Шифман. Набатейское государство и его культура

D
ST. PETERSBURG STATE
UNIVERSIY
L Sh. Shiffmann
NABATAEAN
STATE
AND ITS CULTURE
ST. PETERSBURG UNIVERSITY PRESS

2007
. . u
.-
2007
63.3
65
I . llUll I

n. . llmu
. .
65 .
.
2007. -
208
.: - .-. -,
ISBN 978-5-288-04364-2
,
ISBN 978-5-288-04364-2
63.3
.-
,
2007
BBeAeHne
, -
,
, ,
, .

. ;
t: ; ,
, ;
; ;
. ,

<t,
.: IIa t:I lit: ;;,
. ,
,
.

( )
.
--
,
, (,

)
.
II , ,
,
. ,

.

[.
102; 97; 61; 163; 164; 126]
75; 20; 158, 726-744; 60; 15;
(, ,
);

- .
[23; 150; 172].
[151],
. ,

,
.
[123].

, ,
.
, -
[166].
.
, J
,
, .

.

,
-
, .
,
,

,
.
nnn
ncopnn

(
) .
, ,
,
- ,
- ,
[159, 684-685].

.

. , ,

(Diod., 11, 49-53), >

11 . . . [159, 672]. ,
, ,
. ,

Diod., XIX, 94 .,
Diod., 11, 48
. ,
, , -

.
, -,
,
; , m
) ,
,
,
. m
, , (
;
Strabo, XVI, 21)1.

, .
1 .
. .
,
,
. , ,
,

.
.
[.
158,78-80],
[165],
- [rqrnw], ,
(FI.
los., Antt., 4, 161),
.
.

, ( -
[32, 2045].
), , , ,
n 2

(<<Scriptores historiae Augustae).
- ( ,
, )

[122,133-135].
XIX .
, ,
[45;
95; 40; 153]. -

1812 . . . ;
, ,
XIX . , rr -
(1
. . .)
m yr .
441-459; 138, 167-193)].
[137,
, ,
,
,
19
11
. . .,
, ,
106
. . , ,
( .
[61,55]).
. .
. .
[31, 40-43].
[110, 231-235],
. , ,
. ,
,

;
.
m m
: , ,
. ,
, ,

10
106
. . .
19,
3,
65].
[176; 83;
, ,
. .
.
.
[96].
[44], .
[59], . .
[124; 125], .
30-60-
m .
[68; 73; 74].
,
.
[55; 56].
( 3 -
), .

, [133,5-16; 52; 78,
29-32], ,
[128; 118-148; 127] , ,

( )
[123; 185, 141-154]3.
m
;
. , . , . , . 4.
,
, .
, ,
,
- .
50-
60-
- .
.
[162,161-168; 1, 123].
. .
ero
[48, 1, 13-25].
11
, ,
.
;
1962 . .
, -,
, ,

106].
[190, 227-257; 191, 204-236;
6, 120-130;
, ,
- m (, -
m
) . ,
, ,
11;
, ,
. , , .
.
,
,
, :
. . ,
,
.
, , ,
, ,
.

. ,
-
,
. -
12
( ,
. ) , ,
, . . .
,
,
, , ,
11
nnn"
.
, ,
- ,
, -
, . . . (.,
25, 13; . 11 ., 1, 29) :
, :
(hl), , , .
,
, . (.,
28, 9)
, ,
, . (.,
36, 3)
,
, , .
, .,
25, 13,
,
;
N[3w8 ,
, : ,
. .
: N[3w8)~
1, 220).
hl
14
(Fl. los., Antt.,
, ,
nabayatu.
[66, 409],
,
(!)
t.
(nbtw)
t,
t
[158; 129; 125,

478; 172, 15; 92,193; 57, 83; 61, 21-22; 135,252; 184,99].

. .
[112,
326],
nbty, nwty, nwty, nwt'h

npty. awilu naba-tu [149,54] t. ,

t.
nbtw
, ,
, - ,
, ,
[43, 57; 49, 85].
, ,

, ;

nabayatltU nabatU 1. ,
, nbyt m
t > t (184, 99), , ,
. , ,

IV .
. .,
, .
,
, m
. ()
yiiwiin)
'Ioov(a
'IaFov(a (
F
00.
15
.
,
--.

(nabitun)
(nabtUn)
(,
: ,
,
192].
[171, 1117
1131; 29,
. ,
,
, , .
, m
, , -,

. - ,
m
2.
3.
m ,
, .
[73, 189-190; 41, 29].
3 . ,
[166, 22].
. ,
V .
. . .
VI-
[126, 29].
[29,114], ,
. ,
,
(St. Byz., s.
Naj3aTaToL):
; - ",
"
16
(6
,.L( v6IJ1:V)>>.
-
, .
, , ,
,
-
.
(slmw).
(nbtw)
(l:In) -
(CIS, 11,197,199,206).
(St. Byz., s. .
L<'.LLl), tv:rVl)
. -
(siim U )
192]. ,
[29,
, , -,
,
1 .
.
(.,
24, 21)
, 1O
, , ,
, ,
, . . . ,
,

[120, 232-233].
, ,
, , -,
, . ,
.
, , I
(6,1) -
= , , -
, , , ,
. . . , -
17
111,
1 . . .
.
, ,
,
.

(St. Byz., s. v.
~axapJvoO. , ,
(di--r--ni),

675 . . .
[16, 1454].
-
.
(.
los., Antt., 4, 82),

1
; ,
. .
.
, ,
.
,
,
(4, 161)
4 .
,
1965
. .
[165, 96-97],
(
)
rqmw.
[164, 897],
[164, 897],
(Euseb., Onomast., s. v. PExE~).
,
, -
- II .
1 . .
18
, ,
5.
11
. .
, , II
, -
, , .
: , ,
( ! .
. .),
(2
.,
14, 7)
(saIa c -
, . t)6,
. ,
, ,
IX .
. .
. (
II! . . .)

, .
, .
II .

, ,

. ,
, . . .
(. , .
115-121)
[55, 23] rqm -{( , .
. , , . ,
. ,
, r
- ,
. .
7
[164, 886-899].
[61, 23],
rrec
VI . . .
19
;
.
II . . .
(ARAB, II, 234, 257, 264, 274).
II . . .,
8 , << ,
.
(ARAB, 11, 822) ,
, (
),
. ,
,
(ARAB, 11, 833);
[76, 1453-1454; 61, 23].

, ,
[180, Ng 260]) 9.
-
. .
(184, 99-101, Ng 11 13, 15)
( ),
VI-V
(Qr" nbyt).
II . . . ,
,
,
IV . -
[148; 136,44-53, 41,

'Uyna-ba-tu
111 [185, 120].
20
. . .
6-11; 21, 75-89].

9
VI
. . .
11

,
, ,

. , ,
,
- .

, ,
312 .
. .
,-

( ).
,
,

,
.

.
,
(XIX, 94, 1),
, ,
, .
, , ,
[.
152,455-456]. ,
,
,
,
21
. , ,

[.
151,24-25].
.
, (
) ,
('t&v aUTou
q>(rov), . .
(XIX, 95
.),
,
,
, .
407
2200
),
. ,
, , ,

200 (37
. ;
,
.
( ),
.
,
,
. ,
(ro8&) <?> ,
. ,
:
, ,
.
(FGH, IH,
(Antt., 13,
, 1, 343),
391),
. , .
. , .
22
,
. ()
10
; , , ,
- ; , ,
85

; , ,
[164, 903-904]
11.
, ,
, . .
, (~\)p(OL~ .taOL)
(Diod., XIX, 96, 1)
.
, ,
. ,
, . ,
,

.

,
. -
10
- :
6 1)V t'Ipa!3apxCav
fXWV (15,165),6 TWV 'Apa!3wv uv]\; (13,118), 6 'Apa!3wv q) (13,
384),2 ., 11, 32: 6 t8vapX1K
11 . [61, 51-52], re
. . ,
146 r. . . (1 ., 11, 17)

(F1. los., Antt., 13,4,8), , ero ,
. , ,
, ,
.
23
. ,
,

, .

, .
,
. , -,

,
,
.
301
. . .
, , .
( )
.
, ,
.
, eI
.
, ,
, , ,
[50, 33-82].
259 .
(pCZ, 59004)
. . << , ,
, .
111
. . .
, ,
. , ,
,
,
.
(PSI, 406),
,
, ,
, .
, . -
24
( .- . .) ,
(auV" TOiJ~ []vj3{)>>,- .
, ,
. , (0~ t. YLVOjltvr]~),
(futCtyL
1i~t
t'
t~ t
&v)>>.
, , ,
, ,

, , , ,
,
I ...
I
11 .
. .
(190
. . .)
,
.
,
, .

, m ,
. ,
, m

12.
,
.

111-1
. (
) ,
. -
12
(., ,
.
[126,16]).
2S
(), .
.
, ,
,
( ,
), ,
,
2 . (5.8),
, , .
, ,
, -
.
. . [.
164,904],
( - )
,
(
111 .
. .) , ,
111-11
etr
13,
. . .
(znh)
: " ") 14 [], ()
zy Nr]tt m)k nbtw)>>
[.
48, 11, 43, 44].
l)ywhy
zy
dy, znh
dnh. ,
. . , ,
, , . ,
13
11.
(), .
14
'1 I)ywhy
(<< -
). .
26
[190, 240].
11
1
, ,
( )
;
, , , ,
. ,
.
1 ,
168 . . .
111-11
. . . ,
(1 ., 5, 26),
(2 ., 8,32). -,
, ,

[129, 54-55; 130, 5].
, -, .

(3, 43, 4-5),
, . . .
, -, ,
11
. . .
, ,
11
.,
.
:
,
.
,

'5.
15 . . ,
11
. .
[151, 27-29].
27
1 ;
-
CIS, 11,
349: [ ] , , [ ],
, .... [] ,
, ... , ,
[] 16/18 - ([znh 16 slm' zy rb'l mlk nbtw [br l}rt]t 17
mlk nb~w zy hqym lh ... hymnny rb' wl}dth ... kslw zy hw smr'
[snt] 16/18 11}rtt mlk'). 70 .
. . ( 11); ,
1 40- 11 . . . 18.
.
, ,
(
).

