DC Machines

THIRD EXAM COVERAGE
Transformers
DC Machines
DC MACHINES
EEE 3 2nd Sem, AY 2011 - 2012
OBJECTIVES
Identify the main function of a rotating electrical machine
2. Explain the role of and the necessity for DC Machines
3. Explain how DC Machines work conceptually
4. Include the different types of DC Machines in circuit analysis
5. Compare the external characteristic curves of DC generators
6. Relate the torque of a DC machine to the armature current
7. Interpret DC Machine Ratings
8. Calculate the required external resistance that will limit the
motor armature current at start-up
9. Calculate the power losses and developed power in a DC
Machine
10. Calculate the efficiency of a DC Machine
1.
OBJECTIVES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Explain the role of and the necessity for DC Machines
Explain how DC Machines work conceptually
Include the different types of DC Machines in circuit analysis
Compare the external characteristic curves of DC generators
Relate the speed of a DC machine to the armature current
Interpret DC Machine Ratings
Calculate the required external resistance that will limit the
Calculate the power losses and developed power in a DC
Machine
Calculate the efficiency of a DC Machine
ROTATING MACHINES OVERVIEW

Electrical Side
Voltage &
Current
Mechanical Side
Rotating
Machine
Speed of
Rotation &
Torque
Motor
Generator
ROTATING ELECTRICAL MACHINES

Generator
Mechanical energy to electrical energy.
Driven by a prime mover steam turbine, gas
engine, falling/running water.
Motor
Electrical energy to mechanical energy.
Supplied with electric power to develop
torque.
DC MACHINES OVERVIEW
Electrical Side
DC Voltage &
DC Current
Mechanical Side
Rotating
Machine
Speed of
Rotation &
Torque
Motor
Generator
APPLICATIONS OF DC MACHINES
Portable Systems & Off-grid System (e.g. Cars,
Mobile Equipment)
Mechanical systems requiring the torque-speed
characteristic of DC Machines (may be supplied
from the grid)
* Grid a.k.a. the power system
OBJECTIVES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Machine
DC MACHINES
10
BASIC DC MOTOR
Parts of a Machine
1. Stator
2. Rotor
Machine Windings
1. Armature where
voltage is
induced
2. Field provides
the magnetic
field in the
machine
3. Interpole
4. Compensating
11
BASIC DC GENERATOR
12
THE DC MACHINE
q-axis
armature
A 2-pole DC
Machine
a
C
compensating
d-axis
SF
I
shunt field
series field
interpole
13
14
OBJECTIVES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Machine
15
TYPES OF DC MACHINES
Separately-excited Shunt
Self-excited Shunt
Series field
Compound
Long-shunt
Short-shunt
NOTE: We will deal only with the shunt DC

machines.
16
DEPTH OF DISCUSSION:
Models (in the form of equivalent circuits) have
already been derived for us.
For this course, we will deal directly with the steady-state
equivalent circuits.
17
ELEMENTS OF THE EQ. CKTS.

Internal
Generated
Voltage
EQUIVALENT
ARMATURE
SHUNT
FIELD
WINDING
LFS
LFF
ve
Es
L ee R e
ia
SERIES
FIELD
WINDING
L SS
RF
RS
iF
iS
vF
At DC steady-state conditions,
inductances are modeled as
short circuits
vS
Not covered
in EEE 3
Steady-state?
18
SEPARATELY EXCITED GENERATOR

The shunt field is not connected to the armature. At steady-state
condition, all currents are constant.
RF
Ra
Ia
Te
Eg
Vt
IF
VF = RFIF
Tm
Eg = !mL aFIF
Te = LaFIFIa
19
VF
Eg = RaIa + Vt
Tm = Te + D!m
19
SEPARATELY EXCITED MOTOR

RF
Ra
Ia
Tm
Te
Ec
Ec = !mL aFIF
Te = LaFIFIa
20
Vt
IF
VF
VF = RFIF
Vt = RaIa + Ec
Te = Tm + D!m
SELF-EXCITED GENERATOR
Shunt field is in parallel with the armature. At steady-state condition, all
currents are constant.
Ra
Ia
Te
Eg
IF
Eg = !mL aFIF
Te = LaFIFIa
21
RF
Vt
Vt = RFIF
Ia = IF +IL
Tm
IL
Eg = RaIa + Vt
Tm = Te + D!m
21
SELF-EXCITED MOTOR
Shunt field is in parallel with the armature. At steady-state
Ra
Ia
Tm
Ec
IF
Te
Ec = !mL aFIF
Te = LaFIFIa
22
IL
RF
Vt
Vt = RFIF
IL = IF + Ia
Vt = RaIa +Ec
Te = Tm + D!m
MAGNETIZATION CURVE
Eg
magnetization
curve
Er
Linear
Approximation
Er is the generated
voltage due to the
residual flux.
IF
Relates IF and EG for a certain speed if

saturation is considered..
23
EXAMPLE 1.
A self-excited DC motor is consuming 10kW when its terminal
voltage is 250V. The motor has an armature resistance of
0.10 , and a field resistance of 50 . Find the motors
a.
line current
b.
field current
c.
armature current
d.
internal generated voltage
e.
electrical losses
24
OBJECTIVES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Machine
25
EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTIC CURVE

