OUMH2103 : ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNICAL PURPOSES

FAKULTI PENDIDIKAN DAN BAHASA

SEMESTER
SEPTEMBER 2013
HBSC 2203
TOOLS FOR LEARNING SCIENCE

SARJANA MUDA PENGAJARAN ( PENDIDIKAN RENDAH )

DENGAN KEPUJIAN DALAM BIDANG SAINS ( SMP KHAS )
NAMA TUTOR

PN. NAIMA BINTI KADIR

NAMA PELAJAR

MOHAMAD FAUDZI BIN

MOHAMAD SALEH

NO. MATRIKULASI

731208125515001

NO. KAD PENGENALAN :

731208-12-5515

NO. TELEFON

0138927731

E-MAIL

faudzi@oum.com.my

PUSAT PEMBELAJARAN :

OUM, TAWAU

OUMH2103 : ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNICAL PURPOSES

CONTENTS
No.

Topic

Page

1.0

Part 1: The definition of water rationing

2.0

Part 2: The causes and effect of water rationing Greenhouse

Effect/Drought

2.1

Haze

2.2

Water Pollution

2.3

Agriculture

2.4

Logging

2.5

Waste

3.0

Part 3: Water rationing survival

4.0

Part 4: Recommendation to the causes identified

References

12

1.0.

Part 1: The definition of water rationing

Water rationing is shortage of treated water to consumers public can be experienced at any
time, the preparatory steps is essential in to overcome the deficit. There are several main
manifestations of the water crisis is the lack of safe drinking water to more than 1.1 billion

OUMH2103 : ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNICAL PURPOSES

people, the use of groundwater can cause a lack of agricultural products, overuse and pollution
of water resources and biodiversity disrupt regional conflicts caused by water resources limited
that could cause a war.
Emergency situations under Section 56 (11) of the 655 include the where the supply of
treated water during a drought is not enough, action strike by employees of the water treatment
plant and water pollution or the system water that may endanger public health. further failure
implementation of mitigation projects such as Langat 2 by the time specified as well as
flooding which can result in a lack of water supply to users can be assumed as an emergency as
"an event occur that pose a dire situation which the Minister necessary to exercise its powers
under this section

2.0

Part 2: The causes and effect of water rationing Greenhouse Effect/Drought

The greenhouse effect is a phenomenon of global warming. Ultraviolet rays emitted by the sun
to the earth, some will be reflected back into space by the atmosphere, the other half will come

OUMH2103 : ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNICAL PURPOSES

to earth to warm the earth. Reaching the earth's heat will be reflected back by the earth's
surface into space as infrared rays. Not all thermal energy will penetrate the atmosphere.
Most of this heat energy is absorbed by gases in the atmosphere such as carbon dioxide,
carbon monoxide, chlorofluorocarbons and methane. This trapped heat will raise the
temperature of the earth and to make sure that the earth is always hot. Increase polluting gases
such as nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide also trap heat and raise the temperature. The increase
in carbon dioxide caused by burning fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas. This
continuous increase, if not controlled is expected to increase by 15 parts per million every 10
years.
The greenhouse effect will cause all sorts of problems to humans. The water in the
oceans and rivers will become hotter and more easily evaporate. Lands, especially in the
northern hemisphere and the middle latitudes will become drier. The atmosphere will be
warmer. Wind direction will change and cause frequent storm events. Irregular rainfall will
occur, resulting in droughts, due to uneven heating of the earth. Sea levels will rise and flood
the world will occur because the blocks of ice at the North Pole and South Pole will melt.
The events will take place threaten human life and other living things. The events will
disrupt activities such as agriculture, fisheries and water supply. The increase in world
population will also increase energy consumption. The demand for fossil fuels and electricity
increases, more will be cut down and removed and the more industrial areas. All these
activities will result in increased quantities of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and increase
the temperature of the earth.