(msgd'),
CIS, 11,218,
, , , , ,
-.
,
11
111.
, :
-
; ,
11,
: ,
11.
1,
1,
, , ,

16
CIS,
1, -
[48, 11, 1]
dh,
17
CIS
[br 'bd]t,
zy.
[br \:Irt]t,
.
18
28
[61, 54; 164,905].
. :
zy, hqym.
, ,
.
11
19, ,
100 .
. .
(Antt., 13, 358-363),
, ,
.
,
.
,
-
. .
5-10],
[129, 54-55; 130,
,
.
11,
1,
93 .
. .
(Fl. 10s., Antt., 13, 375),

,
85 .
. .
, II,

(Fl. 10s., Antt., 13, 99-102;
J,
1, 387-391).
; ,
, , (. ).
,
, . -
19
11 (.: [61, 54])

(39, 5),
, ,
.
, , .
.
[173].
29
(St. Byz.,
5. . ) '~;
CIS, 11, 354)
RES 1423
(.
('lh).
DNPF, 73),
' (rz!)
)lh);
Cbdt
(i)brwhy)
20.
'
1 111
, .

(St. Byz.,
5. .
),
: ,
( )
, .
111
[69, 3-8; 61, 55; 164, 907-908].
. 82 .
. .
111
(Fl. 105., Antt.,
l,
392-398),

, -
(Fl. 105., Antt ,
l,
393-397).
72/71
11, 70/69 . .
(Fl. 105.,
Antt., 13,414).
111
-
. , ,
.-.
1 ,
[108,357]
, '
- ( ).
, -,
30
.
.
.
65
. . . .

:
; ,
<< ).
, .
,
111
. :
, :

(Fl. los., Antt., 14, 14-33;
J,
1,
114-130).
111
64 .
. . ,
. ,
,
,
-
, ,
, ,
.
, .

,
. , , -
31
(Fl. los., Antt.,

14,46-48).
111
Antt., 14,80-81).
58
(FI. los.,
. . . ,
111,
, ,
55
. . .
103).
-, ,
56 .
(FI. los., Antt., 14,

1,
. .,
1,
,
;
,
. ,
(Caes.,
Alex., 1).

40-
1 .
. .
,
,
(FI. los., Antt., 14,379--380; J, 1, 267, 274-285),
.
,
, , ,
, , ,

34 . . .
(Cass. Dio, 48, 41,5).
,
, ,
(Plut., Ant., 36, 2; Cass. Dio, 49,

32,5; FI. los., Antt., 15,92; J, 1, 360-361).
32
1
200 .
2 31
(FI. los., Antt., 15,96--160).
. . .
. m ,
,
, .

,
. m
1,

( m)
Ant., 61,2).
(plut.,
(Plut., Ant., 69, 2-3; Cass. Dio, 51, 7, 1)
.
-
. , ,
, ,

.

,

.

1,
11,
,
.

, . -
. , ,
, -
(Strabo, 780-781) 21.

9/8 . . . 11
.
,

377).
(Fl. 105., Att., 17,52-57; J, 1,374-
(Strabo, 782).
IV (8 . . . - 40 .
. .).
; -,
(.,
25; 2
.,
9, 23-
11,32).
mh ,
(CIS, 11, 199,201, 354)

[80, 811], IV m
, << .
, m

:
<<D) (
IV
q>L6lllO; << ,
). ,
<< m ,
[39, 40-42].
<<, . . --
.,...._. 21 ,

, ,
, ,

[138, 118-120].
, ,
, ,
(.
34
[30, 175-178]).
, 22,
,
. ,
11 (40-70
. . .)
. -,
,
1 .
. .,
(
;
) m
[130,10-14],
(66-73
.)
11
(Fl.
los., J, 3, 68).
m
11 (71-106
.).
.
,
83).
[59, 67] (RES,
. -,
, ,
. -,
,
11
( ,
2)
(RES, 1434)
. ,
11:
IV (CIS, 11, 354).
( : "")
,
2; dy )l)yy wsyzb cmh).
aronp
(RES, 83, 1434;
. -
22 m
. .
[28].
. , ,
11
[130, 14;
129,54--55; 126, 17].

-,
11
IV.
, .

,
.
106 .
. .
. ,

[62, 94],
(14, 18,3),
(68, 14, 5)
,
, .
.

, ,
- ,

.

11
111
nn
94, 2 .), IV . .
(XIX,
.,
, . ,--
,
M , m
, , ,
,
. (v61l~) -
, ,
. -, ,

. ,
, -
).
mo .

31-39].
1908
[31,
. . , ,
IV . . .
, , ,
m , , ,
,
45].
[55, 44-
(
)

[17, 39-42]; ,
1969 .
, .
m -
: , -
37
[9].
,
,
. ,
,
. , ,
. ,
, , -
IV ., ,
, , ,
, ,
1921
. ,
[17,33].
-,
.
, ,
.
,
< - (. , .
120-122),
. ,
,
, .
11
111-11
. . . , -
, . ()
( . ,
)
[73, 211-215].
38
, ,
, , -
-; .
,
. .
[123,
50-55].
,
, ,
, .

14; 72, 23].
[73, 211-215; 12-
.
, ( ) <
.
[98, 178-183]
(66,2 ),
(-) (44,4 ),
(118,19
),
(64, 55
150 ).
(51,17
),
) (
, ,
494,5 .
);
; .
.
. ( ,
, ) .
,
;
),
.
, -
12 .
, -
39
, ,
. ,

11
0,5 . . .
[101, 203-229] 677,2
. 167,33 ,
- 449,22 , - 47,65
- 13 . ,

,
.
,
.

. , , -
: - - ,
. , -
(Strabo, 779)
[73, 201].
(t()
, .
,
.

, :
,
. ,
, ,
[195, 141-154].

. , ,
;

; ,
- , -
40
[71, 12-14,73,
216-217]1.
,
, , , ,

, .
,
11,
NQ 2,
, :
, ,
, . ,
,
, , m
.
. ,
, ,
m, , .
1 , . ( -'
, ), .
,
[100, 31-43]
. .
,
:

.

[155, 194-202].
-' . .
, ,
,
, -'
[116,19-31; 117,27-37].
, . . .
-'
.
[99, 47-49],
[132, 367].
( ,
, ) .
[195, 141-154].
41
( )

[98, 184-188]:
()
~o 0,510,5-111-1,511,5-13-10 IOT 10
8
1
3
3
6
9
5
5
5
1
1
3
4
5
1
1
1
6
1
1
5
1
1
2
4
20
11
18
16
13
21
25
14
15
8
83
, (
)
[101, 203-229]:
()
'
0,510,5-111-1,511,5-313-10 IOT 10
1
2
4
9
8
2
1
1
2
7
5
7
27
23
50'
11
14
15
( ,
,
). ,
( ), ,
, ,

. ,
, , ,
1-111
. . .
. ,
,
42
' . .
, , ,
,
. .
11
11
. . .
(
):
()
1.5
51
'
10
5
15
61,4% ,
6%. '
18,4%
30,6%.
)

.

. .
[98, 187],
300
'
[101, 203--229].
0,75 , 0,6 , 0,4 0,35 .
40,3 , 50 ,
51,5 75,8 .
217 .
[24, 1624] , m

,
: -, ,
, .
, ,
43
.
, ,
,
;
- ;
.

[190, 235-248; 192, 149-
167].
. ,
', , ,
, ,
.
N!! 6 :
, ' , , [] ,
, , , ,
; , :
, ,
. ,
-,
, ;
, , ;
, , , ,

.
' ,

( ,
),
.
(
)
1-11
. . .
,
-
.
.
, (
44
), .
(
), m
((
. , - ,
,
, ,
,
(.
Ng 12 .
.):
, , ,
1
100 ( , ,
, ) [139, 260; 140,
46-49]. . . [139, 260]
(l:v Paj3j3a8Ilwj30T<;),
2 127 . . ., ,

.
,
[6, 123-124],
m , , -
, . ,
.
, -
(, ,
.
,

,
. ,
( m
( -,
. ,
,
. ,
, -
45
.
,
' (
),
' -
. ,
,
, ,
,
\;
(... x1']:71:O'U <pOLVLXrovo<; avtlxovra (sic!)

aUToT\; 6<\; ~(a<L> La\;) [139, 261].
[190, 238-241]
,
. ,
.
.
NQ 1 ( )
, -,
, , . .
94 .
. .

J
J ;
,
nuptias), .
, NQ 2,
(donatio ante
-, ,
, . .
99
. . .

,
, .
:
-, ,
,
( ,
. ),
46
(132
),
N!! 3
11,
. .
99
. . , ,

N!! 2,
.
: -
...
;
- .
,
. ,
.
, , -,
, .
[162, 161-181].

: [ ... ],
[ (. . .- . .)-,
]. ,
,

11,
t , , -,
.
.
, :
, [ ]
, [] -, . ,
, ,
. , . ,
. [190, 228-229],
, <<
, . .
47
, , ,
.
, . ,
. .
11, ,
91
. . .

(. ),
, ,
. <
, ,
11, .
43
. . .,
400 .
. ,

[142, 11-14],
(ktb krwz),
(str<dw),
, , . .,
, ,
. , < (
?), ,
.
, :

<.

-
( ), ,
,
. . ,
,
, :
.
48
111
,
:
. m ,

, , ,
,
, .
, .
, ,
, ,
. -
IV . .
(Diod., 11,48,7; XIX, 99, 1-3) ,

[77, 40--48; 12,465-471].
,
, .
,
, ,
,
[126].

, . .
[79, 259-268].
, ,
, ,
725-7750
8000 ;
49
2,5% -
18,5%.
3%.
4,5 11
.
-
1 4 30 .

. , -,
[68, 74-75].
,
,
,
,
.

126,48-51].
[33, 380;
, ,
, ,
. ,
, -
, ,
.
,
, ;, .