What happens to the terminal voltage Vt of the separately-excited DC
generator as the load is increased?
RF
Re
Eg = !mL aFIF
Ia=IL
Eg
Vt
IF
Vt = Eg ! ReIa
VF
With the generated voltage Eg held constant, Vt decreases as the load

current IL is increased.
26
26

Vt
The plot of the

terminal voltage
versus the load
current is called the
external
characteristic curve.
ReIL drop
VNL
VFL
IFL
Define: Voltage Regulation
VR =
VNL ! VFL
VFL
"100
IL
(in percent)
27

What happens to the terminal voltage of the self-excited DC
generator as the load is increased?
Re
Eg = !mL aFIF
Ia
Eg
Vt = Eg ! ReIa
IL
IF
RF
Vt
Ia = IF +IL
IF =
Vt
RF
Note: The generated voltage is affected by the

terminal voltage.
28

For comparison, the external characteristic curves of the self-excited
and separately-excited generators are shown below.
Vt
separately-excited
self-excited
IFL
IL
Note: The separately-excited generator has a smaller voltage

regulation.
29
29
OBJECTIVES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Machine
30
MOTOR SPEED
From Vt = R eIa + Ec and Ec = mL aFIF = k F m
we get
m
Vt R e
m =
Ia
KF KF
separately-excited or
self-excited motor
Ia
Note: The motor speed decreases linearly with the

armature current Ia.
31
OBJECTIVES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Relate the torque of a DC machine to the armature current
Machine
32
GENERATOR NAMEPLATE DATA

Rated Output power
Rated Terminal Voltage
Rated Speed
The machine is assumed to supply its rated KW at the rated

voltage when driven at rated RPM. This is called
full load condition.
33
EXAMPLE 2
A separately-excited DC generator has a no-load terminal
voltage of 125 V when driven at 1800 RPM with the field current
set to 10 Amps. Neglecting saturation, find
a) Eg at 1600 RPM with IF constant at 10 A.
b. the speed in RPM so that Eg = 100 V, with IF constant at 10 A.
c. Eg if S and IF are increased to 1850 RPM and
12 A, respectively.
ANS: 111V; 1440 rpm;154 V
34
EXAMPLE 3
A separately-excited DC generator is rated 5 KW and 125 V.
The equivalent armature resistance is 0.2. Neglecting
saturation of the field winding and assuming that motor speed
and field current are held constant at their values at full-load
conditions
a. find the terminal voltage Vt at no load conditions.
b. find Vt when the load power is 2.5 KW.
ANS: 133V; 129 V
35
SEPARATELY EXCITED MOTOR

RF
Ra
Ia
Tm
Te
Ec
Ec = !mL aFIF
Te = LaFIFIa
36
Vt
IF
VF
VF = RFIF
Vt = RaIa + Ec
Te = Tm + D!m
SELF-EXCITED MOTOR
Shunt field is in parallel with the armature. At steady-state
Ra
Ia
Tm
Ec
IF
Te
Ec = !mL aFIF
Te = LaFIFIa
37
IL
RF
Vt
Vt = RFIF
IL = IF + Ia
Vt = RaIa +Ec
Te = Tm + D!m
MOTOR NAMEPLATE DATA

Rated output power in HP
Rated Terminal Voltage
Rated Speed in RPM
The machine is assumed to supply its rated HP

when the input voltage is rated and the machine is
running at rated RPM. The efficiency must be given so that
the line current can be calculated.
38
EXAMPLE 4
Consider a 5 HP, 125 V, 1200 RPM self-excited DC
motor. The efficiency is 85% at full load. Find
a. The input power
b. The line current
c. The speed of rotation in rad/sec
ANS: 4388 W; 35.1 A; 125.7 rad/s
39
EXAMPLE 5
The speed m of a self-excited motor is 100 rad/s when the
motor draws 200-A line current at 250-V terminal voltage. The
field and armature resistance of the motor is 62.5 and 0.1
respectively. What is the speed of the motor if it draws 100-A
line current at 250-V terminal voltage. Neglect saturation.
40
OBJECTIVES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Machine
41
STARTING A DC MOTOR
At starting condition, m=0 which makes Ec=0.
Ec = !mL aFIF
Vt = ReIa + Ec
The starting
current is
Ias =
Vt
Re
IL
Vt
Re
Ia
RF
IF
Ec
Te m
Since Re is very small, Ia can be quite large, which will damage

the armature winding.
42
In order to limit the starting current, resistors are connected in

series with the armature at starting condition.
S1
S2
S3
S4
Sa
SF
Vt
RF
Rh
IF
Re
R1
R2
R3
R4
Ia
Ec
Te m
Note: The field rheostat Rh is set to zero during the starting period
to maximize the field current (and the electromagnetic torque).
43
STARTING SEQUENCE
1. Switch SF is closed with Rh set to zero.
2. Switch Sa is closed. The electromagnetic torque
and the starting armature current are
Te = LaFIFIas = kFIas
Ias =
Vt
Re + R1 + R2 + R3 + R4
3. Te causes the armature to rotate and Ec begins

to build up.
4. Switches S1 to S4 are closed in sequence.
5. The rheostat Rh is increased until the motor
rotates at the desired speed.
44
STARTING CURRENT AND SPEED

