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De La Salle University

Ramon V. del Rosario College of Business


Management and Organization Department

MARCOPPER
(Group Case Study)

In Partial Fulfilment
of the Requirements for the Course
BUS560M

Submitted by:

GROUP 1

Anyayahan, Noreen F.
Lim, Cyril Jade A.
Macasaet, Ruby Ana I.
Retardo, John Christopher R.

Marissa C. Marasigan
Faculty

November 18, 2014

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Content

Page

I. Background of the Case


...3

A. Rationale

...3

Company Profile

...3

TOWS Analysis

II. Case Narrative


Statement of the Problem

...5

Objectives of the Case

...5

III. Case Analysis


A. Stakeholders and their Interests

...5

B. Decision Criteria and Weights

...7

C. Alternative Courses of Action

...9

D. Evaluation of ACA

..14

E. Recommended Course of Action

..15

F. Implementation Steps

.15
........16

IV. Reference

I.

BACKGROUND OF THE CASE

Company Profile
Rationale
Marcopper Mining Corporation (MMC) has been operating in the island of Marinduque, a province
in the Philippines since 1969 and its operation created a market for local goods, services and
provided electricity to the province. However, the mining operation in the island had caused
innumerable problems which include serious health issues of employees and the inhabitants in the
nearby communities as well as environmental problems in the towns where the mining is done.
Mining in the area has also polluted waterways and agricultural fields which adversely affected those
who depend on fishing and agriculture for their livelihood.

Despite the harms mining had brought to the island, the government of the Philippines made no
immediate action in these looming problems. As a matter of fact, the government actively seeks to
bring investments, like mining in the country. The Mining Act in 1985 which allows mining companies
to own 100% equity with lax environmental regulations was passed to attract mining companies. The
citizens of Marinduque struggle to get their voices heard but their claims are largely ignored. There is
a conflict of interest between the government decisions to pursue its development due to the
problems arise from its environment and the peoples livelihood.
Company Profile
Marcopper Mining Corporation explores, develops and operates mining claims which
produces copper, silver and gold. The companys headquarters is based on Canada, which also
operates on fishing fleet and produces canned tuna through its subsidiary, Mar Fishing Company.
Inc.
Placer Dome was formed in Vancouver, Canada, in 1987 and is the 5th largest mining industry in
the world. Their aim was to improve the standards of the people living in the regions where mining
operations takes place. Placer Dome owned 40% of Marcoppers two mine sites in Marinduque and
filled the top management positions. Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) &
Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB), Government Agency responsible for implementing the
Philippine Mining act of 1995.This law lays down the procedure and guidelines on how the mineral
resources of the resources can be exploited.
The DENR is in charge of managing state mineral resources between the government and mining

companies. The DENR issued the Environmental Compliance Certificate to Marcopper in 1990
which allowed them to use the Tapian pit for mine waste storage.
TOWS Analysis

THREATS
1. Lax environmental regulation in the Mining Act of 1995
Basis: According to the 2nd page of the case, the Mining Act of 1985, which allows a mining
company to own 100% equity, and the lax environmental regulations, are in existence to attract
companies. These enabled Marcopper to exploit the islands resources ignoring their operations
ill effects to the islands inhabitants and the environment.

2. The conflict of interest between development and environment.


Basis: As stated in page 2 of the case, the struggle between development and the environment is
a problem being faced more and more frequently in developing nations. Philippines being a
developing country is very susceptible to this scenario.
OPPORTUNITIES
1. Providing jobs and contributing to economic growth
Basis: According to page 6 of the case, poverty is a significant problem in the Philippines, with
37% of the population living under the poverty line.\

2. The government supports multinational corporations and actively seeks to bring their
investment to the country
Basis: From page 2 of the case, The government of the Philippines supports multinational
corporations and actively seeks to bring their investments, like mining, into the country.
WEAKNESSES
1. Mining endangers the lives of the people and damages the environment.
Basis: From page 1 of the case, Mining in the area has polluted waterways, killed fish, and
flooded agricultural fields. People were being poisoned indirectly through the fish and water, and
also, workers were dying from direct contact with the mining operations.

2. The island heavily on agriculture and fishing.


Basis: According to page 2 of the case, Marinduque relies heavily on agriculture and fishing, in
addition to that, page 6 states that Marinduque is agricultural, with rice and coconut as the major
crops. It also has vast fishing grounds.

