Drilling and Completions

Drilling and Completions
Drilling techniques
Vertical drilling straight down into reservoir (in early days)
Horizontal drilling horizontally to reach the target zone e.g.
drill to penetrate the reservoir at a very shallow angle or to
expose more of low permeability reservoir to the wellbore so
that production rate is increased
Directional drilling the process of directing a wellbore along
some trajectory to a predetermined target
Faculty of Chemical Engineering

Drilling techniques
Wellhead

Application of directional drilling







Drilling techniques

Casing and cementing
What is casing?
Large-diameter steel pipe lowered into a borehole and
cemented in place

Purpose of casing:
To prevent contamination of fresh water sands
To enhanced the probability of drilling to total depth (TD)
To seal off weak, fractured and unconsolidated
formations
To control pressure during drilling
To meet production requirements
To confine production to the wellbore
To protect the hole from the mud
To prevent water migration(from mud) to producing
formation e.g. shale tends to draw water out of the
mud causing them to swell

Casing program

Casing program
Surface casing
Drilling operation begins by drilling the large-diameter
surface hole to penetrate unconsolidated
formation(near to surface) and any potable water
zones
Normally a few hundred feet deep (300 5000ft)
depending on local conditions encountered
Surface casing is usually cemented to the surface

Casing program
Function of surface casing
Prevent fresh-water aquifer from being contaminated
with drilling mud, gas, oil or salt water
State and federal regulations for the protection of
underground fresh-waters reservoirs are usually quite
specific about the setting depth of surface casing
Maintain hole integrity by preventing cave-in and
washout of loose formations
Minimize lost circulation into shallow, permeable zone
Provide a mean for attaching the BOPs

Casing program
Function of Intermediate casing
Main application of intermediate casing is to case off
the troublesome formations that prevent the well from
being drilled to the target depth e.g. shallower weak
zones (rupture, lost circulation or stuck pipe)
Occasionally, intermediate casing is used to isolate salt
or anhydrite (calcium sulphate)formations, which may
cause drilling fluid contamination, or perhaps leak out
to such an extent as to cause pipe sticking

Casing program
Production casing this string is set at a depth slight above
midway through or below the pay zone
Function isolate the producing zone from other
formations
Protect the tubing and other equipment used in the well

Cementing objective of cementing is to create sheath
cement of hard cement completely filling the annular space
between the outside of the casing and the hole, thereby
blocking fluid movement and pressure up or down the annulus

Cementing
Before pumping of cement
starts hard rubber bottom
plug is inserted into the casing
to minimize contamination of
the cement by mud
The pump pressure forces the
ball off its seat in the float valve
allow the cement to displace
the mud down around the shoe
and up the annulus

Cementing
When bottom plugs lands on
the float valve thin rubber
disc ruptures
Pumping continues as the
cement is pumped around the
shoe and up the annulus
When the last of the cement
has been pumped, a solid
rubber (no rupture disc) follow
plug is inserted into the casing
and mud is pumped in behind it

Cementing
When the follow plug lands
signaled at the surface by a
sharp pressure increase the
cementing job is over
The pumps are shut down and
pressure drops
This seats the float valve,
preventing the heavier cement
in the annulus from U-tubing
back into the casing

Scratcher
TYPICAL CASING CONFIGURATION

Conductor (20 30 OD)
Surface Casing
(13- 3/8 20 OD)
Intermediate Casing
(9-5/8 16 OD)
Production Casing
(4-1/2 9-5/8 OD)
Liner
(4-1/2 13-3/8 OD)
TYPICAL HOLE & CASING SIZE

HOLE SIZE
CASING SIZE
DESCRIPTION
36
30
Conductor
26
20 or 18-5/8
Surface Casing
17
13-3/8
12
9-5/8
Intermediate
Casing
Production
Casing
Liner
TYPICAL CASING FUNCTIONS & SETTING DEPTH

RANGES
Casing
Type
Conductor
Functions
To seal off unconsolidated
formations to prevent erosion
Setting Depths
(from seabed)
150 600 ft
Enables circulation of drilling

fluid
Surface
Casing
Seal off any fresh water sands

Support the wellhead and BOP
equipment
Prevent lost circulation
1000 5000 ft
TYPICAL CASING FUNCTIONS & SETTING

DEPTH RANGES
Casing Type
Intermediate
Casing
Functions
Isolate troublesome
Production
Casing
formations between surface

and production casing
Normally set in the transition
between normal and
abnormal zone
Depends on the number of
problems encountered
Separate producing zones
from other formations

Conduit for production and
testing tubing
Setting Depths
(from seabed)
1,000
10,000 ft
Set across or
above pay
zone
TYPICAL CASING FUNCTIONS & SETTING

DEPTH RANGES
Casing Type
Liner
Functions
Replace intermediate
casing for deeper drilling

economic
(less than 5000

ft casing string
which is
Separate producing zones
suspended
from a liner
hanger)
Setting Depths
(from seabed)
As required

Drilling and Completions - 3

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Faculty of Chemical Engineering