.102859456942}).
Mathematically, this looks like Bk ( 1) k C N 1 k where k is the coefficient index, B is a
wavelet coefficient and C a scaling function coefficient.
MATLAB Code:
close all
7. Symlet Wavelets:
Daubechies proposes modifications of her wavelets that increase their symmetry can
be increased while retaining great simplicity.
The idea consists of reusing the function m0 introduced in the dbN, considering
the m0 w as a function W of
2
W ( z ) U ( z ).U (1/ z )
because the roots of W with modulus not equal to 1 go in pairs. If one of the roots is z1,
then
is also a root.
By selecting U such that the modulus of all its roots is strictly less than 1, we
build Daubechies wavelets dbN. The U filter is a "minimum phase filter."
By making another choice, we obtain more symmetrical filters; these are symlet
MATLAB Code:
a=wavefun('sym8');
plot(a);
All the small size and/or low contrast regions are seen at high resolution.
All the large size and/or high contrast regions are seen at low resolution.
If both small and large size images are available, then it can be advantageous to study
them at several resolutions.
LEVEL 0
LEVEL 1
LEVEL 2
LEVEL 3
Q.
frequency part is subtracted from the original signal. If we are interested in the low
frequency part and hence discard the high frequency part, what remains is a smoother
representation of the original signal with its low frequency components intact.
Alternatively, if we are most interested in the high frequency part, we may be able to
discard the low frequency part instead. This approach, that of decomposing a signal
into two parts, is common for all wavelets. Also fundamental to wavelet analysis is a
hierarchical decomposition, in which we may apply further transforms to an already
decomposed signal.
2. Edge detection: With this application it is most important to identify the areas in
which the input image changes quickly. We can discard the smooth (low frequency)
parts. The simplest wavelet basis, the Haar basis (to be discussed later) is suitable
for this application.
3. Graphics: Two prominent uses of wavelets in graphics include
1. Curve and surface representations; and
2. Wavelet radiosity.
These two reflect two quite different uses of wavelets.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Wavelet toolbox by MATLAB:
http://in.mathworks.com/help/wavelet/index.html
2. Wavelet Functions by MATLAB
http://in.mathworks.com/help/wavelet/functionlist.html