3. The island is one of the poorest parts of the country.


Basis: Page 2 of the case states that the island of Marinduque is a very poor area. Moreover,
page 6 provides that Marinduque has one of the highest incidences of poverty in the country at
71.9%.

STRENGTHS

1. Marcopper provided employment to around 1,000 individuals.


Basis: From page 4 of the case, Marcopper is the largest employer on the island of Marinduque
and created most of the infrastructure on island. The company also makes up most of Marinduque
revenue.

2. Large producer of copper.


Basis: As stated in page 4 of the case, the mines produce 20% of the countrys copper supply.
Mining operations stimulated other industries in the province.
Basis: Page 2 of the case, provided that the corporation (Marcopper) also provides $30 million a
year for local goods and services, as well as the electricity for the province.

II.

CASE NARRATIVE
In 1969, the Marcopper Mining Corporation began mining operation with Placer Dome who
co-owned and managed the corporation in Mt. Tapian site which is considered to be the first
mining location. In 1975, a blanket permit was given to Marcopper, which allowed them to dump
mine tailings into the Calancan Bay.
From 1975 to 1991, Placer Dome denied the dumping that destroys the livelihood of
fishermen. Within this period, a tunnel was also built from the mine to drain rainwater which puts
waste to Boac River.
In 1990, Since Mt. Tapian reserve was already depleted; Marcopper opened the San Antonio
copper ore body and using Mt. Tapian instead as storage for mine tailings. Due to protest, the
tunnel which leads from the Tapian pit to Boac River was sealed. DENR allows them to operate
for 10 years using Tapian pit as a tailing dam.
Fears that Tapian would not be able to hold the waste led Marcopper to investigate Maguilaguila dam in Mogpog River. The people sent numerous petitions to stop the dam. Despite the
protest, the dam was completed in 1992; the villagers started noticing waste flowing into the river

as well as the appearance of dead fish. Situation worsened in 1993 rainy season caused by the
intense flooding of combined toxic silt and water that destroyed the town due to the collapsed of
dam.
Three years later, on March 24, 1996, the plug that sealed the Tapian pit tunnel to the Boac
had fractured releasing up to 2-3 million tons of mine waste leaked into the Boac River. The
immediate effect was disastrous - flash floods isolated villages, agricultural fields were inundated,
and the drinking water residents relied on was contaminated. Food sources and livelihood of
those who do not work for marcopper were also destroyed.
On April 17, 1996, a report was released by the Department of health stating that 9 residents
from the area was tested to have zinc levels in their blood more than 200% above safe limits.
Water samples in the area found levels of contamination 1,300% above the human tolerable level
of .5 microgram per 1/1000 liters of water. Residents in the neighboring areas also experienced of
skin irritations and respiratory problems, which may be attributed to the poisonous vapors emitted
from tailings. Despite these findings, Marcopper held on to the claim that the tailings were nontoxic.
Marcopper and Placer Dome halted mining operations and closed down all mining sites.
Being questioned about how the environmental laws were enforced throughout the years, the
government tried to cover up its negligence. The DENR undersecretary who signed the ECC
denied that he knew about the Tapian drainage tunnel though residents in the area says
otherwise, that they knew about the tunnel for almost 20 years. The undersecretary claimed that
the company and the experts who made the environmental impact study did not mention anything
about the tunnel. It seemed that Marcopper knew of the leak in the drainage tunnel well in
advance of the accident, as there had been a long history of problems. In August, 1995, with the
help of a geotechnical consultant, Marcopper plugged leaks in this tunnel. Two months later, in
October, 1995, another hole was plugged after a minor leak. The Mines and Geosciences
Bureau, who monitored the companys compliance with the ECC, made no report of these
incidents. Placer Dome claims it met every environmental standard set by the government.
This accident became known as the "Marcopper Mining Disaster". It brought Marinduque to
national and international limelight. Experts and scientists poured into the island province to study
the disaster, it root cause and its impact, and eventually learned of the problems that had been
occurring for years. Due of the outpour of support coming from outside the island, the people of
Marinduque had more power to mobilize.

A. Problem Statement/s
What can be done to address the problems (both environmental and economic) created by the
mining tragedy? Should Marinduque implement a total mining ban in the future?