? ,
, ,
,
,
. , ,

mrzJ:t
(<<
, ),
1423).
50
(RES,
, .
[127, 1961, Ng 3, 135-136]:
(sk),
(wQbrwhy).
[],
[ ].
: , ,
. ,
,
.
<< , (
(wQbrwhy bny srwt' Cn:).
,
;
(. .
121-122). ,
(mrzQ) ,
[127,1963, Ng 2,113-117].
,
,
,
, ,
, . .
. (
)
, ;

( , I
). :
, , ,
, , .
, ,
.
IV
(
, ,
IV
. . .,
51
, ,
, ,
-
(, , ).
, m
; ,

. ,

, ,
,
yrn .
IV .
. .
,

( )
500 . (XIX,
95, 1),
(:VJiyu;),
, , ,
-
, m .
,
- .
( ')
-, (. lin.,
N,
6, 23
101; 12, 8
34).
, m

[172, 9-25; 22, 225]
[68, 122].
. ,
,
.
Diod., 111, 43, 4),
(Strabo, 777;
. .
52
11 280 . .
(Diod., II, 42,1),
278
, ,
.
m

Antt., 8, 163; m.
1,
3, 70).
(F1. los.,
,
(
) ,
, ,
[.
150, 298-315; 34, 77-78].
,
.
11-1 . .
[22, 225].
-
(. m. ., 19; Strabo, 780-781).
, -,

3

,
11 . .
, .
,
( 19)
, ('ExaTovrapxtj~),
, . , ,
.

, , ,
106 .
. .
53
,
, , ,
, - (. . ,
),
- ()
[122, 133-135].
, .

1-11
. , ,
- . ,
, ,
.
, ( -)
,
, ,

. ,

( .-. .)

(Strabo, 779).
-, 3,
,
.
, , ,
( -,
111 .
. . ; ,
Wadd., 2309,
- X'(arj<; - ).
[59, 21
67-68].
. ,
- . >
, , -, - ( -
54
-), - -
[68,
50-73].
,
,
.
[115]
N!! 81 [51,
III,
11-1
229-257]
-,
. . .
-.
('[pkP])
(mr)n)
( ) ;

. ,
(
) , - ,
, .
,
. : ,
4

-
(10 . . .)
[111, 137-141].

, .
.
(CIS, 11, 157)
, :
(qrbw)
20 (?) [ ... ].
, , , ... []
. . , .
, ,

. .
[168, 31-35].
55
,
20-

(CIS, 11, 158; 48
IV,
. .
12
. . .
. . .) ;
, : (rnI:um), [ ] ... - ... , ...

, [,
], , , ,
[ ] ... , m
,
... [ ] 8- , ,
...
- 48
. . .)
11
IV (l4-
(8-
. . .). ,
1 .
. . m , -,
- .
(CIS,
11, 159).
, ,
, m .
-
, ,
, , -
,
, ,
. .

5 , ,

, ,
(.
CIS, 11, 160)
, ,
S6
[61, 24-31].
106 .
. . ,

. , (
),

-, . , ,
106
. . .
,
:
, , -
, , , .
.

,
.
v

, , ,
.

, , ,
, , -, () ,

,
. ,
( ) ,
.
. .
[10, 174-193],
. ;
57
[47, II, 111],
I .

6,2 ,
7,05
2,20
0,65
);
- I, -,
, I ,
(. .
).
, . .
I (
-)
[47,
II,
422].
,
.
; m
.
; m
,
[.
)
1, 177]. (
[47, 11, 86--87]. ,
, , , .
.
.
, . ,
, .
-
, , -,
.
I ,
. ,
, I ,
.
; -
58

, .

;
,
, ,
[47,11, 122-123;
10, 177].
- m ,
. .
XIX,
(
m , );

. (,
), ,
, ,
.
,
.
111,
- .

, ,
.
,
. m
,- , ; , ,
. - ,
(
). , , III
, .
-
S9
. -
, . . ,
150 ,
8-1 ;
, ,
, -
10-15 .
[47,
194--205].

, .
. . , ,

[10, 177-179].
, ,

22
[10, 180].
15
. . ,
-
. , ,
.
. ,
, .

II, 115]; ,
[47,
, ,

[47,11, 127].
,
.

(. , .
121)
107-
. . .
[47,
11, 135]; - [47,11, 126].

, ,-

[47,
300-304].
, (
) .
60
80
60 .
1: (
9,3
) .

,
. ,
,
. ;
. ,

.
.
, ,
, ,
,
, , -, .
.
,

()
[131, 17-22; 126, 29-31].
( 1 . . .)
.
11 .
. .
700 2000
. .
;
.
.
,
,
.
( ),
.
.
61
I . -
. , <<
, .
r, , r
,
.
.

; , .
?
,
.
. . ,
,

[96,301-306].
. , , .
,
-.
, .
. ,

[96, 121].
.
, ,
r , .
, ; ,
, r
. r
, ,
.
, .
1 ;
1-25]
0,25 0,45 .
[44, 1, 124-136; 55,
-,
r, -
62
-,
; -,
-.
;
.
, -
,

,
- .
- .
(
, illl
,
), , ,
. m
- -
,
. m
-
, l .
- m
, -
-
[55, 33-36].
, ,
-,
. , ,
243].
11
111
. . .
[164, 943-944; 36, 233-
, , ,
, .
1 .
. .
1 .
. .
- .
63
-,
106
.,
cardo maximus
( )
, ,
,
.
-,
,
, ,
,
(
),
, ,
. , , .
'
[128, 118-148],
IV .
. .),
. , , ,
, ,
. ,
,

. . ,
70 .
' -
50--

. ,

. .
64
[103, 117-122].
cardo maximus
IV -
(ty'trwn);
m
(), - (. .
153).
151-
- ( ?)
-. ,

,
(?).
, (
, .
[131, 17-22])
- ( . .
[47, 111])
,
. ,

. ,
( )
, , m
; ,
,
.
IV
nn
(Strabo, 783)

(6L6UL )v;).
Cbd
tym -
), , , ,
, ,
. , ,
,
.
, -
. ,
: - -.
( )
, , .
.
): ! ,
(Clym
1116):
(JS, 85,
(? - )mhnw?).
(JS, 53;
l. ,
(Clum)
RES,
. . .
CIS, IT, 276
: ! . ! .
, ,
.
66
,
.
<bd tym
giiliimun -
, , .
qym2,

. ;
25
CIS, 11, 161
. . .),
([m]sgd), [],
(br I}ry) . .
: , (br l}ry)>>;
. : CIS, 11,
990 ( ): ,
(br l}ry) , (. CIS, 11, 1705);
CIS, 11, 1296 ( ): !
(br l}ry)
, ( )
, .
, , ,
,
; ,

,
. ,

CIS, 11, 1296: ,
, .
,
?
.
(783) , -
[48, , 131].
67
(XTIYrLXOO,
(6)l.l.O(<;1) (> ~v ~,
oaVl rlv ouo(av) , (>
6)au!;i]oaVl)
. , ,
, -

,
.
,

, m m
(, ,

)
, .
: ,
,
, , ,
,
, .

;
. ,
,
,
, .
.
, ,
, ,

, ,

.
,
(783)
68
: (6"'L6U"'L (~Vfl,;), (.
. .)
,
(vn' aMi]",wv),
(vno TWV CJ1J'{'{fVWV)
(uL<iVL),
. (Lvtw)
, ,
JS, 12 (
CIS, II, 205),
43- IV, . . 35 . . .
: (kpr'),
, , ,
, ,
(tymnP),
, , , [] ,
(grhm)
, ,
<> ,

(grhm)
(qym),
(grhm)
[] ,
, , . .
,
, ; ,
1 ,
: ,
.
?
.
gar
,, gr
,

; ,
gar
Un ,
[25, 75].
69
, ;
,
[13, 106].
, u
. . ,
[.
24,16-24].
, ,
, 1ffi :

.
, ,
,
, gr
.
,

,

( ).
11
-
, ,
, , -,
- , -,

, , ,
, . .
, ,

(CIS, 11, 197, 199,206),

(.
St. Byz., s.
. L<'lLl);
,
.
.
,
70
(8. .
8&),
- (. .
), . (
) ,
. ,
, ,

.
. ,

IV .
. . ( ) -
.
,
, ,
111 .
. .
. ,

(5, 8)
(ruw;)
(f3Ltl)(;), , .
[158,730--731],
, , ,
, , ,

(XIX, 97, 6) ,
(TOUr; :f3'U'Ur;), . .,

, .
mlk,
malik un (783)

:
( '( ~. : a'U~:60ta),
3 .
[23, 254]
11
. . .
, m.
71
,
. ,
, ,
(tv ' i]J..l<[))
, , () ('
m:pi 'tOV !3(OV)>>.
;
,
, .
.
120--153; 3, 37-49]
[11,
, ,
,
,
:
( . .) ,

,
.
, ,
, . -,
,
.
. ,
(
),
, ,
, , ,
. ,
,
,
,
, .
, .
72
<< ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
( ,
; .
,
1)
.
,
, ,
. , ,
,
,

. ,
,
,
.
,
.
, ,

(. . ),

. , ,
,
, , , ,
( )
.
1 .
. . -
1 .
. . ,
:
; ,
; ;

; .
73
(779) ,
- .
,
-
CIS, 11, 182,349,
; ,
, (.
442; RES, 1432, 1434).
. ,
20 .
IV (CIS, 11, 354;
. .) : ,
, , [, ]
, , , , ,
, , , , [,
]. , ,
,
IV.
CIS, 11, 351,
IV
: , ,
, ...
,
,
; : -,
.
CIS, 11, 351,
, ,
, ,
, .
, , ,
,
:
. ,
, ,
, .
11.
N2 2
, <Q,
-, , ,
, , , , -
74
- (. . .
. .), , ,
, ).
RES, 1434
-,
, , ,
, -, , ,
, ,
, , . ,
,
N2 2
RES, 1434 ; RES, 1434
r, . N2 2. -
. .
, ,
m . ,
RES, 1434
, , , ,
, .
N2 2,
11.
, ,
(779),
(t:(v) , .
, m
;
,
RES, 675
- ,
1100 .
, ,

(Strabo, 780-781).
(Fl. los., Antt., 16,296),
( , 17,54).
, ,
, .
7S
? . . ,
,
,

, ,
455, 456].
[14,59,
320
, , , , ,
, . . ,
,
, .