The depletion of the atmospheric ozone layer can be divided into several parts. Ozone
is a gas composed of three oxygen atoms located in the stratosphere layers of the earth. The
ozone layer is a natural shield the earth by absorbing harmful ultraviolet rays. The ozone layer
is very important for the balance of the earth's climate. Ozone is formed when oxygen

OUMH2103 : ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNICAL PURPOSES

molecules decomposed to oxygen atoms in the presence of ultraviolet light, free oxygen atoms
will react with molecular oxygen to form ozone molecules in the presence of nitrogen gas.
However, ozone can be decomposed to molecular oxygen by nitrogen oxides emitted
by a supersonic airplane or a chlorine atom from CFC compounds (kluorofluorokarbon).
Kluorofluorokarbon is a compound used by air conditioning and refrigerators. The reaction
between chlorine atoms with ozone and nitrogen oxides will return to the atmosphere after the
chlorine atoms destroy ozone molecules. So, the ozone layer is getting thinner.

2.1

Haze

Haze is the small particles that can exist naturally or exist as a result of human daily activities.
Factory smoke, smoke, smoke from the burning vehicle and also is a contributing factor the
existence of haze. When small particles together with copious amounts of scattered and
floating in the air so it will absorb and block the sunlight to reach the surface. This situation
would then block views and reduce visibility.
Haze often occurs in urban areas. Factory and motorization major contributor to this
phenomenon. Apart from the weather conditions worsen, where in 1997, the country was hit
by the El Nino phenomenon which brings hot and dry weather persists. Rainfall declines and
the country experienced a shortage of water and the water pressure drop

2.2

Water Pollution

Water pollution occurs when a change occurs in terms of content, condition and color so it is
not appropriate to give effect when used. Water pollution occurs either in terms of biology,

OUMH2103 : ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNICAL PURPOSES

chemistry and physics. Water pollution not only in the water but also in the sea, and it can
happen by accident or design. Pollution is more to pollutants from the plant. Water pollution is
a change of state in a shelter of water such as lakes, rivers, oceans and groundwater from
activities people. Pollution water caused by a variety of things and have different
characteristics. Increased nutrients can lead to eutrophication. Organic waste such as sewage
water causes an increase in oxygen needs of the receiving water leading to reduced oxygen can
seriously impact on the entire ecosystem. Remove a wide range of industrial pollution in water
such as heavy metals, organic toxins, oils, nutrients and solids. Waste water is a thermal effect,
especially that produced by the power plant, which could also reduce the oxygen in the water.

2.3

Agriculture

Conversion of land from forest to agriculture has resulted in widespread deforestation. Aside
from reducing the amount of the original forest and forest biodiversity and wildlife,
deforestation also contribute to soil erosion, sedimentation, slope damage and landslides in
Malaysia
Continued deforestation and forest degradation in the watershed will affect water
supply and quality of water resources, affect the ability of groundwater retrieval and cause
more flooding in the lowlands. This situation also arises the problem of soil contamination
which will absorb the insecticide into the soil through the pores of the soil.
In addition to soil contamination problem due to intensive use, the Malaysians are using
spray and machine operators pesticide sprayers will be at risk from exposure mainly through
the skin, when using equipment that is perfect for mixing or spraying pesticides.
2.4.

Logging

Forest does have commercial value in the economy. Forest available supply of timber and
paper is an important source of foreign exchange earnings. In the tropics, rattan accounted for

OUMH2103 : ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNICAL PURPOSES

an estimated annual turnover of Rs 1200 million a year in world trade. But the extreme
exploitation of forests for timber, agriculture, livestock and others has resulted in a very terrible
pollution.
Some events can be considered as a tragedy, as tragedy Pos Dipang in Kampar, Perak,
landslides in Genting Highlands and some other events which have claimed many lives were
traced from the attitudes of people in the environment, because they are too concerned with
profits through minimizing costs or because of their ignorance in environmental management.

2.5

Waste

The disposal of garbage, toxic waste and nuclear would make the 'beracub' and uninhabitable.
The most notable example is the explosion of the nuclear plant in Chernobyl, Russia, on 26
April 1986. Effect can be felt to Sweden, and several months after that 23 people have
reportedly died from the effects of nuclear radioactive. All residents in the surrounding
transferred and the sale of meat in some places had to be stopped because of the radioactive
contamination rates are too high and harmful to health.
Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur is estimated to generate 2,500 tons of garbage per
day (912,500 tons per year). Of the total residential premises (domestic) waste generated by
65% (1625 tons) per day. With an estimated population of 1.5 million people then the average
waste generated per person was 1.7 kg per day. Based on an increase of 1.2% tons of garbage a
year, in the year 2020 is expected to be generated waste is 3307 tons per day (1,210,705 tonnes
per year). In such circumstances landfill debris is not enough available to cover a lot of trash
extreme. This situation not only brings problems of soil contamination, but the forest had to be
explored to the landfill
3.0

