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C0NTINOUES COURSE
TOTAL MARKS
200
1ST MT
40
2nd MT
20
LAB.
20
FINAL EXAM
120
Course Contents
1 One
INTRODUCTION TO PROTECTIVE RELAYING
2 Two
POWER SYSTEM RELAYING PRINCIPLES
3 Three
Current and Voltage Transformers
4 Four
Non-Pilot Over Current and Distance
Protection Of
Transmission Lines
5 Five
BASIC ELEMENTS OF DIGITAL PROTECTION
1 ONE
INTRODUCTION TO
PROTECTIVE RELAYING
What is relaying,
Multi-layered structure of power systems,
Power system bus configurations ,
The nature of relaying,
Abnormalities,
Selectivity and Zones of protection,
Relay speed,
1 ONE
INTRODUCTION TO PROTECTIVE
RELAYING
Primary and back up protection,
Single and three phase tripping and
reclosing,
Elements of protection system,
WHAT IS RELAYING ?
Relaying is the branch of electric power
engineering
concerned
with
the
principles of design and operation of
equipment
(called
'relays''
'relays
or
'protective
relays')
which
detect
abnormal power system conditions,
and initiate corrective action as quickly
as possible in order to return the power
system to its normal state
state..
MULTI-LAYERED STRUCTURE
MULTIOF POWER SYSTEMS
APPLICATION 1.1
Application
Abnormalities
1. Over load
2. Sudden loss of load
3. Unbalanced voltage system
4. Over voltage
5. Under voltage
6. Open conductor
Abnormalities
7. Over current due to faults such
as;
Single line to ground
Double line to ground
Double line
Symmetrical fault (three line fault)
8. Under frequency Over frequency
nd
2
Lec.
RELIABILITY
The need for a high degree of
reliability needs the following:
a. Correct design.
b. Correct installation.
c. Testing and maintenance
Reliability, Dependability
Dependability,, and
Security
Reliability is generally understood
to measure the degree of certainty
that a piece of equipment will
perform as intended
intended..
APPLICATION 1.2
SELECTIVITY
Protection is arranged in zones, which
should cover the power system
completely,
leaving
no
part
unprotected. When a fault occurs the
protection is required to select and trip
only the nearest circuit breakers. This
property of selective tripping is also
called 'discrimination' and is achieved
by two general methods:
ZONES OF PROTECTION
. transformers on
Location of current
both sides of the circuit breaker
ZONES OF PROTECTION
Location of current transformers on
circuit side of the circuit breaker.
APPLICATION 1.3
rd
3
Lec.
STABILITY
This term, applied to protection as
distinct from power networks,
refers to the ability of the system
to remain inert to all load
conditions and faults external to
the relevant zone.
zone.
SPEED
SPEED
(1 )
Instantaneous
Instantaneous::
These relays
operate as soon as a secure decision is
made.. No intentional time delay is
made
introduced to slow down the relay
response..
response
(2) Time
Time--Delay:
Delay: An intentional time
delay is inserted between the relay
decision time and the initiation of the
trip action.
action.
SPEED
(3) high
high--Speed
Speed:: A relay that operates
in less than a specified lime
lime.. The
specified time in present practice is 50
milliseconds (3 cycles on n 60 Hz
system)..
system)
(4) Ultra High -Speed
Speed:: This term is
not included in the Relay Standards
but is commonly considered to be
loss.
operation in 4 milliseconds or loss.
SENSITIVITY
Sensitivity is a term frequently
used when referring to the
minimum operating current of a
complete protective system. A
protective system is said to be
sensitive if the primary operating
current is low.
APPLICATION l.4
l.4
Duplicate primary, local backup and
remote backup protection
Automatic Reclosing
Automatic reclosing can be high speed, or it
may be delayed.
delayed. The term high speed
generally implies reclosing in times shorter
than 1 second
second.. Many utilities may initiate
high speed reclosing for some types of faults
(such as ground faults), and not for others
others..
Delayed reclosing usually operates in several
seconds or even in minutes.
minutes. The timing for
the delayed reclosing is determined by
specific conditions for which the delay is
introduced..
introduced
15KV
15KV & 27KV
27KV Automatic Circuit
Reclosers
Autorecloser
Construction
and
Installation
ELEMENTS OF A PROTECTION
SYSTEM
Contact
arc (a)
Equivalent
circuit (b)
Contacts
and (c)
Waveform
s
138KV Oil
138KV
Circuit
Breakers
(Dead
Tank)
SF6
SF6
Circuit
Breaker
s
(Live
Tank)
End of Ch 01
81 Frequency relay
83 Automatic selective control or
transfer relay
85 Carrier or pilot wire receive relay
86 Locking
Locking--out relay
87 Differential protective relay
OPERATIONAL INDICATORS
As a guide for power system
operation staff, protective systems
are invariably provided with
indicating devices.
In British practice these are called
'flags', whereas
in America they are known as
'targets'
SUPERVISION OF TRIP
CIRCUITS