Proficiency in English

..
2005
UNIT ONE
THE WAY WE LIVE NOW
pp. 7
Lead-in
Theme One
Theme Two
A View of the City

The Odd Couple
Little Has Changed on the Streets
of London
Theme Three
Work, Work, Work!
Language Focus giving and reacting to surprising news
Talking Points
making assumptions, evaluating,
discussing pros & cons, speculating
Vocabulary of the Unit
UNIT TWO
LIVING DANGEROUSLY
pp. 38
Lead-in
Theme One
Theme Two
Theme Three
Language Focus
Talking Points
Taking Risks
Death Race
Hazard at Work
Are We Gamblers?
asking and promising discretion
speculating, illustrating, debating, giving
advice, making recommendations
UNIT THREE
GETTING AND SPENDING
pp. 68
Lead-in
Theme One
Theme Two
Theme Three
Personal Finances
Paying Your Way
Money is the Root of all Evil?
Debt and Despair on the Dark Side
of Consumer Credit
Language Focus discussing ideas, suggesting alternatives
Talking Points
sharing information, expressing opinions,
introducing news
UNIT FOUR
GETTING THE MESSAGE ACROSS
pp. 98
Lead-in
Theme One
Different Wavelengths
Text a
The English Character
Text b
Welcome To New Britain
Theme Two
The English Language
Theme Three
Girl Talk Where You Can Success
in the Coffee Break
Language Focus
discussions and debates
Talking Points
expressing opinions, making assumptions,
evaluating, making decisions
UNIT FIVE
THE MEDIA AND ADVERTISING
pp. 133
Lead-in
Theme One
Theme Two
The Press in Britain

You Awright, My Sun
Part 1
Extra! Extra!
Part 2
Some Things Will Simply
not Change
Theme Three
Girl Talk Where You Can Success
in the Coffee Break
Language Focus
discussing what you are going to watch,
discussing TV programmes, the language of
newspapers
Talking Points
expressing opinions, insisting on a point,
speculating, discussing pros & cons
UNIT SIX
REVENGE AND RETRIBUTION
Lead-in
Theme One
Theme Two
Criminal Trials in Britain

The Hangman's Rope
Text a Revenge Killing, Arabia
Text b Crimes and Punishments
pp. 170
Theme Three
Text a Justice Done and Viewed To Be Done

Text b Woodward Speaks Out Against TV Trials
Language Focus discussing both sides of an issue
Talking Points
making assumptions, expressing opinions
LISTENING
UNIT
1.
2.
3.
pp. 202
ONE
Britain today
Civil Cases
Living in Oxford
UNIT TWO
4. Peeping Tom
5. Why Do People Take Risks?
UNIT THREE
6. Pocket money
7. Repayment of a Debt
8. An account Executive Talks about his Job
9. For Richer, for Poorer
UNIT FOUR
10. Living in Portugal
11. Clothes
UNIT FIVE
12. Publicising the Circus
13. The Press at Work
14. Review Panel
UNIT SIX
15. A Judge Speaks
16. A Story with a Moral
5
17. The Rolls Royce

18. The Landlord
19. The Department Store
ADDITIONAL TEXTS FOR RENDERING
pp. 216
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1.
UNIT
ONE
THE WAY WE LIVE NOW
LEAD-IN
Discuss the following questions.
How many jobs can you think of where the professional

enjoys good social status and earns quite a lot of money, but has
to work very irregular hours? How would you feel about doing
such a job? Think about
family relations
tiredness
inability to plan ahead
Which would you prefer a job which is virtually stress-free

but monotonous, or one which is extremely interesting but quite
stressful?
Sometimes companies have to let employees go although

they value their work. What can the reasons be?
What does the proverb "A woman's work is never done"

imply? Do you tend to agree with the proverb? Why (not)?
The lists show work-related benefits and problems.

Which of these benefits are the most important? Which
problem do you think are the most damaging for a working
person?
Benefits
Social status
Career advancement
Room for creativity
Little or no stress
Satisfaction/sense
Problems
Deadline pressure
Lack of recognition
Workaholism
Overwork/physical strain
of Stress
caused
by
achievement
responsibility
To me, room for creativity is most important benefit a job can
offer because it allows for self-expression
Complete each sentence with one of the words or phrases

given. Explain them.
commute high-flyers fringe status tough
to benefit subsistence squats violence battering
shanty towns slum suburbs ghetto bonus
enhance unemployment
1. In Britain today many young graduates want to get a job

with high .
2. The image of high earners is . by the
purchase of a luxury car such as a Porsche.
3. The financial centre of London, the City, is full of highlymotivated young who are eager to make a lot of
money as quickly as they can.
4. All
successful
business
people
know
how
life at the top is.
5. When the economy is booming, everyone seems
.. .
6. For those living at .. level, even buying
essentials is a struggle.
7. Penniless students in large cities try to save money by
living in .. , that is, houses which they find to be empty.
8. Financial problems can lead to stress within the family
and .. between family members.
9. Wife- . is a particularly unpleasant
form of violence.
10. A poor, densely populated area of a town or city lived in
mainly by one racial group is called a(n) .. .
11. In Third World countries have grown
up on the outskirts of major cities to house poor workers who have
migrated from the countryside.
12. In the developed world run-down and derelict housing in

the inner city where people still live is called a(n) . .
13. Managers enjoy many benefits including a
company car and an expense account.
14. People working in large cities often like to live away
from the centre in pleasant . .
15. People who work in the city centre but live outside have
to .. to work everyday.
16. Mark was given a $ 1,000 when he beat his
deadline by a month.
17. In some countries, you don't qualify for
benefit if you own your house.
Discuss the following questions:
a. What difficulties may ethnic minorities face both at home and
at work?
b. Why is the life of successful businessmen at the top rough?
What does it involve?
c. What essentials can you buy if you live at subsistence level?
d. In what way can the situation in economy affect families?
What can it lead to?
a. Complete the text using the words and phrases given.

emulate allure doorstep metropolis pace
veneer
social life
self-image
stuck provinces
made the break rush hour metropolis
landmarks keep your wits
accommodation
A View of the City

If you grow up in the (1) then capital cities have a
very special .. (2). They represent sophistication, choice
and freedom. When you've settled in the city, you can think of the
people back home as 'country cousins' who 'live in the sticks'.
They haven't experienced life as it should be, in the city.
And what have you gained by moving to the 3)?
First, a major change in (4). You're one of the
9
special ones, you've (5). All those famous places

that were previously just names read in the paper or seen on TV
become familiar personal . (6) glimpsed as you go to
work or explore the capital developing your . (7).
You're never . (8) for something to do - everything's
there, on your new . (9): discos, night-clubs,
pubs. If you're culturally minded, there are museums, cinemas,
theatres, concerts. And then the people! You never know who you
will meet and where. Their status and lifestyle are something you
want to (10).
Of course, there are shocks. The cost, for one thing, of things
like .. (11), transport and entertainment. The crowds,
especially during the . (12). The fast .. (13)
at which everyone lives. But you soon learn to (14)
about you and develop the special . (15) that city
living requires.
b. Explain the meaning of the following
combinations, find Russian equivalents to them:
word
to make the break to explore the capital to be stuck for

smth to do to be culturally minded to live at the fast pace
c. Answer the following questions:
1. What makes city so alluring to people coming from the
provinces?
2. What changes does a person undergo after moving to
town?
3. What advantages and disadvantages may be found in city
life?
4. In what way does the pace of the metropolis life differ
from that in the country?
5. Do you think citizens have a special veneer? Why (not)?
10
THEME ONE
5
Family Life
Before reading the text discuss the following questions.

What constitutes a successful life?
In the lives of successful people, what is the relationship
between work and family life?
The Odd Couple

The story of Charlotte and John Fedders rocked Washington. It
had all the ingredients: success, money, ambition, image-obsession
and violence. It has become a modern fable, a cautionary tale that
flashes a warning beacon throughout a whole upper echelon of tough
young men pushing their way to the top, at the expense of their
families.
Charlotte and John were the archetypal successful Washington
couple. He was a young lawyer zooming up the status ladder in the
fast lane. They were a crisp, clean-living Catholic couple with five
young sons, living in a gleaming colonial-style mansion. From the
outside they seemed to have it all: the best country clubs, the best
Catholic private schools for their children, the best privately catered
parties. He was selected for a top job which brought him into the
public eye.
Then John Fedders' life fell apart. Or, at least, his image of it,
which for him was the same thing. His private life had always been a
catastrophe but one well hidden. The last straw for his wife came the
day he started to turn his violent rage against his eldest son.
Charlotte Fedders filed for divorce. She hoped for a quiet divorce
without dispute. But her husband wanted to battle it out. Perhaps he
thought no one would notice an obscure hearing in a small courtroom
in Maryland. But the Wall Street Journal sent a reporter to write the
story, and what a story it was. Fedders had beaten his wife often and
savagely. He thumped her repeatedly when she was pregnant. He ran
the household with a set of iron rules: no one was permitted to enter
the house in shoes; his sons had to do thirty press-ups whenever
11
they came into the room. He was obsessively mean about money.
Charlotte got virtually none for herself and the children. And yet
she worried frantically about their rising debts. They lived way
beyond their means.
The day after the Wall Street Journal ran the story, John Fedders
was forced to resign. The story ran extensively on nationwide
television. It rang new alarm bells. It showed that battered wives
were not necessarily poor or confined to ghettos. Charlotte learned
for the first time the FBI statistics: four women are beaten to death
every day in America by husbands or lovers.
Charlotte got her divorce. John Fedders took a lower paid job
and paid $ 12,000 a year to Charlotte and the children. The older
children all worked and contributed their money to the household.
Charlotte earned a little in a flower shop, but they were hard pressed.
Then a publisher asked her to write the awful story of her life. But
just before the book was to appear John so Fedders took her back to
the divorce court to try to get his puny payments to the family
reduced. On top of that, he wanted 25% of the proceeds of the book
on the grounds that he was the star of it. Everyone expected
him to be laughed out of court. Imagine the shock when the court
accepted his plea and did award that 25%.
Charlotte Fedders now seems like a self-confident and articulate
woman. She makes speeches on battered wives up and down the
country. Her book is a fascinating but dispiriting read. She was a
poor, clinging pathetic creature who invested everything in her
husband and her children. She thought as a young nurse that she
would never find a husband with the sort of earning power that
her family expected. When tall, handsome, athletic, clever Fedders
looked on her with favour she thought she didn't deserve to land
such a big fish. But he spied in her what he wanted: obedience,
adoration, inferiority yet a sufficiently cultivated veneer for
social acceptability. No danger of equality here.
It is a terrible pattern: this story has caused such a stir in
America as it forces attention on the family life of the high
achievers. When gilded young husbands work all the hours under
the sun, who takes the strain? Who bears the brunt of all that
12
bottled frenetic activity? What do wives and children have to

tolerate in order to keep a man on the upward path?
Polly Toynbee, The Guardian
Notes on the text:
Colonial-style mansion: the house is built in the typical
traditional style of the first (rich) colonists of the country, painted
white.
Maryland: one of the states forming the United States, and
geographically close to Washington, DC.
Find English
combinations:
equivalents
to
the
following
word-

()

(
)

,
-
-

Find a word or phrase in the text which, in context, is

similar in meaning to:
Paragraph 1: shocked moral story serving as a warning
level to the detriment of
Paragraph 2: perfect example racing spotlessly
clean/shining large expensive house
Paragraph 3: the final blow
Paragraph 4: hit practically
much more expensively
than could be afforded
Paragraph 6: under pressure insignificant for the reason
13
Paragraph 7: depressing perceived, surface

Paragraph 8: takes the strain
Answer the following questions.
1. Name the features which made the story of Charlotte and

John so much attractive for the public interest.
2. What reaction did the story of the Fedders cause in
Washington? Why?
3. Outline John Fedders career.
4. Describe the life style of the Fedders. How did they look
from the outside?
5. What do phrases colonial-style mansion, catholic
coupe, privately catered parties mean? Why does the writer
provide readers with such important details?
6. Why did Charlotte have to file for divorce? What was the
last straw?
7. What fact caused the divorce to receive publicity?
8. What does the writer mean by saying that John wanted
to battle it out?
9. What has been revealed in a courtroom?
10. What was Johns relationship with his sons like?
11. Why did the story ring alarm bells?
12. What were the results of the trial?
13. How did Charlottes and Johns lives change after the
divorce?
14. Why did John Fedders go back to the divorce court? (two
reasons)
15. What was the judgement of the court on the final issue?
16. Why did John choose Charlotte to be his wife? What did
he spy in her?
17. What picture of Charlotte Fedders emerges before and
during her marriage?
18. Did Charlotte recover from effects of her family life?
What helped Charlotte to survive?
19. Why was her book dispiriting?
20. Who takes the strain/bears the brunt in the family?
14
21. Why did the story cause such a stir? Comment on the
title. (Make a summarizing point)
22. How far does the life of the couple described match
your ideas?
9 Discuss with a partner the following questions:
How the writer of the article views the role of a wife in
the families of high-flyers?
Is it possible to have two high-fliers in one family?
10 Write a summary of Text One in 180-200 words.

THEME TWO
A Place to Live and Work
11Discuss the following questions before reading the text.

Are there many immigrants in your country?
Do many people emigrate from your country?
What factors cause people to go and live in another country?
What do they expect to find?
What attitudes do they encounter and what treatment do they
receive?
How do they view their homeland?
Little Has Changed on the Streets of London
The number of people emigrating from Ireland is currently
estimated at 30,000 annually. There is no doubt that the bulk of
young Irish emigrants end up in London. And while some of their
problems are unique to this generation, many of them work in the
same jobs and live in the same conditions as endless previous
generations of emigrants to Britain.
While some Irish take their degrees to London and use them to
get jobs in the burgeoning service industry, for many others who
left school in their teens and experienced months, if not years, of
15
unemployment their second act on reaching London is to sign on for

social welfare. Their first, and most difficult, is finding somewhere
to live.
Social welfare benefits, when they include a rent allowance,
are better in England. For a young unemployed man or woman,
living at home with little or no unemployment assistance in Ireland,
this can seem an attractive proposition, offering independence, a
subsistence income and at least the hope of a job in a city where
unemployment, while real, is a lot lower than in Ireland. Many
young Irish emigrants go straight on the dole when they arrive in
England. Some find jobs fairly quickly, others remain on the dole
for months.
Andrew Fox is living on the dole, and is also in receipt of
housing benefit. And he is living in relative comfort, as he's staying
in Conway House, the hostel for young Irish men run by the
Catholic Church in Kilburn. This costs 50 a week for bed and
breakfast, and all the young men there spoke glowingly of the
facilities it offers and the welcome they receive from staff. There
was a 300 per cent increase in demand for places in this hostel in the
first six months of last year.
But those who get into Conway House are the lucky ones
and there is a six month time limit on residence there. It has a
capacity for just 300, a drop in the ocean, and thousands of young
Irish emigrants live in squats across north London. The squats are
empty houses, many of them owned by the local council. They may
be being prepared for sale into the private sector. Sometimes the
council boards up the windows or removes the stairs, and the
electricity is usually cut off. The conditions vary widely in the
squats, from those in houses which are in good condition and where
the illegal tenants are painters and decorators and do the place up, to
those in bad repair where the squatters live on mattresses on the
floors in rooms lit only by candles. If they reconnect the
electricity they face arrest and charges for stealing it.
Jobs are easier to come by than homes. But many of the
jobs involve hard work, long hours and no security or protection.
This is particularly true in the building trade. London is
experiencing a building boom and many of the subcontractors
16
are Irish. Like in the 1950's, there are queues of young men outside
the Irish pubs and cafes at 5.30 on Monday mornings, waiting to be
driven to a site maybe miles away. Often there are hundreds of
young Irish men and even if they do get work they rarely get back
before 7 p.m. Wages are paid cash in hand. The men are not taxed
and while they don't tell the contractor they are signing on, he
doesn't ask either. And if they no are injured, they are not insured.
Sister Joan Kane of the Haringey Irish Community Centre
deals with the homeless many of them single men who have
worked on the buildings all their lives. 'Some of the men in their
forties coming in here worked very, very hard on the casual
labouring scene. Then they got injured one day doing very heavy
work. Now they're on the rootless scene. The casual scene is still
going strong. The thing is, it's Irish employers exploiting Irish
people. It's very degrading too, if you're passed over.'
Loneliness as well as the need for practical help ensures that
many Irish people stick together. One of the subjects discussed at a
seminar on emigration in Kilburn was the trauma experienced by
Irish emigrants, revealed in statistics which showed a
disproportionately high number of Irish admissions to mental
hospitals. One of the reasons for the sense of alienation was the sense
of being foreigners in England and the hostility they experienced
from many sections of the media and the police. Those who leave
the country voluntarily are more likely to adapt well than those, in
the majority, forced to do so out of economic necessity. Most of
those who attended the seminar in Kilburn were in no doubt about
the category they belonged to. 'I love Ireland', says Andrew Fox. 'I
wouldn't have left it, only there was no work there.'
The Irish Times
12 Find English equivalents to the following wordcombination:

-
17

13 Explain the meaning of the following phrasal verbs and
provide your own sentences.
1. end up in London
to be in a particular place after doing
something: Somehow they all ended up at my house. Keep on
doing that and you'll end up in serious trouble.
2. sign on
3. cut off .
4. do up ...
5. come by ..
6. passed over ..
14 Answer the following questions:

1. How many people from Ireland emigrate to GB and
where do most of them settle down? Is it unusual for Great Britain?
2. Why do the emigrants have to sign on for social welfare?
Why do they prefer living on the dole in GB to staying in Ireland?
What does it offer? How long do immigrants stay on the dole?
3. Can we call Andrew Fox a lucky young man? Why yes
or no?
4. Where do the majority of young Irish emigrants live?
What are the living conditions there? What dangers can they face?
5. What kind of jobs can the Irish emigrants find?
6. What dangers in their work do they face?
7. What does their job involve? What doesnt it involve?
8. How does the ordinary day of emigrants run?
9. What is so degrading about the system?
10. Why is the number of Irish admissions to mental
hospitals so high?
11. What are reasons for the sense of alienation?
12. What makes them stick together? Who is more likely to
adapt to the circumstances?
18
15 Summarize in 230 words significant facts about the life of

Irish immigrants in London.
THEME THREE
All Work and No Play
16 Discuss the following questions before reading the text:

Explain the meaning of the title.
Do you agree with the proverb "All work and no play makes Jack
a dull boy"? Why (not)?
What physical and mental effects has overwork been known to
have?
Do you agree that it's not always easy to draw the line between a
successful professional life and workaholism? Why (not)?
17 The following words and phrases appear in the passage. In

what context do you think they appear?
suicide
rewards and opportunities
financial independence
potentially damaging consequences
Work, Work, Work!
Stress, sleeplessness, depression, heart disease, shortness of
temper, memory loss, anxiety, marital breakdown, child
delinquency, the decline of local neighbourhoods, rudeness, suicide,
- a mere shortlist of some of the symptoms of the postmodern
malaise. The cause of all our woes? The prime suspect - work.
Wicked, wicked work. An avalanche of surveys, polls and expert
commentaries show that we all work too long, too hard; that our
bosses are beastly; that we are insecure and afraid. You know all this
stuff. We seem to be workers on the verge of a nervous breakdown.
So far, so bad. But there's plenty of good news about work, too even
if it is not always shared with the same enthusiasm as the 'Work is
Terrible' stories. Four out of ten UK workers declare themselves
'very satisfied' with their jobs, more than in France, Germany, Italy
or Spain.
19
Work has become our national obsession. Whether we are

damning the impact of work on our health, our families, our time, or
celebrating its new-found flexibility, rewards and opportunities, we
are talking, writing and thinking about work like never before. As
with so many obsessive relationships, the one with work is a lovehate one. Confusion reigns. Mixed messages are everywhere - on
the one hand, the government bangs on and on about the importance
of paid work, and then cautions about the impact of too much paid
work on families. Women celebrate the economic independence
work brings, then are made to feel guilty about their children.
Salaries go up, but few of us feel richer. We find a job we love and
so work long hours at it, and then feel that we are failing to get our
'work/life' balance right.
Why is work under the microscope? Why all the angst?
Perhaps because our work simply occupies a more important place
in our lives than it did. Maybe we care, and worry, more about work
for the same reason we care and worry so much about our children
or our health - because it is important to us. Men and (for the first
time in centuries) women are placing work closer to the centre of
their lives. And maybe that's no bad thing. The 'leisure society'
would probably have been a boring place in any case.
Our work fixation springs from a series of profound changes
in the nature of employment, all of which push work more deeply
into our individual lives, our families and our communities. Work
has become a more important element of our personal identity; we
have greater control and choice over the shape of our working lives;
women have entered and transformed the workplace; the nine-tofive has become more sociable; more of us want or need the
financial independence that a wage offers; and the economic
rewards of working have increased - work pays.
Work has become a more important personal identity tag,
replacing the three traditional indicators of our uniqueness - place,
faith and blood. As geographical roots have weakened, religious
affiliations have diminished and the extended family has dispersed,
how we spend our labouring hours has become a more important
window into our souls. This trend reflects and reinforces a desire for
work which brings personal fulfilment, for work we are proud of. If
20
work means not just income but identity, then the choice of job
becomes critical. This is why tobacco companies find it so hard to
hire people - to work for them would be to taint your own identity.
But the new salience of work has come with a price; fewer
people are able to feel secure; the need to keep pace with change is
tiring and stressful; white-collar workers are putting in longer hours
to try and keep a toehold - with 70 potentially damaging
consequences for the children; and the deification of work threatens
to push those who are outside the paid workforce further towards
the margins of society. This would not matter so much if work did
not matter so much. Not just in terms of income, but in terms of
identity. When work becomes more than simply a passport to a pay
cheque, when it opens the door to friends, purpose, satisfaction and
a place in the world, its absence is more keenly felt. Once we admit
the centrality of work to our lives, it might be harder to kid
ourselves that we are doing older employees a favour by 'letting
them go'.
But we dare not admit work's importance to us. We like to
moan about it, preferably with work colleagues just after work. One
publisher says: "I love my job, but I feel embarrassed even saying
that. My parents think it is sad that the only friends I've got are
through work - but I don't see the problem. Funnily enough, we've
got lots in common!" The love of your job is now the only one that
dare not speak its name. The idea of work as intrinsically bad has
poisoned us for too long. The poet and mystic Kahlil Gibran said
that work was "love made visible". Wouldn't it be great if we could
capture a bit of that spirit, even if just for a while?
18 Look at the following words and try to explain them.

child delinquency malaise, avalanche
obsession
bang on and on
fixation, nine-to-five
affiliations
window into our souls
salience
keep a toehold
deification
margins to kid oneself
intrinsically
19
Find synonyms for the following words.
21
woe
wicked
reign
caution
angst
20
Answer the following questions:

1. Why does the writer define work as the postmodern
malaise? Explain that word combination.
2. What are the inevitable consequences of it?
3. What are our relationships with work?
4. What does the writer mean by the phrase mixed messages?
5. Explain in your own words what the writer means by under
the microscope.
6. What is the origin of our work obsession?
7. In what way changes in the nature on employment contributed
to the changes in our attitude to work?
8. Explain in your own words what the writer means by an
important personal identity tag?
9. In the fifth paragraph, what does the writer imply about
attitudes to work in the past?
10.
In what way has the approach to work changed?
11.
What new significance is attached to work?
12.
In the final paragraph, why might the speakers parents
think it was sad that the he only made friends through work?
13.
What purpose do you think the writer hoped to achieve
when writing this article? Has he/she succeeded?
21 Answer the questions in a summarised way (one sentence).

1. What does the writer imply in the first paragraph?
2. What point does the writer make in the second
paragraph?
3. How does the writer answer the question why is work
under the microscope in the third paragraph?
4. What is the function of the fourth paragraph?
5. What does the writer say in talking about jobs we
choose?
22
6. What happen to people who lose their jobs? (According

to the article)
7.
What do we understand from the article as a whole?
(Start: We understand the writer believes )
22 Write seven sentences (according to the number of
paragraphs) summing up the contents of each paragraph.
LANGUAGE FOCUS
Giving and Reacting to Surprising News
23 Below are boxes which contain useful language for giving
and reacting to surprising news.
Introducing a Piece of News
Youll never believe this
Did you hear about ?
Youll never guess who
Have you heard that/about?
Expressing surprise
Good heavens! / Goodness!
Indeed? Really?
You can't expect me to believe that.
Are you serious? / Youre joking!
Are you having me on?
Youve got to be kidding!
Encouraging Somebody to Continue
Can you explain in more detail, please?
Go on / Im all ears.
And then what?
In pairs, use language from the boxes and follow the outline to
act out dialogues about the situations described below.
23
Your girl friend / boy friend has won $100,000 in a lottery.

A mutual acquaintance of yours is getting married to a famous
film star.
You are working in a big export-import company. Your boss had
decided to give a big pay rise.
A boy you havent seen since leaving school has announced that
he is going to run for Parliament.
You ran into an old school friend who told you an astonishing
piece of news.
Share your own piece of news with your friend.
Speaker A Greet Speaker B
Speaker B Return greeting, introduce news
Speaker A Encourage B to continue
Speaker B Give more information
Speaker A express surprise
Speaker B Finish the news
A: Hi, Jenny.
B: Oh, hi, Bob. Listen, youll never guess what scandal the
Fedders are involved in.
A: Im all ears
B: Well, Charlotte tells me that she is going to divorce John.
A: Are you serious?
B: Absolutely! She has already filed for the divorce.
TALKING POINTS
24 Do you think the workplace is becoming more
competitive? Why?
What would you value most in the workplace?
Rank the following in order of importance. Explain the choice.
24
approachable employer
comfortable working environment
sense of being part of the business
financial rewards for high productivity
flexible working hours
good remuneration
opportunity to progress
opportunity for personal development
A good working environment is very important, as it is difficult to be

productive in a dirty and noisy environment. A worker only can
benefit from healthy environment.
25 Discuss the following proverbs and quotations. Paraphrase
them, say if you agree or not, and explain why.

The early bird catches the worm.
He that will not work shall not eat.
Work is life, you know, and without it, theres nothing but fear
and insecurity. John Lennon (British songwriter & singer)
Find job you like and you add five days to every week.
Jackson Brown
VOCABULARY of the UNIT
26 A
Study the meanings of the words. Provide Russian

equivalents. Translate the examples.
Welfare n the money that is paid by the government to people

without jobs; to live/be on welfare means you depend on the
welfare system for money to live; to sign on for social welfare to
apply for state-financed social services, e.g. health, insurance,
pensions
Benefit n the money that people receive from the government if
they have no job, do not earn a lot, or are sick
25
housing benefit regular payments towards your rent

unemployment benefit regular payments to people who do
not have a job; sick(ness) benefit
fringe benefits apart from the salary, employers may offer
extra things, such as a company car, bonus schemes, free health
insurance, holiday pay, free food
to be in receipt of benefit
Allowance n 1. an amount of money that someone receives
regularly, which they do not earn by working rent allowance
2. Am a small amount of money that children receive from their
parents every week
Bonus n money added to smbs pay; Lis earned a $500 bonus for
being the best salesperson of the year.
Dole n money that is given by the government to people who are
unemployed; Unemployment benefit or jobless benefit is also
called, informally
the dole
to go/be on the dole- receive/begin to receive such
payments
Proceeds n money gained from the sale of smth; the proceeds of
the book
Metropolis (the) n a chief city of the capital city of a country; an
important centre of a particular activity: a business metropolis
Accommodation n a place to live or work in; house, flat, hotel,
etc. to accommodate
Shanty town n an area, esp. outside a large city, where many poor
people have built temporary huts and shanties
Slum n an area or street of dirty, crowded houses; a slum
clearance campaign
Squat vt
settle on land without permission; occupy empty
(derelict) buildings without authority. Squatter person who takes
unauthorized possession of unoccupied premises
Ghetto n a part of the city where people mostly of one race, class,
or group live
The sticks n a country area far from modern life
Outskirts n the outer areas: on the outskirts of Paris
26
Emigrate, immigrate v People who emigrate are emigrants from

the country that they leave, and their action is called emigration;
but from the point of view of the country they enter, the same
people are immigrants, and their action is called immigration.
Alien n foreigner, smb who belongs to another country, race alien
adj (to smb, from smth) foreign; an alien environment, differing in
nature or character: This concept is totally alien to her. These
principles are alien from our religion.
alienation n estrangement; the sense of alienation
Subsistence n the ability to live with little money or food
subsistence level; to live at ~ level a very poor standard of
living, which only provide those things which are absolutely
necessary and nothing more
a bare subsistence wage; subsistence income; means of
subsistence
High-flyer n smb who is extremely successful in their job
high-flying adj ambitious
Achiever/ High achiever n smb who is determined, successful,
who works hard
High-powered (jobs) adj showing great ability, force, power
Emulate v try to do as well as or better than; to emulate the best;
emulation; in a spirit of emulation; in emulation of each other
Allure v to attract or charm by the offer of something pleasant; to
tempt; allure n alluring adj The job offers alluring opportunities
Veneer n (fig) surface appearance which hides the unpleasant
reality; He was able to fool the world with his veneer of education.
veneer of respectability; put a veneer on
Adapt v to make or become suitable for new needs or different
conditions
Batter v strike hard and often; The heavy waves battered the ship
to pieces.
Enhance v to increase in strength or amount; Good secretarial
skills should enhance your chances of getting a job.
27
Commute (between from, to) v to travel regularly a long distance

between ones home and work, by train or car; commuter
Keep ones wits (about) to be ready to think quickly and act
sensibly according to what may happen
B
Find synonyms and synonymous expressions to the
words in bold type. Provide Russian equivalents to the words
and words combinations. Translate the sentences.
RUN
1. The hostel was run by the Catholic Church. 2. The road runs
along the river bank. 3. The licence runs for a year. 4. The Sunday
Times ran a story about the discovery of Shakespeares diaries. 5.
I dont remember how the rest of Hamlets speech runs. 6.Our food
soon ran out. 7. Im running out of patience. 8. Itll be cheaper in
the long run to use real leather because it will last longer.
MODEL:
1. The hostel was run by the Catholic Church.
1 to control (an organization or system); be in charge of and cause
to work
2 , , (, )
2. The road runs along the river bank.
3 To travel as arranged; ( , )
3. The licence runs for a year.
4 To have official force during a period of time; remain valid
5
4. The Sunday Times ran a story about the discovery of
Shakespeares diaries.
6 To print; ,
5. I dont remember how the rest of Hamlets speech runs.
to continue
6. Our food soon ran out.
7 to come to an end; to use all ones supply; have no more;
, ;
7. Im running out of patience.
8 To lose patience
8. Itll be cheaper in the long run to use real leather because it will
28
last longer
In the end; after a long period; ,
CONTRIBUTE, CONTRIBUTION
1. The older children contributed their money to the household. 2.
She didnt contribute anything to the discussion. 3. She regularly
contributes to the college magazine. 4. Speed is a contributing
cause in many road accidents. 5. He has made an important
contribution to the companys success.
Words frequently used with contribution: great, huge, important,
major, outstanding, significant, valuable
GAIN
1. What have you gained by moving to a metropolis? 2. I think he
is gaining weight. 3. The peoples Party is gaining ground in the
country. 4. Ones gains and losses are not always to be measured in
terms of money. 5. No pains, no gains.
Words frequently used with gain: confidence, experience, ideas,
information, knowledge, popularity, recognition, understanding
INVOLVE, INVOLVEMENT
1. Dont involve other people in your mad schemes. 2. Many of the
jobs involve hard work, long hours and no security. 3. The accident
involved a bus and a truck.
4. Sixty-two immigrants were
involved in squatting. 5. Our involvement with (in) this project
started way back in 1989. 6. The boy caught red-handed gave a long
and involved explanation.
Words frequently used with involvement: require, support, welcome
EXPERIENCE
1. London is experiencing a building boom. 2. Some Irish
experienced months of unemployment. 3. Emigrants experienced
29
the hostility from some sections of the media. 4. No one has gained
experience by being idle.
CAUSE
1. This story caused such a stir in America. 2. This car caused me
a lot of trouble. 3. They believe inflation is caused by big wage
increases. 4. He is the cause of all my unhappiness. 5. His
departure was cause for celebration in the village. 6. Joe's father
had good cause to be proud of him. 7. Please give as much as you
can: it's for a very worthy cause. 8. An injury to the goalkeeper
caused him to limp off after ten minutes.
Words frequently used with cause: alarm, concern, confusion,
damage, distress, embarrassment, harm, problem, trouble
SHARE
1. I share this flat with five other people. 2. He shared my opinion
that the matter needs a re-think. 3. He has no right to a share in
profits. 4. Jane accepted her share of blame. 5. The scheme allows
employees to buy shares in the company.
SPOT
1. We found him sitting in a sunny spot in the garden. 2. The flower
is yellow with red spots. 3. I did a spot of reading last night. 4. She
was caught jaywalking and fined on the spot. 5. We had a spot of
trouble with the police. 6. A cool glass of beer would really hit the
spot. 7. He put me on the spot, when he refused to give a lecture.
8. I spotted the difficulty at once. 9. The boys were spotted buying
alcohol. 10. He has a spotless reputation. 11. Can a leopard lose his
spots?
PACE
1. The pace of life in the village is slow and easy. 2. The course
allows the students to progress at their own pace. 3. We proceeded
at a brisk pace down the corridor. 4. The government is not
30
allowing salaries to keep pace with inflation. 5. He paced up and

down between the kitchen and the living-room.
27
Translate into Russian.

