8/14/2014

MECANICA DE FLUIDOS
Elemental Fluid Dynamics

Facultad de Ingeniera Ingeniera Civil

IGC-011 MECANICA DE FLUIDOS
Profesor: Diego D. Prez Ruiz, PhD

The Bernoulli Equation

Daniel Bernoulli (1710-1782)

Source: http://scienceworld.wolfram.com

Facultad de Ingeniera Ingeniera Civil

IGC-011 MECANICA DE FLUIDOS

8/14/2014

Flow Patterns: Streamlines, Pathlines, Streaklines

In general, most real flows are 3-D, unsteady (x, y, z, t; r, , z, t; etc)
Let consider a 2-D motion of flow along streamlines, as

Source: Stern, 2009

Facultad de Ingeniera Ingeniera Civil

IGC-011 MECANICA DE FLUIDOS

Newtons Second Law F = ma

In general, most real flows are 3-D, unsteady (x, y, z, t; r, , z, t; etc)
Let consider a 2-D motion of flow along streamlines, as

Source: Munson et al., 1999

Facultad de Ingeniera Ingeniera Civil

IGC-011 MECANICA DE FLUIDOS

8/14/2014

Newtons Second Law F = ma

In general, most real flows are 3-D, unsteady (x, y, z, t; r, , z, t; etc)
Let consider a 2-D motion of flow along streamlines, as
Velocity (V ): Time rate of change of the
position of the particle.
Streamlines: The lines that are tangent to
the velocity vectors throughout the flow field.
Note: For steady flows, each particle slide
along its path, and its velocity vector is
everywhere tangent to the path. All particles
passing through (1) end up at (2) with velocity v

Source: Munson et al., 1999

Streamline coordinate: S = S(t) ; V = dS / dt

V (the distance along the streamline can be
decided by V and R(s))
Stream-line can bend, R is radius of curvature.
Facultad de Ingeniera Ingeniera Civil
IGC-011 MECANICA DE FLUIDOS

Newtons Second Law F = ma

In general, most real flows are 3-D, unsteady (x, y, z, t; r, , z, t; etc)
Let consider a 2-D motion of flow along streamlines, as
Using body fixed coordinates: If the particles
change speed along stream-line, or if streamline bends, then accelerations must be present.
The tangential acceleration:

The normal acceleration

Source: Munson et al., 1999

Facultad de Ingeniera Ingeniera Civil

IGC-011 MECANICA DE FLUIDOS

8/14/2014

Streamline Coordinates

Source: White, 1999

The coordinate along the streamline is s

and the coordinate normal to the
streamline is n.
The unit vectors for the streamline
coordinates are and
The direction of
will be chosen to be in
the same direction as the velocity. So
Facultad de Ingeniera Ingeniera Civil
IGC-011 MECANICA DE FLUIDOS

Forces on Streamlines
Any particle travelling along the streamline will be subjected to a number of forces.

Source: Munson et at., 1999

Facultad de Ingeniera Ingeniera Civil

IGC-011 MECANICA DE FLUIDOS

8/14/2014

F = ma Along a Streamline
The relevant Forces for Bernoullis equation are gravity and pressure.

The pressure changes with height

p = pressure in middle of fluid slab.
= pressure in front of slab
= pressure behind slab.

The net pressure force

Source: Munson et at., 1999

Facultad de Ingeniera Ingeniera Civil

IGC-011 MECANICA DE FLUIDOS

F = ma Along a Streamline
The relevant Forces for Bernoullis equation are gravity and pressure.
Net Force

Equate two expressions for

The change in fluid particle speed

along a streamline is accomplished by a
combination of pressure and gravity
forces.
Source: Munson et at., 1999

Facultad de Ingeniera Ingeniera Civil

IGC-011 MECANICA DE FLUIDOS

8/14/2014

F = ma Along a Streamline
The relevant Forces for Bernoullis equation are gravity and pressure.

Assumption that density is constant,

Bernoullis equation

Source: Munson et at., 1999

Facultad de Ingeniera Ingeniera Civil

IGC-011 MECANICA DE FLUIDOS

F = ma Along a Streamline
The constant density assumption (incompressible flow) is good for liquids
(sometimes gases at low speed).
Bernoullis equation was presented in 1738 monograph Hydrodynamics by
Daniel Bernoulli.

For a compressible substance, the best reduction is

Facultad de Ingeniera Ingeniera Civil

IGC-011 MECANICA DE FLUIDOS

8/14/2014

Dynamic and Static Pressure

Static pressure is the pressure as measured moving with the fluid. (e.g. static
with fluid). This is the

term in Bernoullis equation.

Some times the

term in Bernoullis equation is called the hydrostatic
pressure. (e.g. it is the change in pressure due to change in elevation.)
Dynamic pressure is a pressure that occurs when kinetic energy of the flowing
fluid is converted into pressure rise. This is the pressure associated with the
term in Bernoullis equation.

Facultad de Ingeniera Ingeniera Civil

IGC-011 MECANICA DE FLUIDOS

Dynamic and Static Pressure

The static pressure at point (1) can be
estimated by the height of the column.

The dynamic pressure at point (2) is estimated by

Source: Munson et at., 1999

The additional pressure due to the dynamic

pressure will cause the fluid to rise a height of
H>h.
The point (2) is called a stagnation point.

Facultad de Ingeniera Ingeniera Civil

IGC-011 MECANICA DE FLUIDOS

8/14/2014

Stagnation Point

The stagnation pressure is

Source: Munson et at., 1999

= velocity at some point on stream-line away from obstruction.

The total pressure, pT is the sum of static, dynamic and hydrostatic pressures.

Facultad de Ingeniera Ingeniera Civil

IGC-011 MECANICA DE FLUIDOS

Pitot Tube
Stagnation pressure

Static pressure

Source: Munson et at., 1999

Facultad de Ingeniera Ingeniera Civil

IGC-011 MECANICA DE FLUIDOS

8/14/2014

Pitot Tube

Source: Munson et at., 1999

Source: Munson et at., 1999

Source: Munson et at., 1999

Facultad de Ingeniera Ingeniera Civil

IGC-011 MECANICA DE FLUIDOS