.
, ,
, ,
, .
IV ,
(m
Cmh),
<j>L6rI (.
CIS, 11, 199,201,354,
[180,811]).
,
:
(
)
II, ,
(dy 'i)yywsyzb lh; RES, 83,1434;
awfjp -
N!! 2),
( ).

()
1 (St. Byz., s.
. ) '130;
RES, 1423; CIS, 11, 354).
, , .
76
'bdl)rtt -
5; , ,
, .
, i1 , ,
(
Strabo, 779).
ETaip{J)V;
[39], <<
. ,
, ,
, .
CIS, 11 196 (, 37 . . .):

(mqbrP) (npsP) ,
''- (>sI1g') -,
, , (rb msryP),
' 6 , '' , ,

(bbyt sl!Wnhm),
(dy sltw) , ,
, , .
slt;
,
. , ;
,
s [48,11, 126].
6
. . I
- ,
, .
,
; t
\,
. ', , '
18-20].
1 rn
[96, 1909,
, '
77
. ,
, .
, , rr ,
.
, -,
(nps)
39
. . .
-,
, (CIS, 11,195).

. ,
CIS, II, 196
,
,
,
. ,
39
RES, 1104
(,
. . .) - -.
39 .
. .
(CIS, 11,214)
, .
, , .
(,
28
50 .
CIS, 11, 207
. . .) , ,
(CIS, 11, 221;
. .) , ,
,
,
. ,
, , , -,
,
, , .
.

- . ,
-

78
,
,
: .
,
. ,
, -
, : ,
, . , ,
,
:
,
.
11 , , ,
.
. ,
-
, . (
)
.

, ,
, .
;
,
.
,
294--297)
IV
(Antt., 16,
79
. ,

, ,
IV
(Fl. los., Antt., 16,353) ,
,
(~ t tXE(VOU), (8)
aUT6v),

. .
,
,

IV,
:
,
.

,
,

66-73
. ,

. ,
, ,
.
XAPAKTEPnCnKE
t1
(<60
(),-
(799). -
b'EUvOIlE-
, ,
, , : ,
,
; ,
,
,
. ,

, , ,
)')) .
) -
, ,
, ,
, m 0, . , ,
:
, ?
-
,
, , ,
, .

, ,
.
,
, ,
N2 2
, ,
( )
,

: , ,
, , (
.
. .) , (.
. .) , .
. ,
. -
. -
,
-,
,
241, . 17]. ,
26),
[190,
(DEPP,
(DEPP, 28),
30).
- (.
,

: , , ,
(rhn mskn;
[24, 16-24].
,
,
, ,
. ,
. ,
. -
(N2 2
, ,
82
. . : , ,
N2 3, -
( :
; , ;
,
; ; ,
;
, ;
).
,
, , ,
,
-
(., , .
30,
, . N22) [27, 91-106].
(DEPP, 26) -
: - -,
,
.
CIS, 11, 204 :

(kpr)
(yhb)
mwhbP);
: ,
, . . .
,
str mwhbP
N2 6
. ,
; ,
, ,
-,
,
.
,
, ,
83
,- , ,
, , ,
,
[194,178],
, .

.
, , .
, ,
.
,
(CIS, II, 354)
: )
-,
;
20 .
. . ,
, .

. (.,
,
CIS, 11, 157, 163, 164, 332 .)

(CIS, 11,182,183,184,354 .), ,
. . (184, 144, NQ 16) (26/27 .
. .), . ,
,
, (
,
CIS, II, 164, 170
.),
.

. ,
,
,
(., ,
84
CIS, II, 197,206;
184, 144, N!! 16).
,
, ( )
. , CIS, 11,198,
,
, .
,
,
. ,
,
CIS, II, 224,
(CIS, 11, 223).
. ,
CIS, 11, 216
(mznyt'), , .
,
, .
11,213
CIS,
, . ,
,
,
(CIS, 11, 215).
, ,

(tymny),
, ,
(CIS, 11, 199).
sine u, .
. ,
(

, ,
)
,
. m
.
,
, ,
8S
'~dq
(CIS, 11, 206),
'~dq b'~dq
201,206,207,208,209,210,213,219).
(CIS, 11,
'~dq
, '-(
* 'aqta1u) [48, 1, 88; 11,
139].
, ,
, ,
,
.
.
VI
f1nf1
nnCbMEHHOCb

(.
Diod., 2,28, 1:
;
;
(760)
, , ,
, )
251],
[147,91; 135,

,
.
, ,
, ;
, ,
111
1-
. . ., . . ,
- .
, ,
, .
, -, ,
, , -,
(
(,
,
; ,
, -
87
); , r
, ,
,
. , -,
: ,
, ,
m -
;
.
, ,
, ,
; ,
- , -.
,
, , ,
, l

mlkw -
n 1,
, ~nm
mnkw
(JS, 159)
~Im
'1
(>l): ,
'Pl;rsw - (. : 'al;rasu), 'l"wytyw , 'Imbqrw ( : 'J.f3t'U) -
(?) (
'Iqynw (: 'Iqyn
, ),
. .
bqr 'Iqyny) -
(,
'Ibgrw -
),
, - :
'Iqbrw -
'Ptr -
,
ocm: '
[48].
. ,
. .
88
[7].
; , ,
, ) ,
(,
fi-l-kitabi
1
fi )al-kitabi -
). -,
. ,
grmlhy grm)lhy; grmlbCly grm>}b)ly;

Cbdlhy Cbd)lhy, Cdlb)ly Cbd>}b)ly.
grmlhy ( ) Garmallae
!!~..;
,
* garmu-I-ba)ali),
, ;
).
*garm-al-Iahi, garm-al-ba)ali.
, , ),
( ),
.
,
m, -, ,
, , ,
)l (. . )l
- )Ilat -
),
)al.
[143, 1-9]
- hn)lt (. . han-)Ilat); ,
han. ,
, ,

r, m .

. , ,
-w, ,
)bgrw (>abgaru), whbw (wahbu) . .
)bgr, whb . .
, -. ,

89
. ,
, , ,
(<<
). ,
,
, (. .
), - (

whb)lhy -
Cbd)lhy -
Cbd)lbCly -
-i).
. . uIO
, .

, .
[48,11, 166-169].
. ,
(-i)
-w (-),
. . ,

, -
(-i) -
-w
(-)
-)(-) .
. .
. , ,
:
'bn'lqyn ( ), )bn)lqynw (
)bn)lqyny ( - (i).
(JS, 17), why h1kt
)Ihgrw (<< ), (. . fi -)
-w/)
, , .
-, . ,
-w
- (. OUaj3ro-whw; 1:aj3aro-s w).

'~j3xtu
,
-w -;
, I
. .
. ,
;
, -
90
, - -. ,
, .
. , I
-
( ) :
= u;
= ;
= .
, ,

; ~hylt
, ~ymt
-t
-t: )Plt-
. .

-11 (
h); ,
Cbtt (. gibtat)
(*gibt11).
; ,
-at -11.
, , -
.
- ( ) (
-t/*-at -*-11), , (
, , ),
: (
; ),
(
)al) .
*)a~daq -- )
*)aqtalu
(. )~dq:
*qlu (
)
zbydw -
klybw -
. , -
) (.
gayr) -
91
6-
.
JS, 17
() 3-
-
hlkt -<<,
*qata1at.
mdkwr<(J] (: miil). mbqIW (
'lmbqIW), CIS, 11, 1194

, , 'llj3xxtu, ,
, (
) (
*muqatti1u).
'l.trbw -

() 3-

(:
l.trb -
*' aqtalu).
(-
) :
3- :
yztbn (
zbn - , ) yztry (
zry - ) (: *yuqtatilu),
mqtry ( qry - ) (:
*muqtatilu).
(. fi) - ,
l.tsy (, l.tasa) - , : ,
wly, .
, ,
- m
.
, ,
, . .
.
, ,
. , , , ,
,
92
. .,
,
;
[8, 352-355].
,
,

[147, 92].
, ,
: -
? , ,
,
,
- , . .

, ,
,
.

, -
.

. , ,
, :
w m
n
z i?
g q k
Q
h

, ,
, -
93
(
) . ,

-
t 1, z z Q, s- s S,
g, Q- Q .
, -,

, -,
matres lectionis -
,
. ,
i,
( ), (
, , -, ),
1 (
), ii ( ).

,
aw ;
aw -+ -+ .
:

,
3- . . .
3- . . .
hw, hy'
hm
hy
3- . . .
'
1- . . .
3- . . .
h
hy
hw
w
hm
, :
kslw zy hw smr'
(, " ") .
-
94
J:!ywhy -
(mr)n) -
),
J:!brwhy -
,
),
, . . ;
J:!dth -
(Qwhy -
(yptJ:!h -
).
!;
(lnpSh -
).
. .
. {dnh
. .
znh
. {d'
hy
hw
'Ih
{ 'Ik
'nw

:
zy ( ) dy.
d) msgyd) dy cbd Cbydw ,
; dnh ~Im) dy Cbdt )Ih) - -.
: m - , mh - dy: rnn dy - , , m
dy - , . mndcm - -
k1- .
)nws --.
.:
) ( ), ,
( ), (
), (
), -
,
OC11I, , . .
,
.
,
;
.
9S
,
, ,
, ( ) ,
, ,
'bd
'bdt
qr't
y'bd
t'bd
'bdw
'bdw
y'bdwn
{ - . .
- . .
. .
2- . .
{ - . .
- . .
Or
, <
(
,.,
'":3
:[
:3'"
'"
'"
'bd
yqbr
yktb
,.,
'"
.:;
:r
....
u
,.,'"
~
'"
rl)m
prs
ytyll)
ytpth
ytqr'
(')
(')
zbn
yzbn
mbqr'
httb
yt'lp
[m]tbrk[h
(")
(',
hqym ywgr
'I)yy ynpq
',
syzb
')
96
:[
'"
:;;
:s:
mdkr
'"
.;
brys
yhyb
:r
'" .:;'"
.;
'"
,.,
....
u
,.,'"
~
bruk
mtqr'
(")
.;
,,.,u....
).
(: ) --{(,
)1} - , - )
mlk - , sl--{(, prs ). *qatal > ql
)nws ; q I}ty)h , yn) - .
- (mdnl) - , mwhbh --{(
, mqbrP - ) - (yn) -
, I}mn) - ). ,
, - erhw) , byty) (<, , mwby) , swsy) --{().
(:
), (,
, , )
( ). .
, .
()
ktb
slm
-h
mwhbh
-1
'Ihl
bt
- ,
'Ih'
mlk'
-1'
'Ihl'
mwhbt'
m~ml'
-'
dkyn
'Ihy'
~myn
!?
'
gmly'
~my'
-1
-1'
m~ml'
qdml'
mlkl
97
('r() -
yd -
<<, )
nps -
. ,
, :
gnt -
(. , . ., . ),
gny' -
: (. , . ., . ).