1. The bus company runs a regular airport shuttle service.
2. I ran the dishwasher even though it wasn't full.
3. Davis didn't contribute much to the game in the second
half.
4. We asked parents for a contribution towards the cost of
the trip.
5. Her theories have only recently gained acceptance.
6. He is not the sort of guy you want to get involved with.
7. Sales were so good that even with 24 hour shifts we
could hardly keep pace with demand.
8. A spot of bother was as good as certain.
9. Money has always been a sore spot in our relationship.
10. This must be a nice spot to live.
11. When the interviewer put Dan on the spot he panicked
and couldn't think of anything to say.
12. Do you mind sharing a table?
28
For each of the sentences below, rewrite a new sentence as

similar as possible in the meaning to the original sentence.
Use Vocabulary of the Unit. There may be more than one
variant.
1. I dont mind paying something towards Samanthas

wedding present.
2. Air-conditioning, individual desks and lots of space all
play a part in a healthy working atmosphere.
3. He felt he didn't have much to say in the discussion.
4. His company gave a considerable sum of money to the
campaign fund.
5. Heart disease was responsible for most deaths. cause
6. Its not a good idea to upset the boss.
31
7. The officer in charge of the investigation has refused to

talk to the press.
8. Im afraid we cant accept your credit card it expired
last week.
9. Before we publish this story I want you to double-check
all the facts.
10. What do you expect to get out of your stay in Canada?
11. We should act immediately. Waiting is a useless thing.
12. Groups such as Acid Banana get more and more
admiration similar to a cult.
13. Some element of risk is an integral part of most research
and development projects.
14. The accident took place yesterday. Sixty-two vehicles
were damaged.
15. The goal is to encourage workers to participate in
decision-making process.
16. There is no evidence that he took part in the bombing.
17. It took him a long time to acquire the skills he needed to
become professional artist.
18. Suddenly something has caught his eye.
19. The reporters were on the scene within five minutes of
the plane crash.
20. There is still some time left, we can do some shopping
and sightseeing.
21. Bad weather made thing more difficult for us.
22. Any workers found breaking the rules will be sacked
immediately.
23. You and I are equally responsible for tolerating their
negligence.
24. 30 different environmental organizations will receive
equal sums of money, provided by the fund.
25. These problems are common to all modern societies.
29 Fill in gain, cause, contribution, contribute, involved,

experience, pace, spot, alluring then make sentences.
1.
gain in popularity
Small cars gain in popularity as
petrol prices have risen.
32
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
.. for concern
make a valuable .
. widespread damage
a long . explanation
articles
. ground
. hospitality
keep ..
a of trouble
opportunities
30 Translate into English using Vocabulary (pay attention to

ways of expressing meanings of the active words in Russian):
Run
1. ?
2.
?
3. ;
, , .
4. ,
.
5.
80 .
6. , ,
.
7. .
Contribute
8. ,
.
9.
.
10.
.
11. ,
.
33
12.
.
13. .
Gain
14. ,
.
15.
.
16.
.
Involve
17. .
18. .
19. ,
.
20. .
21.
.
Experience
22. ,
.
23. .
24. , .
Cause
25. ,
.
26. .
27. ,
.
28. , .
Share
29. , ,
.
30.
.
31. ,
.
34
32. .
Spot
33. ?
34. .
35.
.
36.
-.
31 Explain the word-combinations according to the model or

in the situation of your own:
Model: If you are culturally minded, you are keen on museums,
cinemas, theatres, concerts.
absent-minded .
broad-minded
narrow-minded
open-minded
single-minded ..
computer-minded .
32 Put the passages into English using Vocabulary of the Unit

(make use of different vocabulary and grammar patterns):
1.
. .
. .

.
MODEL:
He was able to fool the world with the veneer of education.
There was no point in emulating him. /To emulate him was useless./
It was not an easy task to emulate him.
The moral principles of this high-flier were alien to me. / His
morality of high-achiever was alien from my moral principles.
35
It was easy for him to adapt to any circumstances and survive in

any environment. / Survival in any environment and adaptation
to any conditions were his strong points.
2. , ,
.
,

(child abuse).
3. ,

.
4. , ,
, ,
.
, ,
, .
, ,
.
.
33 Put the following text into English in 250-300 words.

-

.
, ,
, ,
?
, ,
, ! , .
:
. ,
,
, .
36
, .
, .
, .
, .
: ,
?, .
.

.
. ,
, , ,
. .
,
, - .
.
, .
,
, ? ,
.
, , .
!
,
.
, .
,
.
: - , ,
, .
, ,
, . ? -
, , ,
, . , , ,
. , ,
.
- , .
" ,
, - .
37
? , . .
, , .
, , - . ,
, ".
UNIT TWO
LIVING DANGEROUSLY
LEAD-IN
1
a Discuss the following questions.
Which of the problems/benefits would you associate with

each of the following occupations? In what situations?
Who will pay high premiums?
What might rewards and advantages include?

surgeon
airline pilot
construction worker
school bus driver
football manager
newspaper
reporter
solicitor
war correspondent
investment consultant
army officer
Surgeons have quite high social status; however, they are
under a lot of stress, which is caused by the responsibility they bear,
since the lives of their patients are in their hands.
b What do the following proverbs imply? Do you agree
with them?
One cannot be too careful.
Look before you leap!
Forewarned is forearmed.

given.
tossed
peril
daredevil
playing chicken
accept the consequences
lucky charm
thrill
38
life and limb

drew straws
endangered
death toll
jeopardy
take a chance
claims
risk
challenge
hazardous
1. The priest asked us to pray for those in on the

sea.
2. The weather looks bad, but I think we'll and go
for the summit,' said Chris.
3. Steeplejacks risk...........every working day.
4. On the day that he crashed, Michael had forgotten to take his
. a rabbit's foot - with him.
5. The accident on the railway line happened when the children
were , daring each other to cross in front of the
train.
6. EARTHQUAKE..............SIXTY LIVES.
7. HUNGERFORD MASSACRE: .. 16.
8. Cars can be parked here at the owners' .
9. Deep-sea fishing is an extremely occupation.
10..............................The bull the matador into the air before
goring him.
11.
The future of the race is in if the safety
record does not improve.
12.
The men who rode the motor bikes on the 'Wall of Death'
called themselves the Riders'.
13.
The negligence of the captain the lives of
the passengers and crew.
14.
Speaking from his hospital bed, Nigel said that those,
like himself, who engage in dangerous sports just had to
when things went wrong.
15.
Gerald found the of driving at high speed
completely irresistible.
16.
The expedition will set out tomorrow, to face the
of climbing the last unconquered peak in the
Himalayas.
17.
The survivors .. to decide who should
go in search of help.
39
Explain the following words and phrases and answer the

questions:
play chicken
toss a coin
routine
heedless
lull
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
sheer folly
notwithstanding
What makes people expose themselves to danger?

Have you ever done anything at your peril?
What are the perils of the ocean? Sea? Storms?
Do you have your good-luck charm? What can be regarded as
good-luck charm?
What hazardous occupations can you name?
In what situations do people usually draw straws or toss a
coin?
In what situation could you use the statement He endangered
his chances of success?
What kind of film, book or incident can thrill the audience/
people?
Complete the text using the words and phrases given.
warning
chances run
heedless foreseen
safety-conscious
odds
security
hazardous
numbed
precautions sheer folly
relatively
mistaken belief
charmed life
peace of mind
safety records
Taking Risks
Statistics prove that the ............................ (1) of having a
serious accident in your own home or car are .............................. (2)
high.
However,
people's
perception
of
the
risks
they ........................... (3) while engaged in everyday activities is
quite low, and this often leads to inexplicable acts
of ..............................(4). 'Familiarity breeds contempt', as the
saying goes. People have been known to search for a gas leak using
a candle for illumination, for example, or to hold their babies on
40
their laps in the front seat of cars, instead of securing them safely in
the rear seat, in the ........................... (5) that they can protect them
in the event of a collision. The familiarity of the surroundings lulls
people into a false sense of .................. (6), often to such an
extent that they do not allow even obvious danger signals to disturb
their ........................... (7).'I never thought it would happen to me,' is
the refrain of those surprised by dangers that could have
been ........................... (8) and avoided. However, when it comes to
travel by air or train, people are often extremely anxious about the
potential dangers, despite the fact that airlines and railways have
excellent ........................... (9), notwithstanding the occasional
spectacular crash. The fixed routines necessary for the safe
operation of transport systems carry their own dangers, however. It
can happen that drivers and pilots, their brains ........................... (10)
by the monotony of repetitive tasks, fail to take notice
of .......................... (11) lights and signals.
Occasionally, someone, so .............................. (12) of his own
safety, so desperate for thrills, or so convinced that he bears
a(n) ............................ (13), will play such deadly games as Russian
Roulette, in which even if the .......................... (14) are six to one,
the consequences can be fatal. Such games, whether prompted by
bravado or a sort of death wish, cannot be compared with
unavoidably ......................... (15) activities such as mountainclimbing and deep-sea diving where taking .............................. (16),
not risks, is uppermost in the minds of the participants. The main
danger to us all lies in the unexpected accidents of everyday life and
it is therefore essential to be alert and .......................... (17) while at
home or work.
a. Answer the following questions:
1. Where does peoples low perception of the risk lead to?
2. How could you explain the saying Familiarity breeds
contempt? Provide examples. How could you express the
idea of the saying in Russian.
3. Why do people ignore obvious danger signals? What are they?
4. What could actually disturb peoples peace of mind, make
41
them alert?
5. What might people feel when it comes to travel by plane or
train? What could drive away their anxiety?
6. Why are fixed routines potentially dangerous?
7. What make people play such deadly games as Russian
Roulette?
8. What are the rules of the game Russian Roulette?
9. What activities cannot avoid hazards?
10.
Why cannot such games as Russian Roulette be
compared with mountain-climbing or deep-sea diving?
11.
What two points concerning risk in our everyday life
should be kept in mind?
6 Discuss the following questions:

Do you heed a warning or are you heedless of your safety,
desperate for thrill? In what situation are people usually
heedful of safety?
In what way one can foresee danger? Is a man capable of
avoiding it?
THEME ONE
Driving into Danger
Motorcycle races (known as TT Tourist Trophy races) are

held annually on the ordinary roads of the Isle of Man, an island
situated between England and Ireland.
Before reading the text discuss the following questions.
What international rallies or motor races do you know, or

have you heard of?
Why do you think people want to race motor bikes? And

why do people want to watch such races?
Can motor racing be considered as a challenge? A

challenge to what?
42

What precautions should be taken to minimize the risk
and danger?
Do you think that there are any sports more dangerous

than motor-cycle racing?
Do these events really claim lives or can it be avoided?

In what way?
Death Race
The 1977 TT was freaky. No one was killed. The organisers
and supporters were jubilant: you see, they said, it's not really
dangerous at all, and those who say otherwise are just spoilsports
who don't understand the freedom of the individual. In 1978 five
were killed, which came close to the record, and last year two more
died, which was about average.
The Isle of Man TT is as blood-stained as any sporting event
this side of the Roman circus. No one, evidently, has bothered to
keep an account of the lives claimed by the two annual events held
on the course, but it is probably very little short of two hundred. The
cases of permanent brain damage, paralysis, and the loss of the use
of arms, eyes and legs will amount to several hundred more.
Notwithstanding its self-induced obscurity, the public is
aware, by now, that the TT is dangerous and probably that it is more
dangerous than most other racing events. What it does not know is
that the TT is merely the extreme expression of an approach so to
safety that at times is little short of anarchic. Already this year,
perhaps two dozen people have died in motor-cycle sport around the
world. Not because it is inherently dangerous (which certainly it is)
but because the participants are exposed to insane levels of
unnecessary danger. Furthermore, the rules governing medical
provision are astoundingly inadequate.
What has happened in motorcycle racing, for complex
historical and psychological reasons, is that power and
responsibility have been almost entirely polarised between riders
and organisers. The riders, in spite of repeated and strenuous and
43
indeed rebellious attempts to acquire power, have been firmly

repressed and find that if they ride at all, they ride on the organisers'
terms.
On the other hand, they are assumed, since they take part of
their own free will in a dangerous sport, to bear all the consequences
of their actions. It is out of this that the anarchy arises. When men
and women die, there is no visible investigation, no recrimination,
no attempt to apportion blame, or to effect compensation, even
when there has been self-evident neglect on the part of the
organisers (except in Italy, where the laws of criminal negligence
apply). This is so in spite of the fact that large sums of money are
made out of motor-cycle racing, and perhaps, indeed, because of it.
A recent incident illustrates the way this moral side-step
works. It concerns a quiet Geordie side-car racer, Mac Hobson, and
his young passenger, Kenny Birch. During TT practice week in
1978, the word spread quickly that a bump at the top of Bray Hill
was causing a lot of excitement. Solos were shaking as they hit it,
but side-cars, which have a natural tendency to turn around their
side-car wheels, were going sideways, skating and slithering down
the road at maybe 130 meters per hour. Everyone knows what
happens when a motor cycle changes direction at the bottom of Bray
Hill at 150 m.p.h.; but it was something new to have such antics at
the top.
The bump was a new pipeline, complete with manhole cover,
which had been laid by the Manx authorities during the previous
winter. The inspection committee of the Auto-Cycle Union (the
governing body of British motor-cycle sport, as well as the
organiser of the TT) had seen the bump and asked for its removal.
Come practice week, it was still there; practice began.
The ACU worried about the bump. They drew a yellow circle
round the manhole, and a long yellow line back towards the
oncoming racing traffic. They issued a circular, drawing attention to
the new hazard. Side-cars, by that time, were slowing down for no
the bump and avoiding the manhole cover. Then came the race.
Hobson and Birch headed for the bump for the first time under
racing conditions. Under full acceleration, at a peak of adrenalin,
they had probably forgotten all about it. There was no slowing down
44
and no room to avoid it. When their outfit left the ground, it turned
in the air, bounced on the road, turned again and smashed into a
garden wall. Seconds later, Ernst Trachsel, a Swiss competitor, flew
through the wreckage. At the bottom of the hill, he too crashed and
died. The race was not stopped, even for the purpose of hosing
down the road. The press officer soon arrived to announce that there
had been an accident, that the ACU would not issue a statement
since they didn't know enough about it, but that it definitely had
nothing to do with the bump in the road. Advised to produce a
statement forthwith, he came back with the ACU's comment that
they were sorry about Mac Hobson, Kenny Birch, and Ernst
Trachsel, but that what happened was "part and parcel of a speed
sport'. Not even the supporters of the event had expected such
callousness. Someone had built a bump into the most critical point
on the TT course and a disgusting fatal accident had ensued. But
there was no blame, no recrimination, certainly no compensation.
The responsibility was assumed to be entirely Hobson's. They have
an expression for this: The throttle goes both ways, they say, and:
'Nobody made him race.'
Perhaps the most striking thing about the TT is that we allow it
to take place at all. It does not seem entirely compatible with the
standards of a civilised community. An Italian journalist recently put
it harshly, but fairly, as follows:
'The British are hard to understand. They care about animals
and the preservation of endangered species. They hate bullfights
because they are uncivilised, but they tolerate the TT. Let me say
that it seems to me that the only difference between the TT and a
bullfight is that nobody cuts off the ears of fallen riders and presents
them to the clerk of the course.'
Barry Coleman, The Guardian
Find English
combinations.
equivalents
to
the
following
word

45
,

-

9 Find a word or phrase in the text, in context, is similar in

meaning to:
Paragraph 1 strange and unusual
overjoyed
people who ruin others enjoyment
Paragraph 2 taken the trouble
nearly
Paragraph 3 despite only
without order
astonishingly
Paragraph 4 energetic kept down
Paragraph 5 mutual accusations
Paragraph 6 sliding out of control
fun and games
Paragraph 9 immediately cruel insensitivity
Paragraph 10 remarkable
severely

1. Why were organizers and supporters of the TT races jubilant
in 1977?
2. What people are called spoilsports? Why? What enjoyment
do they ruin?
3. What moments of clarity do even dedicated participants have
about the statistics?
4. What is the total number of riders who have been killed in TT
races?
5. Why is the writer not sure of the exact number of lives
claimed by races?
6. What is the place called where races are held?
7. What injuries do participants suffer?
8. What, in the writers view, is the main reason for the high
death rate in motor-cycle sport?
46
9. To what extent are the riders able to influence the organization

of the race?
10.
Have the participants made any attempts to change the
situation? What was the outcome?
11.
Why do participants have to bear all the consequences?
12.
What measures do the authority take in case of smbs
death?
13.
Why did Hobson and Birch have an accident?
14.
Was the accident with Hobson and Birch fatal? What
happened to them?
15.
What was the ACUs explanation of the accident?
16.
What measures were taken by the ACU?
17.
What does the word callousness refer to?
18.
What is meant by throttle goes both ways?
19.
Why does the writer challenge the idea of the races?
20.
The TT races are compared, in different parts of the text,
to two other forms of sport and entertainment. What are they?
11 Summarise in 100-120 words the writers general

criticisms of motor-cycle racing.
THEME TWO
All Part of the Job
12 Before reading the text discuss the following questions.

What are the risks doctors encounter in carrying out their
work?
What precautions should doctors take to minimise the risks?
What are the challenges in a doctors profession?
What distinguished doctors do you know? Did they expose
themselves to any risks, danger?
What statements or circulars do medical authorities issue? In
what cases?
47
Hazard at Work
I was nearly killed on Boxing Day. My job nearly got me
killed. To start with, it was not a serious incident: one car off the
road and 5 two very shocked but not terribly injured passengers. I
was giving assistance that is my job: rural GPs are often called out
to traffic accidents because they can sometimes get there first and
often help the ambulance crews prepare patients for a long journey
to hospital.
The next car down the road changed it all. I saw it coming and
had time to think: surely it will stop. I remember the noise as it hit
me. No pain at this stage. I was tossed across the road and
scrambled up on to the verge. Straightaway I knew that my leg was
broken. Well, that's my job too. Still no pain. I didn't want to die,
that was my foremost thought. I didn't want to die here on the
roadside, so I worried about bleeding to death, about internal
injuries or an unsuspected head injury. I waited for the signs of
shock and tried not to pass out.
The scene was now full of shouting and crying. No one
seemed to notice me. The village bobby arrived on cue. Sure my leg
was broken, but I wasn't going to die. Now it hurt.
'Burn out' sums up how anyone in a caring profession can end
up responding to chronic job-related stress by loss of concern and
complete withdrawal from their work. GPs are not immune. Well, I
suffered a flash out. Nothing chronic about this stress. Suddenly,
lying there on the roadside with a smashed-up leg, it didn't seem
worth it any more.
That was three months ago. I'm still only mobile with
crutches. The practice has carried on without me - which is how it
should be, for no one is indispensable in a good system. I don't need
to be a doctor for a while. My patients kindly showed their concern
and wished me well while they took their problems to the locum.
Because I have spent nearly nine years working often in
excess of a hundred hours a week, everyone assumes my enforced
idleness to be a heavy burden. It isn't. I'm more concerned that I'm
not missing my work and that I'm certainly not bored. Does this
mean that I don't need to be the doctor permanently?
48
I know why I like being a GP. I live in a good place and I work
for myself. I'm responsible only to my patients, myself and my
partner. It is probably useful. It involves practising a set of skills
that could never be perfected and so is always a challenge. My staff
and local colleagues are good company. It pays well. I get home for
lunch every day.
The more nebulous rewards, so the sort of things many nondoctors think we do it for - like being in a position to 'help people' tend to be counter-balanced by the reasons I don't like the job. I get
used. I have to try to help with problems that should never have
come my way, to which the solutions are invariably political and not
medical. I cannot prescribe jobs or better houses or better
relationships. I can try to be supportive, but just a few patients can
create a mountain of hassles. I'm sometimes over-committed and
frequently over-tired. Stress is an everyday problem. My job nearly
got me killed.
Three days after I was admitted to hospital my wife went into
a different hospital and had our second baby. It is impossible for me
to express how unhappy my unforeseen absence made me. I couldn't
decide whether to blame the accident (but accidents happen) or my
job (but no job is without risk) or just to assume no blame.
Well, the balance remains tipped. Despite the apparent no
usefulness of being a GP and the satisfaction it gives me, I have
discovered that the only certain reason I do it is for my family.
Along with paying the mortgage, it allows us to live how and where
we like.
Everyone in a caring profession knows that if they do not
ration their caring they can end up emotionally and intellectually
burnt out. They separate themselves from their families by giving
too much. I suppose I'm still bitter because there are few precautions
I could take to avoid the way I was almost permanently separated
from my family - and at such an important time. My resolve has
been questioned. Do I need to be a doctor? The jury is still out.
Stephen Singleton, The Guardian
13 Find Russian equivalents to the following wordcombinations:

49
14 Explain the meaning of these words and phrases from the

text.
Boxing Day rural GPs
burn out
flash out
the more nebulous rewards
a mountain of hassles
paying the mortgage
The village bobby arrived on cue

the locum
I get used
the balance remained tipped
the jury is still out

1. Why are rural GPs often called out to traffic accidents?
2. What account of the accident which had involved him did the
writer give?
3. How does a doctor respond to chronic job-related stress?
4. How do the writers patients do without him?
5. What does everyone assume about his enforced idleness?
Why?
6. What really positive reasons does the writer find for being a
doctor?
7. What reasons counter-balance good points?
8. In what way do patients take advantage of him? What
problems come his way?
9. Is there anyone/anything to blame for his present situation?
10.
What is the certain reason discovered by the writer to be
a GP?
11.
Why is it necessary for doctors and nurses to limit
emotional involvement in their work?
50
12.
Why might the writer decide to give up being a doctor in
the future?
16 Summarise in 100-150 words the rewards and losses in a

caring profession.
THEME THREE
High Risk
17 Before reading the text discuss the following questions.

What forms of gambling are popular in our country?
Are there any restrictions on gambling?
To be on the wire is life the rest is waiting (Karl Wallenda,
high wire artist)
Are We Gamblers?
We all take risks every day of our lives. Driving to work,
catching an aeroplane, even crossing the road. These sorts of risk
are qualified by actuaries and covered by insurance policies. The
insurance company, working on the past record of many hundreds of
thousands of instances, calculates the probability of a particular
accident befalling the individual seeking cover and sets the
premium for the policy accordingly, plus a healthy margin to take
care of its operating costs and profits. Exactly as the casinos do. But
whereas most prudent people would take out an insurance policy, as
a basic part of their game-plan for living, gamblers choose to take a
wholly unnecessary and avoidable risk. Seeking risk for its own
sake, as a diversion.
Part of the attraction, I feel sure, is the physical sensations
offered. Consider simply the case of someone like you or me,
planning to spend a night out at the casino. First comes the pleasure
of anticipation, thinking through the day about going out to gamble;
51
then perhaps comes the agreeable social pleasure of making

arrangements to meet friends, other gamblers; not forgetting the
important point of ensuring that you have the money to gamble.
That may well be a nervous-making element, especially if you can't
really afford it, or can't afford to lose; then comes the physical
sensation, the pitter-patter of excitement as you walk through the
doors of the casino, the sight and sound of action in the gamblingrooms ... twitches of nervous tension ... finally the see-saw
sensations of each coup, one after the other in rapid succession, as
the wheel spins or the dice roll or the cards fall; the exhilaration of
winning and the depression of losing.
The same sequence of sensations applies to any other kind of
bet, or, for that matter, an investment in the stock market. Currency
speculation, which I have tried, is much the best for round-the-clock
action: as soon as the market in London closes, the dealing starts up
in New York, and then moves to the Far East, and so back to
London again. All bets are essentially the same, it is the time scale
that's different. However this amalgam of sensations, of
anticipation, excitement and resolution, may be described, the
impact is in the body, physical.
Such feelings are not limited to gamblers. The same sort of
sensations, I suppose, are felt by glider pilots, racing drivers, deepsea divers, to name but three (operating as it were above, on and
below the level of everyday living). The difference is in the pay-off:
the thrill of trusting to the wind, speed around the track, piercing the
darkness of deep water. When you come to think about it, almost all
human activities carry an emotional charge, in varying degrees - the
actor going on stage, the politician at a public meeting, the salesman
trying to close a deal. In this sense gamblers are not so different.
The emotional charge is a common experience, known colloquially
as 'getting the adrenalin going'. There is one key difference, though,
which distinguishes the activity of gambling from gliding, racing,
diving and all the other things that people do when they are
enjoying themselves. In all these activities, the pilot, driver,
swimmer, or whoever, has trained or practised or worked out the
right and the wrong way of doing it, has been taught and tested at
some length how to perform and has, in sum, established that he or
52
she is in a position to carry through the action successfully. There

may be accidents - freak winds, oil on the track, oxygen failure - but
the chances are very strongly in their favour. In gambling it is
exactly the opposite! The odds are against the player and everyone
knows it. The risk is worse than fifty-fifty. Gamblers who manage to
get a fifty-fifty break count themselves lucky!
After all, you cannot win at gambling in the long run, and that
is the basic truth and the basic point about it. The very point that
makes the motive for gambling such a mystery. Put it this way:
suppose you're walking down the street and you meet some fellow
who offers to toss a coin with you, heads or tails: the only snag is,
when you lose you pay a dollar, when you win, you get paid only 99
cents. You wouldn't do it, would you? You'd be out of your mind to
do it. But that is what happens, exactly what happens, when you bet
in a casino. I do it, you do it, and everybody does it. That is how the
casinos make their huge profits.
So why gamble? The reasons are as many and various as the
stars in the sky. I prefer to take the question the other way round.
Why do some people not gamble? It's such a widespread trait of
human conduct that it might be considered abnormal not to do it.
The thought is not new. Gaming in all its forms - casinos, horseracing, lotteries, card-games - is simply too large an industry to be
based on services catering for a deviant sub-group of the population.
As the great gambler and early student of probability, Geronimo
Cardano (c. 1530) observed, 'Even if gambling were altogether an
evil, still on account of the very large number of people who play, it
would seem to be a natural evil.'
Easy Money by David Spanier
18 Explain the meanings of these words and phrases from the

text.
sets the premium a healthy margin
game plan for living
pitter-patter of excitement
twitches of nervous tension
sea-saw sensations
coup
exhilaration
amalgam
contention
53
19 Read the text and answer the following questions.

