ULTRASONIC ROBOT SENSOR

ABSTRACT

Nothing in life is certain. However the more information you have, better
prepared you are, the more favorable the outcome. To this extent, for a vehicle to
operate in the real world, it must have good information about its surroundings. For
a vehicle to avoid obstacles it must first be able to detect them, so as to prevent
road accidents of vehicles. This project titled ULTRASONIC SENSOR ROBOT
is thus implemented.
The robot is used to demonstrate the vehicle travelling on the road with the
distance measuring sensor mounted on it which would measure the distance of the
obstacle present in front of it or in nearby limited vicinity. As the obstacle
approaches the robot, it will stop the motor used in the robot in auto threshold
modes using the PWM concept applied by the microcontroller.
Sustainability of available water resource in many reason of the word is now a
dominant issue. This problem is quietly related to poor water allocation, inefficient
use, and lack of adequate and integrated water management. So as to overcome
these problems we designed a prototype of Water Level Sensing and controlling
circuit, using same sensor.
We also used the same sensor to implement various other applications like object
counter.

OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

We usually see that these obstacle avoidance bots is a major part of industrial
automation projects. But engineers have developed some prototype in which two types of
detection and correction are generally made The robot as soon as it detects the obstacle it will immediately stop in its
path, and,
The robot as soon as it detects the obstacle it will change its path form the
obstacle.
But these two types of detection and correction techniques are not implementable
in practical applications.
Since, if the vehicle stops immediately in a highway at a greater speed, it will
either flip or skid. Also it is not desirable to change the vehicle path in the highway
suddenly because of the incoming traffic from behind.
Thus to overcome these problems as implemented in the previous prototypes, this
project on the Ultrasonic Sensor Robot is developed. Here the detection and correction
techniques used, are different than the previous versions of the applications developed by
these engineers.
Here instead of stopping immediately or changing its path the robot will stop in
threshold modes, thus overpowering the disadvantages of the previous prototypes and this
is the major objective of the project.
We also find an objective to demonstrate various applications of Ultrasonic sensor.
Ultrasonic sensors are ideally suited to accurate, automatic distance measurement in
normal and difficult environments. Ultrasonic sensors are particularly suitable for
environments where optical sensors are unusable such as smoke, dust and similar.
Ultrasonic sensors are very accurate, stable and can be used over large ranges. In recent
times ultrasonic has been applied with considerable success in various fields of

Engineering and bio-medical. It has found essential use in light industry (e.g. toy
industry) agriculture and power engineering. In fact, it is -

-difficult to find a field of industrial endeavor for which ultrasonic energy has not been
tried of suggested, if not put in actual use.
Ultrasonic is the generation and detection ultrasonic vibrations.

In materials

having plastic properties, the ultrasonic waves are of precisely the same matter as sound
waves and their propagation and absorption in various media are governed by the laws
which apply to sound transmission. An ultrasonic vibration has easy propagation in most
of the liquids and metals.
So by using ultrasonic sensor we developed three applications 1. Ultrasonic sensor based Obstacle Avoidance robot
2. Ultrasonic sensor based Water Level Indicator
3. Ultrasonic sensor based Object counter

CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF THE SYSTEM

The following diagram figure 1 shows the structure of the project.

 The Ultrasonic sensor measures the distance from the obstacle using the
algorithm S=D/T.
It is given to the Arduino board. Here the PWM concept is used, and based
on the width of the PWM pulse the speed of the motor is controlled. Here
the PWM speed concept is inbuilt on the Arduino board.
The battery of 9V and 12V is provided as power to this project.
The LCD will indicate the dimensions of the obstacle.
There are five switches to shift to the desired applications that can be used.
The LED board contains 3 LEDs to indicate the level of the water or any
liquid.
The counter would display the objects counted by the counter.

In this project, the main objective is to build Ultrasonic Sensor Robot prototype.

PROJECT SCOPE
In order to build this project, the scope developed was to Design and build the ultrasonic sensor robot, water level indicator, object
counter, using Arduino based microcontroller board.
To thoroughly analyze these applications.

 Apply the technique to the sensor and test the current developed prototype.
To learn the troubleshooting techniques and procedures.
Simulate the basic sensor working in Arduino cc environment.
Project report write-up and implement the flowcharts.
Get the results and plot technical graphs.
Implement a platform for the future scope.