Part 3: Water rationing survival

At the present time, several places in Malaysia are currently experiencing water rationing.
Water rationing is expected to have an impact on personal hygiene, family, food, drink,

OUMH2103 : ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNICAL PURPOSES

clothing, equipment, premises and the risk of disease. Thus, the Ministry of Health of Malaysia
would like to propose some measures that can be taken by Malaysians in the face of water
rationing: Ensure hygiene, water is used wisely to clear away the dirt. Keep hands washed with
soap or sanitised after toileting, before eating and before handling or preparing food. Make
sure the water is stored in a clean container and tightly to avoid external contamination,
especially if the water for food preparation and drinking. Furthermore closed the containers to
prevent mosquito breeding. Cook food thoroughly at a high temperature of 80 to ensure the
bacteria are eliminated and do not cause food poisoning. Make sure the food is properly
cooked meat (no sign of crude). Food operator is responsible for ensuring the safety of food
they sell or serve to the user. If water is not clean enough rations, packaged water use are
available in the market as an option because it is safer. The use of well water for cooking and
drinking is prohibited, unless the well is treated with chlorine and avoids pollution. The public
should always take care of yourself and seek treatment at health facilities close immediately if
you have health problems.

4.0

Part 4: Recommendation to the causes identified

The conclusion, the problem of water supply in certain areas of the country we seriously
saying. No doubt there are some factors that allow the water crisis as weather conditions

OUMH2103 : ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNICAL PURPOSES

change the world as "El Nino". Whatever the reason, we need to take precautions from now on
to avoid this calamity struck us.
Keeping the water catchment area is the main way to avoid water crisis in our country. Cutting
down forests to be avoided more than 10 miles from the catchment area. This is important to
keep the watershed of the ruins. This area is important for supplying water to the dam before it
is discharged into a dwelling house and premises.
Consequently, pollution must be addressed immediately. Development without careful
planning also pollute nearby rivers. Similarly, the garbage is done by people who do not care
about hygiene. As a result, we will be shortages of clean water for domestic use.
The government needs to ration water to certain areas as a precaution. Water rationing
could be implemented based on the number of hours in a day according to a specific area. This
action is necessary to avoid wastage of water in addition to alerting the community to
appreciate the importance of water to doing activity.
Further, the attitude of thrift should exist within each individual to avoid a water crisis
from occurring. People who are preoccupied with the grace of God may not have thought that
one day we will experience this tragedy. Therefore, prudent attitude should be nurtured since
childhood.
The Government is concerned about environmental crimes such as illegal logging.
Accordingly, in order to curb illegal logging in Malaysia, the Forest Department has always
carried out work of law enforcement in all states through legislation forest. Among the efforts
undertaken is the establishment of forest enforcement team at the district and state as well as
the 'flying squad' (with permission) at HQ to fight forest offense cases conducting patrols in
sensitive areas including the use of helicopters conducting roadblocks from time to time to
control the movement of timber.