1. How does the insurance company set the premium for the
insurance policy?
2. What is your idea of prudent people? What is the difference
between prudent people and gamblers according to the author?
3. What is a diversion for gamblers?
4. What kinds of physical sensations in gambling are so
tempting, alluring? What different stages of them does a
gambler experience?
5. What may a nervous-making element be in gambling?
6. What amalgam of sensations do all kinds of bets provide?
7. What other forms of risk-taking activity (besides gambling
and bets) are mentioned by the author?
8. What is a common experience for almost all these activities?
9. What is the key difference that distinguishes gambling from
other risk-taking activities?
10.
What are the odds in these groups?
11.
What is the basic truth about gambling?
12.
What explanations to reasons why people gamble and
why not does the author try to give?
20 In the introduction to his book the writer says:

Gambling is a deeply-rooted human instinct, as strong as
hunger, thirst or sex. As such, it is my contention that Gambling is
Good for you.
Do you agree with him? Can you think of arguments
against his point of view? Put down your ideas in 150-200
words.
LANGUAGE FOCUS
Asking and Promising Discretion
21 Below are boxes which contain useful language for asking

and promising discretion.
54
Asking for Discretion

Can you keep a secret?
Keep it under your hat.
Lets keep this between ourselves.
Mums the word.
Promising Discretion
We never had this conversation.
I wont tell a soul.
My lips are sealed.
I wont breathe a word.
With a partner, act out dialogues based on the following

situations. Use phrases from the boxes in Language Focus of
Unit One, as well as from the above boxes.
Your friend has won the pools and now he is going to

receive a million pounds. He has asked you not to tell anyone, but
you just have to share it with your closest colleague.
A person you both know is going to marry someone

without his/her parents knowing. Discuss it with your neighbour,
but make sure the news doesnt spread.
You overheard a conversation about some sensational

news. Tell your best friend what the news is, but make sure he keeps
a secret.
A neighbour has been arrested for tax evasion. Tell your

friend in strictest confidence.
TALKING POINTS
22 The following adjectives describe people who act without

thinking about any dangerous consequences, or the actions they
55
perform. Think of situations or context which these adjectives

can illustrate.
reckless
foolhardy
daredevil
rash
chancy
hot-headed
troublesome heedless
irresponsible
haphazard
In the USA reckless driving is the crime of driving a vehicle in
a way that is likely to hurt or kill people.
23 What dangers, pleasure and excitement do the following
activities involve?
scuba diving
rock-climbing
parachuting
BASE jumping
surfing
Work in pairs.
Student A: dissuade your partner from taking up one of the
sports mentioned, pointing out the dangers.
Student B: play down the dangers and emphasise the pleasure
and excitement.
24 What are the dangers associated with the following

activities and events?
What precautions should you take?
Work in pairs and advise your partner how to carry out
these activities safely:
changing a light bulb

opening champagne bottles
letting off fireworks
moving furniture
going on football matches
56
crossing the street

speaking in public
criticizing someone
mowing the lawn
While mowing the lawn one can be hit in the face by flying
stones or catch one's toes or fingers in the blades.
One should wear a mask and gloves, or involve some
professionals in getting the lawn mowed.

25 A Study the meanings of the words. Provide
Russian equivalents. Translate the examples.
Risk n a possibility that something bad or unpleasant may happen
to someone; risky adj
take a (calculated) risk, run a risk of doing smth, be at risk,
at the risk of doing smth, at your own risk, high-risk strategy/
investments/ shares/group/patients, put smb/smth at risk, to risk
your life/neck, to risk money on an investment
Danger n a risk, though not a very strong one, that something bad
will happen, especially something that will have very serious results
be a danger to, to expose smb/smth to danger, to be exposed
to danger, to have a dangerous attitude, to endanger (the lives)
The whole building was in danger of collapsing.
Hazard n a risk that cannot be avoided because it is always there
in a particular activity; something that causes accidents: For
exporters, changes in the exchange rate is an unavoidable hazard.
be a hazard to, hazardous, economic/occupational hazards,
to be a hazardous waste/ occupation/ undertaking /journey
/operation/ chemicals/ substances
57
Peril n a word used especially in literature meaning something that

can cause danger, especially during a journey
the perils of motor racing/sea, at his peril, to be in great
peril, perilous
Jeopardy n be in danger, a serious risk that something will fail
be in jeopardy, put smb in jeopardy, to jeopardize
If you are rude to him it may jeopardize your chances of
promotion.
Threat n a strong possibility that smth very bad will happen to
someone.
the threat of, threat to, be under threat, pose a threat to
smb/smth, to threaten with smth
Death toll number of killed or injured
Be asking for trouble Anyone who buys second-hand cars tyres is
just asking for trouble.
Push your luck You have cheated to get what you wanted, but Im
warning you, dont push your luck.
Dice with death, to be dicey The antiques trade is a pretty dicey
business at the best of times.
Invite trouble/ attack/ criticism/ disaster The whole policy invites
criticism that they do not take human rights seriously.
Tempt fate Letting children take a boat out in this weather is just
tempting fate.
Be playing with fire
Put your job/career/reputation on the line to risk losing your job,
etc if you make the wrong decision: We may be putting our jobs on
the line if we start protesting about safety standards.
Life and limb
to escape with life and limb to avoid danger
without serious injury
Draw straws for smth
Accident n to be involved in an accident, to have an accident,
bad/nasty/serious accident, shooting/riding/skiing accident,
accidental death/damage/injury (happening in an accident)
58
Crash n, v a car/plane crash, to crash into/onto

Wreck n an American word meaning an accident involving cars
or other vehicles; wreckage the broken parts of a destroyed thing
Pile-up n a serious road accident in which many cars crash into
each other
Disaster n a very serious accident involving a train, plane, or ship,
in which many people are killed
Collision n an accident in which two or more vehicles, planes or
ships hit each other while travelling fast
collision with, head-on collision, to collide
Injure v to cause physical harm to smb
to injure badly/seriously/critically, injure smb/smth, be
injured, an injury n, to escape injury
Hurt v to cause physical damage and pain to smb, usually not very
seriously, hurt oneself, get hurt
Take precautions against
Take a chance
Have a narrow escape
Carry out (an activity) safely
B
and words combinations. Translate the sentences.
CLAIM
1. Khlestakov claimed that he was the author of Jury

Miloslavsky. 2. The woman claimed to have seen the accident
with her own eyes. 3. There are several matters that claim my
attention. 4. The earthquake claimed sixty lives. 5. Despite claims
that she was once involved with drugs, she says she will still be
running for elections. 6. He has a rightful claim to the property. It
was his mothers.
CHALLENGE
1. I chose to study law because I thought it would be a challenge.
2. The expedition will face the challenge of climbing the last
unconquered peak in the Himalayas. 3. No one challenged the
59
assumptions that are made in the report. 4. They are not likely to
challenge us on any of the details. 5. The girls challenged the boys
to a tennis match. 6. The difficulty of putting our ideas into practice
challenged us to find a new method.
Words frequently used with challenge:
adjectives - biggest, greatest, major, new, serious
verbs accept, enjoy, face, meet, present, rise to
nouns a theory, smbs authority, knowledge, a statement
NEGLECT
1. Youve been neglecting your work. 2. Dont neglect to lock the
door/locking the door. 3. The garden has fallen into a state of
neglect. 4. He is the father who is neglectful of his children. 5. The
report said the doctor had been negligent in not giving the woman a
full examination. / It was negligence of the doctor that he failed to
give the woman a full examination. 6. The damage to my car is
negligible.
CONSEQUENCE
1. If you behave so foolishly you must be ready to take
consequences. 2. She fell ill and the consequence was that she lost
her job. 3. He may be a man of consequence there, but hes nobody
here. 4. Let him alone, Cesane; it isnt of any consequence, and
after all its as my fault as his.
Words frequently used with consequence:
adjectives disastrous, fatal, inevitable, serious, tragic,
unforeseen
verbs accept, consider, face, suffer, take
APPROACH
1. Few writers can even approach Shakespeare in greatness. 2.
When is the best time to approach him about an increase in salary?
I dont think, hes easy to approach (on that matter). 3. The
enemy ran away at our approach. 4. At our school we take an
60
individual approach to every pupil. 5. Make approaches to your

boss, he may appreciate your work and you may get promoted.
Words frequently used with approach:
common-sense,
constructive,
down-to-earth,
systematic
flexible,
DISTINGUISH
1. The darkness was so complete he couldnt distinguish a thing.
2. What distinguishes a dog from a wolf? 3. The two paintings are
so similar that only an expert can distinguish between the original
and the copy. 4. He was known to have distinguished himself in
diplomatic service. 5. The countrys most distinguished scientists
arrived for the forum.
CONTRADICT
1. He didn't dare contradict his parents. 2. Her account of the
accident contradicts that of the other driver. 3. In his confusion, he
kept contradicting himself. 4. She's a most contradictory
person.5. Though the opinions expressed were somewhat confused
and contradictory, they helped a lot towards clearing up the
situation. 6. What you're saying now is in contradiction with what
you said but two days ago. 7. I think I can say, without fear of
contradiction, that tonight has been a real success.
ODDS
1. She may pass the exam but the odds are that she will fail. 2.
Against all the odds he recovered from his illness. 3. Those two
have been at odds for ages. 4. It makes no odds whether we go or
stay. 5. There are a few odds and ends that I want to pick up from
the office before I go home. 6. He does odd jobs for me from time to
time.
26 Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1. I was bored with my job and felt I needed a new challenge.
2. Have you thought of approaching Sally? She might be able to
help.
61
3. Are western nations ready to meet enormous environmental

challenges that lie ahead?
4. We were all keen walkers, and enjoyed the challenge of this
remote place.
5. She had neglected to inform me that the company was having
financial problems.
6. He has a relaxed approach to life.
7. They concluded that even three-year-olds are able to
distinguish between causes and effects.
8. The building has been neglected for years.
27 For sentence below rewrite a new sentence as similar as

possible in the meaning to the original sentence. Use Vocabulary
of the Unit. There may be more than one variant.
1. Lev Landau ranked high among the most outstanding
physicists of the time.
2. The result of the race is of no importance to me as not my
money is at stake.
3. He asserted that he had done the work without any help.
4. The human skull found in Kenya in 1973 called in question
the existing views on human evolution.
5. All ways and roads to the Palace were guarded by soldiers.
6. If your nephew had been insulted, that was a direct result of
the life he had chosen to lead.
7. The runner made an excellent showing in the 100m flat race.
8. It is not easy to get on friendly terms with him.
9. He demanded recognition of his right to that property as the
only live heir to it.
10.
This new evidence is in disagreement with their earlier
statement.
11.
The celebrated tennis player was slightly amused when
invited to a game by an obvious beginner.
12.
You may do as you please, but you will be responsible
for the results.
13.
The ability to laugh is said to be the only one quality,
which makes man biologically different from the animal.
62
14.
There was little logic in what he was saying, one
statement seemed to exclude the other.
15.
Everybody denied the truth of the facts written in this
letter.
16.
Don't be in direct contrast to my words.
17.
The reporters were contrary to each other.
18.
Your statements today are in contrast with what you said
yesterday.
28 Fill in contradiction, challenge, odds, approach, claim,

neglect, consequence, hazard, death, distinguished, then make
sentences.
1. occupational .
Hearing loss is an occupational hazard for deep-water diving.
2. toll
3. 100 lives
4. to knowledge
5. in a state of ..
6. and ends
7. in . with
8. a . writer
9. take a reasonable
10.
a man of
29 Translate the sentences into English using Vocabulary of

the Unit (pay attention to the ways of expressing meanings of
the active words in Russian).
Claim
1. ,
. .
2. , .
3. .
4. , ,
, .
63
Challenge
5. ,
.
6.
.
, 30- .
7. .
(Think about the word order).
8. .
9.
.
Neglect
10. .
11. .
12. ,
, ,
.
13. , .
14. ,
, .
15.
.
Consequence
16. ,
.
17.
.
18.
.
19. ,
.
(Use with + construction)
64
Approach
20. , .
21. ,
-.
22.
.
Distinguish
23. ,
.
24. .
25. , ,
.
26. -
.
Odds
27. ,
.
28. , , , ,
.
29. - ,
.
Contradict
30. ,
.
31. , .
32. .
33.
30 Put the ideas of the following sentences into English using

Core Vocabulary:
1. -
. .
65
.
.
2. ,
.
, .
, , ,

, .
3. .
, , ,
.
. .
4. , , , 26
, 200 ,
.
,
, , .
5. ,
,
,
.
.
31 Put the text into English, using Vocabulary of the Unit.

.
, .

, : ,
, . ,
,
.
-
.
66
.
. ,
, .
,
.
,
.
. .
,
.

.
, , .

.
, , ,
.
. .
.
, ,
- .
- .
. .
" ", " "
" " ,
.
?
.
. ,
,
. ,
,
,
67
,
, .
, ,
, ,
. ,
, , ,
, ,

.
, ,
,
, .
UNIT THREE
MONEY MATTERS
LEAD-IN
1
Money is used for buying or selling goods, for measuring
value and for storing wealth. Almost every society now has a money
economy based on coins and paper notes of one kind or another.
However, this has not always been true.
What system was used in primitive societies?
What contributed to the development of various money
systems?
Here some English sayings and proverbs about money. What
do the sayings imply?
"Neither a borrower nor a lender be." From 'Hamlet' by
William Shakespeare.
"Look after the pennies, and the pounds will look after
themselves."
"Money breeds money".
"A fool and his money are soon parted."
Money spent on the brain is never spent in vain.
68
Money often unmakes the men who make it.

Money is a good servant but a bad master.
Complete each gap in the sentence with one of the words or

phrases given.
high earning potential
wealth
bonus lotteries
wages
benefit loan sharks
shares cash
credit card
the pools
salary earnings in debt
poverty credit
budget broke
cheque
income tax
revenue
fee
debt
affluent
1. In many countries, there is a contrast between
the ............................ of a small number of citizens and
the ........................... of the masses.
2. For people on the breadline, their one chance of becoming rich
overnight is to win ................... .
3. In Australia, basic social services such as hospitals are funded
by ............................., which provide the government
with ............................ and citizens with the chance of
large ......................... prizes.
4. People in work pay .......................... on their ............................
. Those who are unemployed receive ............................. .
5. If you are paid by the hour you get ............................. . If you
are paid on an annual basis, you get a(n)
...............-................and if you are paid for a particular service
you get a(n) .............. .
6. In department stores, there are three ways of paying for goods:
in cash, by ................... and by ................... .
7. Housewives running the family finances have to work within
a(n) .................... .
8. If your expenditure exceeds your income, you will find
yourself ..................... .
9. Graduates in the 1990's are attracted to jobs with .................. .
69
10.
One way of investing money is to buy .............................
in a public company, the prices of which are quoted on the
Stock Exchange.
11.
People on low incomes sometimes take out loans
from ................... which they are never able to repay.
12.
For some people, living on .................. is a normal way
of life.
13.
Although he earns a lot of money, Tony always seems to
be ................... .
14.
Charles's....................lifestyle came to an end when he
was made ....................... .
15.
The ease with which British citizens can get credit has
led to increasing . within society at large.
current account
means ready cash
credit card
arrears
capital mortgage
debt
cope
security
income freed
overdraft
rich
expenses
in reserve
assurance
foregoing
Personal Finances
Many people regard financial .............................. (1) as the
most important thing in family finances. This is not the same thing
as being ............................. (2). It means being able
to
..............................
(3)
with
the
unexpected,
being .............................. (4) from the need to think about money,
living within your .............................. (5). For day to day living you
need .............................. (6) but you also need a
bit .............................. (7) for a rainy day.
The first thing to think about is your .............................. (8)
and how much is in it. You don't want to run the risk of having an
unauthorised
..............................
(9),
it's
far
too
expensive .............................. (10) can be a helpful way of handling
unexpected .............................. (11), but credit is always costly, and
of course it's just another form of ........................... (12). In Britain
70
many people have a very large debt called a(n) ..............................

(13), a sum of money borrowed from a bank or a building society,
which many regard as a good way of buying a house.
But if the payments fall into .............................. (14), your
house could be sold to pay off the debt. Life .............................. (15)
and pensions are an important aspect of feeling secure, and if you
don't make provision early, retirement can be a financial shock. It's
worth ............................. (16) some jam today for a bit more bread
tomorrow.
Finally, investments. You need to invest in an area where there
is some potential for your .............................. (17) to grow while
you still have a(n) .............................. (18). You could choose
shares, unit trusts, or government securities. If you do all these
things, you shouldn't have to worry on a day-to-day level.
THEME ONE
4
Easy Money
Discuss the following questions before reading the text.

Do you think parents should provide their children with pocket
money? Why (not)?
What do children spend pocket money on?
Should teenagers work or do odd jobs to earn money?
Paying Your Way
There were red faces at one of Britain's biggest banks recently.

They had accepted a telephone order to buy 100,000 worth of
shares from a fifteen-year-old schoolboy (they thought he was
twenty-one). The shares fell in value and the schoolboy was unable
to pay up. The bank lost 20,000 on the deal which it cannot get
back because, for one thing, this young speculator does not have the
money and for another, being under eighteen, he is not legally liable
for his debts. If the shares had risen in value by the same amount
that they fell, he would have pocketed 20,000 profit. Not bad for a
fifteen-year-old. It certainly beats a paper round.
71
In another recent case, a boy of fourteen found, in the attic of

his grandmother's house, a suitcase full of foreign banknotes. The
clean, crisp, high-denomination notes looked very convincing but
they were not legal tender in their country of origin or anywhere
else. This young wheeler-dealer headed straight to the nearest bank
with his pockets crammed with notes. The cashiers did not realise
that the country in question had devalued its currency by 90%. They
exchanged the notes at their face value at the current exchange rate.
In three days, before he was rumbled, he took 200,000 from nine
different banks. Amazingly, he had already squandered more than
half of this on taxi-rides, restaurant meals, concert tickets and
presents for his many newly-acquired girlfriends (at least he was
generous!) before the police caught up with him. Because he is also
under eighteen the banks have kissed goodbye to a lot of money,
and several cashiers have had their careers blighted.
Should we admire these youngsters for being enterprising and
showing initiative or condemn them for their dishonesty? Maybe
they had managed for years with tiny amounts of pocket money
wrung from tight-fisted parents. Maybe they had done Saturday jobs
for peanuts. It is hardly surprising, given the expensive things that
young people want to buy, such as fashionable trainers and
computer games, if they sometimes think up more imaginative
money-making schemes than delivering newspapers and babysitting. These lads saw the chance to make a killing and took it.
Another recent story which should give us food for thought is
the case of the man who paid his six-year-old daughter 300 a week
pocket money. He then charged her for the food she ate and for her
share of the rent and household bills. After these deductions, she
was left with a few coins for her piggy bank. 'She will soon learn
the value of money,' he said. 'There's no such thing as a free lunch.
Everything has to be paid for and the sooner she learns that the
better.' At the other extreme there are doting parents who provide
free bed and board for their grown-up children. While even the most
hardhearted parents might hesitate to throw their children out on the
streets, we all know of people in their late twenties who shamelessly
sponge on their parents. Surely there comes a time when everyone
72
has to leave the parental nest, fend for themselves and pay their own
way in life? But when is it?

similar in meaning to.
Paragraph 1: obliged by law delivering newspapers someone
Paragraph 2: who makes money quickly (but not always honestly)
completely full of the value printed on the notes
found out
wasted damaged
Paragraph 3: thinking for yourself and taking action
ungenerous for very little money
make a lot of money quickly
Paragraph 4: something to think about very loving in a
foolish way
accommodation and food
Find English equivalents of the following

combinations.
,
-
,

/

word
Explain the following words and expressions. Provide your

own situations to illustrate them.
- red faces
- kissed something goodbye
- do something for peanuts
- food for thought
73
8
1.
2.
3.
4.

Briefly summarise the three stories about children and money
which are referred to in the article.
Is there anything admirable about what the two boys did?
What was the fathers motive in giving his daughter 300
pounds a week pocket money?
When should people cease to be financially dependent on their
parents?
THEME TWO
9
In cash or out of cash?
Discuss the following before reading the text.

What do you think couples should do if they are financially
incompatible?
Money is the root of all evil. Do you agree with the proverb?
Money is the root of ?
Money can't buy love, but it does a very good job of

destroying relationships.
Cash causes more arguments than sex and is at the root of
most problems for almost half of all modern couples, according to a
report published yesterday. Although the majority of couples at least
agree that the highest earner should have the say when it comes to
holding the purse strings, money causes more disagreements than
children, parents, housework or sexual problems.
The survey, by Hamilton Direct Bank, found that couples with
separate accounts were far more likely to disagree over money than
those who have joint finances. Couples who pool their cash in one
account do so because they feel it is a far simpler way of managing
their money.
Julia Cole, a marriage guidance counsellor, said money is
symbolic of deeper problems in a relationship. "If a couple have
taken a decision to get married but will not share a bank account, it
says something about their relationship," she said. "Maybe they do
74
not trust the other one or believe that their relationship will be longlasting."
Surprisingly, arguments do not tend to be about if they have
money, or haven't - they are about what the money is spent on. "If a
couple comes into 500, the woman is more likely to want that
money to be put into the house, whereas a man is more likely to
want to spend it all on a holiday for the family. Money causes the
most problems when it is seen to be wasted on things like drink or
gambling. Personal hobbies can also cause problems - for example,
the man who wants to buy a new set of golf clubs, or a woman
wanting to join an expensive gym." Judy Cunnington, director of
London Marriage & Guidance, said: "If you feel you are being
short-changed by your other half financially, it tends to mean they
are being ungenerous in other ways."
She said that summer is a prime time for cash rows. "It is
dreadful if you haven't got much money because you see other
families going on wonderful holidays and the children are at home
all the time demanding things that cost money," she said.
The survey found separate accounts were held by nearly a
quarter of couples, with almost half doing so because they had a
different attitude towards spending than their partner. They believed
a separate account enabled them to independently manage their
finances. Yet most of the couples admit that, despite separate
accounts, they still disagree over finances, with the main point of
contention being over who pays for what.
According to the report, the best answer is to have both
separate accounts and a joint account into which each partner pays a
fixed amount every month. Patrick Long, head of corporate
communication at Hamilton Direct Bank, said: "Our research
illustrates that some couples are just not financially compatible."
Jayne Nearey and her boyfriend Steve Greenwood set up
home six months ago and already they have found money the main
cause of squabbles. The couple decided it was an important sign of
commitment to open a joint bank account, pool their wages and trust
each other not to spend too much. Now, after a few large impulse
buys each, they have started to log every purchase in a special book
and keep all the receipts. Jayne, 21, a 27,000-a-year advertising
75
executive, said: "It's not that we don't trust each other. But when you
are pooling your wages with someone else's you want to make sure
that you are either spending your fair share or getting some benefit
out of what is bought. If Steve buys a jacket for 500 from our
pooled cash I don't immediately go mad, because half of the cash is
his. But when he buys a string of expensive items you start to worry
and get irritable thinking, 'That is my cash you're spending, too'."
The couple spends 1,000 a month on their mortgage and bills, and
600 on clothes and entertainment. Steve, 25, a computer operator,
said: "The household bills are not a problem because we split them.
But we are forever arguing how to spend any cash we have left over.
"The only other thing we argue over is the household chores, but
nothing is as bad as our money discussions."
The Government warns women not to be neglectful of the
possible consequences when it comes to opening joint bank
accounts with their husbands or partners, as they can find
themselves in joint account peril. Treasury officials say women
place far too much trust in their partners and risk financial ruin if
they leave money matters to them. The move is aimed at stopping
women being hounded by creditors when errant husbands vanish
after running up huge overdrafts. Joint accounts were once seen as
the cornerstone of marital equality.
Now a Treasury report will urge all women to handle joint
accounts with care - and also keep their own pensions and insurance
policies. The report also calls for measures to ensure that women are
taught the importance of financial independence from an early age.
It argues their ignorance in financial matters. It argues they are often
unprepared to deal with finances if their marriage breaks down.
Many have no bank account at all as they have never had an income
of their own or because their husbands have controlled that side of
the relationship. They can find themselves saddled with debts if
their partner walks out - for the law of "joint and several liability"
makes both partners equally liable for debts on a joint account and
creditors will usually pursue the one who is easier to find.
Ben Taylor, Daily Mail
76
10 Find English equivalents to the following wordcombinations:

11 Find a word or phrase in the text which, in context, is

Paragraph 7: to make a record of things that have been bought
Paragraph 8: to owe a bank a large sum of money
Paragraph 9: be legally responsible for debts and have to pay
12 Explain the contextual meaning of the following words and

phrases.
set up home
the highest earner the other half
squabbles
an impulse buy
a sign of commitment
spend your fair share
the cornerstone
13 Answer the following questions.

1. What problems may money cause?
2. Do you agree that the highest earner should have the say when
it comes to holding the purse strings?
3. What alternatives in money matters do couples have?
4. Why do couples pool their cash in one account? What are the
benefits of that move?
5. What conclusion may psychologists draw if couples have
separate accounts?
6. What are the main points of contention in family money
matters?
77
7. What is the best solution to the issue, according to the report?

8. What expenses do Jayne Nearey and her boyfriend Steve
Greenwood share?
9. What points of contention in their family life do they have?
10.
What does their example illustrate?
11.
What is the government contribution to the burning issue
of joint accounts?
12.
What is the aim of the Government's move?
13.
What does the writer imply by the phrase "the
cornerstone of marital equality"?
14.
What does a Treasury report call for?
15.
Why does the report claim that women are mostly
financially ignorant?
16.
What consequences may women face if they have joint
accounts?
14 Discussion Point
Study the prompt boxes below, containing more useful
language for expressing personal opinion and discussing
advantages and disadvantages of something.
To list advantages and
disadvantages
One
advantage
/
disadvantage of
Another
advantage
/
disadvantage of
One other advantage /
disadvantage of
A
further
advantage/
disadvantage of
The main advantage /
disadvantage of
The greatest advantage /
disadvantage of
To
express
personal
opinion
* In my opinion/view
* To my mind
* To my way of thinking
* I am convinced that
* It is my firm belief that
* I am inclined to believe that
* As far as I am concerned
78
Divide the group into two teams.

Team 1 is to think of the arguments
against joint accounts and in favour of separate accounts.
Team 2 is to think of the arguments
against separate accounts and in favour of joints
accounts.
Share you arguments. Challenge the arguments of the other
team, or support them providing your own ideas.
15 Summarise in 200 words the causes of money

disagreements, main points of contention in money matters,
advantages and disadvantages of having joint accounts
according to the information in the text.
THEME THREE
Out of debt, out of danger
16 Discuss the following questions before reading the text.
What effects does the use of credit cards have in general?

"Live now pay later." Do you agree with the proverb?
Comment on the title of the theme.
Debt and despair on the dark side of consumer credit

Edward Vulliamy examines how the present boom in
borrowing is costing some people their homes and their
marriages.
A breed of advice worker braced themselves for a surge in
business yesterday after news that the problem they deal with
appears to be reaching a point beyond control: figures for June
showed consumers owing 3 billion in credit, an increase of more
than 10 per cent on the previous month.
Consumer credit - a smart is word for debt - has brought the
Citizens' Advice Bureaux a massive workload as their clients,
79
unable to cope with repayments and interest on loans and plasticcard shopping, arrive for help.
People have lost their houses, their marriages have broken up,
they suffer from stress. It is the new social disease of the
spendaholics.
At the Merton Money Advice Service in south London, all
social groups come for help, although the unemployed, at 6 per cent
in the borough but 38 per cent of the clients, are heavily
represented.
Ms Alison Skittrall, an advice worker, says: 'They cannot
afford to live off benefits, but they want to try and keep the
standards they had before being made redundant.' Nearly a third of
all clients had more than 10 creditors, and 18 per cent owed more
than 10,000, excluding their mortgages.
Many who come in have 'robbed Peter to pay Paul', trying to
cover a multitude of smaller debts by taking out large loans which
they cannot afford to repay. Often there is a problem of ignorance.
'People are only looking at the monthly repayment,' Ms Skittrall
says, 'never at the interest or at what they will have to pay in total.'
Some of those in difficulties are young - under 24 - and easily
tempted into credit by the high street storecard. 'They want to be
fashionable, they want a compact disc player, or an auto focus
camera. And because the interest is so high on shop cards and on the
credit cards, they might take out a larger loan with a bank or a
financial company.
'Then it starts to get further down the line, and that is when
they come to us. Often too far down the line: they arrive when they
are being evicted from their houses, or they have been to court.'
Many run into problems when the fine-tuning of their life on
tick is disrupted by quite modest reductions in income. Ms Skittrall
had been seeing a woman with eight credit cards, all in debt, plus a
bank loan. The woman was 'just able to juggle and keep them going
with about 30 a week overtime. Then that went. It was a small but
crucial amount, and she fell completely behind on even the
minimum payments.'
Mr Chris Bain, of the Birmingham Settlement Money Advice
Centre, says: 'I used to be astonished by the problems people came
80
in with and the advertising people are lured with. But I've lost my
incredulity now. 'I have a client here with debts of about 13,000,
in arrears on all his credit cards, and yet still being offered free gifts
by the credit card companies if he felt like putting up his credit limit
by another 100.'
Barclays has just started a pilot scheme called Profiles which
enables cardholders to acquire points with the money that they
spend with their cards. The points accumulate to entitle them to gifts
from a catalogue. Barclays is emphatic that the idea shows no signs
of exacerbating repayment problems.
However, Mr Bain says the gift system does cause problems
with the storecards which are shoved down peoples throats every
time they walk into the big shops in Birmingham.'
Another of his clients had no overdrafts with two banks,
payments he could not meet on Barclay and Access cards and a
sizeable loan from Barclays Bank, the monthly payment on which
alone was four times what was left of his income after essentials.
Then this man is told that if he was to spend an additional 200 in
one of the stores on his storecard, then hell get a bloody carriage
clock. His family is suffering, his marriage has become unstable.
Creditors telephone him and visit, so that every time you hear the
phone ring, or the door knock, you think it's them. Every time a
letter drops on the floor, you think it's them again.
'Of course, there is a degree of self-inflicted harm about it at
first, but as it goes on, then so does the advertising, which is an
obscenity.'
One of the problems is addiction to optimism, Mr Bain says.
'It just builds up over a period of time. I get people who think
they've got this far, so if they're saying "go on holiday on an Access
card" then they think why not - I may win the pools tomorrow. Then
comes the crunch.'
Advertisements for consolidated loans to swallow up all the
little ones - at huge interest levels - nowadays cram the pages of
tabloid newspapers.
Mr Bain said: 'I get people who go for what they think is the
short-term answer and end up losing their houses. I've had four in
81
the last month who've lost their houses because they got behind, and
the building societies wouldn't consolidate the arrears.'
In Liverpool, Mr John Pope dealt with the case of a woman in
debt whose monthly repayments had been set, with the finance
company's agreement, by the Citizens Advice Bureau for which he
worked. 'Then she had a baby, and that required us to have another
look at the payments. Instead, the company simply offered her a
further loan, the very last thing she needed. We managed to
persuade her out of it, but if we hadn't been dealing with it, I don't
know what might have happened.'
A spokesman for Barclaycard said yesterday that the company
has tightened its vetting procedures, and this June had turned away
38 per cent of applicants for cards, against 24 per cent in June last
year.
He added that 43 per cent of cardholders paid their monthly
bills without incurring interest. 'We do not want people who cannot
afford to use the card, and every credit limit is based on the
customer's ability to pay.'
A spokeswoman for Access said that the individual banks
offering the facility, rather than the credit card company itself, were
responsible for the customers using the card. Any offers or
incentives to use the card were not Access's business but that of the
subscribing banks.
Edward Vulliamy, The Guardian
17 Find English equivalents:

()

(.)
()
()

18 Find the word or phrase which, in context, is similar in

meaning to:
82
Paragraph 1: a period of economic growth

causing someone
to lose something
Paragraph 2: stood firm
a forward rush
Paragraph 3: fashionable
amount of work to be done
Paragraph 4: relationships have ended
people addicted to spending
Paragraph 5: local area
Paragraph 6: to be financially dependent on put out of work
people to whom money is owed
Paragraph 9: thrown out of
been subject to legal action
Paragraph 17: a positive approach
increases
the critical moment
Paragraph 22: person who speaks on someone elses behalf
Paragraph 23: causing to occur
19 Answer the questions to the text:

1. What does Citizens Advice Bureau deal with?
2. What consequences may living on credit involve?
3. What social groups of people take loans? What is the purpose
of it?
4. How do people try to solve their problem (of covering debts)?
5. What is the contributing cause of the fact that people find
themselves in debt?
6. What makes credit so alluring/ tempting for young people?
7. When do many people run into problems?
8. What contributes to greater debts?
9. What pilot scheme was started by Barclays? What do they try
to emphasize?
10.
What is the gift system? What are its drawbacks?
11.
Why is Mr Bain, advice worker, negative about peoples
optimism in difficult financial situations?
12.
What are negative points in consolidated loans?
13.
What examples/ stories do advice workers of Advice
Centres provide?
14.
In what way do credit companies try to defend
themselves against criticism?
15.
Comment on the title of the article.
83
20 a) In not more than 120 words, outline the factors that lead
people to get into debt.
b) Advantages and disadvantages of living on credit.
Provide your own ideas in not more than 200 words.
LANGUAGE FOCUS
Discussing ideas
21 You have been placed in charge of the planning of a sports
centre which will be built in your area. You have extra funds of
$ 300,000 to spend in one year.
a
In pairs, use the information to discuss the benefits of
each facility. Use the language in the boxes.
Introducing an idea
- My personal feeling is that ...
- Have you ever thought of ...
- We should consider ...
- It would be a good idea if ...
- In my/your view, ...
- I would argue that ...
- Its obvious to me/ us that ...
Insisting on a point
- I dont think we should dismiss
this ...
- I think this deserves careful
consideration ...
- Theres a lot to be said for ...
- I still think ... would be more
appropriate ...
- I still think our first idea was
the best
Suggesting an alternative
- There is another option
- What about ...... instead?
- Lets look at something else.
- Of course we could always
1. Synthetic aerobics flooring (comfortable, reduce risks of injury)
$ 20.000
2. Soft drinks dispensers (10) (generate revenue)
84
$ 20.000
3. Digital telephone switchboard (all departments easily
accessible)
$ 30.000
4. Health food restaurant (attract diners, generate income)
$ 60.000
5. Medical centre, including part-time medical personnel
$ 170.000 (clients feel safe, first aid, treat injuries)
6. Swimming pool (attract families, offer swimming classes)
$ 250.000
A: In my view, a swimming pool would bring more people to
the centre.
B: Yes, but it is terribly expensive. What about spreading the
money over more items?
A: I dont think we should dismiss the swimming pool idea it
will attract families and generate a lot of revenue, which means that
...
b. Now get together with the rest of the class and try to
reach a decision.
c. Discuss the following in groups. Use as much language
from the boxes as possible.
Your student committee has $ 100,000 to spend this year. As
members of the staff-student committee, discuss how this money
would best be spent. The following suggestions are on the agenda:
Buying 1,000 new titles for the library ($ 25,000)
Building a student theatre ($ 65,000)
Buying equipment for sports centre (10,000)
Organising a trip to the London Stock Exchange ($45,000)
Buying an extra 50 computers for use in the classrooms
($75,000)
Building a student cafeteria ($20,000)
TALKING POINTS
85
22 Two newspaper items about people who won the pools

follow. Before you read the articles, discuss the following
questions:
What sort of problems do you think they encountered
through suddenly becoming very rich.
How do you think you would react in similar
circumstances?
Would your attitude to your work or friends change?
What about your lifestyle?
Is there a moral difference between getting rich through
chance, through inheritance or through personal effort?
23 Work in pairs. Each of you should read one article, then

report the contents to the other and answer any questions from
your partner about the text. Then the texts can be discussed
with the whole class.
Article a
Win May Have Caused Death
Pools winner Harry Johnson died suddenly yesterday - just
seven weeks after scooping a 751,735 jackpot.
He suffered a massive heart attack as he drove to work with
his wife Mabel. And last night a leading expert on stress said: 'It is
highly likely that the pools win was to blame.' Dr Malcolm
Carruthers of the Maudsley Hospital, London, explained: 'It is a
recognised syndrome for someone of this age undergoing an abrupt
change of fortune to suffer a heart attack.'
Mr Johnson, a 59-year-old woodwork teacher known
affectionately to his pupils as 'Bulldog' lived with his schoolmistress
wife in a small house in Hale, Cheshire. They decided to work until
Christmas. Then they planned to buy a new car each, renovate their
house and take a holiday. Mr Johnson's friend and deputy head, Ray
Drinkwater said: 'Sadly, I don't think Harry got around to doing
anything with the money.'
(Daily Star)
86
Article b
Husband Walks Out On Pools Wife Who Won 368,000
Lovestruck Ian Stenson has walked out on his wife, Janice,
who won 368,000 on the pools. He left their luxurious fourbedroom home and moved into a terrace house with his lover. He is
supporting himself with the help of a 40-a-week Government grant
to run a new business.
Ian, 33, insisted: Our split was nothing to do with the win. I
just found someone with whom I had more in common.
It was in October 1984 that secretary Janice became a Vernons
winner. The couple moved into a 100,000 home in Birmingham.
Ian bought a 25,000 Porsche sports car, and Janice gave up fulltime work and did a part-time job instead. Two years later Janice
discovered Ian was having an affair. He had kept on his job as a
storeman with British Telecom. His new love, 22-year-old Jaquie
Burgess, also worked for . Now Ian has set up his own company
with a friend. The business specialises in fitting telephones and
business systems, and has been launched with a Government 40-aweek enterprise grant.
Ian said: 'After the win life should have been a dream, but
neither of us had the imagination to get off our behinds and do
something. We had a nice house, nice car and everything to look
forward to. I felt guilty about leaving, and I wish Janice all the best
in future.'
(Daily Express)
24 Role-play
Work in groups of three.
One of you has just won a considerable amount of money by
chance. The news is given to you on the telephone at work. One of
you is a colleague who is told the news, and the third person is the
boss of the winner.
Act out your reactions to the situation.
87
25 A
Pay n the money that is paid to someone either monthly or
weekly, for regular work
sick pay, pay day, high/ low/ poor pay
She is moving to a new job with better pay.
Salary n a fixed amount of money that is paid monthly; usually
directly into bank account and especially to professional people
Wages (wage) n the money that someone in a non-professional
job receives each week, and that is usually given to them in the form
of coins or notes in a pocket
Earnings pl the total amount of money you earn from any work
you do
The basic pay is poor, but the average earnings are nearly $ 180
per week.
the annual earnings, high/low earning potential
Income n the total amount of money that someone receives in a
particular period, including money from work, profits, savings,
rent, etc.
disposable income n money that someone has earned and
that remains for them to spend after paying rent, taxes, etc.
Reducing taxes is the best way to increase peoples disposable
income and boost the economy.
the annual/high/low income (from), to be (live) on low
incomes, income tax, subsistence income
Fee n money paid to a professional person such as a doctor or
lawyer for a piece of work
Revenue n income, esp. that which the government receives as
tax: The government was short of money because of falling oil
revenues.
Expenditure (on) smth n the total amount of money that a
government, organization, or person spends during a particular
period of time
88
Weekly expenditure on food and rent comes to $ 200.

Expenditure exceeds income.
Public expenditure
Spending (on) n the amount of money that a government or a
large organization spends on public services, education, health, etc.
There is increasing pressure on the government to reduce
spending on research.
Expenses pl n the amount of money that you spend on your daily
food, travelling costs, etc.
travel/living/medical expenses, cover expenses,
handle expenses
Budget n the particular amount of money that you have planned
to spend or have been given to spend on smth (usu. singular)
low/high budget, to work within a budget
Wealthy adj rich, especially through owing land, property, or
valuable possessions over a long period of time
Affluent adj having a lot of money, esp. as a result of your own
hard work
Well off = better off adj having more money than most people
Overdraft n an amount of money that the bank has agreed to let
you use when there is no more money in your account
to run up a huge overdraft
Our friends used their savings, together with an overdraft
from the bank to finance their new kitchen.
Arrears pl n money that is owed because regular payments such
as rent have not been made at the right time
When they applied for help with rent arrears, the welfare
people told them to sell some of the furniture.
Pool v to share money, ideas, etc with somebody
to pool money with smb, to win the pools
the breadwinner n the person who earns the money to support a
family
To be on the bread-line be very poor
Nest egg n an amount of money saved over a long period to use in
the future
to build up a nest-egg
89
to have /save money for a rainy day to save money for a time in
the future when you may need it
Forgo v (forwent, forgone) to decide not to do or have something
B
Find synonyms and synonymous expressions to
the words in bold type. Provide Russian equivalents to the
words and words combinations. Translate the sentences.
CREDIT
1.If you cant afford to pay cash buy the furniture on credit. 2. The
theory is gaining credit with economists. 3. The government is
trying to claim the full credit for the fall in prices. 4. Your progress
in studies does your parents credit. Your progress is a credit to
them. 5. I credit him with (having) a certain amount of sense. 6. A
creditable attempt to establish peace was made by our delegation.
7. The Chernobyl accident has damaged the credibility of the
nuclear power industry. 8. Why are these doubts? His story is quite
credible. 9. She gave me a look of complete incredulity.
IGNORE
1.The government would be unwise to ignore the growing
dissatisfaction with its economic policies. 2. A) He ignored the
speed limit. B) He was driving very fast because he was ignorant
of the fact that there was a speed limit. 3. Ignorance of the law is
no excuse.
Words frequently used with ignore
adverbs completely, deliberately, simply, totally
nouns
advice, existence, fact, insult, possibility,
protest, question, reality, remark, request, threat, warning
VALUE
1.Their research into ancient languages seems to have little
practical value. 2. Because of continual price increases, the value
of the pound has fallen in recent years. 3. You always get value for
money at that shop. 4. The house has been valued at $42,000. 5.
90
Ive always valued your friendship. 6. The ancient gold coin isnt
just valuable, its priceless. 7. The metal looked like gold, but in
fact it was valueless. 8. Your assistance has been invaluable. 9. I
was foolish enough to take his remarks at (their) face value; I
should have known he was exaggerating.
WORTH
Worth (when an adjective) ususally follows the verb 'to be'
and is always followed by either a noun, pronoun, or number,
or by the '-ing' form of a verb.
1. This piece of land is worth $44,000. 2.The food is not worth
eating. 3. The corporation owns $6 million worth of real estate in
the city. 4. I know the true worth of his friendship. 5. She proved
herself worthy successor to the former chairman. 6. The bank
didnt consider him creditworthy because he was irresponsible with
money. 7. It might be worthwhile to recall a few important facts. 8.
It's not worth their while when most of their profits go in taxes.
PROVIDE
1. The course is free but you have to provide your own books. 2.
These letters should provide us with all the information we need.
3. The law provides that ancient buildings must be preserved by the
government. 4. He has five children to provide for. 5. I will go,
provided/ providing you go too. 6. They spend all their money and
make no provision for the future. 7. Under (according to) the
provisions of the agreement the interest on the loan must be paid
monthly.
EXPENSE
1. Its too much of an expense to own a car. 2. He was willing to go
to any expense provided the job was done properly. 3. I dont want
to put you to the expense of buying me dinner. 4. He finished the
job at the expense of his health. 5. He tried to be clever at my
expense. 6. People at the breadline struggle to meet their basic
living expenses.
91
REDUNDANT
1. Seventy men at the factory were made redundant because of
falling demand for our products. 2. In the sentence She lives alone
by herself, the word alone is redundant. 3. The closure of the
export department led to a lot of redundancy/ led to over 200
redundancies.
Verbs used with redundancy
accept, face, take
MEANS
1. Video is an excellent means of relaxing. 2. Have you got the
means to provide for the family? 3. My advice is that you should
give up the idea of hunting for him; he is not a man of means. 4.
My idea of a means test is special: before we get engaged, you are
to answer a question: would you rather live within or beyond my
means?
Words frequently used with means
adjectives effective, efficient, legitimate, peaceful, reliable, useful
verbs
develop, find, offer, provide, use
COMMIT
1. They will have to commit more money to the project if it's to
succeed. 2. He would have to commit to spending several thousand
pounds. 3. I have committed myself to the task for at least the
coming year. 4. The government has failed to demonstrate its
commitment to the railways. 5. We've made a commitment to
help, and we will. 6. He may have a large income, but he also has
huge financial commitments. 7. Her laziness and lack of
commitment are appalling.
26 Translate the following sentences into Russian.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
He always takes credit for my ideas.

She is a much better actress than people give her credit for.
I could scarcely credit what had happened.
Would you credit it? She's passed all her exams!
There is a lot of public ignorance about how the disease is
spread.
6. This approach ignores the complexity of modern business.
92
7. Some episodes are included purely for their shock value.

8. Most customers are looking for value for their money rather
than cutting-edge fashion.
9. It's not really worth my while to do that for $200.
10.
You can claim part of your telephone bill as a business
expense.
11.
We were supposed to provide safety equipment at our
own expense.
12.
Over 500 workers face redundancy if the factory closes.
13.
You are invited to contribute according to your means.
27 For each of the sentences below, rewrite a new sentence as

similar as possible in the meaning to the original sentence. Use
Vocabulary of the Unit. There may be more than one variant.
1. No book is likely to give an answer to your problem; there are
things that can be learned only from experience.
2. There is no denying that a car costs a lot of money.
3. The disaster occurred simply because airline officials
deliberately had taken no notice of safety recommendations.
4. Thats the most unbelievable coincidence Ive ever heard of.
5. You can find all necessary information in this reference book.
(Change the grammar structure)
6. She was prepared to travel anywhere as long as the tickets and
hotel accommodation were paid for.
7. Under the terms of the contract the tenant is fully responsible
for all repairs to his apartment.
8. The wedding was wonderful. Your parents obviously spent
very large amounts of money on it.
9. We can be proud of our armed forces. (Change the structure)
10.
Many people had to leave their job. That was caused by
computerization and new technology.
11.
He became a brilliant scholar, but his health was ruined.
12.
This book is full of useful information for your
examination.
13.
You neednt take sheets or towels with you as youll find
them at your disposal at the hostel.
93
14.
We lost our home when my husband lost his job.
15.
The show was less than one hour long and it wasnt well
worth the price that we had to pay.
16.
Paying no attention to disapproving stares of the other
guests, Jeremy led his dog to a table in the hotel restaurant.
17.
He lacked knowledge about the most basic facts about
the situation.
18.
I am delighted that you have shown so high level of
enthusiasm.
19.
We will pay you well, and in return we expect you to
work hard and contribute all your loyalty to our organization.
20.
The government promised to improve health education.
Committed itself to improving
28 Fill in credit, worth, redundancy, ignore, value (2), pool,

income, expenses, then make sentences.
1. make .provision We've made provision for our children's
education.
2. disposable .
3. to money with
4. to claim the full for
5. to the possibility
6. living ..
7. to get .. for money
8. to be .. sb's while
9. at the face ..
10.
to face ..
29 Translate into English using Vocabulary of the Unit (pay

attention to ways of expressing meanings of the active words in
Russian).
Value
1.
.
94
2. ,
.
3. , ,
.
4. .
5. -
.
6. .
Ignore
7. , .
8. , -
.
9. .
10.
.
11.

.
Provide
12.
, ,
.
13.
, ,
.
14.

.
15.
,
(trade unions) .
16.

.
Credit
17.
, , ,
.
18.
.
19.
, .
20.
. Her children do
her credit.
Expense
21.
.
95
22.

.
Redundant
23.
,
5000 .
24.
- .
Worth
25.
,
.
26.
, , 50
.
27.
, , .
28.
.
29.

.
Commitment
30.
,
.
31.
,
.
32.
, ,
.
33.
,
.
30 Put the following situations into English. Make use of

Vocabulary of the Unit.
1. .
.
. ,
.
.
2. .
, ,

. , -
96
-
.
3.
.

.
. ,
.
, ,
.
31 Put the following text into English.

.
, ,
.
,
,
. ,
. -
, .
.
. ,
,
.
.

, .
,
.
.
,
. , ,
,
, .
, .
97
.
,
.
:
o ,
.
o
. , , .

.
.
o , .
.
o
. ,
.
UNIT
FOUR
GETTING THE MESSAGE ACROSS
LEAD-IN
What is 'good communication'? Rank the following

according to how important you think they are. Justify your
answer.
1. getting the message across quickly and efficiently
2. developing an interesting exchange of ideas
3. using language correctly
4. having time to think before you speak
5. being able to express your feelings
6. introducing entertaining elements (jokes, puns)
In what situations would you use the following means of

communications?
98
a fax e-mail a mobile phone speaking face-to face a

letter the Internet
I would write a letter if I wanted my message to be warm
and personal.
Match the following to one or more means

communication, then make sentences, as in the example.
of
intrusive/be disturbed when trying to relax .

personal/take time to express yourself
slow/take weeks to reach destination
efficient/be reached wherever you are
send sound or pictures .
impersonal/not communicate meaningfully ..
artistic /use customized paper /handwriting personal ..
limited/only send brief messages ..
I believe mobile phones can be intrusive because you can
be disturbed when you're trying to relax.
4 Discuss the following quotations and the axiom.
Paraphrase each quotation.
Say whether you agree or not, and why.
"A man who is ignorant of foreign languages is ignorant of
his own." Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832)
"The more elaborate our means of communication, the less
we communicate." Joseph Priestley (British political
theorist)
"Good communication is as stimulating as black coffee and
just as hard to sleep after." Ann Morrow Lindberg (US
author)
'Just be yourself' is an old axiom. But isn't it impossible once
you are aware of how others are judging you by your
appearance and speech? How much do you think you 'act a
role' to achieve a certain reaction in others?
99
In the day of old men made the manners. Manners now make
the men. (Byron)

given.
politically correct national stereotype
trait
reserved
image vanity social breeds
commitments
crystallized
credibility
body language
communicate
arrogance
national security
confidence
impact
assertiveness training
1. Whenever foreign visitors come into Mrs Joness shop she
cant help judging then according to .

2. A successful businessman has learnt how to project a
positive ........................ .
3. can be a useful asset to people whose selfesteem is low or who are reluctant to speak up for themselves.
4. The information received is highly confidential and relates to
.
5. Maxim is very quiet, very . . You never
know what's going on in his mind.
6. There was a .. in his personality that encouraged
people to trust him.
7. Some very ............ parents won't let their children
play with toy guns.
8. ".. exclusion" seems to be the latest euphemism
for poverty.
9. He could .. a feeling of intense excitement to
his audience.
10.
One of the most powerful forms of nonverbal
communication is . .
11.
Ignorance only .. fear and contempt of the
unknown.
12.
I can't get engaged with this job right now as I have other
. .
100
13.
The new authority is losing .. by its
failure to act quickly.
14.
His . and unwillingness to learn from
others prevent him from being an effective member of the
team.
15.
His life is driven by . . He has to
drive around in the most expensive car and wear the best
designer clothes.
16.
The more he fails, the more he loses ..
in his abilities.
17.
Internet shopping has begun to have a serious . on
the traditional bookshops.
18.
It was her trips to South and Central America that
. her desire to work on environmental issues.

innocuous
common
bonds
subtler
wake up
enhance
tend
metamessage
dissection
scoring points
vulnerability
assert
doomed
Different Wavelengths
Men: they cringe at the prospect of discussing anything

personal, grumble they're being nagged when asked to take out the
rubbish and, if they lose their way while driving, rage at the
suggestion they ask for directions.
Women: they read things into the most . (1)
comment, get upset when their man says 'I' rather than 'we' and
demand impossibly detailed reports of every conversation they miss
- who said what and how they looked when they said it.
It will all go on like this, each sex bristling at the other's
peculiar ways, until we (2) to the simple truth men and women don't speak the same language.
Women use language to .. (3) intimacy, men
to . (4) independence. Women, concerned primarily
with making connections with people, regard conversation as a way
101
to share feelings, create bonds and explore possible solutions to

(5) problems.
Men are concerned primarily with status, and prefer
discussion of facts to (6) of feelings. Since
feelings suggest .. (7) and thus inferiority, men see
conversation as another way of . (8).
Apparently the main difference in the way we
communicate is in the crucial matter of the (9) the unspoken attitudes, thoughts and intentions behind what is
actually said. And while fact-oriented men (10) to
listen to the message, feeling-oriented women tend to listen for the
(11) metamessage.
Without understanding the gender differences in ways of
speaking, we're (12) to blame other people, or
ourselves, or the relationship. The biggest mistake is believing there
is one right way to listen, talk and have a conversation.
What statements would you choose to support?
What assumptions would you rather challenge?
THEME ONE
7
What Do They Look Like?
Before reading the texts discuss the following questions.

What do you think a national stereotype is?
How is your own nation stereotyped by others? Or perhaps
people from certain regions have a particular image. Think
about appearance, habit, lifestyle, way of thinking, and so on.
Do you think there is an element of truth in these stereotypes,
or are they completely unjustified?
Some people view national and regional stereotypes as
harmless and funny, while others see them as insulting and
disapprove of them. What do you think?
Text a
The English Character
102
The national character of the English has been very

differently described, but most commentators agree over one
quality, which they describe as fatuous self-satisfaction, serene
sense of superiority, or insular pride. English patriotism is based on
a deep sense of security. Englishmen as individuals may have been
insecure, threatened with the loss of a job, unsure of themselves, or
unhappy in many ways but as the nation they have been for
centuries secure, serene in their national successes. This national
sense of security, hardly threatened by the First World War, has been
greatly weakened by the Second World War and by the invention of
the atomic bomb.
Much has been said about the British character.
Traditionally, the British have been known as insular. This attitude
is summed up in the legendary story of a headline which is
supposed to have appeared one morning in The Times, as follows:
FOG STOPS CROSS-CHANNEL TRAFFIC: CONTINENT
ISOLATED. Even if the story is not true, it certainly ought to be.
Traditionally, the British have also been known as superior,
snobbish, aloof, hypocritical and unsociable.
Many books have been written on English traits, English ways
of life, and the English character. Their authors tend to point out
what seem to them puzzles, contrasts, in the way the English
behave.
First, there is the contrast between the unity the English
display in a crisis, their strong sense for public order, indeed for
conformity, and their extraordinary toleration of individual
eccentricities.
Second, there is the contrast between the English sense of
dignity and importance of the individual, and the very great social
and economic inequalities that have characterised English life.
There are indeed two nations, defined simply as the rich and the
poor.
Third, there is the contrast between the reputation of the
English as hard-headed practical man the nation of shopkeepers
and as men of poetry the countrymen of Shakespeare and
Shelley.
103
The apparent coldness of the Englishmen and their reserve has

been almost universally noted by foreigners; but foreigners also
confess that they find English reserve not unpleasant, and that once
one gets to know an Englishman he turns to be a very
companionable fellow.
From Mozaika, 1967
Text b
Welcome to New Britain
"Our party - New Labour. Our mission - New Britain," Tony
Blair told the Labour conference in 1994. But it took the death of
Princess Diana to inject real life into the idea. As the crowds started
massing at the gates of London's palaces, as middle-aged men broke
down in tears over a woman they had never met, as the people
started demanding action from the royal superiors - then, for the
first time, a once abstract concept suddenly seemed real: New
Britain.
But what is New Britain? Who lives there? What does it look
like? Is it for real or just the slogan, as empty as the New Improved
promise on a soap powder? What does the phrase New Britain
actually mean?
Perhaps, a sharp definition will take years to come. But
already an outline is forming. New Britain is less formal and that
respectful. It's more open and personal. It's more tolerant and
optimistic, less macho and miserable. It's probably less collective,
but perhaps more communal. It's fiscally conservative, but socially
liberal. It has national pride, even as it accepts a smaller place in the
world. Dress code has changed, too. At Diana's funeral the mourners
outside the abbey were in jeans and T-shirts - just as office workers
had been all summer.
The funeral itself was proof of how short our patience for
formality has become: protocol, one of Old Britain's defining traits,
mitigated in the face of public demand. The rule book was all but
buried that day.
New Britons speak more freely, and demand others do the
same. British Telecommunications spotted the mood and bottled it
104
in a slogan, "It's good to talk." The Orange mobile phone company

also wants us to be open with our emotions: "Talk, Listen, Laugh,
Cry" they urge, demanding a direct rebellion against the stoicism of
Old Britain. Diana herself led the charge, with her confessional
appearance on Panorama. We followed her lead when we mourned
her, engaging in public display of emotion few had ever witnessed
before. In the New, Dianised Britain, hugs have replaced the stiff
upper lip as the physical gesture of choice.
Plenty have been alarmed by the change. Panicked
commentators emissaries from the Old country have urged us to
stop all this emotional bingeing. They fear New Britain is becoming
a land that puts heart above head. They might be right. Suddenly
human relationships, rather than ideas, matter most.
This feminisation has touched more than just popular culture:
it is shaping the way we see our place in the world. The more
masculine aspects of Britannia ruling the waves, of Britain as the
imperial nation, have gone.
Of course, one can get carried away. First, how New Britain is
a country where so many of the old probably remain? The gap
between rich and poor is still widening no matter how cuddly we
are to each other. Nor have we replaced the individualism of the
1980s with a full-blooded return to collective solidarity. Sure, there
is a hankering for community, for local connections, but New
Britain also seems more concerned with responsibilities than rights.
Tough love is the order of the day.
The shift might even be a return to an Old Britain. Historians
record that we were a noisier, more expressive society in the 18th
century. Perhaps we are rediscovering our roots.
The Guardian, 2004
NOTES
1. English: adj the term should not be used too loosely,
and it would be inaccurate to refer to the British as English. The
Scots and the Welsh find it particularly annoying, for they do not
regard themselves as English. The English the people of England
2. Englishman, Englishwoman: a British citizen born in
England or of English parents
105
3. British: of Britain: a British citizen/ passport; the

British, to be British
4. Brit: informal a British person: the Brits / The Brits are
always complaining about the food.
5. Briton: usually formal a British person: the ancient
Britons / The report said there were three Britons on the crashed
plane.
6. The nation of shopkeepers: the phrase used by
Napoleon to describe the English. Though uttered in a sneering
spirit, it embodied the profound truth that British prosperity was
based upon trade.
7. Rule Britannia: a song about Britains command of the
seas in former years, sung on patriotic occasions in the belief that
Britain is still great.
Explain the meaning of the following word-combinations;

suggest how they can be translated into Russian:
national character fatuous self-satisfaction
a serene sense of superiority insular pride patriotism
hypocritical a strong sense for public order
conformity
individual eccentricities reserve
hard-headed practical man
macho stoicism
to lead the charge feminisation
cuddly
collective solidarity
In the text find a word or phrase which, in context, is

relating to money and financial matters
reduce the
harmful effects of something an attack by people running very
fast towards someone or something someone who does a job for
a government or a leader a period o drinking wild behaviour
a strong wish
106
Text A
1. What is the traditional opinion of the British as a nation?
2. What does the writer mean by saying that English patriotism
is based on a deep sense of security?
3. What is to be understood by the national successes of the
English?
4. Why doesnt Britain feel as secure at present as it did in the
past?
5. What are traditional British traits?
6. Why are books describing the English and their ways of life
often contradictory?
7. What contrasts do the books spot?
8. Why are the English often referred to as the nation of
shopkeepers?
Text B
1. What do the names of Tony Blair and Princess Diana tell you
about?
2. What event enabled the concept of New Britain to seem real?
3. What changes has Britain undergone?
4. What does the writer mean by the phrase less collective, but
perhaps more communal?
5. What is the implication of the phrase fiscally conservative,
but socially liberal?
6. What do the word protocol and the phrase the rule book
refer to?
7. What is the contribution of late Princess Diana to the process
of changes?
8. Why do some people sound the alarm about the changes? Who
are they?
9. Explain in your own words what the writer means by
masculine aspects of Britannia ruling the waves?
10.
What does the writer imply about the remains of the
old?
107
11 Compare the two texts. Sum up the contents of the texts.

Outline the changes that the British character has undergone
recently.
THEME TWO
12
The Way We Speak
Discuss the following questions before reading the text.