B. Objectives of the Case


In the context of business ethics and organizational behavior, this case study on Marcopper
Mining Corporation in the Philippines aims to:

1. Identify the key stakeholders and their respective roles.


2. Assess the level of damage the mining tragedy has brought to the province.
3. Determine possible options on how can the problems created by the tragedy can be
addressed.
4. Establish a sound recommendation based on the best solution identified and provide a clear
implementation strategy for the option selected.
III.

CASE ANALYSIS

A. Stakeholders and their Interests


Stakeholder

Interests

Placer Dome and

They are the investors (of billions of Pesos) who will be greatly affected

Other Large Scale

by government policy. They took the risk in investing with prospects of

Mining Companies

earning profit. They entered into a contract with government to pay


excise tax, provide social services to the local community, and
rehabilitate the environment where they are extracting. Also they took
the risk for protecting the rights of their stockholders.

Small Scale Miners

They are the informal miners that are relatively small relative compared
to Large scale miners. A good number of small-scale miners are illegal,
and proliferates due to backing of local politicians. They are also
concerned with earning profit from the mine ores and satisfying their
personal interests.

Local Community/

The local residents of the area of mining activity are the direct recipients

Inhabitants of the

of the social service the government mandated the large scale miners

Island

to provide with. Jobs in the mining are created for them. Aside from the
employees of Marcopper, they are the ones that are also affected by
the side effects of the environmental damage brought by the mining
operations.
In general, the local and national government are concerned with the

Local and National

countrys development resulting from revenues from businesses and

Government

industries such as Marcopper. They are concerned to address the


economic development, health, well-being, safety, environmental
concerns, source/loss of livelihood, compensation of those affected by
the mining tragedy. They are also concerned with the implementation of
a stringent policy which means stricter procedures in regulation and
aggressiveness in support and promotion of the mining industry.

DENR and Mines and

The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) is in

Geosciences Bureau

charge of issuing Environmental Clearance Certificates (ECCs). Its


primary role is to protect the environment and the natural resources of
the country. Whereas, the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (GMB)
Monitors the mining industry and ensures mining companies with their
ECCs.

B. Decision Criteria and Weightsii

The Decision Criteria and Weights table below aims to showcase the basis of choosing the best
option with regards the nature of the case. This sets as a guide in choosing the best course of action
that the government must take. Each criterion is designated with equivalent weight to quantify its
importance. All criteria sum up to 100% in weight.

Decision Criteria

Description

Weight

Rationale

This criterion considers the moral

It is important to determine

Virtue:

character of individual involved

whether the action to be

Adherence to ethical

and how they can contribute or

business practices

obstruct a happy and meaningful

moral standards which could

life.

affect individuals.

Common Good:

This ensures that the course of

The course of action should

Promotes dignity and

action will promote human

allows total human

integral development and will

development

benefit the society as a whole.

and as part of the society.

Rights & Duties:

This will assess whether the

It is necessary that each

Protecting the

course of action protects or

constitutional rights of

violates the right of every

all stakeholders

stakeholder involved.

20%

20%

15%

taken adhere with ethical and

be beneficial to total human


development, as individual

individual's right and freedom


are properly taken into careful
consideration.

Utilitarian:
Maximization of
economic benefit

Justice and
Fairness:
Upholding social
justice

The decisions benefits

Government policies must


produce more benefits as
compared to its implementation

15%

cost.

should outweigh the costs to


be incurred in
implementation.
There should be fair

This ensures fair and unbiased


treatment to all stakeholders

opportunity for each


15%

involved.

individual. This promotes


equality and balance
favourable to everyone.

Care:

This will determine whether the

Promoting special

course of action will build good

relationships and

relationship or conflict among

goodwill among men

stakeholders.

Being aware not only of one's


15%

self welfare but also building


awareness toward the welfare
of other people.

C. Identification of Alternative Courses of Action

The Alternative Courses of Action, also known as ACA, are confined within the walls of the decision
criteria vis--vis the objectives of the case in respect to the problem statement. Each ACA is tested and
run using the Markkula Framework to assess the ethical position of the proposition. Below are the
proposed ACAs:
1. Extend the Executive Order No. 79 which suspends the Mining Industry at its present
state. No new mines will be allowed to open. (Maintain Status quo.)