.
, . . ,
CSr wtlt -
, . . ,
CSryn wst -
m'h wstyn wtryn-
, . . .
1 I)d
2 tryn
3 tlt
4 ''
51)ms
6 5!
7 sb'
8 tmn'
915'
10 'sr
2-
20
30
40
50
100
200
500
1000
2000
,
'sryn
tltyn
''
styn
m'h
m'tyn
hm5 m'h
'Ip
'Ipyn tryn
try.
17 - sb'h.
tty,
I)dh, 'I)dy; 2 ,
3-
ttyn;
(tryn) -
(:
snh Qdh -
tlth,
tltt.
() <<
3-
bywm Qd -
). (
) ,
,
( , :
sb C -
98
tItt qysryn -
).
snt
:
;
k' - ; <1 - ,
twb --; k<yr - ; kwt b1l}.wd (b1l}.d) - . 1) - , .
gw) -
>;

, :
1-
k-
. , :
mn - , ; <1 qdm - ; <d -
yt -
, , ; )
<<;
b1<d Ihn - .
: w ( ) - ; )w - I;
dy - , , ; Iqb1 dy -- ; hn.
, ,
.

,

, I ,
,
. ,
, :
,
.
, I ( ) ,

,
, , I
- I -. , )
)1}. -
,
.
!; - (!;) -
(nafs)
- ;
<, ) .
U
: ,
msgyd)
99
rnsgyd) -
( . )
sCd)lhy sCd)lhy, .
.
.

, : ,
. , ,

qbr - : qb[' ( qbrw), qbrt,

rnqbr), rnqbrt); , kpr)
.
;

, .

(gr -
)!?dq -
, rhn - ),
('1 - ), (wld (<, , l}it - , nsyb - [?]),
(gwh) - , gt - , !?ryh) - (<aJI,
q!?[' - , s)lw - . .
nsl}t -
, ,

,
. ,
,
yCyr -
gb) -
)l}r -
yPlp -
)l}rbw -
blkt -
2.
klyrk) -
100
)sI18' -
qntryn) -
- :
hprk) -
., ,
[47,
90-91].
11

OCI.
,
am
,
.
HOCI -
; -
,
,
, , ,
,
.
,
-,
3 ,
11 .
(,
, ),
;
, ,
,
.
, ,
; ,
,
, .

: OCI ,
, , . .
,
V .
. .
IV
. . .
101
'":::r
'"
.
\)
:1:>
If
1:]
:
:
..
1:
>-
...J
:!J)::I:t>Q.q.{
"
>
:~ 8
....
')
'"
~
:I-,yo..
.
~:JoI
j:~EaC
= TYb-.....
1><1
,.,
'
'
..
~+-
3 :~~+
+~: ~
~=~H
oElII '"
~"""-c
O~.;> - n .....)0()(
_.r
'"~ ~~------------------------------------------4
t::>
::.
102
6m ffmti
D//lmuvr/lOl
J//DlIIUl
l{IlJtptIf
atro:u="'
HO~DmeIlCKlJe
/(D//ll.V1-//IJVIJ
1.40".J.
IR.lJr~~~
"61f1J
ntP60, n/1AoIU//8
11.1/.3-
KlJlm/
11.".J
6Ullll n/6"
.,
61
()I
J->
).~
~-\O-
'1
) I
;))
1.11
1'11
1111
cfD<1:J
~IP
:>
'!:>
...
..
.5J5
J.
..:r::
J ::1
11
'1
'1
~
l'
a(ft(a,J
1
')
1'1
11
~
~
~
JI
"
"
1.
<;
:1'1
~.,
:11
1,.1..;,
!.J!.
h60
SI!>
~
JJ
'IJ
:1~U
~b
~'O
J1
"'?
(,
IJ.
.~
)"J
"
........
'(,
jJ.h
J~
J
'()
'1
t,
1):)
~X
I!J
fJ~~.
LI
JJ
4//II
16. 61J//.1.
'1
.h
~)
J)
.).
,
J
YS~
-Q.P)::I
::"
J..
5
J.Lr
.'"
tIt)
'l'l
)!
jf
.19
?
JI
1
J1
-
I
--!
IJ
.:J
l'
'1
JJ
~'p
039
JJ
~-
rr
>' '1
~~)!
fbJ..
.!1
>...... JY
~
(L\!p(OH;
t), . . -. ,
.
4,
:

; ,
( -
, -
): <<
k, , , , ~ ), , h, , 1, s,
<, q, s; ,
, .
1 .
. .
III-IV .
. .
.

;
<
(RES, 483; 328 . . .) [59, 314-322, N!! 2; 19,23-27].

4
.

,
, ,
. ,
. ,
.
, ,
,
, - , ,

. ,
104
nn f1I\A
(( I\A))
I\ n
nnn
91\l\nnnf1 I\nTEPAYPbI
. ,

. . -
, (),
, , ,
, ,
.
, ,
,
, :
, ,
.
, ,
.
, .
. ...
,
1 .
. .
105
, ,
,
(11, 55-60);
.
.
(11,55,2),
(~YEx ((J)V ;(av t~Juw~)I,
- (vt t~6\!)
. .
[145, 242-243],
)l~130U ,
( ,
; . ?), ,
. ,
, , ,
)l~130U .

)nbl -
<<
()
[154, 135],
ynbl
nb >
m [.
4, 292]2.
nblw
[48,
11,120] (., ,
niib.iil (1 ., 25, 3),
nblw). , ,
[181, 240]3 -
, ,
. ,
L .
[81, 120-123],
. , ,
, ( .
2 . . ,
.
3
1-113 !;Iabbaquq>'Al-Il3ul-l
106
[107, 681-683].

(t:i r)y q>6v). , ,
.
,
.
,

(. . , )
.
, ,
,
, .
.
; ,
. , ,
,
.
,
5000
(- 925
),
;
. ,
, ,
.
, ,
; ,
(. .
).
;
, ( , . .
), .
107
. , ,
,
, , , ,
.
, ,
, .
( auV(;
xai
au-
cn;~aTa),
. ,
; .
, ,
- .
,
: (
), ,
,
. ;
, ;
,
;
. ,
(
), .
, ;
, .
, ;

, .
, .
, ;
, ,
(
,
);
108
11
. . .
(Luc., Ver.
hist., 1, 3)
,
, ,
, , m
(11, 60, 4),
. ,
(., ,
,
Clem. Alex., Strom., 1, 72, 5)
, ,
.
,

- ; ,
, , m, -
, . m

.
-
, . .
, m ,
. ,
, .
, . [145, 258-260; . 107,
55-60], -
. ,
- m
, ; ,
, ,
. , ,
-,
(Diog.
Lrt.,
7, 34).

(. , , :
Seneca, Epist. moral.,
109
70).
, .
, , m

248).
(Sext. Empir.,
u.,
3,
, . ,
.
m
,
,
.
,
[16,321-333], , .
(
).
, m ,

( )
. ,
III
flnfl
l\nn

( ) ,
.

;

, , -,
.
, ,
,
- (
- )
:
;
,
BOCOK 1
. . .
[126, 23].
, m
.
, ,
, , .

, , ,

. , ,
, ,
.
, .
,
( ,
)lh
)lhy.
<bd)lh<y> -
)w1Plh<y> -
<<
. .
rb)l-
)lhy
* )i!iibliy -

. , ,
, -
.
, ,
(*)ilahun
*)ll)2. , ,
, -
,
,
.
., , . : (
'lh .[85, 421].
112
. .) ,
,
(
19-22)
11 .
. .
, ,

IV
. . .

, ,
. ,
( , ,
)
:
,
-.
,
, ,

6 eE6~ ()
)allahu; ,
,
, . ,
[.
(Tert., l., 24),

91, 434]. -,
:
. ,
, .
, ,
(>allatu -
).
(1,
(>L).
13 1; , 8),
(. 89),
-;
,
.

CIS, 11, 185,

(>lt ) )lhy) dy I)) rb)l).
, ( )
,
,
11
. .), , , .
113
[55,51]
[59, 55-56].
[59, 55-57]
).

.
; ,
,
1 .
. .,
95 .
56
. . .
. . , ,
. .
[120,
227-231], .
,

.
; . .
,
(
, ), .
. .
CIS, 11,182: <<
, , ,
.
. . .

(NQ 1
) b ... tlY - ...
. . . ,
,
886-1017],
. . ,
(CIS, 11, 198
[164,
, . .
[126, 25].
114
.
.
,
. , ,
. , , ,
,
.
, -
,
(dwsr'), - 1- d.u-s-sara<y
( :
91,433-434].
[.
(CIS, 11, 211; RES, 1401) <<

(RES, 2025). ,
,
,
(CIS, 11, 206):
(w>yty qbr' dnh

wslmw)4.
. . [120,
231-235] , (1
II?) ; ,
(msgdh),
I)n llqt I)n'
dy
ml)n
ldwsr'
bnb~w
, -
(bny') , .
, (nnn ldwsr')
, (1)lyqt I)n').
I.trm
, ,
. I.tm
[.
,
[108,183],
I.trm,
18, 17,
28
89].
, ,
11S
, , ,

, ,
,
.
?