Are you conscious of distinguishing people socially by the
way they speak? If so, does this distinction seem to you
useful, or unjust and likely to lead to prejudice and
resentment?
What is the social effect of the existence of a standard or
'correct' version of any language? What happens to people
who cannot speak it?
Anyone who has learned to speak another language will
have had the sensation of discovering a new personality.
'Language learning alters the brain.' Say whether you agree
or not, and why.
The English Language
Today English is, without doubt, the world's most important

language. One in ten people speak it as their mother tongue and it
has a larger vocabulary than any other language. English belongs
to the Indo-European family of languages, which developed from a
parent language first spoken about five thousand years ago in
central-northern Europe. From there, it spread to the rest of Europe
and the Middle East, and over time: it developed into a series of new
tongues. One of these was Primitive Germanic, which later split into
old English, Dutch, German and the Scandinavian languages. Old
English was later heavily influenced by French following the
Norman invasion in the eleventh century. Then, in the sixteenth
century, due to the invention of printing, the increase in
108
opportunities for education and the growth of international trade

and communication, this form of English, which is known as
Middle English, changed into the language we now speak, Modern
English. Language change continues to the present day, although the
major area of change has been in vocabulary rather than
grammar. Events such as the Industrial Revolution and the two
world wars are among the reasons for the expansion of vocabulary.
The media has dramatically contributed to the growing factor and
influence of the English language.
Political correctness has made and continues to make a
significant impact on the English language as we are all encouraged,
for the common good, to make increasing use of euphemistic
paraphrase. We should turn our backs on expressions like the poor
and embrace the economically disadvantaged. The visually
challenged is recommended in the place of the blind; the
chronically hard of hearing is suggested as substitute for the
deaf. The euphemism, an inoffensive or positive word or phrase
designed to avoid a harsh, unpleasant, or distasteful reality. It can
also be a tactful word or phrase; for example, "pass away" functions
not just to protect the feelings of another person but also to express
our concern for another's grief. This is all well and not asking the
impossible of us. It is rather when the trend is taken to the extreme
and the bald find themselves referred to as the follically
challenged that there is a risk of things getting out of hand; if a
euphemism is used to mislead or deceive, however, a euphemism
becomes doublespeak.
Doublespeak is a blanket term for language which pretends
to communicate but doesn't, language which makes the bad seem
good, the negative appear positive, the unpleasant attractive, or at
least tolerable, it is language which avoids shifts or denies
responsibility, language which is at variance with its real meaning.
Attentive observers of the English language also learned recently
that the multibillion dollar stock market crash of 1987 was a simply
a fourth quarter equity retreat; that airplanes don't crash they just
have uncontrolled contact with the ground. In other words,
doublespeak continues to spread as the official language of public
communication. When a company initiates a career alternative
109
enhancement program, it is really laying off five thousand

workers; a negative patient care outcome means that the patient
died. These last examples should make it clear that doublespeak is
not the product of careless language or sloppy thinking. Indeed
serious doublespeak is carefully designed and constructed to appear
to communicate but in fact to mislead. Such language is highly
strategic, and it breeds suspicion, cynicism, distrust and, ultimately,
hostility. If we really believe that we understand doublespeak and
think that it communicates, we are in deep trouble.
Jargon, the specialized language of a trade or profession,
allows colleagues to communicate with each other clearly,
efficiently and quickly. Indeed, it is a mark of membership to be
able to use and understand the group's jargon. But it can also be
doublespeak pretentious and obscure terminology used to make
the simple appear complex and not to express but impress. Lawyers
and tax accountants speak of an involuntary conversion of
property when discussing the loss or destruction of property through
theft or accident.
Neologisms, new words or new ways of using familiar words,
seem to be appearing in the language with ever-increasing speed, so
that one can expect to encounter an unknown element in the
newspapers or in broadcasts at least once a month. Neologisms are
said to be the most acute barometer of the course English culture is
taking. The Nineties have given the language an armoury of
neologisms be they genuine attempts to define new cultural
phenomena, or outlandish euphemisms dictated by political
correctness or marketing agendas. Marital status has its own
labelling, as you will know if you are a sinbad (single income, no
boyfriend, absolutely desperate) or even a sitcom (single income,
two children and an oppressive mortgage). A descriptive term which
refers to both sexes is 'yuppy', from an acronym for "young,
upwardly-mobile, professional", and it implies their attitude to life,
their desire to succeed and prosper. Courage is now "bottle", and not
having the necessary courage in a situation is "to bottle out".
England and America are two nations separated by the same
language, said George Bernard Show, the British playwright, when
in his usual witty mood. The difference between British and
110
American English can be exaggerated. In the spoken language there

is the question of pronunciation, which makes the two forms
instantly distinguishable from each other; but in the written
language there is astonishingly little that would indicate to the
reader whether he is dealing with a British or an American author
provided that direct speech is omitted.
Language does change. It's on the move all the time.

similar in meaning to the following:
()


Paragraph 2: refuse to accept someone or something that
you have previously accepted completely accept something such
as a new idea, belief
Paragraph 4: behaving in a way that is intended to impress
other people but seems false not clearly expressed
Paragraph 5: extremely strange and unusual
an
abbreviation consisting of letters that form a word
15 Explain the following words and phrases:

blanket term
sloppy thinking

1. What historical, economic and cultural factors contributed to
the English language gaining ground?
2. In what way did the Industrial Revolution and the two world
wars bring about the vocabulary development?
111
3. What is the role of the media in expansion of the English

language?
4. What contributed to the increasing use of euphemisms? Give
the definition and examples of this phenomenon.
5. What type of language is doublespeak? What is the difference
between doublespeak and a euphemism?
6. Why does doublespeak tend to be used as the official language
of public communication?
7. What is jargon? Think of your own examples of jargon.
8. What causes the appearance of neologisms?
9. What is the difference between British and American English?
Provide your examples.
17 Here is an example of corporate speak the jargon. Try

making sense and explaining the idea.
The bottom line is we are thinking outside the box and all
singing from the same hymn sheet. At the end of the day we are
global players: Now let's get our ducks in a row.
18 Summarise in 150-200 words the factors that accounts for

the changes in the English language and what changes occur in
the language.
THEME THREE
First Impressions
19 Discuss the following questions before reading the text.

When you meet someone for the first time, what are the
characteristics of that person that create the first impression?
Are these impressions based on aspects of the individual or on
stereotypes?
How far do you think the way that individuals are perceived
by other people is influenced by:
o sex stereotyping?
o education, upbringing and cultural norms?
o the role they are playing?
112
Is assertiveness a skill or a trait of character? In what way

should a person assert themselves to be promoted?
Would you agree that 'clothes don't make the man'?
Would you support or challenge the saying that 'first
impressions last'?
Girl Talk - Where You Can Buy Success in the Coffee Break
The lights are relaxedly dimmed and lime juice cordial and
iced water sparkle invitingly on green baize. Lisa Ford makes her
entrance. She is expensively but discreetly dressed: the right suit
with the right hemline, low-heeled shoes, high-necked blouse, the
minimum of good jewellery. She hails from Atlanta, Georgia, and
she's as fresh as if she'd just stepped out of the shower.
Close on two hundred women in business, government, and
the professions have come to learn how to project themselves. By
four o'clock today, I shall have crystallised my self-knowledge,
dramatised my commitment goals, and eliminated the credibility
robbers in my speech patterns. My body language will speak
volumes.
'Excuse me, Joe,' I shall be able to say, when interrupted by a
male colleague. Men interrupt women 76 per cent more often than
they interrupt men. It is just another symptom of their sublime
arrogance. 'Excuse me, Joe,' - clear and direct, not submissive, my
hand up, but close to the body without aggression, the gesture that
says subliminally: Stop. 'I would like to finish making this point.'
Note that I did not say, tentatively, 'Er, Joe, I'm sorry, but
would you, - er - kind of mind if I - er - added something? I mean,
you probably won't think this is at all important, and of course, do
feel free to sort of, well, criticise it if you like, but I'd just like to say
...' And when Joe congratulates me on my profundity, I shall
swallow the good British instinct that might lead me to say, selfeffacingly, 'Gosh. It was nothing!' and say, as a man would, 'Thank
you. When so you are as talented as I am, it comes naturally.'
The lights are gleaming now on a glossy video held aloft:
Success and Self-Programming. We can buy it during the coffee
113
break. We should share our knowledge because knowledge is power.

Okay, let's get down to counteracting our stereotypes.
Women, as we all know, are seen as too emotional, lacking the
ability to handle criticism. Women are seen as having nothing
important to say. Women make it worse for themselves by voicing
their anxieties. I must avoid power-robbing appearance mistakes
and mannerisms that say I am a lightweight. Powerless people
smile to please,' warns Lisa. Women are expected to smile, where
men aren't. I must develop a strategy for investing in my own
image: promote myself for positive visibility. Being decisive is a
power skill I must breeze into the office on Monday morning full
of positive thoughts and ready to defuse unwarranted criticism.
Like toothpaste, it's the inner ring of confidence that counts
because as Lisa says, 'The scary thing is, around 80 per cent of our
internal dialogue is negative.' That's okay as far as it goes. I'm not
knocking assertiveness training or the teaching of techniques to
combat sexism. But isn't it frightfully un-British? I've got this
uneasy feeling that if we all package ourselves as the
selfprojectionists advocate, we'll produce a race of all-American
clones.
Please, may I hang on to my occasional bursts of temper or
bouts of moodiness? Do you mind my crooked teeth? On the way to
school, I used to take out my hated brace as soon as I was out of
sight of the house. When the dentist expressed mystification that the
treatment wasn't working, and I had to defend myself by saying that
I found it difficult to splutter German through all the metalwork, he
told me sternly that I would later regret my vanity. My teeth are not
perfect. But I can speak German.
Now an American miss would not have done this. American
misses know that confidence is engendered through a flashing
smile. It is engendered, us too, through a high school and college
education which positively encourages self-promotion and selfanalysis. American misses would have no reservations about writing
a 'Dear Boss' letter as advocated by this seminar in order to increase
value and visibility. It would not stick in their throat to say, Thanks
for approving my attendance at the Image and Self-projection
Workshop. I learned a lot! Here are some of the highlights.'
114
No, allow me a bit of un-predictability, please. Woman, after

all, is at best a contradiction still. Sorry, Joe. You wanted to say
something?
Pat Ashworth, The Guardian
20 Find the word or phrase which, in context, is similar in

meaning to:
Paragraph 1: comes from
Paragraph 2: nearly removed negative ways of speaking
Paragraph 3: willing to do what other people tell you to do
without arguing
at an unconscious level
Paragraph 4: modestly
Paragraph 5: giving time and attention to my appearance
walk confidently and happily into the office
Paragraph 6: the frightening thing is critisising
Paragraph 7: periods of bad temper not straight
Paragraph 8: they would have no misgivings about saying
21 Find the English for:

/

- -
22 Explain the meaning of these words and phrases.

to project oneself
sublime arrogance
defuse
counteract criticism
115
1. How is Lisa Ford dressed? What does the description of her

clothes imply? Why does the writer use the word "right" in
reference to the suit and the hemline? What does the phrase
"expensively but discreetly dressed" refer to?
2. What image of herself does Lisa Ford project?
3. What is the writer's view of Lisa Ford?
4. What is the purpose of the seminar?
5. What skills, techniques and knowledge do participants seek to
acquire?
6. Explain what ideas the following phrases communicate:
"crystallised
my
self-knowledge",
"dramatised
my
commitment goals", "eliminated the credibility robbers in
speech patterns".
7. What one should do so that his body could speak volumes?
8. What are stereotypes of women? In what way can they
counteract their stereotypes?
9. What is the best way to handle interruptions?
10.
What is a power skill according to the author?
11.
What does the author find frightening about the idea of
self-projecting?
12.
How does the tone and style of the article illustrate the
attitude of the author to the subject of the article?
24 Summarise in 150 words the contents of the article.

LANGUAGE FOCUS
Discussions and Debates
25 Your university is considering introducing the following

changes in regulations.
Work in pairs. Student A - express your opinion about
each of the issues below using phrases from column A. Student
- agree or disagree by using phrases from column B.
1. For security reasons, it is proposed that a curfew be imposed
on students living on campus. The doors in all halls of
116
residence will close at 11 pm. Students returning after this

time will not be able to sleep in their rooms.
2. Due to the increased number of late returns, it is proposed that
a 5 fine be imposed upon any student who is late returning
his or her library books.
3. To encourage class attendance, it is proposed that the number
of classes a student can miss before failing a course be
reduced from 3 to 1.
Let me say, first of all,

that
I don't feel I'm being
unfair in saying
that
I would like to point out
that
- Quite right. And I would also like

to add that...
- I'm afraid I have to differ. You see, ...
- I tend to agree with you. And another
thing that must be borne in mind is...
- To tell you the truth, I have very
strong reservations about...
- You have my support on this one.
And I think I'm speaking for a lot
of us when I say...
I just don't see the logic behind ...,
especially if one takes into
consideration that...
26 Look at the following phrases, which are commonly used

in discussions and debates.
Inviting somebody to give their opinion.
What's your reaction/response to this?
Can we have your input on this?
How do you feel about this?
What are your views?

Giving an opinion
I have to say that I totally
Interrupting
Just a second...
117
agree / disagree.
That's a really valid point.
I'm afraid I'm going to
have to differ.
I can't say I have strong
views either way.
As far as I'm able to judge
If I may just cut in here...

Sorry, but could I just say
something here
Excuse me, but...
Work in groups. Below are some extracts from newspaper

articles. Using the phrases above, as well as phrases from Ex.
25, discuss the items.
Why did so many people want to be on the Internet? One of
the main reasons was simply freedom. The Internet is a rare
example of a truly, modern, functional anarchy. There is no
"Internet Inc.". There are no official censors, no bosses, no
board of directors, no stockholders. This virtual freedom,
many hold, was the major reason why this form of
communication attracted so many users so quickly.
Recently there has been concern over the negative effect that
modern methods of communication are having on the English
language. First of all, the increasing usage of e-mails and text
messages is changing the way we use grammar: certain words
are dropped out to keep message short. Secondly, it is
fashionable to shorten the spelling of the words, for example
people write "CU later" instead of "See you later". Not
everyone has a perfect command of the language but that
shouldn't stop them from being able to communicate.
Chair: The first item today is the Internet as the greatest
achievement of modern technology. Can we have your input on this,
George?
A: I have to say, I totally disagree with the idea of
B: If I may just cut in here, I'd like to say that ...
118
27 Match euphemisms to the correct place in the article.

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
grain-consuming animal units

downsize
non-decision-making form
blamestorming
home plaque removal instrument
de-job
nutritional avoidance therapy
volume-related production schedule adjustment
energetic disassembly
automotive internists
members of the vertical transportation corps
decruite
Farmers no longer have cows, pigs, chickens or other animals

on their farms: according to the US Department of Agriculture
farmers have .......................... (1) and that President Reagan wasn't
really unconscious while he underwent minor surgery, he was just in
a .................................. (2).
We know that a toothbrush is still a toothbrush even if the
advertisements on television call it a ................................ (3), and
even that ................................. (4) means a diet. But who would
guess that a ............................. (5) means a closing an entire factory
in the doublespeak of General Motors or that ............................ (6)
means an explosion in a nuclear plant in the doublespeak of the
nuclear industry?
A final kind of doublespeak is simply inflated language. Car
mechanics may be called .............................. (7), elevator
operators .............................. (8).
Companies dont sack staff anymore. They ........................ (9),
............................. (10), rightsize, ............................... (11) or delayer. These euphemistic redundancies might take place after a
mornings ................................ (12) debating who is to blame for a
workplace fiasco.
What effect do the euphemisms produce on the reader?
119
Why would the author rather choose doublespeak than

neutral expressions?
TALKING POINTS
28 You are applying for the post of Executive Assistant in a

large organization. Which of the following would you choose to
wear? Why?
scruffy jeans
lounge suit
tie-dye T-shirt
pin-striped suit trench coat bomber jacket baggy cords
tuxedo jacket fashionable tie sandals matching skirt and
jacket
low-cut dress
well-polished shoes
Obviously, if I were applying for such an important
position I wouldn't wear a bomber jacket as I would give the
interviewer the impression that I was not taking the interview
seriously.
29 What impression do you get from someone during a

conversation if they are:
leaning forward towards you?
leaning away from you?
staring at the ceiling?
rubbing their nose?

30 Complete the phrases about yourself. Use the words below
if you wish.
gaze upward be/get wide-eyed point accusingly
frown touch chin with hand scratch head
-
When I'm feeling anxious, I

On the rare occasions that I lose my temper, I ..
When I'm confused by something, I .
Whenever I'm deep in thought, I tend to .
120
31 Below you can find words to describe people. Do any of the

words in the list describe or don't definitely describe you or
your acquaintances? Provide a short description of a person.
affectionate aggressive
bad-tempered
calm
cheerful cold mean easy-going emotional friendly
arrogant self-confident moody optimistic
nervy
practical
pessimistic reserved
rude
sensitive
sociable tolerant
superior
This person shows an arrogant disregard for other people's
opinion, but to my mind it's just the veneer that conceals some
deeper emotions and feelings. He/she has always been a sensitive
person.
32 a) Read through the remarks below and the replies.

According to the information in the text Different Wavelengths
(Lead-in), decide which of the replies is from a man (M), and
which from a woman (W), and why.
1. My boss gave me a week to write a report. The research alone
would take a month if I did it right.
a. Don't you hate it when they do that?
b. You should tell him if you do it in a week, it'll be a
terrible job and it won't be your fault.
2. What frustrates you about your partner?
a. X never gets to the point.
b. X never tells me anything.
3. What's a good way to impress someone you've just met?
a. Ask a personal question and listen to the answer.
b. Have interesting information and witty things to say.
4. You had a rotten day? I'm sorry.
a. It's not your fault.
b. Thanks for your concern.
121
b) Here is an extract from the letter of one of the

contributors of the Daily Express. What answer to the questions
would you give?
It seems to us men that women want to claim all the many
benefits and advantages, but none of the worries and disadvantages
which we men have daily to contend with. At work? We mustn't
allow poor dears to lift anything heavy! Socially? Hold the doors
open, and give up one's seat on public transport! Is it any wonder
that men are grey-haired and bent-backed, when we have carried
women on our backs for centuries?
33 Read through short conversations below and comment on

the difference in the way a man and a woman communicate.
a. She: Why didn't you ask me how my day was?
He: If you've got something to tell me, tell me. Why do you
have to be invited?
b. She: We've been driving round in circles for half an hour
searching for the address. Why not ask somebody for
directions?
He: I'm sure it is nearby. I'll cope with it myself. We'll hit the
place in a sec.
34 Express your opinion on the following statements.

Men consider politeness to be subservient (less
important than something else), women sensitive.
Men boast as a matter of course, battling to gain or
maintain that all-important status. Women, who tend to gain
acceptance with each other by appearing the same as, not
better than, everyone else, take care never to boast.
Good looks instigate men's love, while women trust
their ears.
122
Men are fact-oriented when they listen to the

message, while women are feeling-oriented during the
communication.
35 A

Communicate v to express thoughts, feelings, or information to
someone else by speaking or writing: The rebels verbally
communicated the information to the officials. Can you
communicate to him that we are just not interested. She has an
amazing ability to communicate enthusiasm.
Quality n an important part of the character of something,
especially a part that is good.
Trait n one type of feeling or behaviour that is particularly
noticeable in a person or group of people: Pride seems to be one of
our family traits.
Stereotype n a fixed set of ideas about what particular type of
person or thing is like, which is (wrongly) believed to be true in all
cases: He certainly doesn't fit the stereotype of the emotional
Italian.
Image n an opinion that people have about someone or
something which may not be a true one; the opinion of yourself,
your company, etc that you deliberately try to create in the minds of
other people: They present an image of themselves as experts in this
area.
to project/present/promote an image
Assert v 1. to state firmly that something is true: The governor
asserted that no more money would be available. 2. to behave or do
something in a confident way: She always manages to assert her
point of view. Assertive adj behaving in a confident way in which
you are quick to express your opinions and feelings: You need to be
more assertive to succeed in business.
123
Make a significant/dramatic impact on Internet shopping has

began to have a serious impact on the traditional bookshops.
Public
adj 1. available for people in general to use: public
transport, a public library; involving a lot of people or involving
people in general 2. owned by the government, not by a private
company: public money 3. relating to the part of your life that
people in general know about, for example your work, rather than
your life at home: She keeps her public and private lives very
separate.
go public; in/out of the public eye
Social adj 1. relating to society and to peoples lives in general:
social welfare 2. relating to the position that someone has in
society in relation to other people: social class 3. relating to
activities that involve being with other people, especially activities
you do for pleasure: social contact; a social call
B
and words combinations. Translate the following sentences.
SECURE
1. He secured widespread support among the partys senior
members. 2. We have done our best to secure the embassy against
terrorist attacks. 3. Before leaving the house he secured all the
windows. 4. The computer system is secure from intruders. 5. She
has always been insecure about the way she looks. 6. We were
lulled into a false sense of security and failed to see what was
coming.
Verbs frequently used with security: to be after, to look for, to
seek, to ensure
SUPERIOR
1. There is no real reason to say that French wines are superior to
Italian. 2. Dealing with superiors at work, especially when they're
younger than you, can be very tricky. 3. He made few friends
because he was so superior and aloof. 4. Their country relies
heavily on its air superiority.
124
TEND
1. It tends to rain here a lot in spring. 2. Janet tends to get very
angry if you disagree with her. 3. Interest rates are tending
upwards. 4. I have to tend to the children before I leave.
HANDLE
1. Customers are asked not to handle the goods in the shop. 2. She
really knows how to handle a fast car. 3. Ms Brown handles the
companys accounts.
COMMON
1. The most common criticism was that he was always late. 2. In
this brochure you'll find questions and issues that are common to all
our clients. 3. It was, by common consent, our finest performance.
4. It is common practice to offer guests some refreshments. 5. It's
common knowledge that smoking and cancer are linked. 6. Let's
use a little common sense here. 7. The college has communal
dining rooms and clinics. 8. I wanted to work somewhere where I
could serve the community.
Some more phrases with common: the common
common ground, common language, common cold
good,
REFER
1. The incident was never referred to again. 2. The matter was
referred to the appropriate committee. 3. It was a dull job listening
to a speaker who was constantly referring to his notes. 4. I marked
down the page for future reference. 5. The library has a rich
collection of reference books. 6. The man seemed to have excellent
references.
TOLERATE
1. He won't tolerate anyone challenging his decisions. 2. She was
always tolerant of the views of the others as long as they didn't
clash with her own. 3. The car was in tolerable working condition.
4. It's easy to preach tolerance, how about practicing it? 5.
125
Toleration is mostly used with regard to freedom of religious

worship.
Opposite meanings: intolerable, intolerant, intolerance
SHAPE
1. Marie tried to find the right words to give shape to her ideas. 2. I
really want to get in shape before summer. 3. The idea began to
take shape about two years ago. 4. His generation believed they
could shape the future.
36 Translate the following sentences into Russian:

1. We were lulled into a false sense of security and failed to see
what was coming.
2. We are seeking their assistance in securing the release of the
hostages.
3. A police escort secured the route of the American President.
4. No shop can be completely secure against theft.
5. Everyone wants to be financially secure in retirement.
6. I went yesterday afternoon to Blackwell's Island prison to
secure material for my book.
7. I think they will tend towards stricter control.
8. We tend to take technology for granted nowadays.
9. You have to assert yourself if you want to be promoted.
10.
Towards the end of the game the player's superior
strength began to show.
11.
We felt that the dispute was badly handled.
37
Practice the following patterns:
Tend to do
1. We tend to ignore obvious danger signal when we are

exhausted.
Think of at least three different ways of answering these
questions about the way people react in certain circumstances. How
do people behave
126
when they are tired? They tend to feel sleepy, when

when they are in a hurry?
when they are nervous or embarrassed?
when they want to impress someone?
2. Fact-oriented men tend to listen to the message when

communicating.
Paraphrase the following sentences using the above model.
Men are mainly concerned with particular pieces of
information when they communicate. - Fact-oriented men tend to
listen to the message when communicating.
1. These TV programmes are primarily directed towards
families.
2. This curriculum is now heavily orientated towards exam
preparation.
3. We should think of advertising which would appeal to young
people.
4. The activity of this company involves exporting goods.
5. This English language course is designed for the needs of
businessmen.
38 Fill in public or social, translate into Russian, then make

sentences:
1. .. public .. transport
Public transport is run by the government.
2. . broadcasting
3. . ladder
4. . class
5. . policy
6. . official
7. . background
8. . peace
9. . opinion
10. property
11. call
12. conditions 13. activity
14. man
15. conscience
16. display of emotions
127
39 For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as

similar as possible in the meaning to the original sentence. Use the
Vocabulary. There may be more than one variant.
1. Modern technology leads to easier exchange of information.
2. You can make your baby experience the same mood without
realizing it.
3. If you install our burglar alarm system you can prevent your
home from being broken into. (Change the whole structure)
4. This company has succeeded in getting contracts worth $15 m.
5. All hand baggage is carefully checked to prevent accidents on
board.
6. We can consider the information safely kept if few people
know the access code.
7. Most of the time people vote for the party that offers them
financial advantages.
8. What happens in most cases is that the poorest families end up
in the slums.
9. Car theft is an increasingly common crime, and in most cases
the offender is under 18.
10.
The candidates that the party selected were on the whole
middle-aged, male, and white.
11.
Your main duty will be to deal with the complaints from
customers.
12.
My father saw to all the wedding arrangements, which
was a great help.
13.
Both these computers have this useful feature.
14.
When it comes to politics my mother and I have the
same opinion.
15.
The government says it is acting for the benefit of
everyone.
16.
Every politician knows that an election will be called
soon.
17.
Apply your mind to the problem solving and make a
sensible decision.
18.
He belongs to the Greek group of people in London.
19.
The dispute was handed over to the United Nations to be
128
dealt with.
20.
When I said that some people are stupid I wasn't
speaking about you.
21.
The clerk has excellent statements about his experience
and abilities from former employers.
22.
He wont allow anything to challenge his decisions.
23.
The working conditions were too poor, they ignored that
situation too long.
24.
I hated my work, but had to put up with it as there
werent many jobs available.
25.
Her loneliness was hard to bear, after her husband died.
26.
I dont think I can stand sharing an office with Barbara.
27.
She cant stand being contradicted.
28.
In the past I allowed him to behave impolite towards me.
40 Translate into English, using Vocabulary of the Unit (pay

Russian).
Communicate
1. .
2.
, , .
Secure
3. ?
4. .
5.
.
6.
?
7.
.
8. ,
.
9.
.
10.
.
Superior
129
11.
,
,
.
12.

,
.
Tend
13.
, .
14.
.
15.
, .
16.

.
Handle
17.
.
18.
, .
19.
.
20.
.
.
Public
21.
.
22.
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130
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41 Render the following text into English.

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131
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132
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UNIT FIVE THE MEDIA AND ADVERTISING

LEAD-IN
a . What factors decide how you get the news? Complete

the following questionnaire.
133
How often do you

read newspapers?
watch the news on TV?
search for news on the Net?
When I get the news, I want the source to be
reliable.
direct.
objective.
entertaining.
When I read articles and reviews in the newspapers and in
the Net, I want the author to be
dispassionate
determined
impartial
I am mostly interested in coverage concerning
politics.
weather.
sports.
art & entertainment.
How far do you agree with the following statements?
Journalists should tell the public the truth, no matter what the
consequences.
News should be delivered in a way that makes us think.
Nobodys privacy is more important than the truth reaching
the public.
b. Talk about your responses.
I read newspapers almost daily, but I only watch the
news on TV two or three times a week, and I hardly ever search for
news on the Net.
2 Define the qualities of a good newspaper article by
matching the adjectives on the left to the phrases on the right.
Which three do you think are the most important? Explain your
opinion.
unbiased
satisfy the publics right to know
134
hard-hitting
incisive
revealing
uncompromising
well-researched
offer accurate information

not bow to pressure
comment fairly on current events
sensitise the public and the authorities
examine news in depth
A good newspaper article should be unbiased so that it

can comment fairly on current events.

given.
circulation
coverage
tabloid
correspondent
editorial
supplement
censorship
tuned in
feature
logo
bias
sensationalism
slogans
readership
newscasters
censorship
obituaries
newscasters
broadsheet
1. The newspapers are printed on small pages and

usually contain light or popular news stories, while a
newspaper that is printed on large pages is called a
.
2. On Sundays I often read the glossy colour
before I turn to the main newspaper.
3. Although we publish a university newspaper, our .
extends far beyond the students attending the college.
4. Although we sold more copies than we did in January,
circulation figures are still not
satisfactory.
5. There will be a special . on health education in
next weeks Sunday Times.
6. David works as a foreign .. for the Daily
Telegraph.
7. When Picasso died, all major newspapers carried
. on him.
8. The editors opinion on important current events can be found
in the .
135
9. There was extensive media of the Kyoto climate

treaty talks.
10.
In certain countries, . of the press
means that not all political opinions can be printed.
11.
TV programmes on the ITV network are interrupted at
regular intervals for .
12.
Drinka Pinta Milka Day, Go to Work on an Egg:
these are two examples of highly successful advertising
. .
13.
An estimated eight and half million viewers
. to BBC coverage of the Olympic Games.
14.
Companies are now so design-conscious that they
employ specialists to find them an eye-catching . .
15.
, whose faces are seen every night as
they read the news, frequently become celebrities.
16.
While many newspaper editors try to guard against the
. of facts in their reports, it is inevitable that some
.. will creep into the way events are reported.
17.
The .. of the popular press, for
example in the reporting of sex scandals, is one explanation
for its success.

target
profitability
boost
handled
feature
in-depth exposing classified
coverage
readership
mass market
sales gimmicks
cover price
tending
circulation figures
proprietor
catering
reviews
market share
provide
The Press in Britain

A wide variety of newspapers is published in Britain, and
newspaper readers are generally loyal to the newspaper of their
choice, .............................(1) to buy the same newspaper every day.
The papers themselves vary from .............................(2) dailies and
136
Sunday papers distributed nationwide to regional, evening and

weekly papers .............................(3) for the needs of people in a
particular geographical area.
The papers with the highest .............................(4) are the
national tabloids which try to maintain their .............................(5) by
publishing sensational stories and .............................(6) the private
lives of people in the public eye. Readership of the tabloids is
concentrated
among
less
affluent
social
groups,
and .............................(7) is an important aspect of newspaper
choice in this sector. ..............................(8) such as competitions
with spectacular prizes are a common means of attempting
to .............................(9) sales.
For more extensive news .............................(10), readers may
turn to the broadsheets, where in the best cases there is an attempt at
.............................(11) analysis of the current situation both at home
and abroad. As in the case of tabloids, the editor has an important
role to play in determining how a story is .............................(12), but
more
and
more
frequently
the
views
of
the
newspaper .............................(13) have a role to play.
Both tabloids and broadsheets provide .............................(14)
articles and .............................(15) of current books, films, plays and
so forth. Sport also receives substantial coverage. Many newspapers
now .............................(16) advice on how to handle personal
finances, as well as a more traditional business section.
Advertising revenue is an essential element in a
newspaper's .............................(17), and advertisers take account of
the
social
characteristics
of
a
particular
newspaper's .............................(18) when determining at which
group
to
.............................(19)
a
particular
sales
promotion. ..............................(20) advertising is also a valuable
source of income.
Answer the following questions, using the information

given.
1. What is the difference between a) advertisement and
commercials; b) an advertisement and advertising; c)
137
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
newscasters, commentators and correspondent; d) slogan

and logo? Give your examples.
Why is it so important for companies to be designconscious? What gimmicks and tricks do advertisers use?
Does a correspondent tend to give a biased version of
events? Why (not)? To what extent can the bias of
journalists be acceptable or reasonable?
What is the purpose of distorting facts, the truth in mass
media?
In what cases should the censorship be resorted to?
What helps a politician to become a celebrity in our
country?
What kind of reports would you call politically sensitive?
It is not enough to read about natural or man-made
disasters. Its important to be able to see them too. Do
you agree or disagree? Justify your answer.
THEME ONE
6
Discuss the following quotations and the proverb.
The Written Word Remains
Newspapers should have no friends. Joseph Pulitzer

(Hungarian-American publisher)
Journalism can never be silent: that is its greatest virtue and
its greatest fault. Henry Anatole Grunwald (US writer and
diplomat)
The written word remains. ( a proverb)
Before reading the text answer the following questions.
How popular is newspaper reading in our country?
What different types of newspapers are there?
What reading habits do people tend to have?
What factors account for the decrease in the popularity of
newspapers and the increase in magazine publishing?
138
You Awright, My SUN?

