Contents

PREFACE

xi

PART ONE: INTRODUCTION TO SYSTEMS

1

SYSTEM DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS

1.1 Some System Definitions 1

1.2 A Classification of Systems 4
1.3 Science and Systems Science 7
1.4 Transition to the Systems Age 10
1.5 Engineering in the Systems Age 12
Selected References 15
Questions and Problems 15
2

BRINGING SYSTEMS INTO BEING

2.1 Engineering for Economic Competitiveness 16
2.2 The System Engineering Process 21
2.3 Systems Engineering and Management 28
Selected References 31
Questions and Problems 32

16

vi

Contents

PART TWO: THE SYSTEM DESIGN PROCESS

CONCEPTUAL SYSTEM DESIGN

3.1 Definition of System Requirements
3.2 Preliminary Systems Analysis 45
3.3 Advance System Planning 48
3.4 Conceptual Design Review 51
Selected References 53
Questions and Problems 53

34
34

PRELIMINARY SYSTEM DESIGN

4.1 System Functional Analysis 55
4.2 Allocation of Requirements 64
4.3 Trade-Off and Optimization 67
4.4 Synthesis and Definition 73
4.5 System Design Review 75
Selected References 75
Questions and Problems 76

55

***

DETAIL DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT

77

5.1 Detail Design Requirements 78

5.2 Technical Performance Measures 79
5.3 Detail Design Activities 82
5.4 Engineering Design Technologies 89
5.5 System Prototype Development 96
5.6 Formal Design Review 97
Selected References 98
Questions and Problems 99

SYSTEM TEST AND EVALUATION

6.1 Requirements for Test and Evaluation 101
6.2 Categories of Test and Evaluation 103
6.3 Formal Test Planning 107
6.4 Preparation for System Test and Evaluation 110
6.5 Test Performance and Reporting 112
6.6 System Modification 120
Selected References 120
Questions and Problems 121

100

Contents

VII

PART THREE: TOOLS FOR SYSTEMS ANALYSIS

7

ALTERNATIVES AND MODELS IN DECISION MAKING

122

7.1 Alternatives in Decision Making 122

7.2 Models in Decision Making 124
7.3 Decision Evaluation Theory 128
7.4 Decisions under Assumed Certainty 132
7.5 Decisions under Risk 133
7.6 Decisions under Uncertainty 137
7.7 Models in Design and Operations 141
Selected References 142
Questions and Problems 142
8

MODELS FOR ECONOMIC EVALUATION

8.1 Interest and Interest Formulas 146
-C
8.2 Determining Economic Equivalence 152
8.3 Evaluating a Single Alternative under Certainty 755
8.4 Evaluating Multiple Alternatives under Certainty 162
8.5 Evaluating Multiple Alternatives with Multiple Futures
8.6 Break-Even Economic Evaluations 769
8.7 Break-Even Analysis under Risk 776
Selected References 777
Questions and Problems 777

146

767

OPTIMIZATION IN DESIGN AND OPERATIONS

182

9.1 Classical Optimization Theory 752

9.2 Unconstrained Classical Optimization 189
9.3 Constrained Classical ^Optimization 207
9.4 Constrained Optimization by Linear'Programming 272
9.5 Constrained Optimization by Dynamic Programming 227
Selected References 231
Questions and Problems 232
10

PROBABILITY AND STATISTICAL METHODS

10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4

Probability Concepts and Theory 238

Probability Distribution Models 241
Descriptive Statistics 249
Inferential Statistics 253

238

Contents

viii

10.5 Regression and Correlation 258

10.6 Monte Carlo'Analysis 263
Selected References 268
Questions and Problems 268

11

QUEUING THEORY AND ANALYSIS

271

11.1 The Queuing System 271

11.2 Monte Carlo Analysis of Queuing 275
11.3 Single-Channel Queuing Models 2i8
11.4 Multiple-Channel Queuing Models 288
11.5 Queuing with Nonexponential Service 290
11.6 Finite Population Queuing Models 293
Selected References 301
Questions and Problems 302

12

CONTROL CONCEPTS AND TECHNIQUES

12.1 Some Control Concepts 305
12.2 Statistical Process Control 308
12.3 Optimum Policy Control 320
12.4 Project Control with CPM and PERT
12.5 Total Quality Control 335
Selected References 341
Questions and Problems 341

305

323

PART FOUR: DESIGN FOR OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY

13

DESIGN FOR RELIABILITY

346

13.1 Definition of Reliability 347

13.2 Reliability in the System Life Cycle 348
13.3 Measures of Reliability 350
13.4 Reliability in System or Product Design 360
13.5 Reliability Test and Evaluation 378
Selected References 386
Questions and Problems 387

14

DESIGN FOR MAINTAINABILITY

14.1 Definition of Maintainability 389
14.2 Maintainability in the System Life Cycle
14.3 Measures of Maintainability 393

389
390

Contents

14.4 Maintainability in System or Product Design

14.5 Maintainability Demonstration 424
Selected References 430
Questions and Problems 431

15

IX

407

DESIGN FOR MANABILITY

434

15.1 Human Factors Requirements . 434

15.2 Human Factors in the System Life Cycle 447
15.3 Human Factors Analysis 451
15.4 Personnel and Training Requirements 456
15.5 Personnel Test and Evaluation 458
Selected References 458
Questions and Problems 459

16

DESIGN FOR SUPPORTABILITY

460

16.1 System Support Requirements 460

*>
16.2 Logistic Support in the System Life Cycle 463
16.3 Measures of Logistic Support 472
16.4 Logistic Support Analysis (LSA) 487
16.5 Computer-Aided Acquisition and Logistic Support (CALS)
16.6 Logistic Support Test and Evaluation 496
Selected References 498
Questions and Problems 498

17

DESIGN FOR ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY

496

501

17.1 Introduction to Life-Cycle Costing 501

17.2 Cost Emphasis in the System Life Cycle 505
17.3 Life-Cycle Cost Analysis 510
17.4 Evaluating Economic Alternatives 530
17.5 Life-Cycle Costing in Program Evaluation 539
Selected References 543
Questions and Problems 543
PART FIVE: SYSTEM ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT

18

SYSTEMS ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT

18.1 Systems'Engineering Planning 549
18.2 Organization for Systems Engineering 556
18.3 Direction and Control of Systems Engineering

548

561

Contents

18.4 Consumer, Producer, and Supplier Interfaces

18.5 Summary' 569
Selected References 569
Questions and Problems 570

567

PART SIX: SYSTEM DESIGN APPLICATIONS

19

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM DESIGN

19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5
19.6

20

572

Introduction 572
The Analysis Approach 575
Life-Cycle Cost Analysis 578
Evaluation of Alternatives 598
Sensitivity Analysis 602
Summary 603

REPAIRABLE EQUIPMENT POPULATION SYSTEM DESIGN

605

20.1 Introduction 605

20.2 Mathematical Model Formulation
20.3 Design Problem I 610
20.4 Design Problem II 615
20.5 Summary 617

21

608

ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM DESIGN

21.1
21.2
21.3
21.4
21.5
21.6
21.7

618

Introduction 618
Demand Function 620
The Optimization Algorithm 620
Storage Block Evaluation 622
Cost Extension Computations 624
Design Specifications 630
Summary 630

APPENDICES
A
B
C
D
E
F

Functional Analysis 632

Design Review Criteria 641
Life-Cycle Cost Analysis 659
Interest Factor Tables 682
Statistical Tables 697
Finite Queuing Tables 706

INDEX

715