Ia
Note: Switching S1 to S4
causes the
discontinuities.
45
EXAMPLE 6
Consider a 5 HP, 125 V, 1200 RPM self-excited DC motor. The
efficiency is 85% at full load. The armature and field resistances
are 0.2 and 62.5 respectively.
Determine the external resistance to be connected in series
with the armature of the motor that will limit the armature
current at start-up to twice its full load value.
ANS: 1.69 ohms
46
OBJECTIVES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Machine
47
DEVELOPED POWER
From
Re
Vt = Re I a + Ec
we get
Vt I a = Re I a 2 + Ec I a
Ia
Vt
Ec
VtIa = input to armature

ReIa2 = armature copper loss
EcIa = developed power in the armature
Note: The developed armature power produces the internal
mechanical torque.
48
MACHINE EFFICIENCY
A. Electrical Losses
1. Copper Loss in Windings (I2R in shunt and
series fields, armature, compensating and interpole
windings)
2. Brush Contact Loss VbIa
B. Magnetic Field Loss (Core Loss)
1. Hysteresis Loss
2. Eddy-Current Loss
C. Mechanical Losses
1. Bearing Friction and Windage
2. Brush Friction Loss
3. Friction Loss in Ventilating Fan
49
MACHINE EFFICIENCY
D. Stray Load Loss
Leakage and Armature Reaction Fluxes
(assumed as 1% of output for machines 200 HP
or above, otherwise neglected)
Define:
Rotational Loss = Magnetic Field Loss

+ Mechanical Losses
output
input losses
Efficiency =
=
output + losses
input
50
POWER FLOWS - GENERATOR

Converted
Power = EgIa
Output
Power
Input
Power
Electrical
Losses
Core
Mechanical
Losses
Losses
Stray
Losses
Rotational
Losses
51
EXAMPLE 7
Consider a 5 HP, 125 V, 1200 RPM self-excited DC motor. The
efficiency is 85% at full load. The armature and field resistances
are 0.2 and 62.5 respectively. Find the following quantities
at full load conditions.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The input power

The line current
The speed of rotation in rad/sec
The rotational losses
The output torque
ANS: 4388 W; 35.1 A; 125.7 rad/s;

189 W; 29. 7 N.m
52
OBJECTIVES
2. Explain the role of and the necessity for DC Machines
3. Explain how DC Machines work conceptually
4. Include the different types of DC Machines in circuit analysis
5. Compare the external characteristic curves of DC generators
6. Relate the torque of a DC machine to the armature current
7. Interpret DC Machine Ratings
8. Calculate the required external resistance that will limit the
9. Calculate the power losses and developed power in a DC
Machine
10. Calculate the efficiency of a DC Machine
1.
53

DC Machines

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THIRD EXAM COVERAGE

Identify the main function of a rotating electrical machine

ROTATING MACHINES OVERVIEW

ROTATING ELECTRICAL MACHINES

* Grid a.k.a. the power system

Identify the main function of a rotating electrical machine

Identify the main function of a rotating electrical machine

NOTE: We will deal only with the shunt DC

already been derived for us.

For this course, we will deal directly with the steady-state

ELEMENTS OF THE EQ. CKTS.

SEPARATELY EXCITED GENERATOR

SEPARATELY EXCITED MOTOR

Relates IF and EG for a certain speed if

internal generated voltage

Identify the main function of a rotating electrical machine

EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTIC CURVE

With the generated voltage Eg held constant, Vt decreases as the load

EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTIC CURVE

The plot of the

Define: Voltage Regulation

EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTIC CURVE

Note: The generated voltage is affected by the

EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTIC CURVE

Note: The separately-excited generator has a smaller voltage

Identify the main function of a rotating electrical machine

Note: The motor speed decreases linearly with the

Identify the main function of a rotating electrical machine

GENERATOR NAMEPLATE DATA

The machine is assumed to supply its rated KW at the rated

ANS: 111V; 1440 rpm;154 V

ANS: 133V; 129 V

SEPARATELY EXCITED MOTOR

MOTOR NAMEPLATE DATA

The machine is assumed to supply its rated HP

ANS: 4388 W; 35.1 A; 125.7 rad/s

Identify the main function of a rotating electrical machine

Since Re is very small, Ia can be quite large, which will damage

In order to limit the starting current, resistors are connected in

3. Te causes the armature to rotate and Ec begins

STARTING CURRENT AND SPEED

ANS: 1.69 ohms

Identify the main function of a rotating electrical machine

VtIa = input to armature

Rotational Loss = Magnetic Field Loss

POWER FLOWS - GENERATOR

The input power

ANS: 4388 W; 35.1 A; 125.7 rad/s;

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