There is a crisis of confidence at the leading tabloids where
circulations are shrinking. Now the Sun has launched a classy ad
campaign.
There is something new under the Sun after all. For the first
time in its super history, the paper is spending money on a television
campaign that doesn't advertise specific editorial content or promote
a money-winning competition.
From last night, a series of ads are being screened that do
nothing more than present a series of images of the Sun being read
by various groups of people. The only sound is a song which
concludes with the refrain: "I tell you: only the strongest will
survive." That Darwinist message apart, these ads signify a turning
point for the Sun and, given that papers key importance, probably a
turning point in British society too.
The Sun is trying to address a problem that is manifested in
the plunging fortunes of the top tabloids, both daily and Sunday.
There has to be a reason for such a decline. Daily titles have been
losing sales and readers at an increasing rate for the past five years.
The "mass market" is now an irrelevant term in newspapers. Fewer
and fewer people are reading any paper, never mind more than one,
on a daily basis. Many don't read papers at all. But the other awful
truth facing the top tabloids is that those people who are still buying
papers are trading up, choosing the Daily Mail or even the now
accessible Times.
Newspapers reflect social change faster than any other
consumer product and they reveal that we are all aspirational now.
The top tabloids are seen variously as old-fashioned, reactionary
and worthless. Most importantly, they are viewed as having lost
their authority and credibility. They are not a badge to be worn by
increasingly sophisticated consumers who can't be manipulated as
easily as they seemed to be a decade ago. The Sun can't attract, let
alone hold on to, 4 million buyers a day by running competitions
and celebrity kiss-and-tell stories. All the old certainties are gone.
At one end, the Sun's audience is more cosmopolitan and, at
the other, either apathetic or, more worryingly, illiterate. The more
139
educated are going upmarket or preferring to read magazines, while

the ill-educated are failing to read anything. Then there is the
perpetual problem, faced by mature papers, of how to attract a
younger, or at least new, audience without antagonising the older
habitual buyers.
Hence the Sun's ad campaign which, it should also be said, is
more than a recognition by the editorial team that their old tricks
aren't working any longer. The ads do offer a fascinating insight into
the Sun's dilemma: in the face of falling sales it is suggesting that
the paper is a permanent fixture in every facet of British life. It
seeks to reinforce its continuing importance as a "must read" in its
traditional heartland, at the same time as it tries to plug into a new
generation.
So in the ads we see the attempts to compare the opposites.
These attempts seek to bridge the divide. Workers in heavy industry
reading the paper during their meal break are contrasted with shirtsleeved business types at lunch; elderly women in a hairdresser's
pass the paper to younger women in a maternity clinic; and on it
goes to a still younger woman having her bottom tattooed.
Anyway, these ads are not aimed at encouraging people to go
out the next morning and buy the Sun. They are designed to enhance
the Sun brand and to wipe out memories of its aggressiveness.
These are warm and cuddly images. The Sun is shown as a friend
dropping in rather than a confrontational paper. Every ad concludes
with the slogan "Dedicated to the people of Britain".
But this ad campaign isn't a radical rethink of the Sun's agenda
but a rather conservative attempt to suggest that the paper is cleaner,
more wholesome, warmer and more credible than people might
think.
The Guardian
Notes:
The Sun a British tabloid daily newspaper. It generally
supports the ideas of the Conservative party.
Explain the following words and word combinations.
140
editorial content
refrain trade up
aspirational
reactionary
credibility
sophisticated certainties
cosmopolitan
apathetic
illiterate
antagonise
dilemma
fixture facet
plug into confrontational
Find synonyms for the following words.

shrink
classy
plunge
perpetual
reinforce

1. What campaign is the Sun running? What are the specific
features of that campaign?
2. What does the phrase the Darwinist message refer to?
3. What problems are the top tabloids facing?
4. Why is the term mass market irrelevant nowadays?
5. What changes has the image of newspapers undergone?
6. What does the writer imply by the phrase the old certainties
are gone?
7. What problems for tabloids does the audience pose?
8. What is the Suns dilemma?
9. What does the phrase a permanent fixture in every facet of
British life imply?
10.
In what way advertisements contribute to a new image of
the Sun?
11.
What image does the advertising campaign project?
11 Summarise the article in not more than four sentences.

THEME TWO
Extra! Extra!
Part 1
12 Read the following as part of a newspaper article about
television.
141
(1) "Television is a little more than a waste of our time and

energy. (2) The way it has become, television neither informs us nor
entertains us. (3) It acts like a drug on society, keeping people at
home watching programmes of poor quality. (4) Meanwhile, they
are bombarded with advertisements for products and services which
they think they need. (5) Life would be much better if we abolished
television altogether."
How strongly do you feel about the points mentioned?
Support your opinions with explanations and/or examples.
-
Fully agree
Tend to agree
Tend to disagree
Strongly disagree
I couldn't agree more that watching television is a waste of

time and energy. In fact
13 Read the letter to the editor of the newspaper, responding

to the points raised and expressing a reader's own views.
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing with reference to the article about television in
yesterday's issue of your newspaper. As a keen television viewer, I
totally disagree with some of the comments made, and I find the
claim that television is a waste of time and energy to be grossly
inaccurate.
First of all, I am totally against the view that television is
neither informative nor entertaining. In fact, I believe it is a highly
educational medium which is of particular value to young people.
We only have to look at the programmes produced for schools and
colleges to realise that this is a very effective way of teaching.
Moreover, the entertainment that television provides is beyond
dispute, given the fact that it has proven so popular among its
millions of viewers worldwide.
142
Secondly, I would like to challenge the suggestion that

television acts like a drug on society. Clearly there are people who
abuse television, but its popularity is partly based on the relaxing
effect it can have. To suggest that this is in some way a form of
political control is a gross exaggeration. Furthermore, the
implication that all television is of poor quality is also misleading,
as the many prize-winning productions will bear out.
As far as advertisements are concerned, I tend to agree that
they are excessive. While I recognise the need for TV stations to
fund themselves through advertising, I believe that stricter limits
should be applied in order to determine the quality and quantity of
commercials. Whether or not viewers genuinely need the products
or services on offer is beside the point - the fact remains that
advertisements have become extremely intrusive and should be
subjected to greater control.
To conclude, television is a highly useful medium which, if
properly used, can be of great educational and entertainment value.
To abolish it would be a violation of our fundamental right to
freedom of choice. I look forward to seeing this letter printed in
your newspaper as I feel confident that many of your readers will
support my point of view.
Yours faithfully,
WD Graham

1.
2.
3.
4.
Do you think the letter is effective? Why (not)

What information is included in the introduction?
Does the writer agree or disagree with the above points?
What examples/justifications does the writer give in support of
his/her views?
5. How does the writer conclude the letter?
6. What changes would you make to this letter in order to
express your own opinions?
Part 2
143
15 You will read an article about British TV journalist Jeremy

Paxman. Read these phrases, used in the article to describe
Paxman, then answer the questions.
o the interview from hell
o the man British politicians love to hate
o The most feared interviewer on British television
Do you think television is "a window on the world" or just a
passive form of entertainment?
Is the personality of an anchor, a host or an interviewer
decisive factor for the success of the programme or show?
Why (not)?
Why might an interviewer be so feared and hated?
Are there any TV journalists in your country who have a
reputation for being particularly tough when they interview
politicians?
What incidents gave them this reputation?
What do you think of them?
Some Things Will Simply not Change
The scene: the dormitory of a minor English public
school. An officious prefect orders a small boy to get into bed. The
boy refuses and is frog-marched off to the Headmasters Room.
Why didnt you obey the prefects orders to get into bed? asks the
headmaster. Because I dont respect them, answers the boy. The
purpose of a public-school education, Paxman, intones the
headmaster, producing a long cane, is to teach you to respect things
you dont respect.
Now spool forward a few decades to the present time.
The BBCs very own Jeremy Paxman sits in his small airless office
to the side of the main Newsnight newsroom. Today he is
preoccupied with the changes in the police force announced by the
144
Home Secretary. He watches the monitor transmitting the Prime

Ministers statements, grumping and raising his eyebrows as one
political platitude is followed by another. Thats rubbish, he says
at one point, and its not clear whether hes talking about the PM or
some other issue burning a hole in his intellect.
Only months after its inception, Newsnight had already
made itself a household name. Cajoling, intimidating, aggressive,
revealing, persistent Paxman comes across as the interviewer from
hell, a newsman who refuses to learn to respect things he doesnt
respect. The programmes editor admits that Paxman can be too
macho and Oxbridge at times. But hes still there, a thorn in the
side of the establishment. And it doesnt look like that thorn is going
to be getting less sharp any time soon.
Newsnight has been called many things: an important
part of the democratic process; a traitor in our midst;
dangerous; increasingly irrelevant. For many years, we have
been watching Paxman being attacked by politicians from all ranks
for sneering interviews, or in such brutal confrontations as the one
where he dealt with a politicians evasive responses by asking him
the same questions 14 times. He is clearly the man British
politicians love to hate.
The public, however, remain loyal. On 4 June, 2001, a
bruising encounter between the Prime Minister and Jeremy Paxman
brought nearly 2,5 million viewers to Newsnight. The programmes
ongoing success is living proof that people expect current affairs
programmes to be hard-hitting and truth-searching. Especially after
the BBC scrapped News at Ten, the public have turned to Newsnight
in their search for more serious analysis in a world of increasingly
consumer-oriented news.
The programme is now twenty years old and Paxman,
the most feared interviewer on British television, will remain
dedicated to the original cause for the existence of Newsnight
asking politicians those tough questions that other current affairs
programmes prefer not to. Sin Kevill, the editor who oversaw the
programmes relaunch last January, says it now has a broader, more
accessible agenda from the documentary-style films from poor
inner-city areas to arts and culture. Will this modernisation
145
negatively affect the programmes depth? Definitely not. Im quite

traditional, Kevill says. There are some things about Newsnight
that will simply not change.
The programmes role as the nagging voice of the
nations conscience is becoming more and more important. Viewers
and listeners are increasingly overwhelmed by news, news, and
more news. Those programmes, of necessity, lack the one thing
Newsnight has - context. There is a shortage of analysis and
generally a lack of interest in whether people are telling the truth,
Paxman says, Things rush on to television at a fantastic speed, get
recycled, pushed out and not thought about again. Its one big
sausage machine. This is not how a nation should perceive events
and developments that affect its everyday existence.
In an ill-inspired attempt to make news more
accessible to the public, the BBC made the surprising
announcement last summer that a former game show host and radio
presenter was to join the Newsnight team. Was Paxman surprised
when he heard the announcement last August? No. Why not?
Because someone had phoned me to tell me about it. He pauses.
He knows hes not answering the question. Was he surprised?
Mind your own business. There is another long pause. I think he
is very good on the radio. Whatever the personal feelings Paxman
harboured, and they were obviously not ones of positive excitement,
the deal seems to have fallen through, and the team remains
unchanged.
Does Paxman ever think that he should change his style
to something more in tune with the caring, sharing new millennium?
Of course he doesnt. Any self-respecting journalist must be
concerned to define for themselves what the important issue is and
then to pursue it, and not blindly follow some line laid down by the
vested interest in question.
There have been discussions about a new, highbrow
interview programme for Paxman in the style of his head-to-head
with Bill Gates last October. It has even been reported that he has
drawn up a list of people he would interview in that programme.
This doesnt mean, however, that he has any intention of retiring
146
from Newsnight for a long time to come, not that he will somehow
start respecting things he simple doesnt respect.
16 Explain the contextual meaning of the following words and

word combinations.
prefect
intone
platitude
confrontations
agenda
harbour
frog-march
intellect
inception
scrap
context

1. What does the scene in the Headmasters Room tell us about
the character of the future journalist?
2. What might the word respect refer to?
3. How could Paxmans attitude to recent government measures
be described?
4. What reputation does Paxman have as an interviewer?
5. What does the writer mean by the phrase a thorn in the side
of the establishment?
6. Which two phrases in the fourth paragraph suggest that
Paxman is an aggressive interviewer?
7. What is the general publics attitude to Newsnight?
8. What is it that TV audiences look for in a news programme?
9. What is the implication of the phrase a world of
consumeroriented news?
10.
What does Sin Kevil mean by the phrase a more
accessible agenda?
11.
Why is the programmers role becoming more and more
important?
12.
What criticism does Paxman make of current television
programmes?
147
13.
What is the writers opinion of the BBCs choice of a
new Newsnight team member?
14.
What was Paxmans attitude when questioned about the
proposed change in the Newsnight team?
15.
Why does Paxman disagree that he should fall in with
modern trends?
16.
What does the phrase vested interest refer to?
17.
What plans are the BBC and Paxman making, and how
will these affect Newsnight?
18 Summarise in 180-200 words factors that make Paxman an

outstanding figure in the news world.
THEME THREE
Buy! Buy! Buy!
19 Answer the following questions before reading the text.
Whats your opinion of TV/ radio advertising?

How successful do you think it is?
What slogans or catch phrases can you recall?
Give examples of commercials which appeal to you.
Advertising in the USA
Advertising was already a well-established phenomenon by

the turn of the twentieth century. American newspapers had begun
carrying ads as far back as the early 1700s and magazines had soon
followed. By 1850, the country had its first advertising agency, the
American Newspaper Advertising Agency, though its function was
to buy advertising space rather than come up with creative
campaigns. "To advertise" originally carried the sense of to
broadcast or disseminate news. Thus a nineteenth-century
newspaper that called itself The Advertiser meant that it had lots of
news, not lots of ads. By the early 1800s the term had been stretched
148
to accommodate the idea of spreading the news of the availability of

certain goods or services. In the sense of persuading members of the
public to acquire items they didn't know they needed - advertising is
a phenomenon of the modern age.
By the 1890s advertising was appearing everywhere. Very
early on, advertisers discovered the importance of a good slogan.
Sometimes slogans took a little working on. Coca-Cola described
itself as 'the drink that makes a pause refreshing' before realizing, in
1929, that "the pause that refreshes' was rather more succinct and
memorable. A slogan could make all the difference to a products
success. After advertising its soap an efficacious way of dealing
with conspicuous nose pores, Woodburys facial soap came up
with a slogan The skin you love to touch and won the hearts of
millions. The great thing about a slogan was that it didn't have to be
accurate to be effective. Heinz never actually had '57 varieties' of
anything. The catchphrase arose simply because H.J. Heinz, the
company's founder, decided he liked the sound of the number.
Undeterred by considerations of verity, he had the slogan slapped on
every one of the products he produced, which in 1896 was already
far more than fifty-seven.
Early in the 1900s, advertisers discovered another perennial
feature of marketing - the giveaway.
Consumers soon became acquainted with the irresistibly
tempting notion that if they bought a particular product they could
expect a reward - the chance to win prizes, to receive a free book or
to get a free sample. Typical of the genre was a turn-of-the-century
tome called The Vital Question Cook Book, which was promoted as
an aid to livelier meals, but which proved upon receipt to contain
112 pages of recipes, all involving the use of Shredded Wheat.
Many of these had a certain air of desperation about them, notably
the 'Shredded Wheat Biscuit Jellied Apple Sandwich' and the
'Creamed Spinach on Shredded Wheat Biscuit Toast'. Almost all in
fact involved nothing more than putting some everyday food on to a
piece of shredded wheat and giving it an inflated name. None the
less, the company distributed no fewer than four million copies of
The Vital Question Cook Book to eager consumers.
But the great breakthrough in the twentieth-century
149
advertising came with the identification and exploitation of the

American consumer's Achilles heel: anxiety. One of the first to
master the form was King Gillette, inventor of the first safety razor
and one of the most relentless advertisers of the early 1990s. Most
of the early ads featured Gillette himself. After starting with a few
jaunty words about the ease and convenience of the safety razor 'Compact? Rather!' - he plunged the reader into the heart of the
matter: 'When you use my razor you are exempt from the dangers
that men often encounter who allow their faces to come in contact
with brush, soap and barber shop accessories used on other people.'
Here was an entirely new approach to selling goods. Gillette's
ads were in effect telling you that not only did there exist a product
that you never previously suspected you needed, but if you didn't
use it you would very possibly attract a crop of facial diseases you
never knew existed. The combination proved irresistible.
Fear is the biggest weapon of all. The consumer is literally
scared into spending his money when he is reminded that that he
may die to morrow and leave his family unprovided for. The bait
dangled before his nose is security, and he is gripped with fear when
he compares his miserable lot with that of a smiling healthy-looking
man in the advertisement, who was provident enough to do all the
right things at the right time.
The softest spot is our vanity. We are flattered and coaxed
until we almost believe that we have the makings of potential film
stars, providing of course, that we use Sometimes the methods
employed are even more subtle. They persuade us that we are
superior to other people and it is time we realise that.
All the advertisements have one thing in common: they make
strong appeal to our emotions. No one can seriously pretend to
remain unaffected by adverts. No matter how hard we resist, clever
little tunes and catch-phrases seep into our subconscious minds and
stay there. It is impossible to turn a blind eye to the pressing offers
to buy this or that and to avoid being helpless victims as we tune in
to our favourite radio and television programmes.
No amount of logical argument can convince so much as this
assault on our emotions. When a crunchy, honey-filled chocolate bar
stares up at you from a glossy page, what else can you do but rush
150
out and buy one?
20 Explain the following words and word combinations.

disseminate succinct
deter
verity
giveaway
breakthrough relentless
heel
bait
lot
coax
perennial
Achilles'

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Why does the writer use the phrase as far back as?
Why does the writer mention Jos. Parker, Hatter?
What was the role of original adverts?
What does the writer imply about modern advertising?
In your own word, explain why Coca-Cola chose its slogan in
1929?
6. In what way did the two slogans for Woodburys facial soap
differ?
7. What is meant by the phrase undeterred by the considerations
of verity?
8. Why is the giveaway considered to be a perennial feature of
marketing? What emotions does this gimmick appeal to?
9. What does the writer imply when he says that some of the
recipes in The Vital Question Cook Book had a a certain air of
desperation?
10.
What does the writer mean when he says that the names
of some of the recipes were inflated?
11.
What does the consumers Achilles heel in the context
refer to?
12.
How did the beginnings of King Gillettes adverts differ
from what followed in them?
13.
What do all advertisements have in common?
14.
What emotions do they appeal to?
15.
Why is it impossible to remain unaffected by
advertisement?
151
16.
Why is logical argument ineffectual against an assault on
ones emotions?
22 In a paragraph of 100 -120 words summarise the

developments in advertising in the USA.
Language Focus
23 Look at the following TV guide, and fill the gaps using the
words below.
current affairs documentary-style innovative
share
filed
award-winning
correspondents
live reports
cookery show
hosts
newsmakers
series
daily drama quiz-master presenter
viewers in-depth
BBC PRIME
00.50
The Office
Episode 4
1) . comic study of the white-collar
world. Filmed in 2) ., this series reveals the truth about the
underside of the nine-to-five.
15.00
Small town gardens
One of Britains most 3) .. garden designers is matched
with a small urban space.
16.40
Business Confessions
In this series, prominent businessmen talk about their own
professional experiences and 4) some of their hard-won
wisdom.
18.00
The Weakest Link
Anne Robinson is 5) in this game of elimination,
where nine contestants answer a series of quick-fire general
knowledge questions.
19.15
Cutting it
152
Episode 3 Second 6) .. of the drama about two rival

Manchester hairdressing salons.
20.00 Parkinson Law
Michael Parkinson 7) . the award-winning talk show.
21.50
Ready Steady Cook
The 8) . in which two top chefs battle it out against the
clock, creating delicious dishes from mystery ingredients in just 20
minutes.
22.30
Doctors
9) series set in a busy Midlands medical practice.
BBC WORLD
01:30
DATELINE LONDON
Foreign 10) . currently posted to London look at
events in the UK through outsiders eyes.
02:30
REPORTERS
A weekley programme of stories 11) .. by BBC
reporters from all over the world.
02:45
ASIA TODAY
The daily 12) programme aimed at 13)..
across Asia with 14) .. reports from BBC correspondents.
04:30
DREAMSPACES
15) . and architect Charlie Luxton travels to Mexico
City to see some seriously stylish modern design.
07:30
HARDTALK
Tim Sebastian talks to 16) .. and personalities from
across the globe.
08:30
WORLD BUSINESS REPORT
The latest business news from around the world with 17)
. from Singapore, Frankfurt and London.
24 Study the phrases in the prompt boxes. Then, with a

partner, look at the TV guide again. Using the phrases in the
prompt boxes, decide what you are going to watch.
153
Making a suggestion
Asking for (further)

information
Guess whats on at
Anything interesting on
the telly?
How about watching ?
What time does it
Do you fancy watching
start/finish?
The office?
Is
that
the
one
with/where?
How many stars does it
get?
What time is it on?
Accepting a suggestion
Should be fun.
Sure why not?
Sounds alright to me.
Good idea.
Sounds
interesting.
Whos in it?
Rejecting a suggestion
Im not really into that.
Isnt there anything else
on?
Cant
we
watch
something else?
Not really my cup of tea.
To be honest, Id rather
watch the other one.
A: Anything interesting on TV?

B: Well, how about watching
A: Whats that about?
B: Its .
25 The language of newspapers

Headlines make use of a number of particular words that have
a special meaning in the newspaper context. Do you know the
reasons for that?
a) Match the word underlined in the headline to the
explanation given on the list on the right.
154
1. AID FOR FAMINE VICTIMS INCREASED

2. FREE SCHOOL MEALS AXED
3. TAKEOVER BID FOR BP
4. BAN ON FOOTBALL HOOLIGANS
5. BOMB BLAST KILLS 9
6. HIGH STREET SPENDING BOOM
7. MPS CLASH ON GREEN POLICY
8. CUT IN ARMS SPENDING
9. FUGITIVES FLEE FIGHTING
10.
DRUGS HAUL AT AIRPORT
11.
TEST MATCH HIT BY PROTEST
12.
DRINKING WATER LINKED TO DISEASE
13.
RAIL STRIKE LOOMS
14.
KIDNAP VICTIMS ORDEAL
15.
PERIL ON OILRIG
16.
PM'S PLEDGE ON POLLUTION
17.
SHARES PLUNGE
18.
FOOTBALL MANAGER QUITS
a. surprise
b. connected
c. bad experience
d. reduction
e. question
f. caused to suffer adverse effects
g. increase
h. extreme danger
i. attempts to persuade
j. something seized or stolen
k. marries
l. try/attempt
m. leaves
n. fall sharply
o. run away
p. number of people killed
155
q. assistance
r. stopped
s. approaches in a threatening way
t. disagree
u. explosion
v. potential danger
w. look for
x. prohibition
y. undertaking/commitment
Headlines tend to use puns (i.e play on words) to produce
stronger emotional effect on the readers.
CYMBALS CLASH "Clash" is a verb, often used to
describe the sound that musical instruments, cymbals, make.
However, clash in newspaper headlines usually means conflict and
the story will probably be about some orchestral problem involving
cymbalists.
b) Explain the pun in the following headlines according to
the above model.
1. Tree Boss Axed
2. Mafia Golf Links
3. School's Chocolate Bar
4. Road Rage Drive
5. Traffic Wardens Curbed
d) Look through some English newspapers and find
examples of headlines illustrating the points mentioned above.
Besides each headline make a note of what the accompanying
story is about. Look for some examples of amusing headlines.
Grammar in newspapers
Just as newspaper headlines use special vocabulary, they also
use particular grammatical forms. Look at the headlines below,
paying special attention to the verbs (underlined). When do the
events take place, in the past, present or future?
156
GOVERNMENT TO AXE AID TO DISABLED

SMOKING
BANNED
ON
LONDON
UNDERGROUND
POP STAR WEDS IN SECRET
RAPE VICTIM SEEKS COMPENSATION
MP QUIZZED ON DEFENCE LEAK
QUEEN TO VISIT FRANCE
SALLY SAFE HOME AFTER CLIFF OLUNGE
ORDEAL
YARD TO PROBE FIRE ALARM RIDDLE
DOCTORS ON STRIKE AFTER PAY TALK ROW
e) What three grammatical forms are used in the
examples? When is it appropriate to use each form?
f) Definite and indefinite articles, auxiliary verbs and
prepositions receive certain treatment in headlines. On the basis
what you already know about headlines, how would you say
they are handled?
Now explain the meaning of the above headlines.
TALKING POINTS
26 You have read the following as part of a newspaper article
on the coverage of news in the media. Respond to the points
raised and express your own views. Suggest words and phrases
that would be suitable to use in expressing your opinion.
There is simply no way that we can get any kind of objective
reporting anywhere. Current affairs programmes are biased and
uninformative. Newspapers are more interested in gossip than
anything which can be called "news". TV news programmes are
more concerned with showing sensationalist details than reporting
the facts. Where is this going to lead?"
157
Although the reporter made some interesting points, I found

some of his comments to be greatly exaggerated. To my mind
27 You recently heard the following statement during a

lecture on Media Studies. Analyse both sides of this issue.
Freedom of the Press means two things newspapers have the
right to print what we want to hear, but they can also print things
that we don't want to hear.
Read the topic sentences. Then use the prompts given to
make supporting sentences. Then, for each one, give an
additional sentence of your own.
Firstly, people have the right to know the truth about what is
happening in the world. For example, if there is a war or
natural disaster, the press have a responsibility to keep public
informed. (In cases such as these, reliable information may be
a matter of life and death.)
Furthermore, it is the job of a newspaper to report the facts as
objectively as possible.
By this I mean / all events / report / regardless / opinion /
editor
On the other hand, newspapers need to exercise caution with
some of the things they publish.
In other words, / opinions vary / what / consider / good
taste
Photographs / graphic details / such things / accidents /
cause offence.
In addition, newspapers can also be used as a political weapon.
For instance, / newspaper / linked / political party /
unfairly criticize / opposition.
28 Following the discussion on advertising in the media,

examine the positive and negative aspects of advertising. Listed
below are the main points from the discussion.
158
Advertising:
helps finance programme, newspapers, etc, and therefore
provides for more choice and better quality in the media.
is intrusive and should be controlled more strictly.
informs consumers of the availability of new products.
creates an artificial demand for products and encourages
excessive consumerism.
What are the main points for and against?
Would you support or challenge these statements?

29 A

Mass media n (the + sing/pl v)
News and entertainment are communicated in a number of different
ways, using different media. The media include print media such
as newspapers and magazines, and electronic media such as radio
and television. The media have/has a lot of power today.
Media coverage n The amount of time and space given to a
subject or event. The Gulf War got massive media coverage.
Media event n an event that is not very important but is widely
reported by the media
Media hype n a lot of attention given to an event , making the
subject seem much more important than it is really is. People only
went to see that film because of the media hype.
Bias n a tendency to be in favour of or against something or
someone without knowing enough to able to judge fairly: They
complained of bias in the way the news media reported the story.
v The fact that she was a woman biased some members of the
committee against her.
159
Programmes on radio and television may be referred to formally as

broadcasts; and they may be referred to informally as shows,
especially in American English: hard-hitting, truth-searching
programmes. Programmes or shows on radio and TV are often
presented or hosted by a programme host. Programmes can be
broadcast live. She was hosting a radio cookery show on BBC
Prime. She was a cookery show host.
News programmes may be hosted, fronted, or anchored by
anchors (anchorman, anchorwoman, anchorperson) famous in their
own right, sometimes more famous than the people in the news.
What is it like to front such a popular TV show? The programme
has been anchored by McDonald since 2001. Diane Sawyer,
coanchor of ABC's prime Time Live.
In more traditional news programmes, the news (on radio and TV)
is read by a newsreader or newscaster.
Soap opera
n a television or radio programme about the
continuing daily life and troubles of characters in it, which is
broadcast regularly.
Commentator n is a broadcaster who gives a commentary, e.g. on
a sports match: a football ~; comment n to comment v
Reporters and correspondents, or television journalists, make
reports. They and the camera operators who go with them are
news gathers. Together they form TV crews. Journalists can be
cajoling, intimidating, aggressive, revealing, persistent.
Tune in (to) v to set (a radio or television) to receive broadcasts
from a particular station, which is a company or organization that
broadcasts television or radio programme
Network n a group of radio and television stations in different
places using many of the same broadcasts
Channel n a particular TV station
to be on TV channel; switch over to another channel
Coverage, (BBC) coverage n the way an event or subject is
reported in the news; substantial coverage
To present v news, events, a show, somebody; presentation
Household name - someone or something whose name has become
very well known
160
make a household name. Microsoft has become a household

name.
Advertise v to advertise something on TV or radio, in magazines
or newspapers, or on large public notices, in order to persuade
people to buy it. Advertisement (also ad, advert) is used for
advertising things, such as notice on the wall or in a newspaper, or a
short film shown on TV. You shouldn't advertise the news.
Commercials n is an advertisement on TV or radio. They are
shown in commercial breaks between programmes.
Slogan = catchphrase n a short phrase expressing a political or
advertising message
Logo n a small pattern or picture that is a sign of a particular
organization; eye-catching logo
Gimmick n a trick or object which is used only to attract peoples
attention; a clever idea or thing; advertising/ promotional gimmick
The press usually refers just to newspapers, but the term can be
extended to include magazines. Newspapers are either tabloid, a
format usually associated with the popular press, or broadsheet,
associated with quality journalism. People who disapprove of the
tabloids very strongly sometimes call them the gutter press
Tabloids often have very large circulation (the average number of
copies sold) and even bigger readership, total number or type of
people reading them
Distribute nationwide v to spread out over a whole country
Editors are people in charge of newspaper content. The people who
write for them are journalists, sometimes referred to informally as
journos or insultingly as hacks
Editorial also leader, leading article an article in a newspaper
giving the papers opinion on a matter, rather than reporting
information. It is often written by or for the editor
Cover story a story to go with the picture on the cover of a
magazine
A feature a special long article in a newspaper or magazine
Review a magazine or newspaper article that gives a judgment on a
new book, play, TV show
Classified advertising a small advertisement placed in a newspaper
by a person wishing to sell or buy smth, offer or get employment
161
Sensationalism the intentional producing of excitement or shock,

esp. by newspapers, magazines
In-depth analysis (sing), -ses (pl)/study thorough and giving
careful attention to detail
B
Find synonyms and synonymous expressions to
the words in bold type. Provide Russian equivalents to the
words and words combinations. Translate the sentences.
FACE
1. Well have to face (the) facts we simply cant afford a holiday
this year. 2. Everyone admired the way she faced out the opposition
in the debate. 3. Although she didnt feel very confident, she put on
a brave face and accepted the challenge. 4. In the face of great
hardship, she managed to keep her sense of humor. 5. On the face
of it, he appeared to be an ideal candidate for the position. 6. He
knew hed never get away with it so he decided to face the music
and give himself up to the police.
SEEK (SOUGHT)
1. You should seek advice from your lawyer on this matter. 3. He
had majored in political science before he sought fortune and fame
in New York. 3. We are earnestly seeking after the truth. 4. Our
economic policies seek to increase productivity, expand markets
and create jobs.
Words frequently used with seek: advice, help, refuge, asylum,
permission, approval, compensation, damages, employment
CATER
1. Who is catering your daughters wedding? 2. Those newspapers
cater to the lowest tastes.3. We hope to appeal to an audience that
does not feel itself adequately catered for by existing radio
stations. 4. We can accept your students at our university on a selfcatering basis.
AFFECT/EFFECT
162
1. Smoking affects health. 2. She was deeply affected by the news

of his death. 3. Government policy will not affect us. But:
Government policy will not have any effect on us. 4. He feels a
deep affection for a child. 5. Shes a very affectionate child,
wanting to kiss and hug you. 6. He called me a fool, or words to
that effect. 7. She has made an announcement to the following
effect that more people will lose their jobs.
Word combinations with effect: come/ be brought/ be put into
effect, have much effect on, get/produce/achieve an effect
AVAILABLE
1. The dish is made with ingredients available in most
supermarkets. 2. We'll notify you as soon as tickets become
available. 3. There is no money available for this project. 4. I'm
available next Tuesday if you want to meet then. 5. I'll have to
check my availability before I commit myself. 6. Journalists were
told that Ms Lee was unavailable for comment.
APPEAL
1. Ads have one thing in common: they make strong appeals to
consumers' emotions. 2. This music has little appeal for me. 3.
Football has popular appeal. 4. The idea of spending the night in
the open didn't appeal to the travelers. 5. Max appealed to her
common sense to make her change her mind.
RESIST
1. It's difficult to resist a challenge like that. 2. She couldn't resist
making jokes about his new bomber jacket. 3. He was unable to
resist the temptation of taking the wallet. 4. Vitamin A builds
resistance to infection. 5. It's just like him to take the line of least
resistance. 6. The cheap loans were irresistible.
Words used with resistance: meet with/face/offer/ encounter
resistance
ORIGIN
163
1. Meteorites may hold clues about the origin of life on Earth. 2.