-; ,
-
-
[181, 48-49].
-,
( I .)

, .
, ,
- .

( ,
?).
sara<y> (<<, , )
- - -
; ,
- -
[58, 1, 67]5.
, ,
, .
-
.
[127, 1963, N!! 2, 113]

[144, 1957, 205]
: dwsr) )lh g)y) dwsr) )lh gy <<
). , ,
-, -
. , - l-
. .
116
[55, 49; 91, 433; 126,24].
- ;
, , ,
.

(CIS, 11, 443) -
-. -
, .
,
- .
(RES, 83),
.
; ,
42-
(RES, 676),
. -
, .
[114, 383-386],
~ouaapEL
)Aappa<t>,
[87, 419-420]
, (
)

gry/w
)al-gariyyu -
.
) ,
g.

: m
, m
[118, 419]?
,
, m

[161, 60].
.
.,
51),25 ,
(Epiph.,
117
: , ( l:r:
[LW(q, ( .
. .)
, ,
- (I3'u), (611)
, ( E~ aiJii~ [[
VIl~vav Llu)v), .

,
, '
. , '
-
,
(<<,
; Llu)~
sar-
, , ).

[181,50],
. . eJ
, ' , '
()-,
6 ;
- 25 .
, , .
ka9ba -
xaal3au
kacb un - [55, 51].

-.
. [u)~; '
(Suid., s.
Llu)~) :
. , . '
. '
65-68].
118
[161,
, .
.
. ,
.
, , ,
- m
.
(Hesych., s.
. dO\JoapJC;) :
. -,

Jv)v dO\JoapJC;
(<< );
, .
-
.
, , m

11,
(RES, 675 1100).
(JS, 2) :
, , (.
. .) ( .
. .), . ,
, ,

. ,
(.,
1, 4-5):
, ,
. , ,
,
, .
(JS, 17) :
119
(mry <1')
. ,
. - mry=mr'

mry ,
. ,
111 . . .);
,
, -, - ,
, -
; , . ., ,
: 1 (CIS,
11, 218), (I?) [144, 1957, 208], IV (CIS, 11, 208,
209,211), 11 ( -, CIS, 11,
350), 11 (RES, 83) [120, 231-235].
,
, , ,
(syC>lqwm) -
[55, 50],
(RES, 86 471; 96 .
. .)
. , . ,

[126, 24],
-.
-.
. ,
,
.
.
120
141,95].
[59,309-310],
(JS, 72),
, -
(CIS, 11, 3973).
: , >
(syC 'lqwm 'lh' ' wskr> dy
st' l}mr).
> ,
. -,
,
, (.,
35, 6-10).
: (.
. .) :
, , (. .
.
. .), , :
, ,
, , ,
,
, .
, , , (
: , , -
,
, m , , ;
, , ,
, .
,
(<< ) ,
.
(19, 94),
, ,
, ;

, [.
382-402]8.
, -
8 .
[161, 83-84]
. -
. . , ' -
,
,
51, IV,
-
[55, 51],
121
, ,
.
,
,
. -
(skr) -
, .

; ,
, ,
.
. -,
-
, ,

(
XXI).
j3\J;, . . , ,
.
, ,
,
[164, 997].
-. -,
. -
, , :
, -

-,
, , ,
0 9
-
, , .
[168, 29-36].
(Ng 17),
, ,
(,
122
[119,451; 90, 465-466: 59,62-63].
-<.
().
(
, .
'wytw (<< m []
'wytw), . [170, 1950, 156] .
,
Qa~riiwet.
- I -,
.
[121, 22-25],
( ). ,
(>wsw)
, . - m,
. ,
.
-< '[84,
N2 17
481].
(CIS, II, 198) (1
. . .)
; ,
11, 158)
(.
(CIS,
- -
). ,
[181,67]
,
.

,

(CIS, 11, 198 224)
(CIS, 11, 197, 198,206,217).
, m , ). -
10 -, ,
, .
123
(JS, 184; JS, 201).
, , ,
,
.
ml
<< ,
[181, 28; 55, 52]11,
[181, 24--29; 88,454--455].
[181, 24],
m -- ,
(RES, 1088),
(RES, 2091), ,
(CIS, 11, 611, 1236).
IV (10 .
. .)
[111, 139],
-, ,
[181, 40-44; 86, 475].
- ( }> )), .
-.
, n
(Strabo,
16,4,26).
, , ,
; ,
I
(<<
- mwtbh; - kysh)l2.
:
, m -
11
[55, 52]
, (
).
.
[41, 103-104].
12
124
Qys', qysh
[89, 461].
(, , -
, );
-,
, .
(
)
(

) - ,
,
() .
[161,20-21
42].
[120, 235-241].
,
,
-
11

,
lO
;

11
. .
,
,
,
.
,
. (.
, ,
(, ,
<<-). , -
125
I . , ,
-
6,5---7 .
96),
(.
.
,

111
. . . (
, ,
).
<<
(~o\JaapJ',; 8',; )1<vmv.

,

(Actia Dusaria).
, ,
, ;
. ,
[55, 54].
; ,
, ,
; , .

, l3

I, I
, ;
I .
I , , ,
I (<< ),
. 65
20
( )
14,5
6,5
\J
.-.
(mwtb)?) .
[108, 188-189]
, .
126
10 ,
152
77 ),
, ,
. ocr ,
, ,
1,75
1,25
. ,
.
, , -,
. ,
, ;
, ,
, -
, .
[52, 57-58].
- ,
.
, -, ,
,
, (
2,2 );

. (
, , ) -.
-. ,
, ,
,
. ;
,
-
. ,
.
.
( ), -
127
( ) ,
, .
,
.
, -,
. ,
: ,
.
, ,
4 ,
3,5
4 .
( -
45 ).
(CIS, 11, 161, 176, 185, 188, 190; 83, 676,

1096,2024,2051) (CIS, 11, 218; JS, 82)
(msgyd)), - .
, ,
:
. ,
, ,
[108, 206-207].
(RES, 2024) -
(-) ;
, , .

:UVlrf]LOV -
()
[59, 247];
:UVlrf]LOV -
msgyd) -
:uvr
[44,665]
. ,
, ,
.
,
,
, , , .
; ,
128
, ,
.
, :
kr'
(CIS, 11, 170)

, , -
khn (CIS, 11, 506, 526, 608, 611 . .), 'pk!> (CIS,
11, 198), (ab-gal)
(apkalIu).

mrzQ,
(RES, 1423) [127, 1963, ; 56, N!! 73].
, , ,
,
; , ,
. , ,
,
IX
n f\
APXnTEKYPAl
I,

- ,
,
. ,

m
,
,
.
- m
, >,

,
.

, ,
I -
[126, 27-31].
130
,
.

; ,
(nps) -
; , , ,
, . . .
, ,
, , ,
. :
, ; ;
[55, 77-78].
,
,
( -
) -, .
> , ,
11-1 .
. .;
, .
[164, 886-1017],
,
, ,
100- . . ,
,
( ).
, ,
; ,
. ,
2: 7.
, ;
,
14 ;
[55, 110-111].
.
, -,
. (
, )
:
5, 5, 6, ,
4,5 4,5 4,5 .
131
1 ; 1 .
; .
,
, ,
, .
[55, 105-106].
( ).
.

,

[177, 11, 358-368].
, -
,
. ,
m ;
.
bI rpo , I
. ,
:n),
, , .

2 . -
151]
[94]
. .
[10, 129-
, ,
, , ,
. , ,
; , , ,
, .

132
[44, 1, 137-138]
. : -
( . .
); ,
, ,
; (
);
, ,
,
( ).

.
. ,
( ). .

, ,
.
, ,
, . .
. ,
.

:
; ,
. ,

[96, 1909, 388-392].
.
.
[141,
3~6].
. . , , .
. ,
. ,

-
1 . . .,
, .

1 .
. .
,
, ,
133
; ;
1 .
. .
. .
,
- ,
; -,
. , , .
. ,
,
.
. ,
, ,
, -,
.
31
. . .
26
. . .
,
,
-,
27 . . .
42 . . .
50 . - .
, ,
( -),
31
. (
; ).
(,
) .
.
[55, 47-48].
, ,
;
. ()
(
- ),
( .
, -
106 .
. .).
, ,
134
111 -
I,
11
111-
. . . , . ,
,
.
111 . .
,
.

,
, ,

,
, .
-
.
,
;
.
.
, ,
.
, .
,
m ;
. :
,
; , ,
. , ,

.
-
(?),
[96,308-322].
135
-
.
.
[44, 1, 138-140].

. -

( I
1:2).
;
,
.
),
(
;
, ),
(
).
.
(?),
, .
- ,
; ,
[96, 322-385].
, .
N!! 676 649 ( .
), (
;
[44,1, 146-456].

. ,
136
, lli
(<
[35, 12-16].
, ,
[63, 68, 118
178; 109, . 16]3, -
,
.
,
[164, 886-1 17]. ,

; , ,
[53].
[11 ,
11 17]. , ,
4.
,

> . .
1, 166],
[44,
, . .
,
, ,
,
[.
.
[55,267-269]
164,886-1017].
, -, , , -
. . . . .
4
, ,
[35, 27].
137
,
. -,
, ,
,
, ,
. ,
.
,
: ,
,
.
. ,

, ,
S ,
.

;
( ),
, .
,
, ,
.
, , ,
[96, 386-387],
[44, 1, 156].

-. .
,
[141, 27-34]
[44, 1, 137-188].
[35, 92-94]
, - -
s . . . [10, 161].
138
, m
1 .
. .
, -,
1 .
. . , -,

, .
. .
-

IV [164,961].
(N!? 452 .
[44, 1, 164; 141,28]. ,

[141, 28], - .
, ,
;
, .

. ,
, ;
;
.
;
,
.
(N!? 258
239
).
N!? 258:
, ,

, , -
;
,
N!? 239
( )
139
,
:
.
; .
[44, 1, 160],
( , , ,
).
, -, ,
; ,
. . ,

[141,31],
.
, ,
, , ,
[164, 961].
,
. ).
1934
(N!! 235
. ,
[14, 961-962].
(<< ,
.
[164, 962]),
[44, 1, 158;
164,962]
,
. ,
,
. .
[35, 75- 94],
, .
. -
(N!! 244
. ).