This alternative proposes to extend The Institutionalizing and Implementing Reforms in the Philippine
Mining Sector Providing Policies and Guidelines to Ensure Environmental Protection and Responsible
iii

Mining in the Utilization of Mineral Resources known as Executive Order No. 79 , which suspends the
Mining industry at its present state. No new mines will be allowed to open. This proposal will tend to
devote further time in research, in order to formulate a more viable solution. This will also give time for
the government bureaucracy to do away with corruption and defer extensive mining indefinitely.

Markkula Framework

The cost for government for this alternative is the loss in potential income that
should have been earned, the loss of jobs that should have been created, and
Utilitarian

the loss in opportunity for rapid economic growth. The benefit is viable as it
allows our denuded environment to recover.

Rights and
Duties

This enforces the rights of nature (biocentrism/deep ecology) which is at


least equal to that of human beings and possesses certain rights, not the least
of which is the right to exist. Ceasing mine operations minimizes the abuse of
the environment.

Justice and
Fairness

This will promote justice and fairness to the community because they will be
valued as individuals who seek justice for their right to have a clean
environment.

Virtues

There is restraint in which the local government is holding back because of the
potential revenue that may be generated from the mining activities. Another
virtue is cautiousness, wherein there is avoidance of rashness for the
government and there is attention to safety of the people.

Common Good

Since no new mines will be implemented and be allowed to open, it will give
time for the government to implement clean up for the environment which
will benefit the province of Marinduque.

Care

This will promote care for the people as the mining activities will be stopped.
There will be stoppage of environmental damage upon the closure of mining
activities in the province.

2. Establish a comprehensive, strategic environmental management plan for Marinduque


which would help integrate mining operations into the socio-economic development in the
province.

This alternative suggests an establishment of a comprehensive, strategic environmental


management plan through amending RA 7942 (Mining Act of 1995) and creating policies that are
more stringent in regulation of the mining industry that would protect the interest of local
communities and the environment; institutionalizing a system of transparency with participation of
NGOs and reputable independent private organizations to further regulate the mining industry;
and defining the focus of DENR as the protector environment and regulator of the Industry while
DTI as promoter, supporter and encourager of the mining sector.

10

iv

Brazil, Chile, Australia and Canada all saw their economies grow thru mining. This course of
action does not discount the fact that mining activities can bring wealth and jobs to the
country. Chamber of Mines President, Philip Romualdez, argues that the mining sector recorded
an outflow of P10Billion in mining investments since 2011(because of EO79) and will lose another
$4Billion in investments if there will be a total ban on mining.

The cost of this option for the government is high. With the unaddressed corruption at all levels of
government it is prone that a good number of politicians will try to circumvent law to earn
kickbacks from mining. It is highly probable that this option would fail if not managed properly and
we would be left with a deteriorated environment. The benefit for the economy should this be
successful is worth the risk. With responsible mining, it will escalate economic growth and
stakeholders opportunities.

The efficiency of this alternative policy depends on how much government is willing to be
transparent. Corruption plays a major role in the delivery of government services. Many can be
said how much deviance can go in the regulation of the mining industry. It all bogs down to
political will and leadership.

This option will be beneficial to both mining companies and the residents in
the mining areas. This will cost both the national and local governments
certain amount during the planning and research phases but will yield
favourable results afterwards. Mining in the area provides jobs to the
Utilitarian

residents and create market for other industries which in turn help uplift the
economy of the island province. While the comprehensive management plan
will ensure that mining operations comply with the standards set by the
authorities. This will prevent the disaster from happening again.
Giving residents a source of income and livelihood, this alternative will protect
the residents rights to employment and livelihood. The will also protect the

Rights and
Duties

rights of the future generations to have live a more convenient life with
access to basic life necessities. This will enforce the governments duty to
protect and prioritize the welfare of its citizenry. The selective permission on
mining operations will exhibit governments effort to strike a balance between
economic development and environmental welfare. In the end, the main goal of

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this alternative is to promote the residents right to descent life and safe
environment at the same time the mining companies right to reasonable
returns on their investments.
This alternative will promote Distributive Justice and will allocate both benefits
and responsibilities to all stakeholders. Applying the concept of Egalitarianism,
everyone will share the responsibility of maintaining a lawful and socially
Justice and
Fairness

responsible mining operation. Together with this comprehensive plan,


Compensatory Justice must be served to those who were affected by the
1996 tragedy and Retributive Justice to those officials who violated their
mandate in protecting the public interest which caused the mining disaster.