Our original plan was to go to Spain, but it was too expensive. 3.
She must have read the book in the original. 4. His writing shows
real originality. 5. This idea didn't originate with me, but with my
friend.
30 Translate into Russian.

1. Not all the facts are made available to us.
2. My tutor is always available to talk to her students.
3. The availability of books and magazines are threatened by the
strike.
4. They won in the face of stiff competition from all over the
country.
5. Whether I take this job depends on the availability of child
care.
6. Employees are putting a brave face on yesterday's news.
7. He faced the biggest challenge of his career.
8. The school caters for children of all abilities.
9. Who's doing the catering for the reception?
10.
How do you explain the appeal of horror films?
11.
Children at this tender age have lots of appeal.
12.
The show's direct approach will appeal to children.
13.
The boots showed high water resistance when tested.
14.
The country's constitution had its origins in Roman law.
15.
The college can trace its origins back to the 18th century.
31 For each of the sentences below, rewrite a new sentence as

similar as possible in the meaning to the original sentence. Use
the Vocabulary. There may be more than one variant.
1. They managed to pass anti-slavery laws though Southern
whites showed violent opposition.
2. When she lost her job she pretended not to be upset and said it
didnt matter.
3. I should never have taken Dads car in the first place, Id
better get home and accept punishment for that.
164
4. If the government pursues its present policies, manufacturing

industry finds itself in a difficult situation, and its future is
grim.
5. The main difficulty that needs our consideration today is of
supplying food to those in need.
6. We want to make our product be obtained in a wider market.
7. Im sorry, sir, we dont have those shoes in your size.
8. Good legal advice is simply not to be found, because of the
shortage of the lawyers.
9. Everybody at company headquarters was busy and wasn't able
to speak to the reporters.
10.
The aim of the hostel is to give help to those who are in
search of shelter for the night.
11.
We are within our rights to ask authorities for
compensation for injuries and loss of earnings.
12.
Our economic policies apply every effort to increase
productivity.
13.
We want to improve our products in new ways, so we
expect our customers to provide us with new ideas.
14.
The Hotel Olympics provide best services to children.
Children
15.
The center was opened to serve the health needs of a
low-income people.
16.
This kind of firm aims only at the lowest elements in
society.
17.
Many rail and airline companies are only interested in
business customers who can afford luxurious services.
18.
The consequences of the climate were his ruined health.
The climate
19.
Do you ever think about what those cigarettes must be
doing to your lungs?
20.
What impact will these new taxes have on people on
lower incomes?
21.
Do these pictures involve your emotions and feelings?
22.
As the crisis grew worse, local community leaders made
an urgent request for people to unite.
165
23.
The rise in gas prices is likely to involve the rise in the
cost of electricity.
24.
In her childhood she had the feeling that her mother
didn't love her.
25.
They were both very keen on the idea of going to live in
another country.
26.
I think this decision will cause a considerable change in
the companys future.
27.
She is the tender and loving mother of five children.
28.
We all were in low spirits because of the bad news.
29.
She can't stop eating chocolates.
30.
The invitation was so tempting, she tried not to give in to
it.
31.
We have strong reasons for a change in the law. It's
impossible to defeat them.
32.
Nothing has changed in the house. The doors and wood
panelling are the same. The house
33.
The concept of a new TV programme first appeared in
Britain.
34.
It was a Frenchman whom the house belonged in the
beginning. (Change the structure of the sentence)
35.
The Mediterranean Sea was the place where many herbs
appeared. Many herbs
36.
Mary had always expected she would marry someone of
a similar background to herself.
32 Translate into English, using Vocabulary of the Unit (pay

Russian).
Face
1. , ,
.
2. ,
, .
3. , , ,
, .
166
4. ,
.
Seek
5. .
6. ?
7. .
8.

.
Cater
9.
.
10.
.
11.
.
Available
12.
,
.
13.

,
.
14.
?
15.
-,
?
16.
.
17.

.
Effect
18.

.
19.
" ?" - .
20.
,
.
21.
.
22.

.
167
23.

.
24.
.
Affect
25.
.
26.
.
27.

.
28.

,
,
.
29.
?
Appeal
30.

, -.
31.
, ,
.
32.
?
33.
,

.
34.
.
Resist
35.
,

.
36.
.
37.
,
.
38.
.
Origin/original/originate
39.
, ?
40.
,
.
33
Render the following texts into English.
168
(1) 8200
440
. ,
,
,
.

.
"" , , , ,
. ""
, , ,
, , ,
. A - "
", ,
, ,
, .
.
.
, "
, , ,
, , ".
(2)
.
.
.

.
" ".
, - "".
,
.
.
,
( " "), "
". :

169
.
,
20 .
.
,
.
.
(3)
. -
,
.
.
: -
, ,
, - ,
- " "-
. ,
.
- -
, , ,
, ,
-.
.
.
, ,
, ,
- . 50.
. . .
, , ,
, .
, -
. ,
.
- -
.
170
,
.
- -
...
UNIT SIX
REVENGE AND RETRIBUTION
LEAD-IN
Which of the following examples of wrongdoing is the most

serious? Working with a partner, discuss the implications of
each and see if you can put them in order with the most serious
first and the least serious last.
A driver has too much to drink and still drives his car. He
runs into six people waiting at a bus stop.
b. A child kicks a ball through a neighbour's window,
breaking it.
c. A student misses 90% of all classes, fails to produce
written assignments.
d. A financial advisor gives such poor advice that some of
his clients lose all their savings.
e. A person who knows he/she has a dangerous infectious
disease deliberately risks infecting other people.
f.
A teacher preparing students for a public examination
follows the wrong syllabus and the students fail.
g. A farmer pollutes a river flowing through his land and all
the fish in the river die.
h. A property developer develops a site, knowingly
destroying important archaeological remains.
i.
A man walks into the National Gallery and fires a
shotgun at a painting by Leonardo da Vinci.
a.

given.
171
just deserts
deters
get his own back
reprisals
tooth for a tooth
mitigating into his own hands
feud
retaliated
settle cheek
retaliated
amends
settle
fit
sentence
1. The two branches of the family have no contact with each
other, because of a family dating
back fifty years.
2. Stephen doesn't believe in taking things lying down. If
someone does something against him, his first thought is how
to . .
3. When, after a decade of violent crime, Adam Smith was shot
by the police, people said he had got no more than his
.
4. Whenever one of their soldiers was killed the occupying army
carried out .. against the civilian population.
5. 'I don't believe in turning the other ..,' said
Uncle Tobias. 'I believe in an eye for an eye, a(n)
............................. .
6. Those who argue for the re-introduction of the death penalty
believe it . potential murderers.
7. The jury believed the accused's statement that he killed his
wife in a(n) .. of jealousy after learning of
her affair with another man.
8. To make .. for the damage he had
caused when he drove his father's car into a tree, Jonathan
agreed to pay for the repairs and to clean the car every week
for a year.
9. When the Security Forces killed a demonstrator taking part in
a protest march, the guerrillas with a
series of attacks on army barracks.
10.
The judge considered that although the crime of which
the defendant was accused was horrific there was sufficient
evidence of . circumstances to justify a
light sentence.
172
11.
In cowboy films, the hero often takes the law
when he feels that the forces of law
and order cannot help him.
12.
Gang warfare broke out as the rival gangs decided to
.. old scores once and for all.
13.
There was silence as the judge pronounced .
reach a verdict
charged under oath
pass sentence
dock
summed up judge
witnesses
plead
offence
acquitted
discretion
Crown
determine
prison
convicted
conviction
committing represented
stand
defendant
Criminal Trials in Britain
Under the British judicial system, if a person
is ..............................(1) with a serious offence, he/she has
to ..............................(2) trial. This means he/she has to appear in
court before a(n) ..............................(3) and jury. The role of the jury
is to ..............................(4) whether the accused is guilty or not
guilty. During the trial, the accused, also known as
the ..............................(5), has the right to be ..............................
(6)by a lawyer, the Counsel for the Defence, who must present the
best possible case for the accused. Another lawyer, the Counsel for
the Prosecution, acting for the ..............................(7) (as the State is
known during legal proceedings in Britain) is there to try to secure
a(n) ..............................(8).
At the start of the trial, the accused stands in
the
..............................(9)
and
is
asked
'How
do
you ..............................(10)?' If the plea is 'Not guilty', the trial
proceeds ...............................(11) are called to give evidence and are
cross-examined
by
the
lawyers.
All
evidence
is
given ..............................(12). When all the evidence has been
heard, and the judge has ..............................(13), the jury retires
173
to ..............................(14). At least ten of the jury must be of the

same opinion.
If the jury finds the accused not guilty, he/she
is ..............................(15). If, on the other hand, the accused is found
guilty, it is up to the judge to ..............................(16). Depending on
the seriousness of the ..............................(17) this may be a fine, a
suspended sentence or a(n) ..............................(18) term. British
courts do not sentence people to death. All judges
exercise ..............................(19) in the severity of the sentences they
pass, but it is not unknown for a judge to make an example of
the ..............................(20) prisoner in order to deter others
from ..............................(21) similar offences.
Find the following word combinations in the text:
THEME ONE
An Eye for an Eye
What is capital punishment?

Can you name any crimes for which death penalty should be
used?
Can you name any country which has it?
What moral aspect may deter the country from using capital
punishment?
Do you think the role of the country should be to punish or to
reform criminals?
The Hangman's Rope
174
Capital punishment has been used throughout history,

although its methods and the crimes for which it is used have
changed over the centuries.
When Parliament in any country debates capital punishment,
each side will accuse the other of dishonesty, and each side will be
right. It is human nature - sophisticated, educated human nature - to
deny the emotional origin of our beliefs, to present them in
empirical terms rather than admit that we rationalize what we first
instinctively believe.
Nowadays not only are the methods different but more
importantly not everyone agrees that capital punishment should be
used. It is more honest to admit that we are either hangers or
abolitionists by nature. People are divided into two distinct groups;
those for and those against. This is because this issue is black and
white; there is no grey area. In the USA, 85% of the population over
the age of 21 approve of the death penalty. In the many states which
still have the death penalty, some use the electric chair, which can
take up to 20 minutes to kill, while others use gas or lethal
injections.
By contrast, in Britain, public opinion started to turn against
the use of capital punishment after the Second World War. A number
of well-publicised cases in the fifties, two in particular, helped to
bring about this swing. The first of these was the case of Ruth Ellis,
who was hanged for shooting her lover in what was generally
regarded as a crime of passion. The second was the posthumous
pardon of Timothy Evans, hanged for murders which, it was later
proved, had been committed by someone else.
However, despite this change of opinion, the death penalty
was not actually abolished in Britain until 1965. And even now
there are many people both inside and outside Parliament who
would like it to be reintroduced. There have been 14 attempts to
bring back hanging since its abolition.
The pro-hanging lobby uses four main arguments to support
its call for the reintroduction of capital punishment. First there is the
deterrence theory, which argues that potential murderers would
175
think twice before committing the act if they knew that they might
die if they were caught. The armed bank robber might, likewise, go
back to being unarmed.
The next argument in favour of bringing back capital
punishment concerns public security. If the death penalty were
reinstated, it would mean that a convicted murderer could not be set
free after serving 20 years or less of a life sentence and be able to go
on to murder again. Consequently, the general public would be
safer.
The other two arguments are more challenging. The idea of
retribution demands that criminals should get what they deserve: if a
murderer intentionally sets out to commit a crime, he should accept
the consequences. Retribution, which is just another word for
revenge, is supported by the religious doctrine of an eye for an eye
and a tooth for a tooth. The fourth and last main pro-hanging
argument is the most cold-blooded. It is that it makes economic
sense to hang convicted murderers rather than keep them in prison
wasting taxpayers' money.
The hangers are shifty about their motives. Retribution is out
of fashion, and so they stress the level of murder since abolition. In
fact, retribution is more respectable than either side may realise,
perhaps more respectable than deterrence as a justification for
punishment, certainly more so than rehabilitation (not that that
comes much into the hanging debate).
The arguments against the death penalty are largely
humanitarian. Abolitionists have argued that capital punishment
produces a negligible deterrent effect. There are also statistical
reasons for proving it: the deterrence figures do not add up. In
Britain, 1903 was the record year for executions and yet in 1904 the
number of homicides actually rose. There was a similar occurrence
in 1946 and 1947. If the deterrence theory were correct, the rate
should have fallen.
The second main argument against reintroducing capital
punishment is that innocent people are sometimes wrongly
convicted, and while people can be released from prison, they
cannot be brought back from the dead if they have been hanged.
176
Critics of capital punishment argue that the expense involving

executions is substantially greater than the cost of life
imprisonment. The costs of appeals and legal counseling are the
principal expenses. Thus, the extra financial burden of capital
punishment contributes to a greater balance of unhappiness versus
happiness.
The other reasons to oppose the death penalty are largely a
matter of individual conscience and belief. One is that murder is
murder and that the state has no more right to take a life than the
individual. The other is that Christianity preaches forgiveness, not
revenge.
It can be argued that the purpose of punishment is not to
reform someone - which grossly interferes with his personal
autonomy - but rather to punish, to uphold and objectify the law, to
reward those who obey the law while chastising those who break it.
Capital Punishment by Simon Haines
Give Russian equivalents to the words found in the text:

,

Paragraph 1: knowing and understanding a lot about a subject
based on real experience or scientific experiments
Paragraph 5: a criminal declared guilty by a jury
Paragraph 6: questionable
unfeeling
Paragraph 7: looking dishonest
Paragraph 9: the ideas and principles of moral behaviour of a
person
Explain the following words and phrases:

rationalize
this issue is black and white
reinstate
negligible
177

1. What is the integral part of human nature according to the
writer?
2. How do people distinguish relating to their approach to capital
punishment?
3. What methods of capital punishment are used in some states in
the USA?
4. What is the public opinion on the issue in Great Britain and
America?
5. What well-publicised cases contributed to the change in public
opinion?
6. What arguments does the pro-hanging lobby put forward?
Dwell on the first and the second argument.
7. What are the other two arguments of the hangers? Why are
they more challenging?
8. Why is there some amount of dishonesty in hangers'
arguments?
9. What does the writer imply by the phrase that the idea of
retribution is "out of fashion"?
10.
Why does the writer refer to abolitionists' arguments as
'humanitarian' ones?
11.
What are the arguments of the abolitionists?
12.
What is the function of punishment according to the
writer?
Summarise in 200 words the differences in approach to

capital punishment between hangers and abolitionists.
THEME TWO
What is Justice?
Before you consider in turn each of the two texts in this

section, discuss in groups the following questions:
What is your idea of justice?
What do you consider to be a suitable punishment for murder?
Does the suitability of the punishment depend on the society
178
in which the crime occurs, or is there a single answer,

independent of the setting or the time?
Can the idea of revenge "An eye for an eye, a tooth for a
tooth" be realized in modern legislation? In what way?
Text a is about the Bedu people of Southern Arabia, before the
discovery of oil changed the region and destroyed the old way of
life.
Text b is about contemporary western society. Both texts
describe similar tragedies and their very different consequences.
Text a
Revenge Killing, Arabia, November 1946
We left Shisur on 9 November in the chill of dawn; the sun
was resting on the desert's rim, a red ball without heat. We walked
as usual till it grew warm, the camels striding in front of us, a
moving mass of legs and necks. Then one by one, as the inclination
took us, we climbed up their shoulders and settled in our seats for
the long hours which lay ahead. The Arabs sang, 'the full-throated
roaring of the tribes'; the shuffling camels quickened their pace,
thrusting forward across the level ground, for we had left the hill
behind us and were on the steppes which border on the Sands. We
noticed the stale tracks of oryx, saw gazelle bounding stiff-legged
across the plain, and flushed occasional hares from withered salt
bushes in shallow watercourses ...
Bin Mautlauq spoke of the raid in which young Sahail was
killed. He and fourteen companions had surprised a small herd of
Saar camels. The herdsman had fired two shots at them before
escaping on the fastest of his camels, and one of these shots had hit
Sahail in the chest. Bakhit held his dying son in his arms as they
rode back across the plain with the seven captured camels. It was
late in the morning when Sahail was wounded, and he lived till
nearly sunset, begging for water which they had not got. They rode
all night to escape inevitable pursuit. At sunrise they saw some
goats, and a small Saar encampment under a tree in a shallow
179
valley. A woman was churning butter in a skin, and a boy and a girl
were milking the goats. Some small children sat under the tree. The
boy saw them first and tried to escape but they cornered him against
a low cliff. He was about fourteen years old, a little younger than
Sahail, and he was unarmed. When they surrounded him he put his
thumbs in his mouth as a sign of surrender, and asked for mercy. No
one answered him. Bakhit slipped down off his camel, drew his
dagger, and drove it into the boy's ribs. The boy collapsed at his
feet, moaning, 'Oh my father! Oh my father!' and Bakhit stood over
him till he died. He then climbed back into his saddle, his grief a
little soothed by the murder he had just committed. As Bin
Mautlauq spoke, staring across the level plain with his hot, rather
bloodshot eyes, I pictured the scene with horrible distinctness. The
small long-haired figure, in white loincloth, crumpled on the
ground, the spreading pool of blood, the avid clustering flies, the
frantic wailing of the dark-clad women, the terrified children, the
shrill insistent screaming of a small baby.
Arabian Sands by Wilfred Thesieer
10 Give Russian equivalents to the words found in the text:

in the chill of dawn to quicken ones pace
to escape
inevitable pursuit a sign of surrender bloodshot eyes

Paragraph 1: feeling went faster old leaping surprised
Paragraph 2: attack being followed pulled out pushed groaning
calmed gathering
12 Now say whether the following sentences are true or false.

Justify your answers by reference to the text.
1. Sahail had been a deliberate target.
2. Bakhit stayed at the place where the attack happened until his
son died.
3. The writer took part in the raid.
180
4. The camels were wandering freely without supervision.

5. The group of raiders travelled all night to avoid being
attacked.
6. When they approached the village, their arrival produced no
effect.
7. The Saar boy was killed because he refused to surrender.
8. Bakhit enjoyed killing the boy.
9. The effect of the boy's death on Bakhit made up for the death
of his son.
13 Discuss with a partner whether the tone of the piece is:
sensational
uncritical of the behaviour of those involved.
biased in favour of certain of the characters.
hostile to the killing.
14 What idea of justice is revealed in this piece? Summarise

the answer in 100 words.
Text b
Before reading Text b, consider these questions in the light
of what you said about Text a.
Is it more important to rehabilitate the criminal than to punish
him?
Should the victims of crime have a say in the punishment of
the criminal?
Is it possible to maintain an equilibrium in the matters of
justice?
Crimes and Punishments
'No punishment has ever possessed enough power of
deterrence to prevent the commission of crimes. On the contrary,
whatever the punishments, once a specific crime has appeared for
the first time, its reappearance is more likely than its initial
emergence could have been.' (Hannah Arendt)
181
'The severity of the punishment must also be in keeping with

the kind of obligation which has been violated, and not (only) with
the interests of public security.' (Simone Weil)
On the television screen, a middle-aged woman is telling a
reporter about the death of her daughter; her voice and facial
expression oscillate between tremulous grief and controlled rage.
Three years ago, on a spring evening, her twenty-year-old daughter
was walking home from the bus stop after a day of college classes.
A young man stopped her at knife point and demanded her purse;
she gave it to him and then started to scream. He stabbed her in the
chest. She was dead on arrival at the nearest hospital emergency
room. Because there were several witnesses, the police were able to
arrest the killer on the same night. Six months later, he pleaded
guilty to a reduced charge of manslaughter and received a sentence
of zero-to-seven years. In just thirty months, he was released from
prison for good behaviour.
'I just can't get over this,' says the slain girl's mother. 'I will
never get over this. To know that the price of my child's life was less
than three years, that this man is free now to do the same thing to
someone else - I can't reconcile myself to it. I can't believe any more
that there is such a thing as justice in the world. Everything I tried to
live by, everything I brought up my children to respect: things just
don't work that way.' The woman tells the reporter she is active in an
organisation for crime victims and their relatives. 'We all know we
have to get on with our lives,' she says, 'but that isn't easy to do
under the circumstances. I felt as though my girl was killed twice
once by that scum, and once by the judge who said, well, you only
have to go to jail for a few years. They killed her memory, saying
that was all her life was worth.' The outraged mother spoke of
justice, not revenge, but revenge was obviously one element in an
ideal of justice to which she had adhered, without giving the matter
much conscious thought, until the day when the issue was
transformed from an abstraction into a painful personal reality. This
sense of justice is so fundamental to our psychological well-being
that it rarely intrudes upon our consciousness; like many basic
assumptions, it remains largely unexamined unless and until it is
182
sorely violated. The symbolic 'scales of justice' have a real meaning

for most citizens, who believe that the legal system exists to
maintain a moral and social equilibrium, and to restore the
equilibrium when it has been violently disturbed.
There is, of course, a wide range of opinion on what
constitutes appropriate redress. For those whose concept of justice is
concerned primarily with the criminal's rights and prospects for
rehabilitation, any extended punishment is simply another crime.
For those focused totally on the victim's rights, only executions or
other severe penalties will suffice to restore a sense of moral
balance. Between these extremes lies a broad 'concept of justice that
demands a greater measure of retribution than the American legal
system currently dispenses, a spectrum of retribution that excludes
both execution and the release of a killer from prison in less than
three years. This intermediate sense of justice - one that is, I believe,
shared by the largest proportion of the public -has been outraged by
the inadequate response of the legal system to the rising incidence
of violent crime during the past twenty years. Such outrage is
unquestionably the single most important factor in the emotional
resurgence of support for capital punishment today; it must be
addressed by those who refuse, as I do, to include death in their
concept of retributive justice.
Wild Justice by Susan Jacoby
15 Find
English
combinations:
equivalents
to
the
following
word

( -)
-
(,
)

( )

()
183

16 Explain the following words.
equilibrium .
spectrum
incidence (of crimes) .
resurgence (of support) ..
17 Now answer the following questions.
1. Express briefly in your own words Hannah Arendt's view of
punishment.
2. How does the quotation from Simone Weil contrast with
Arendt's view?
3. What was the young man sentenced for? How long was the
trial held?
4. What does the phrase "a sentence of zero-to-seven years" refer
to?
5. How long did the man serve in prison?
6. What was the reaction of the victim's mother to the young
man's release? Why?
7. She sought revenge, not justice, didn't she?
8. How could you explain the following statement: " revenge
was obviously one element in an ideal of justice to which she
had adhered, without giving the matter much conscious
thought, until the day when the issue was transformed from an
abstraction into a painful personal reality"?
9. What does the writer imply by saying that " sense of justice
is fundamental to our psychological well-being"?
10.
According to the text, what is the meaning behind the
symbolic 'scales of justice'?
11.
What is the difficulty about the idea of 'appropriate
redress'?
12.
In the writer's opinion, what view of justice is shared by
most people?
13.
What has happened in the last twenty years to this view?
184
14.
15.
And what has given rise to it?

What have these texts been selected to show?
17 Write a summary in 120-150 words contrasting the

different attitudes to justice revealed in Text a and Text b.
THEME THREE
What types of TV programmes do not ignore sensationalism?
Why do people enjoy strories about other people's private
lives, especially involving unpleasant or shocking details?
Why do you think voyeuristic programmes appear on TV at
all?
Notes:
On Feb. 4, 1997, British au pair Louise Woodward, who had
been hired in November 1996 by Sunil and Deborah Eappen to care
for their sons, frantically called police to report that baby Matthew
was having trouble breathing. Paramedics revealed fractured skull
and a month-old wrist fracture. Prosecutors say that Woodward
admitted to shaking Matthew and to dropping him on the floor and
tossing him on a bed. State medical examiners say Matthew hit the
floor with the "force equivalent to a fall from a second-story
window." The baby spent four days on life support before dying on
Feb. 9. Louise Woodward was found guilty of murder in the death 8month-old Matthew Eappen in Massachusetts. A judge later
reduced the charge to involuntary manslaughter, sentenced the
nanny, then 19, to time served and sent her home to England.
Text a
Justice Done and Viewed To Be Done
Louise Woodward made history this week as the first British
murder defendant - to go through her trial in front of the television
185
cameras. Had she been tried in Britain, only a few dozen people
would have seen her testimony and cross-examination.
Louise Woodward's case has caught the public imagination,
Jim Rudder, deputy head of Sky News believes, "because it's got all
the right ingredients a young British girl just having left home
caught up in the nightmare of : the US justice system.
The law bans cameras, even still ones, from the courts in
England and Wales. There is no ban in Scotland but, while judges
there have allowed TV cameras to film criminal trials, they have not
been prepared to allow them to be televised live. The prospect of
live British trials on our TV screens soon is not one to put money
on.
At the time, 45 of the 51 US states allowed cameras in
courtrooms: now- 48 do. Not one state which has experimented with
cameras has gone on to reject them. Limited coverage, on State
TV, began in the 1950s in Oklahoma and Colorado. The first state to
allow national television coverage was Florida in the 1970s, which
then became the pace setter for opening up the courts.
The rules differ dramatically from state to state. Even in states
with liberal attitudes, the ultimate authority in most cases remains
the trial judge. In general, if the judge doesn't want the cameras,
they are not allowed. Judges do not have similar powers over the
written press. Only a handful of the million or so criminal trials held
each year in the United States is ever televised.
Most jurisdictions rule out certain categories of coverage.
These normally include domestic disputes, rape cases and cases
involving juveniles. Many courts set restrictions on the coverage;
for example, most states forbid the cameras to show the jury, and
many do not allow the gallery to be shown. If a defendant objects in
advance to television coverage, it is likely that, the court will accept
the objection:, but many defendants seem to feel that televised trials
help their cases rather than harm them.
American jurisdictions have carried out extensive research
into the impact of the cameras. Studies of various kinds have been
carried out by the federal government and by 41 states. In all cases
they have concluded that the cameras should continue to be allowed
and that the impact, if any, on the proceedings has been favourable
186
rather than unfavourable on the quality of justice. After nearly 40

years, only one case has ever been overturned on appeal as a result
of television coverage, and that was in 1965, when the television
technology was much more cumbersome and physically intrusive
than it is nowadays.
In Scotland, where the judges had the power to let cameras in,
Lord Hope, Lord President of the Court of Session, felt it was in the
public interest for Scots to learn more about their criminal justice
system. The result was BBC2's documentary series, The Trial, first
broadcast in 1994 and repeated in early 1996. Broadcasters were
allowed to film criminal trials provided all the parties judge,
lawyers, defendants and witnesses agreed. Getting unanimous
consent proved difficult, but a few trials were filmed, on condition
that they were shown only after the trial and any possible appeals
had finished.
There is a strong argument for televising the courts. The
principle that justice must be seen to be done is as deeply embedded
in our law as in America's. Only a few dozen reporters and
spectators see even the most celebrated trials. Their reports give
little insight into how the system works.
Judges in New York and Florida told the Bar Council working
party they had been apprehensive pre-TV, but the experience had
changed their minds. Witnesses and defendants proved no more
intimidated than they would have been by a roomful of reporters.
Miniature cameras which use available light and can be operated by
remote control are unobtrusive, and participants soon forget them.
TV coverage could also boost public confidence in a system which
has still not fully recovered from the exposure of a devastating
series of miscarriages of justice. Should the judges be so frightened
of letting the people see what happens in their courts?
The Guardian
Text b
Woodward Speaks Out Against TV Trials
LOUISE WOODWARD spoke out against the use of
television cameras in courtrooms yesterday, despite the part they
187
played in starting the campaign that fought for her early release
from jail.
The British au pair complained that the televising of her trial
last year had given her unwanted celebrity and had led to the
trivialising of her trial for the murder of baby Matthew Eappen.
Speaking at the Edinburgh Television Festival, Ms Woodward said:
"People are not able to distinguish between notoriety and celebrity. I
never wanted to be in this position. I don't want to be a minor
celebrity -I am not famous for anything good and people ask me to
sign baseball caps. "I am trying to be a normal 20-year-old and
people won't let me do that."
She said that her notoriety all stemmed from the televising of
her trial: "I was never asked if I wanted cameras in the courtroom ...
I would have said no. It is hard enough to stand handcuffed in the
dock without a camera trying to get a clear shot of my hands".
She said because of the cameras her behaviour in the
courtroom, rather than the evidence, became the focus of news
reports. Her giggle was given great significance and because she
couldn't get a haircut or use make-up in prison she was dubbed the
"Nanny from Hell". When she changed her hairstyle, she said she
was accused of trying to look "sweet and innocent". But she did not
deny that the cameras may have contributed to her release after her
manslaughter conviction, when she was given a sentence already
covered by the time she had served.
"I couldn't say what influenced the judge," she said. "I hope he
based his decision on law, not on public opinion. Do we really want
the public to be policing the courts? Should we just replace 12
people as a jury with an opinion poll?" She added: "Television turns
a courtroom into a soap opera, turns it into entertainment, but a
courtroom is a serious place dealing with people's lives."
The Independent, September 1998
18 Fine English equivalents to the following wordcombinations:

( )
188

Paragraph 6: a country or area in which a particular legal
system operates
juvenile
Paragraph 9: be slightly worried or nervous about something
not attracting much attention or causing much reaction
from other people
the act of making something
publicly known because you believe it is wrong or illegal
20 Explain the meaning of the following phrases:

make history ..
cumbersome .
unanimous consent ...
to be embedded in the law .