, .
140
(NQ 722 .
; )
.
,
.

.
( ),
,
.
. ,
.
;
,
, .

.
,
, .
,
, , m ,
. V .
,
. ,
. ,
;
11 [164, 962].
(NQ 765
. ),
.
,
.
:
.
:
141
, , .

,
.

.
, ,
, .
,
, ,
. <<
:
;
.
,

; .
[44, 1, 169],
. .
[105, 39],
(<
- .

( -)
.
[105,36-43]
, (
)
, ,
, . ,
(<-
, ,
142
.
, .
. , .
[35, 16-17] ,
(<- m
,
,
164,970].
(<-
. . .

. .
11 . . .
[164, 965]
. (<-
,
, ;
-
11 (159-138 . . .) .

( );
.
[105, 30],
m .
. . (<-

1 .
. .
(
;
N2 62 .
),
, .
, ,
, ,
(hazna)
[56, 59-78].
. (

,
.
, -
143
, .
. ,
,
.
, , .
(),

, .
.
.

,
,
. , ,
.
.
, ,
(), ,
,
.
,
, ;
.
,
(), ,
. ,
, . ,
, , ,
(); ,
, , .

, ,
144
6 ,

J- J-
, ,
.
.
[169, 67]
- aJ. .
[174, 66--67]
aJ,
,
. ,
,
,
,
. . ,

[44, 1, 182].

, , ,
. .
[105]
, ),
, ,
, , ,
, .
-
. .

. .
[83,1-18],
(
, ) , ,
, I10
, . . -
. ,
[44,1,185].
-
.
145
(),
, ;

. ,
,
, . .
, ,
, .
. , , ,
.
[164, 969-970],
, ()
() ,
. .

(Plut., Ant., 75-79;
. ), (-) ,
,
(< ().
, ,
,
,
. . ,
. . . 7
. , ,
. -,
, , . ,
.

, ;
7 , . . , Annua1 of
the Department of Antiquities of Jordan (1. VI-VII, 1962,24-47),
. [164,118
969-971].
146
. ,
, ,
- .
,
, . ,

-
.

.
. . . ,
11 .
. .
: . ,
34].
[169, 1, 67; 55, 152]
11
. . .
[44, 1, 182; 141,
. . . ,
( ,
, , (
11 .
. .),
11 .
. .
. ,
. III
[157, 288-290]
). , ,
. . ,
m ; ,
, .
[146, 38-39].
, .
-
147
. -

. ~
. . ,
m ,
, ,
. , .
,
11 .
, :
,
.
, . ,
1 .
. . 8
IV,
[164, 971]
-
,
.
, ,
-
(N2 766 .
), -
.
.
. ,
.
,
.
. -
., , . .
[1 , 174],
, . -
.
148
, , ,
,

, , ,
.
;
.
: ,
,
;
.
,
, , , .
,
( ), .
.
, . ,
,
,

1 . . .
[164,971].
11 ., (. ),
.
-
(NQ 462 .
) .
( ),
.
.

, ,
. ,
(
), , ,
. -
149
115
. . .) Ia .
11 [164, 972].
(NQ 34
. ),
>. ,

-.
>
; ; ,
, ,
, - ,
( , ,
, .
,

, .

, ,
,
.
.
(
), -

, , ,

(NQ 763 .
).
, ,
, ,
.
,

.
150
11
,
,
(),
, -,
,
(. -) .
, -,
, , ,

165].
[10,
,

.
. ,
, ,
. , ,

. ,
, (
[10,171].
,
; ,
( . . ),
,
( . . )
[10, 169].
151
,

.
' .

.
,
; ,
,
.
, , (<<
)
33- l- . . .

.
: ,
,
9
,
[46, 79-96] ;
,
.
;

, ;
.

. ,
, .
. .
[10, 167],
. . , .
152
(.
)
, -
MoaBa 10,
7-20; 175,6-26; 187,26-30; 183,20].
[182,
. , ,
;
, m ,
m
. m
.
(
) , ,
, ,
m ,
m. m, , ,

1,5
( , ;
)
.
,
.
,
.
, . [74;
68, 178-200],
- m
- ( , -
, ) - -,

10
. .
-
1
11
. .) .
153
, ,
, , .
,
1 .
. .
[120, 237-238],
, , m ,

973].
[164,
, . ,
, ,
6-, ,
; ,
, .
,
1 .
. .
-
,
,- (.
1,45 l,38 l,75 ),

,
, ,
. , ,
, , ,
.
- ,
- . . ,

,
-.
-,
1 . .
, ,
, .

, .
, , m
.
.
7 .
. ., , <-
154
(r's
1 n) (8-7
. . .)
[174,138].
( i 2,l 2 2,61 )
rm;

)
( rp ,
)
rp ;
;
, .
, m
. ,
, . ,
. . ,
, J ;
.
-.
106 .
. .
. ,
(3,65 3,40 3,20 ),

;
.

,
,
.
.
. ,
,
.
(,
),
( rm).
(
) -
155
. illI illI,
,
. . ,
-
, .

illI
r -, -
. r -
( (.
(l5,68 x 15,47 )
(lO,3 x 3,72 ).
( - , , ,
.

;
,
illI illI.
r
.
, , ,
. ,
m ,
.
- (

2,45
).
,
,
,
illI .
, ,
, (

72 85
) ,
.
illI ( ), -
156
, , , .

.
; m ;
. m
.
, ,
, .
m , !
;
. m
,
.
, . ,

11;

-.
-,
, m ,
: , m ,
, .

, - m
(. . 3, , , , )
.
-

,
-3
11
[74, 48].
. , , ,
. .
[54, 50-62].
157

. --,
,
.
,
-, -, m
( ),
[74, 55] - -
[.: 44, 1, 61-68].
33 - -
- ( -) -
, [44,1,381-387].
. [67,381-387; 74, 56],
-
. ,
7,5
- -
[44,4
70-74].

m ( ';
N2403
), , ,
( ')
50- -
[105; 188,8-37; 134, 1-20; 189,25-40].
60-
200
-, (

) . ,
m ,
.
, , ;
, .

(13,5 12 )
.
158
3 ;
,
.
, , .
40-45 . .

; , ,

,
.
m ;
m .
m ,
( )
.
, , m
. ,
, ,
, , ,
. .
.
,
,
.
.
; ,
-, . (
) m m
; ,
,
(
m), .
m -
, ,
, .
159
. , ,
,
.

(28,89 8,62 ),
. ,
,
.
.
;
, ,

.
, , ,
.
, , ,
. -,
, , ,
.
. . . . ,
( )
, .

[186]
- . . .
,
. ,
[38,142-147].
( )
(). -,

. ,
, :

. ,
, ,
160
,
. , ( ) .

1.
. .
,
,
12
, ,
, . ,

11-111
,

, ,
, .

92; 164,978,
[156, 245-278; 104,65-
981.
-,

, . , ,
. ,
- , -
12 50-
60-
IV
1 .
. .); ,
. .
198],
[10, 194-
'
- , . .
.
13
,
' .
, . .
[93,
89-90].
161
), .
,
- -,
;
( ).
.
m ,
m m
. ,
, m , ,
. . ,
. ()
m , . .
, . ()
m
, ,
. , () m
.
,
.
[96, 405--421].
-,

('"
10128 ).
.
. "
,
,
,
.
. . . , , -
162
[188, 34--37],
, .
- (
,
),
- (

) -
( , ,
). ,
, ,
[.
102,44].
, .
VI\V
nn
, ,
,
- .

( ), -,
(-,
-).
,
, , (),
() . ,
,
. -,
,
, ,
.
, , , -, ,
, ,
, ,
. -,
,
-
, .
, , ,
164
(aroiiPL~)
[37, 1094].
11
(. .
36).
H~
? :
. ,

,
. ,
, m
, , .
:
, .

, ,
, .
- .
, ()

.
, . -
,
- :

[56, 71-76]'.
. -
, ,
,
IV
. . .; , ,
, ,

, ,
I . , ,
.
165
. ;
, ,
.
, ,
, .
,
,
IV . .
.

, .
, ,
, ,
.

.
2
.

,
, -, ,

IV . .
, ,
, , ,
. , ,
[35, 45,
37],
, .
;
. ,
, .
,
. ,
,
166
15, 29].
.
.

, , .
;
,
.
. , ,

,
, ! ,
,
.
, ,
,

.
.
, ,
; , ,
, ,
, (.
, .
143-146).
(.
139-140)
(N2 239 . ).
,
-
. ,
, .
, , .
(
) ,
, . ,
, , ,
( ) ,
167
.
.
.
,
; ,
, .

. ,

, ,
[134, 1-24].
, ,
106 .
. , , ,
m ,
(N!! 422 .
).
, -,
(N!! 412
), , ,
(
, ),

(.
349
).
[73].
m .

. , ,
,
;
. ,
, ;
; .
,
.
168
[63,
170
].
, ,
, ,
. (<< )
, ,
; ,
;
;
, .

, .
, ,
, -.
- (), ,
;
, ,

, , ,
, , ,
.
, ,
, . ,
(, , ) ;
, .
-:
, , ,
,
.
-
, .
, ; ,
169
; ; ,
, .
; -
: , ,
.
;
. ,
, , .
, ,
( ) . ,
(
, , ,
),
,

-,
,
,
.
[164, 982],
1 . . . -
1 .
. .
[67, 381-387].

, ,
, ,
-.

170
11

-
-,
.
arr .
[70, 13-23];
. ,
m , .
3 ,
.
[55, 350--353] -
; .
, -
.
.
;
,
, m .
Il
, m
.
, .,
, m ,
,
1906 .
1935 .
:
, .
,
,
,
, .
,
, -
. ,
171
. (, Il)
; ,
.
( )
, , , .
, . ,
m
(?).
, ,
, .
- <<
, . ,
, 4-
28- . .
(7,5,3).