Virtues

There is accountability and discipline by implementing the proper law and


regulations in the mining activities.
This alternative will be beneficial to almost all of the stakeholders especially in
terms of economy if it is managed well. With responsible mining, it can bring in
wealth to the country, create jobs in rural areas, provide social development

Common Good

and management programs for the local community, the technology transfer,
and management skill and foreign link exposure the industry would be
receiving.

Care

This alternative shows care to all stakeholders. The government will try to
balance the economic gains and the use of natural resources. The welfare of
the people of Marinduque will be taken into consideration as the environmental
plan would aim to prevent the disaster that happened in the island and try to
restore the the parts of the island that were damaged. Shareholders of mining
companies under this alternative will earn a reasonable return to their
investments and the government will earn its share of revenue to be used for
public welfare.

3. Total Ban on Mining Industry.


This alternative suggests a total ban on mining industry. With the disasters of Marcopper Mining
in Marinduque and Philex Mining in Benguet, it is safe to say that Government has been
negligible in the regulation of the Mining Industry.
In 2006, the former UK Secretary of State for Overseas Development, Clare Short, MP, lead a
fact-finding mission to the Philippines and these are some excerpts from their findings:
(The Philippines), In its attempts to woo foreign direct investment, appears willing to circumvent
its own laws protecting the environment and human rights and reduce standards below
acceptable international practice

vi

12

The Philippines has relatively strong laws designed to protect the environment, communities and
indigenous peoples. The reality, however, is that where investments are concerned the law is too
often viewed as a mere technicality to be overlooked or circumvented. Human rights abuses and
misreporting are clearly associated with some current mining activities. It is of concern that those
in government and international agencies seem to lack the capacity or inclination to challenge
and end such misconduct. (Philippine Solidarity Network of Aoteroa, 2006)
From these findings, we can conclude that despite the relative strong laws designed to protect the
environment, communities and indigenous peoples, the law seemed to be unforceful and there
are still several violations noted. From the facts of the case, the residents of Marinduque and
Philippines as a whole has not benefitted from mining activities and is now worse because of it.
Another concern that will be addressed by this Corruption is a serious problem in the Philippines
and it can be expected that plans for extensive mining operations in remote areas requiring
regulation and monitoring will make it worse.
Markkula Framework

The cost for the government for a total ban is enormous. It will cause a loss of
income from taxes from mining companies, and the potential of economic
growth through job opportunities and revenues brought about by mining
exploration. However, its benefit would be the preservation of the environment,
Utilitarian

the security of food supply for the upcoming generations and that is
unquantifiable. In the long run, it will also cause savings to the government for
the costs for environmental clean-up and funds for restoration of livelihood for
the affected residents.
The alternative will protect the rights of the future generations to have an
equal right to the limited resources of this planet; rights-of-the-unborn to
experience the earth in as good condition as we found it, if not better; rights of
nature (biocentrism/deep ecology) which is at least equal to that of human

Rights and Duties

beings and possesses certain rights, not the least of which is the right to
exist. This option will also help the government to recognize the right of the
people to a healthy environment. It shall be the duty and responsibility of
each individual to contribute to the preservation and enhancement of the
environment. PD 1151 (Philippine Environmental Policy, 1977).

Justice and
Fairness

This option would be fair for both the current and the future generations to
experience a healthy and sustainable environment. It will also serve justice to
the nature and protect its rights against abuse and misuse.

13

Virtues

The total on mining industry will promote virtues of care to our nature,
consideration of the future generation, cooperation in protecting and creating
a sustainable environment, fairness and justice among the usage of
resources among the generations, love for our Mother Earth and countrymen,
moderation in the use of our limited resources and prudence knowing that not
all produce of nature are renewable.

Common Good

This alternative will be fair for both the current and the future generations to
experience a healthy and sustainable environment. It will also serve justice to
the nature and protect its rights against abuse and misuse.

Care

D.

This option will exhibit care for the protection and preservation of our Mother
Earth and will help to create a sustainable environment for the current and
future generations.