1. Why did Louise Woodward's case receive such considerable
publicity?
2. What approach do Great Britain and America take towards TV
coverage of criminal trials?
3. What power do judges in America and Scotland exercise when
it comes to cameras in court?
4. What restrictions are placed on televising the trials in
America?
5. What are the arguments for televising the courts?
6. What does the writer imply be the phrase "justice must be seen
to be done'?
7. What arguments against the use of TV cameras in court does
Louise Woodward put forward (in Text b)?
189
22 Summarise in 200 words the information provided by both

texts.
Use the following phrases to connect contrasting ideas:
be different from
be distinct/dissimilar from
unlike something
in contrast with
be a departure from
there is a world of difference between
LANGUAGE FOCUS
Discussing both sides of an issue
23 The boxes contain some useful language for discussing

both sides of an issue.
Expressing hesitation
On the one hand , but on the other
In a sense however
That's true up to a point, but
It must be said that , however
More often than not
Expressing an Alternative Viewpoint
There is also the matter of
A point in favour of is
Something worth mentioning is
Not to be taken lightly is the fact that
Apart from that
We can't ignore the fact that
Expressing agreement with an opinion
I'd go along with you on that.
I'd tend to agree with you.
I couldn't agree more.
I'm with you on that.
190
That's exactly my opinion. / That's just how I see it.

In pairs, use the above phrases to discuss what you think
on the points below.
capital punishment, arguments for and against
There are some prompts to help you.
Deterrence / doesn't deter crime
hard to kill a wrongly convicted criminal
more humane than life imprisonment
maximum public safety
less expensive than execution
possibility of innocent death
A: I believe that the retributive notion of punishment is that
criminals deserve punishment, and punishment should be equal to
the harm done.
B: I'd go along with you on that. Retribution involves punishment
which is commonly expressed in the idea "an eye for an eye."
C: On the one hand your words sound reasonable, but on the other
hand retribution cannot be uniformly applied to every crime
committed. Punishment can be inadequate. For example, if a
terrorist or mass murderer kills ten people, then his single life is
technically not punishment in kind.
TV coverage in courts, the arguments against and in favour
of it
There are prompts to help you.
positive/ negative impact on the audience, the jury, the
trial
insight how the legal system works
increase in public confidence in a legal system
turning a trial into entertainment
interference with the accused rights
191
People should be tried by jury for serious offences like

homicide.
less chance of wrong verdict
costly in terms of money and time
influence on jury's opinion by skilled lawyers
People should be on trial by jury for serious offences like
homicide.
It should be compulsory to vote in a referendum on the reintroduction of capital punishment.
basic human rights
every person's civic duty
freedom to choose
foundation of democracy
voting doesn't change anything
A: Of course, voting is a basic human right, so I suppose we
should take advantage of it.
B: That's true up to a point but then again
TALKING POINTS
24 How do you get your own back?
If the following things happened to you, what would you want
to do?
1.
2.
3.
4.
You were wrongly accused of stealing.

Your best friend was killed in a terrorist bomb explosion.
A person in authority tried to damage your reputation.
Someone made derogatory remarks about you on the basis of
192
where you come from.

5. Someone was rude about your physical appearance.
6. A neighbour kept waking you up at night with loud music.
Look at the following quotes. Do you agree with them?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
'Don't get mad, get even.'

'Hell hath no fury like a woman scorned.'
'Revenge is a dish best tasted cold.'
'Kiss and make up.'
'Forgive and forget.'
'He that is without sin amongst you, let him first cast a stone.'
'Revenge, at first though sweet. Bitter ere long back on itself
recoils.'
8. 'Resist not evil: but whosoever shall smite thee on thy right
cheek, turn to him the other also.'
Look at the following list of bad behaviour, misdemeanours
and crimes. What punishment would you consider suitable?
1. A girl finds out that her boyfriend of six months is seeing
someone else.
2. A man stole 10,000 from a bank and gave it all to charity.
3. A lorry driver fell asleep at the wheel and crashed into a minibus, killing seven people.
4. A surgeon was supposed to cut off a patient's right leg.
Instead, he cut off the left leg.
5. A teacher had inside information about examination questions.
He told his students and the examining board found out.
6. A man obtained an airline steward's uniform and travelled
around the world by just walking onto the aeroplane and
offering to help.
7. An unemployed man used his credit card to take his family on
a round-the-world trip. He was back home before the credit
card company realised he couldn't pay.
193

25 Study the meanings of the words. Provide Russian
amends n, pl make amends/ all possible amends to smb for
smth; give compensation: make amends to smb for an injury
assassinate v, assassination n to murder (a ruler, a politician, or
other important person)
Capital punishment punishment by death according to law (=the
death penalty); CULTURAL NOTE: Capital punishment is no
longer used in Britain, but it is regularly discussed in parliament.
Some people would like it to be reintroduced for all murders, some
for terrorists, and some for those who kill policemen. Several US
states use capital punishment and carry it out by a variety of
methods including the electric chair, poisonous gas, and injection of
poison.
conviction
n
the convicting of a person of a crime. The
conviction of the accused man surprised us. There were five
acquittals and six convictions.
to secure a conviction
the Crown n a sovereign; to act for the Crown
deter sb from doing smth v
discourage, hinder: Failure did not
deter him from trying again. deterrent adj, n tending to: Do you
believe that the hydrogen bomb is a deterrent, that it will deter
countries from making war? deterrence n The policy of nuclear
deterrence has negligible effect.
deserts n, pl what smb deserves
to be rewarded/punished according to ones deserts
to get/meet with ones (just) deserts
discretion n freedom to act according to ones own judgment, to
do what seems right or best. Use your discretion. Its with in your
own discretion. (You are free to decide). discrete adj discontinuous;
individually distinct.
to exercise discretion
194
dock n enclosure in a criminal court for the prisoner

to be in the dock
execute v to kill sb as a lawful punishment; She was executed for
murder; execution n
feud n a bitter quarrel between two persons, families or groups
over a long period of time
to be at feud with smb
judiciary n /the + sing./pl./ all the judges in the court of law,
considered as one group and forming one of the branches of
government: The judiciary has/have been consulted. judicial adj
a judicial decision
justice n the action or power of the law. The police do all they can
to bring criminals to justice
jury n + sing/pl. verb a group of usu. 12 people chosen to hear all
details of a case in a court of law and give their decision on it.
The jury has/have returned/given a verdict of guilty. The jury
find/finds the accused guilty or not guilty.
manslaughter n the crime of killing a person illegally but not
intentionally
mitigate
n make less severe, violent or painful; mitigating
circumstances those that may make a mistake, crime, etc seem less
serious; mitigation n
oath n solemn declaration that smth is true; be on/under oath
(legal) having sworn to tell the truth; The judge reminded the
witness that he was still under oath.
to put smb under oath to require to swear an oath.
pardon v, n an action of a court forgiving a person for an illegal
act and giving freedom from punishment; to pardon sb for smth
penalty n a penalty for breaking a law, rule, or legal punishment
to pay the penalty for smth; the death penalty
plaintiff n person who brings an action at law
plea for smth n an urgent or serious request; a statement by
smb in a court of law, saying whether or not they are guilty of a
charge
The accused entered a plea of not guilty.
plead v ~ for/against sb; address a court of law as a an advocate
on behalf of either the plaintiff or the defendant;
195
to plead guilty/ not guilty admit/deny the one is guilty: How

do you plead? Not guilty, my Lord.
redress n payment for a wrong that has been done
You must seek redress in the law courts for the damage to
your car.
rehabilitate v to make (a person) able to live a healthy, useful, or
active life again, esp. After being ill or in prison; rehabilitation n
reprisal, also reprisals n 1. Paying back injury with injury; do
smth by way of reprisal 2. pl acts of retaliation, esp. of one country
or another during a war
to carry out reprisals against smb
retaliate against/upon v return the same sort of ill treatment that
one has received; retaliate upon ones enemy. He retaliated by
kicking the other fellow on the ankle. If we raise our import duties
on their goods, they may retaliate against us.
retaliation n returning ill treatment for ill treatment in retaliation
for retaliatory adj retaliatory measures
retribution (for) n a severe deserved punishment; retributive
adj
revenge (for, on) n in revenge; to take revenge on sb; to revenge
oneself on sb = to take revenge on sb
sentence n statement by a judge of punishment
a six-year sentence; prison/ jail sentence; the death
sentence; a life sentence; to serve a sentence
suspended sentence a punishment given by a court which the
offender only has to serve if he or she commits another crime in that
period of time
settle v make an agreement about; decide, determine; That settles
the matter. Its time you settled the dispute/argument. Nothing is
settled yet. Lawsuit was settled amicably/ out of court.
settled fixed; unchanging, permanent; a man of settled conviction.
settlement n the act of settling (a dispute, debt, etc) The terms of
settlement seem just. We hope for a lasting settlement of all these
troubles. The strikers have reached a settlement with the employers.
to settle the score
sum up v to give the total of evidence and rule on points of law;
The judge summed up the evidence.
196
summing-up n summings-up pl. judges review of evidence,

argument in a law-case
verdict n decision reached by a jury on a question of fact in a law
case: The jury brought in a verdict of guilty/not guilty.
to reach/pass a verdict; to bring in a verdict
to get ones own back on smb/ to get back at smb
have ones
revenge: He tricked me this time but Ill get my own back one day
to take smth lying down to suffer smth bad without complaining
or trying to stop it. You mustnt take his rudeness lying down.
to take the law into ones own hands
26 Translate into Russian.

1. It seemed from the judge's summing up that he favored a
conviction. So when, despite all this, the jury returned a
verdict "Not guilty", Anthony felt a sense of personal triumph.
2. Looking hard at the jury Anthony spoke without emotion and
spared himself nothing: "Gentlemen, this isn't the first time I
have stood in the dock. My brother and I were tried long ago.
That trial took place before we were born. We were tried for
the acts of our ancestors, were convicted and sentenced to live
in a world of prejudice. We have committed no crime, but we
are coloured. Even if you acquit me now that sentence still
stands.
3. "She'll probably be sentenced to a term of imprisonment for
perjury," said Mr Mayheme quietly.
4. Fear of being caught acts as a deterrent to breaking the law.
27 Put the following statements and questions into English,

using Vocabulary of the Unit; comment on the statements and
answer the questions.
1. ,
.
197
2. ,
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3.
.
4. ?
5. , ,

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8.
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28 Practise the following pattern.

Model : It is not unknown for a judge to make an example of
the convicted prisoner.
,
.
198
This type of combination is very common in English, serving

to create a middle meaning halfway between the positive and
the negative.
a
Translate the following sentences into Russian.
1. It had to be said that Angie's beauty was not irrelevant to his
decision to enter the competition.
2. As he felt something not dissimilar, although for very
different reasons, he knew he had a lot to offer.
3. You need to decide on a holiday in a country whose climate is
not uncomfortable for either of you.
4. He tried to deal with me roughly, but I challenged his
approach and showed him in no uncertain manner who was
who.
b
Translate the following sentences, using a suitable
adjective from the list (think of opposite meanings):
natural favourable mindful attractive like
interesting common responsive frequent
1.
.
2. .
3. .
4. ,
.
5. , .
6. , , .
7. , .
8. , .
9. , , ,
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10.
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11.
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12.
,
.
199
29 Look up the meanings of the words in a dictionary and use

them in the following sentences.
1. suffice sufficiency sufficient sufficiently insufficient
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Her income for her needs.

There was food for everybody.
Some bread and soup will me.
The price was increased to cover production costs.
There were supplies to feed everybody.
There are a number of problems for agriculture in this area,
such as rainfall.
7. These few examples should to illustrate how social
attitudes are changing.
8. We havent got information from which to draw a
conclusion.
9. When he had recovered from his accident, he was
interviewed by the police.
10.
The data we have is to enable us to form any
conclusions.
2.
perceive perception perceptible perceptive
1. He a subtle change in her manner.

2. There had been a small but change in the nature of their
relationship.
3. Events confirmed our that she had been treated unfairly.
4. They that they were unwelcome and left.
5. She knew there was something on my mind mothers are very
like that.
6. We were unable to where the problem lay.
7. The radio programme gave a analysis of Anglo-American
relations.
3.
assume assumption assuming
200
1. I everyone here has an email address.

2. Your argument is based on a completely false .
3. There is an that all the people who live around here are
rich.
4. Everyone accepted she was telling the truth, although in fact
this was quite a lot.
5. your calculations are correct, we should travel northeast.
6. People tend to make about you based on your appearance.
7. The law works on the that it is preferable for children to be
with their mother.
30 Render the following text into English.
?

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LISTENING
UNIT
ONE
Britain today
a) Look up the meanings of the following wordcombinations.

wholemeal bread
skimmed milk
to consume,
consumer, consumption
a retail sector
premature death
DIY - Do It Yourself
b) Listen to the tape and make notes about the things
mentioned in the list below. Make use of any statistical
information given to you.
1
Eating
2
Drinking
3
TV watching
4
TV ownership
5
Video
6
Telephones
7
Central heating
8
Washing machines
9
Cars
10 Cinema
11 Books
12 Newspapers:
national/regional
c)
1.
Answer the following questions.

What book tells us about the way Britons live now?
203
2. Have there been any changes in eating habits? Can you

name any?
3. What can the rise in alcohol consumption be accounted
for?
4. What do most Britons do in their free time?
5. What consumer durables can British homes boast?
6. Why can smoking be considered a major killer in Great
Britain?
Civil Cases
Read the following text, but do not attempt to fill
the gaps until you have listened to this judge talking about
his experiences in matrimonial cases. Then complete the
text with a suitable word or phrase according to the
information on the tape.
The type of civil cases the judge enjoyed most were those
concerned with..(1) where he could make his own
decision. The most depressing were the (2) cases. He often
had to deal with applications for . (3) to stop a man
(4) his wife. He also had to act in cases of the . (5) of
relationships where children were involved and to decide what
were the best (6) for them. He sometimes had to make the
difficult decision to (7) men to visit their children if the wife
was given custody, and he, as the judge, felt that visits might
be harmful.
a)
(Note: the judge has an accent characteristic of the

prestigious accent used by the traditional ruling class in Britain.)
b) Find the meanings of the following wordcombinations. Produce the context for the word combinations:
civil cases
dispute
to sit in a county court get a straightforward

argue about ones boundary
jury
204
matrimonial stuff applications for an injunction

the marriage or the liaison breaks up
to ensure
to assess to what extent smth might be good or
bad
deliberately
to turn sb against sb
c) Answer the following questions and complete the
tasks:
1. What kind of dispute can be rather enjoyable for a judge?
2. What did the judge learn while hearing matrimonial
cases?
3. What did applications for an injunction sometimes deal
with?
4. What does the judge have to approve in the cases where
the marriage or the liaison breaks up?
5. What does he have to ensure in such cases?
6. What does he have to assess?
Living in Oxford
a) Listen to Helen talking about living in Oxford, now
and as a student.
Make notes and give an indication of the good and bad
points.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Now Good points ...

Now Bad points .
As a Student - Good Points
As a Student Bad Points .
b) Find the meanings of the following word

combinations. Produce the context for the word combinations:
be frenetic and chaotic
to work in a free-lance
capacity to keep up contacts with
the networks of
communication
broadsheets
community of likeminded people
to do anything high-powered
to be stuck
distorted view
frantic lifestyle
be insulated
205
c) Answer the following questions.

1. Why does Helen want to stay in Oxford?
2. Is it easy to make contact with people in Oxford?
3. Are the job opportunities good in Oxford?
What are the good and the bad points in living in Oxford as a
student?
UNIT TWO
Peeping Tom
a) Find meanings to the following word-combinations
before listening to the tape.
to
come out with obscenities

be a level-headed
person
to clear off
I crept along
I followed
him by peeking here and there
b) Read the following text, and then complete the text
with a suitable word or phrase according to the information on
the tape.
A woman who lived in a . (1) flat was
alerted to the presence of a prowler when .. (2).
She got up, wearing her (3)_, and saw a man
looking through the window. She told him to go away and he replied
with some (4). The woman started to be
(5) and, terrified, phoned the police. She
threatened she would (6) but the policewoman
just . (7). By the time the police arrived, the
man had . (8), but finally he was found and
(9).
Why Do People Take Risks?
206
a) Look up the following word-combinations in the

dictionary before listening to the tape.
be prone to something
get one's kick from doing something
white-knuckle activities be a feat in itself
b) Answer the following questions.
1. What questions does the presenter ask at the beginning of the
programme?
2. What do 'yes' answers suggest?
3. What statistics on adventure sport are provided on the tape?
4. What is Adrenalin Village in London famous for?
5. What does the director of Adrenalin Village, Simon Mayes
insist on?
6. Why do people take risks (according to Mr Mayes)?
7. What is Professor Barrie Gunter's opinion on the causes of
thrill-seeking?
8. What different character types did Professor Gunter identify?
9. Who are the 'groundhogs' and the 'wallflowers'?
10.
Is Mary Welsh a thrill-seeker? Why (not)?
c)
Sum up in 150 words the information provided on the
tape.
UNIT THREE
Pocket money
Listen to these children talking about pocket money and how
they spend it.
a) Find the meanings of the following word
combinations.
Stephen: save up
take over twenty-five pence
Claire: irresistible on the way
end up with (some
sum of) money allowance for smth blacksmith
vets fee
Robbie: get Charlie (a pony) on permanent loan
207
head-collar knee-drapes
Terry: do a paper round a Rushden Town Football Club
lottery
Canary Cup
Rushden Rangers
b) Listen to the tape. Make notes on the text, and answer
the following questions. Give precise figures wherever possible.
1. How much do they receive?
2. How much do they get from work?
3. What kind of work do they do?
4. What do they do with their money?
Repayment of a Debt
a) Find the meanings of the following wordcombinations. Provide the context for them.
get into have a jail sentence
apply for a position
Kenya Police
to the effect that
out of the blue
an awful lot of money
in no way
serious consequences
feel adventuresome
surreptitiously
confined in
be loath to do
deduct out
comply with
b) Listen to the tape. Make notes on the text and
summarise the information.
An account Executive Talks about his Job
a)
Find Russian equivalents before listening to the tape.
First Part
call something an ACA arrears advice note
round
have a call round with the bailiff
Second part
we call it a cash IP use a trace procedure
it
plead guilty to a charge adjourn the case
Third part
revolve
let off with
208
come up on the voters roll

a sound sort of contract
do a household check
b) Listen to the first part of the tape and write down

your answer to the questions as a number/numbers (e.g. two) or
a number/ numbers and one other word. (e.g. two weeks).
1. How long can people be in arrears before the accounts
representative calls?
2. How long do people take to pay arrears?
3. How many customers does the company have?
4. How many are in arrears?
5. What is the maximum and minimum percentage of people
likely to be in arrears?
6. How many reminders are usually sent?
7. How long can customers be in arrears before the company
starts legal proceedings?
8. How long do customers have to respond to a letter demanding
payment?
9. How long does it take to recover the equipment after the
default notice served?
c) Now listen to the second part of the tape, which tells
the story of one particular customer who got into arrears. Make
notes on the following points and re-tell the story.
For Richer, for Poorer
a)
Find the meanings of the following wordcombinations. Listen to the tape.
affect relationship handle joint finance
deep-seated
grievances
greed
hypocrisy
badly drafted will
to be involved with skinflints or compulsive spender
exchange vows
to get by
worker with precarious
tenure
to tie in with something single out common
villains of financial dramas
be carelessly debonair about
be flabbergasted
when youre courting somebody
209
indulgence
to splash out
have a toytown attitude to money

a tangible token
b)
And answer the questions.
1. What is the topic of the programme?
2. What questions does the presenter pose at the beginning of the
interview?
3. What did Terry Allison's research reveal?
4. What is Hannah's story?
5. What messages does money carry according to Terry Allison?
6. What types of misunderstanding does money cause?
7. Why is Ruth an example of a confused agreement case?
8. What arguments does James provide to explain his position in the
matter?
9. What does Anna's case illustrate?
10. What family problems is money the focus for?
11. What main characteristic of couples with different approaches to
money does Terry Allison give?
c)
Now listen to the tape again and find of what words
or phrases are used for the following.
1
any subject that polite people do not refer to
2
the major earner in the family
3
the legal document indicating how a person wants things
disposed of on death
4
people who are extremely mean with money
5
managed
6
would not even consider
7
a person who is seen merely as a provider of the basic
necessities and is not appreciated for it
8
what you earn from work
9
to spend extravagantly
10 to control the money
UNIT FOUR
210
Living in Portugal
a) Listen to Jean talking about her experience of moving
to a foreign country.
b) Look up the pronunciation of some geographical
names at the dictionary: Portugal, Lisbon, Pavede.
1
List three consequences of Jean's not being able to speak
Portuguese when she first went to live in Portugal.
2
Pick out three areas where life in Portugal improved for
Jean after she had been there for some time. Indicate the
nature of the change.
Clothes
a) Find meanings of the following word combinations.
to wear casual clothes
to call for
to be in stock fashion
to a certain extent to identify smb by smth as opposed to
the odd pair of jeans
to go a bit over the top a piece of
plastic
run up a bill of
pretty sombre clothes
to portray a matter-of-fact but pleasing outward appearance
to be the done thing
to go along with
to look out
of character with the set-up and the image
to wear denim
to wear softer cords
Time takes its toll.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

What kind of clothes do they wear for work?
What job do they do?
What kind of clothes do they wear when they are not working?
What attitudes do they have to clothes?
How do they buy clothes?
What do they now think of clothes they wore in the past?
c) Answer additional questions to develop the theme.

1. Why is it difficult to decide what to wear?
2. When would you see people wearing uniforms?
211
3. What logos tell you?

4. What is the difference in the kind of clothes the expensive
stores carry for the rich and those in stores that cater to the low
income class?
5. Why do they say that it can be expensive to be conservative in
clothes?
6. Do you agree or oppose the following idea You must first buy
the right clothes if you want to get somewhere.
7. In what case does a person give up ones sweaters and
sneakers and conform to the dress standard?
UNIT FIVE
Publicising the Circus
a) Find meanings of the following word combinations
to go about doing smth publicity
reduction tickets
half-price ticket
radio advert incorporate local bands
hold the traffic up
b) Say whether the statements are true or false
according to the information given on the tape.
1. They spend less money on publicity if the circus is in a city.
2. You're likely to see fewer posters if the site for the circus is in
a field on the edge of a town.
3. Posters are given out free.
4. Every school visited gets half-price tickets fort each student.
5. TV adverts are used in special circumstances.
6. The circus is not keen on parades because of the danger of
animal escaping.
7. Parades take place whenever the police agree.
8. They always put advertisements on local radio.
The Press at Work
212
a) Find the meaning of the following word combinations before

listening to the tape.
to bribe smb
to exaggerate
b) Answer the following questions using information provided
on the tape.
1. Which men were at the school when Terry got there?
2. What were they trying to do?
3. How were they trying to do this?
4. Were they successful?
5. Did the true story emerge in the papers?
6. What Terry's opinion of the press reports?
Review Panel
a) You'll hear part of a radio programme called Review
Panel, in which members of the public Simon, Bruce and
Alexandra - give their views on television programmes.
b) Find the meaning of the following word combinations
the plot
to wallop
a whodunnit to be clichd to be
tongue-in-cheek
daft
to be emblazoned
c) Who expresses the following opinions?
1. It was odd to see the star in this kind of programme.
2. It contained elements of various types of programme.
3. Characters said things which struck me as ridiculous.
4. Some of the dialogue was clever and amusing.
5. It was not intended to be a realistic programme.
6. Most of the characters were typical of this type of programme.
7. There was an incident that happens in lots of programmes.
d) Sum up the opinions of panellists.
UNIT SIX
213
A Judge Speaks
a) Find Russian equivalents to the following word
combinations. Provide the context for them.
to rule on a point of law
to make a submission
to
keep the jury hanging about
to be abbreviated
to
be
sympathetic to the move to comment on the silence of sb
antecedents
to have three foolscap sheets of smth
leniently
to carry cannabis to push drugs
1. Whats the principal difficulty of being a judge? Why?
2. What are the difficulties the judge faces while dealing with the
jury?
3. What do antecedents tell the judge about?
4. What plea can be considered self-defeating? Why?
5. Who is a Recorder?
6. What directives did the judge often get? Who were they from?
7. Why did the judge find it difficult sometimes to convict drug
couriers?
c) Sum up difficulties which a judge face in court, and
factors that cause the difficulties.
A Story with a Moral
combinations. Listen to the tape. Complete the tasks given in the
text-book.
to take smb out to lunch to laugh smth off to dodge down
to bounce to give smb a description
1. Describe the man's appearance.
2. What was the man's purchase?
3. What did he ask the manageress?
4. What was her reaction?
214
5. How did he pay for his goods?

6. What caused the man to come into the shop a second time?
7. Why was the police involved?
8. What information did the woman provide the police with?
9. How did the policeman feel when he got the information?
10.
What is the moral of the story?
The Rolls Royce

a) Find the meanings of the following wordcombinations.

()

1. What was the selling price of the car?
2. How did the man feel when he saw the advertisement in the
paper?
3. What did he do?
4. What was the value the car?
5. What condition was it in?
6. Was the offer genuine?
7. Why was the woman selling the car at such a price?
8. How did she justify her action?
The Landlord
a) Answer the following questions.
1. What was a classic situation the speakers friend found herself
in?
2. What made her full miserable?
3. How long were the decorators to work at the place?
215
4. Who did she get the idea of taking revenge on the landlord
from?
5. What did she do?
6. What was her little finishing touch?
7. What is the moral of the story?
The Department Store

combinations.
to mete out not to like having egg on ones face
to look tacky
Merc (Mercedes) the goods lift
to pop it in the Merc
call it a day a fraud con
to let smth go public
to bill sb for smth
an administrative error to disregard smth
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Why isnt the speaker going to name the department store?
What department was involved in the incident?
How did the couple want to pay?
How did they want the piano delivered?
Why can we call the deal a fraud?
Why didnt they want to let this go public? What did the
manager decide to do?
Did they get the money back?
216
ADDITIONAL TEXTS FOR RENDERING

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242

Proficiency in English

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Copyright

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Proficiency in English

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..

THE WAY WE LIVE NOW

A View of the City

GETTING AND SPENDING

GETTING THE MESSAGE ACROSS

THE MEDIA AND ADVERTISING

The Press in Britain

REVENGE AND RETRIBUTION

Criminal Trials in Britain

Text a Justice Done and Viewed To Be Done

17. The Rolls Royce

THE WAY WE LIVE NOW

Discuss the following questions.

How many jobs can you think of where the professional

Which would you prefer a job which is virtually stress-free

Sometimes companies have to let employees go although

What does the proverb "A woman's work is never done"

The lists show work-related benefits and problems.

Complete each sentence with one of the words or phrases

1. In Britain today many young graduates want to get a job

12. In the developed world run-down and derelict housing in

a. Complete the text using the words and phrases given.

A View of the City

special ones, you've (5). All those famous places

to make the break to explore the capital to be stuck for

Before reading the text discuss the following questions.

The Odd Couple

bottled frenetic activity? What do wives and children have to

Find a word or phrase in the text which, in context, is

Paragraph 7: depressing perceived, surface

Answer the following questions.

1. Name the features which made the story of Charlotte and

10 Write a summary of Text One in 180-200 words.

A Place to Live and Work

11Discuss the following questions before reading the text.

unemployment their second act on reaching London is to sign on for

12 Find English equivalents to the following wordcombination:

14 Answer the following questions:

15 Summarize in 230 words significant facts about the life of

16 Discuss the following questions before reading the text:

17 The following words and phrases appear in the passage. In

Work has become our national obsession. Whether we are

18 Look at the following words and try to explain them.

Find synonyms for the following words.

Answer the following questions:

21 Answer the questions in a summarised way (one sentence).

6. What happen to people who lose their jobs? (According

Your girl friend / boy friend has won $100,000 in a lottery.

A good working environment is very important, as it is difficult to be

25 Discuss the following proverbs and quotations. Paraphrase

them, say if you agree or not, and explain why.

VOCABULARY of the UNIT

Study the meanings of the words. Provide Russian

Welfare n the money that is paid by the government to people

housing benefit regular payments towards your rent

Emigrate, immigrate v People who emigrate are emigrants from

Commute (between from, to) v to travel regularly a long distance

allowing salaries to keep pace with inflation. 5. He paced up and

Translate into Russian.

For each of the sentences below, rewrite a new sentence as

1. I dont mind paying something towards Samanthas

7. The officer in charge of the investigation has refused to

29 Fill in gain, cause, contribution, contribute, involved,

30 Translate into English using Vocabulary (pay attention to