Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Phylogenetic tree -
Speciation allopatric/geographic/separation
sympatric/mutation (change in niche = hunting dogs and scrap dogs)
Genetic drift Random mutations, unnecessary
Good genes are all that matter, so the unnecessary ones go along for the ride
Adaptive radiation - one origin, species radiate outwards into smaller diversity pools, evolve
Artificial selection - people take certain wanted traits, cross
Allele frequency # of copies of a specific allele/# of different alleles in that location
Shows the diversity in a population
Coevolution - influence of different species when evolving
Population bottleneck - plentiful species, get almost wiped out, repopulate
Founder effect
small groups leave origin (adaptive radiation), re-populates > different gene, important change,
creation of new species
after bottlenecks
Classification:
Nature of nucleic acid (RNA/DNA)
Morphology (shape of capsid, etc.)
Lytic/lysogenic (acts immediately/not immediately)
Whats happening to the host cell
Always bad for the body
Controversy on living vs. nonliving
Capsid - outer covering/protein coat
Helical/icosahedral
Made of capsomers (protein subunits)
Envelope - stolen part of membrane from host
Controls host cell
Animal/plant/bacterial
Bacteriophage - bacterial virus
Lytic cycle (break down), Lysogenic cycle (wait until the immune system is weak)
Sertoli cells - specialized cells that help with sperm cell growth
GnRH - gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (produced/secreted by hypothalamus)
stimulates FSH and LH production
Testosterone - stimulates development of male characteristics
regulates LH and FSH secretion
Hypothalamus makes GnRH > GnRH stimulates pituitary gland > pituitary gland makes LH, FSH > LH,
FSH stimulates gonads to produce and release testosterone > testosterone suppresses GnRH (thus
LH, FSH) production > everything falls back down
Vas deferens - tube connecting testes with urethra
Seminal vesicles - produces fructose (feeding sugar for sperm)
Oogenesis - creation of egg
Estrogen - secreted and released by ovary (follicles & corpus luteum), secretion stimulated by LH, FSH
Main female sex hormone
Regulates menstrual cycle, prepares uterus for pregnancy (thickens endometrium, etc.)
Progesterone - produced by corpus luteum in 2nd part of menstrual cycle
prepares body for pregnancy
negative feedback to hypothalamus, slowing production of everything down
corpus luteum dies (period), progesterone becomes low again, cycle restarts
Menstruation/Menstrual cycle:
Estrogen increases
Ovulation
Estrogen falls, progesterone increases
Hormones fall > period
Everything starts over again
Seminiferous tubules - tubes in testicles where sperm cells are formed
Spermatogenesis - sperm production
Luteinizing hormone (LH) - produced by pituitary gland
stimulates testosterone production
helps through ovulation
Hypothalamus secretes GnRH > GnRH stimulates pituitary gland > pituitary gland secretes/releases
LH and FSH > LH binds to testes and ovaries
Urethra - tube carrying urine from bladder to outside
Prostate - produces basic fluid to counteract vaginal acidity
Follicle - follicles form a ring in the ovaries, contain eggs
Fallopian tubes - passageway from ovary > uterus
Fimbriae - fringe-like thingies at the opening of the fallopian tubes that reach for the ovary
Placenta - develops in the uterus during pregnancy, provides oxygen/nutrients to baby
Cervix - lower part of the uterus, strong ring of muscle (where the wee little baby goes through)
Hypothalamus - located in brain, regulates everything
Birth control methods:
Barriers: condoms, spermicide, abstinence, IUD (T shaped), diaphragm (soft jelly cap)
Hormonal: birth control pill, morning after, patches, shots, implants
Permanent: vasectomy, tubal ligation
STDS:
HPV: human papilloma virus
warts
cervical cancer
Herpes: skin-to-skin, viral
cold sores
Syphilis: bacterial
sores called chancres
HIV: viral, not skin-to-skin
cancer
lysogenic
Gonorrhea: bacterial
Sperm is produced in the testes by the seminiferous tubules inside the scrotum (at a cooler temperature
because the testes are outside of the body). The sperm travels through the epididymis (coild tubules that
store sperm). During ejaculation, sperm travels through the vas deferens tube. Ejaculatory ducts and
seminal vesicles secrete fructose for the sperm, everything travels through the urethra (urinary bladder
connected here for males) - the prostate gland and bulbourethral glands produce basic fluids to counteract
the acidic vagina. Ejaculation, yadda yadda.
Ovaries contain follicles containing eggs. FSH/LH help mature an egg each menstruation cycle. Ovulation,
the release of an egg, occurs and the egg separates from the ovary. The follicle, now a corpus luteum,
secretes progesterone to prepare the uterus for possible pregnancy, If no baby, the corpus luteum
disintegrates, progesterone production stops, the endometrium (inner uterus lining) that had been
thickening for possible pregnancy breaks down, period happens.
If there is a baby, yay. The egg goes into the fallopian tubes. If theres sperm, the egg is fertilized, meiosis,
woo, the embryo divides and travels to the uterus.
THINGS THAT HAD BEEN ON THE TEST:
A boy who gets his testes chopped off at age 11 does not go through puberty.
Spermatogenesis needs LH, FSH and testosterone.
RISUG = VasaGel = gel injection/shot that damages the sperm cell membranes
Progestin - in birth control pills, prevents ovulation