OUMH2103 : ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNICAL PURPOSES

Remote sensing technologies (remote sensing) and Geographic Information System

(GIS) to track and monitor the activities of forest encroachment have a system of forest
inspection station where all the lorries carrying timber required to have a removal pass issued
by the station inspector forests encourage the public to make complaints on forest
encroachment is suspected or has occurred ensure that the border areas of Permanent Reserved
Forests (PRF) is clean and clearly marked and lit in .Plan Forest Management (FMPs) have
been prepared using the format provided by the Malaysian-German Sustainable Forest
Management and Conservation Project in accordance with the Forest Management Planning
Rules and Guidelines 2000. RPH provided for a period of 10 years (2006-2015) This is a
general guide to the Perak Forestry Department (JPNP) towards forest management sustainable
and include the development, preservation and conservation of forest resources in the areas of
Permanent Reserved Forest (PRF), which was enacted in the State of Perak. FMP is available
for Dry Inland Forest virus whereas FMPs mangroves have been provided separately.
Peninsular Malaysia has established a network of protected areas for biodiversity conservation
and the establishment of national parks, wildlife reserves hand asylum, asylum birds and
Marine Park since the 1930's anymore. The largest national park in Peninsular Malaysia covers
an area of 434.351 ha and was gazetted in early 1939, mostly in forests. Covering an area of
0.74 million ha in Peninsular Malaysia have been protected by law as a conservation area in
which 0.55 million in outside ha HSK and 0:19 million ha are in the PRF.
In the efforts to protect and preserve the types of forest in its natural state, the Forest
Department has taken steps to establish Virgin Jungle Reserves (VJRs) as a natural reserve and
Arboretum. Virgin Forest serves as an example to compare the ecology and biology of the
forest area has been logged or effects of silver cultural treatments. It is also a natural forest
natural to study. Since 1950, a total of 72 VJRs was established in Peninsular Malaysia
covering an area of 21.284 ha. VJRs areas is an example of the various types of virgin forest in
the country, including Mangrove Forest, Beach Forest, Swamp Forest (Heath forest), Peat
Swamp Forest, Lowland dipterocarp, hill dipterous carp forest, dipterous carp forest and Forest
Hill High Mountain. Furthermore, the attention is focused on the protection of species of
unusual and endangered. Some wildlife species facing extinction have been identified and are
protected under laws such as the tiger, rhinoceros, slow lories and several types of butterflies.

OUMH2103 : ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNICAL PURPOSES

National Parks Act 1980 (Amendment 1985) and the Wildlife Protection Act 1972
(Amendment 1976 & 1988), ensuring the preservation of national park and bird sanctuary and
wildlife in danger of extinction. Forest cover located in the PRF of 1.90 million ha has been
designated as a biodiversity protection in Peninsular Malaysia which now amounted to 2.45
million ha or 18.6% of the land area of the country. In addition, the National Forestry Act 1984
was amended and enacted in 1993 in which the penalty for encroachment of forest have been
raised to Rs 500,000 and imprisonment of not more than 20 years with a mandatory jail not
less than 1 year compared with a penalty of RM10, 000 and / or jail not more than 3 years prior
to the amendment doing Strategy-Sustainable Forest Management strategy to implement forest
harvesting activities in Permanent Reserved Forest (PRF) via selective cutting system and strict
control of the production of forest products comply fully with the annual allowable cut (CCT)
to ensure conservation and management of forest resources is implemented through the
enforcement of laws and regulations forest HSK gazette in accordance with the laws and
regulations of the forest as a basis for forest management and forest land gazette who was not
involved with land development projects pursue in-depth studies related to forest productivity,
growth and production management techniques and the development of appropriate forest to
native forests can be managed effectively improve information technology at the micro and
macro levels and to improve the tools and techniques for monitoring the management of forest
resources more effectively promote the optimal use of forest resources ensure wooded land to
be developed for agricultural projects planned conducting pre-felling forest inventory is
necessary to determine the forest management regime conduct an inventory of the forest after
felling to obtain information on the status and content of the composition and size of trees /
seedlings to determine the appropriate silver cultural treatments conducted a study to determine
the suitability of land for sites and species of trees to be planted for the establishment of forest
plantations forest setting that is suitable for Flexible forests to enhance recreational facilities,
land and water conservation and Preservation of flora and fauna. With the elaboration on
government measures to address deforestation , it is clear that the Government give serious
consideration to protect the forest resources in the country. Understanding of the
implementation and enforcement of forest laws and regulations are very important to avoid

10

OUMH2103 : ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNICAL PURPOSES

actions and penalties doubled its weight. This understanding will also directly assist the
Government, particularly the Department of Forestry to manage and protect forest resources in
a more systematic and efficient, not only in order to produce economically even more
important to maintain the stability of the environment in line with the concept of sustainable
forest management.
2916 words

References

11

OUMH2103 : ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNICAL PURPOSES

http://www.span.gov.my/pdf/law/draf/Ringkasan_catuan_sekatan_penggunaan_air_201

3.pdf
http://www.paperdue.com/essays-on/water-shortage
http://pakreatif.blogspot.com/2011/03/krisis-air.html
http://www.ikim.gov.my/index.php/ms/berita-harian/8506-pengurusan-lestari-atasi-

krisis-kekurangan-bekalan-air-bersih
http://blogsitizunaidamustapha.blogspot.com/2010/11/karangan-trial-2010nik-mohd-

afiqterlalu.html
aturesmksbg4.blogspot.com/2012/05/cara-yang-baik-untuk-mengatasi-masalah.html

12