Evaluation of alternatives

Decision Criteria

Weight

ACA 1
Status
quo

ACA 2
Amend
existing law

ACA 3 Total
ban on mining
industry

Score

WS

Score

WS

Score

WS

Virtue: Adherence
to ethical business
practices

20%

20%

4.00%

40%

8.00%

40%

8.00%

Common Good:
Promotes dignity
and allows total
human
development

20%

25%

5.00%

45%

9.00%

30%

6.00%

Rights & Duties:


Protecting the
constitutional rights
of all stakeholders

15%

20%

3.00%

40%

6.00%

40%

6.00%

Utilitarian:
Maximization of
economic benefit

15%

20%

3.00%

35%

5.25%

45%

6.75%

Justice and
Fairness:
Upholding social
justice

15%

25%

3.75%

40%

6.00%

35%

5.25%

14

Care: Promoting
special
relationships and
goodwill among
men

15%

25%

3.75%

22.50%

45%

41.00%

6.75%

35%

5.25%

37.25%

WS* = weight (in decimal) x score


The result of the evaluation of ACAs in accordance to the decision criteria shows that ACA #2 and ACA
#3 position closest to the perfect weighted score based on the weight of each decision criterion. ACA #1
has the lowest score among the three options.

E.

Recommended Course of Action

Based on the careful evaluation of the alternatives, the recommended course of action is
ACA #2 which is to establish a comprehensive, strategic environmental management plan for
Marinduque which would help integrate mining operations into the socio-economic development
in the province. It is a fact that the mining industry has advantages which continue to
substantially contribute to the wealth and income of a country. Several countries have taken
advantage of mining as a means of growing their respective economies. Thus, mining in the
Philippines can truly help boost the overall economy of the country. However, mining can also
cause serious danger and threat to the people, environment and community. The mining industry
can bring about permanent disaster if not properly regulated. Thus, it is important to implement
existing laws designed to help shelter the environment, community and human rights.
Furthermore, it is important to ensure the active involvement of the public sector such as DENR,
DTI and the NGOs. By doing this, there will be socially responsible mining activities which can
add to the overall development of the economy of the country as well as protecting the every right
of environment as a whole.

F.

Implementation Plan

In order to implement the best alternative which is to establish a comprehensive, strategic


environmental management plan for Marinduque which would help integrate mining operations
into the socio-economic development in the province, the following steps were identified:

Step 1: Create more strict rules in the construction of laws and directives in the mining industry
with the main purpose of protecting the people, environment and community. Also, there should

15

be an amendment of the present RA 7942 (Mining Act of 1995) which administers the mining
industry in order to properly implement the environmental regulations.

Step 2: Establish a transparent system by the active participation of NGOs as well as private
institutions to ensure strict control of the mining industry.

Step 3: Properly identify the role of DENR in the protection and regulation of the environment. In
addition, DTI should continue to focus on its role in promoting, supporting and encouraging the
mining industry.

Step 4: There should be proper execution in the part of the government in order to implement the
laws and regulations in the mining industry. It is important for the government to ensure
compliance and employ reprimands to violators if necessary. Politicians should properly exercise
their political will and determination to avoid corruption to help implement the different laws
pertaining to the mining industry.

Step 5: All parties including the public and private sector should participate responsibly in the
implementation of the laws and regulations in order to achieve socially responsible mining
operations.

IX.

References

Environmental Justice Case Study Marcropper in the Phillippines; available online through
http://www.umich.edu/~snre492/Jones/marcopper.htm#References
ii

Velasquez, M. (2012). Business Ethics: Concepts and Cases, 7th Edition. Pearson Education South
Asia, Singapore: Pearson.
iii

Malacaan Official Gazette (July6, 2012). Executive Order No. 79 series of 2012; available online
through http://www.gov.ph/2012/07/06/executive-order-no-79-s-2012/
iv

Mining in Rapid- Growth Economies; available online through


http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EY_-_Mining_in_rapid-growth_economies/$FILE/EY-Miningin-rapid-growth-economies.pdf
v

Mining Philippine News (2013, vol.3); available online through


http://www.chamberofmines.com.ph/download/mpnews03.pdf
vi

Philippine Solidarity Network of Aoteroa (2006).These extracts from the 63 page Report are reproduced
with permission. The Report can be read online through
http://www.iucn.org/themes/ceesp/Wkg_grp/Seaprise/Mining%20in%20the%20Philippines%20%20Concerns%20and%20Conflicts.pdf

16

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