( ),
(
. .). - 40-
38 .
30- . . . ,
, 1 -
11 .
. .
, -
.
-
,
1 . . .
- I .
. .
111
,
.

[.
. ,
164,983-984].
(111-11 . . .)
.
( . . . .)
172
,
, ,
[.
78,10--13].
,
, , , . .
[126, 43-47].
11
. . .
. ,
.
[164, 984],

. .
1 .
. ., .
- ,
.
1 .
. .
;
.
11 .
. . ,
.
,
,
.
l1n
106
. . .
, . ,
,
, , -, 30-
11
. . -

41-66].
(,
[167,
176)
.
-

.
,
,
.

111
. . .
(
) .
,
, ,
,
, .
174
- (<< ),
IX .
. .
- -, ,
, . . ,
[42, 1, 242-243].
,
, ,
-,
-, ,

[58, 1, 79].

( ),
. . , ,
, ,
[40, 57].
( )
,
[58,
1, 135].
, -
2],
[55,
[193, 27; 102,3].
, ,
.
.
J
,
.
.
CnnCOK
>, .
nn
. .
AASOR - ul of the American schools of oriental

researches, New .
ARAB - D. D. LuckenbiZl. Ancient records Assyria and
Babylonia. l. 1-11. Chicago, 192&-1927.
BASOR - Bulletin of the American schools of oriental
researches. New .
Caes. . Alex. - Caesar. llu Alexandrinum.
Cass. Dio - Cassius Dio. Historia Romana.
CIS - Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum.
Clem. Alex. Strom. - Clemens Alexandrinus. Stromata.
DEPP - Dura - Europos papyri and parchments, ed.
. Bradford Welles, R. . Fink, J. Frank Gilliam. New ,
1959.
Diod. - Diodorus Siculus. Bibliotheca historica.
Diog. Lt. - Diogenes Ltius. L6<wv ( !
bOYIlCtTWV auvaywyiJ.
DNPF - . Dalman. Neue Petra-Forschungen und der Heilige
Felsen Jerusalem. Leipzig, 1912.
Epiph., Haer. - Epiphanius. Adversus haereseos.
FGH - Jacoby. Fragmente griechischer Historiker.
Fl. los., Antt. - Flavius /osephus. Antiquitates Judaicae.
Fl. los., J. - Flavius /osephus. llu Judaicum.
IEJ - Israel Exploration Journal.
JS - . Jaussen, R. Savignac. Mission archeologique Arabie.
Paris, 1908.
Luc., Ver. Hist. - Lucianus. historia.
PEQ - Palestine Exploration Quarterly.
. . Er. - Periplus maris Erythrai.
Plin., NH - Plinius. Naturalis histora.
176
Plut., Ant. - lutarchus. Antonius.

m. Mela. - Pomponius Mela. chorographia.
P.-W. RE - Pauly's Realenzyklopiidie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft, bearb. von. G. Wissowa.
RB - Revue BibIique.
KES - Repertoire d'epigraphie semitique.
Sext. Empir., u. - Sextus Empiricus, UWVl uUWfll;.
St. Byz. - Stephanus Byzantius. 'E8vlX<l.

Strabo - St. Geographica.
Suid. - i) fu\.ioa.
Vitruv. - Vitruvius. architectura.
WM - W6rterbuch der Mythologie. Stuttgart, 1954.
t1 t1t1t1
IIt1TepaypbI
1. . . . ., 1960.
2. . . // ,
1969, N!! 3.
3. . . // ,
1964, N!! 4.
4. . . .
.: . .
. .,
5.
6.
1924.
u . . , -
//
1964, N!! 1.
7.
1953.
. . .,
. .
- . .,
8. .
1963.
. . .,
1967.
9. . ., [. :] F Allheim, R. Stiehl, Die Araber in der

Alten Welt // , 1969, N!! 2.
10. . .

,
11. .
12. .
. . .,
. .,
13. .
. .
14.
1959.
15.
16.
1958.
I
//
8. 1961.
u . . ,
. . . .,
1949.
. .,
178
//
1961, N!! 1.
1969.
1910.
17.
. . -
XIX - . ., 1961.
18. . . II- .
., 1966.
19. . .
IV-VI . .; ., 1964.
20. . . // . . 11.
1887.
21. . .
II . . . // . . IX.
. N!! 1. 1971.
22. . . ., 1949.
23. . -
. , 1907.
24. . .
//
. . 11. 1964.
25. . .
// , 1964. N!! 3.
26. . . //
). . 86. ., 1965.
27. ..
- // ). . 15.
1966.
28. . . ,
(
II! . . .) // ).
1971.
29. Abulfeda. Historia anteislamica, ed. . . Fleischer. Lipsiae,
1831.
30. AJy W. Strabonis Geographica. Bd 4. nn, 1957.
31. AJtheim F, Stiehl R. Die Araber in der Alten Welt. Bd I.
Berlin, 1964.
32. Arnim W. Athenodoros // P.-W. RE. Bd 11. Stuttgart, 1896.
33. vi- Yonah . CAvdat ('Abdeh) // RB, 77, 1960. N!! 3.
11 -
. .
179
34. ' - na . 'Elat kepetal:t la'oqeanos haHodi // 'Elat,

Yerusalayim, 5723.
35. Bachmann W., Watzinger ., Wiegand h. Petra. Berlin;
Lei pzig, 1921.
36. Bennett . . Nabataeans in Petra // Archaeology,
1962. l. 15. N!! 4.
37. Bethe, Dioskuren // . -w. RE, Halbbd. 9, Stuttgart, 1903.
38. . W. Der syrische ircbenbau. Berlin, 1925.
39. ikerman . Institutions des Se!eucides. Paris, 1938.
40. de l Borde L. Voyage n Arable Petree. Paris, 1830.
41. van den Branden . Histoire de Thamoud. Beyrouth, 1960.
42. Brockelmann . Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur. Bd 1.
Weimar, 1898.
43. Brockelmann . Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik
der semitischen Sprachen. Berlin, 1907.
43. m . . Nabaiati, Nebaioth and the Nabataeans:
the linguistic problem // 1rnl ofSemitic Studies. l. V,
1973. N!! 1.
44. Brunnow R. ., von Domaszewski ., Die Provincia Arabia.
Bd I-. Strassburg, 1904-1909.
45. Burkhardt J. L. Travels in Syria and the l Land.
London 1822.
46. Butler . . he ml ofDshara at Sic in the Hauriin //
Florilegium Melchior de Vogiie. Paris, 1909.
47. Butler . . Ancient Architecture in Syria, Section :
Southern Syria, Leyden, 1907-1921.
48. Cantineau J. Le Nabateen. l. 1-11. Paris, 1930-1932.
49. Cantineau J. Cours de l phonetique arabe. Paris, 1960.
50. Ceriqolz.er . Hayyehudim lm hayyewani weharomi.
Yerusalayim, 5721.
51. Clermont-Ganneau Gh. Recueil d'arcblologie orientale.
l. I-V. Paris, 1888-1907.
52. Cleveland R. L. Excavations ofthe Conway High l
(Petra) and Soundings at hirbet Ader // AASOR. l. XXXIV. 1954-1956.
180
53. Croswell . G. . Short Account of Early Muslim

Architecture. Harmondsworth, 1958.
54. Cumont F. Etudes syriennes. Paris, 1917.
55. Dalman G. Petra und ihre Felsheiligtiimer. Leipzig, 1908.
56. Dalman G. Neue Petra-Forschungen und der heilige Felsen
in Jerusalem. Leipzig, 1912.
57. De Lacy ( Leay. r before Muhammad. London, 1927.
58. Doughty Ch. . Travels in Arabia Deserta. l. 1- 11.
London, 1936.
59. Dussaud R., Macler F. Mission dans les regions desertiques
de l Syrie . Paris, 1903.
60. Dussaud R. Numismatique des rois de Nabatene. Journal Asiatique, 1904, ser. l. III-IV.
61. Dussaud R. La penetration des Arabes Syrie avant
l'lslam. Paris, 1955.
62. Eissfeldt . Das Testament im Lichte der safatenischen
Inschriften. - Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenindischen
Gesellschaft, 1954. Bd 104.
63. Frankfort . The Art and Architecture ofthe Ancient Orient.
BaHimore, 1955.
64. Gardiner . .. Peet ., J. Inscriptions of Sinai.
l. 1-11. London, 1952-1955.
65. Germer-Durand J. Antiquites de Petra // Erhos d'Orient,
1898. l. 1.
66. Glaser . Skizze der Geschichte und Geographie Arabiens.
Bd 11. Berlin, 1930.
67. Glueck N. The Nabataean ml of Qa~r Rabbah //
American Journal of Archaeology, 1939. l. 43. NQ 3.
68. Glueck N. The Other Side ofthe Jordan. New Haven, 1940.
69. Glueck N. Nabataean Syria // BASOR, 1942. NQ 85.
70. Glueck N. Nabataean Painting // BASOR, 1956. NQ 14.
71. Glueck N. The Sixth Season of Archaeological Exploration
in the Negeb // BASOR, 1958, JY: 149.
72. Glueck N. The Seventh Season of Archaeological
Exploration in the Negeb // BASOR, 1958. NQ 152.
181
73. G!ueck N. Rivers in the Desert. New York, 1959.

74. Glueck N. Deities and dolphins. London, 1966.
75. Graetz . Die ning der Nabataerherrschaft //
natsschrift fur die Geschichte des Judentums, 1875. Bd XXIV.

76. Grohmann . Nabataioi // P.-W. RE, Ha1bbd. 32, Stuttgart,
1935.
77. Hammond Ph. . The Nabataean Bitumen Industry at the
Dead Sea // The Biblica1 Archaeo1ogist, 1952. 1. 15.
78. Hammond Ph. . Nabataean New Year Lamps from Petra //
BASOR, 1957. NQ 146.
78. Hammond Ph. . Petra // The Biblica1 Archaeo1ogist,
1960. 1. 23.
79. Hammond Ph. . The Physica1 Nature of Nabataean
pottery // American Journal of Archaeo1ogy, 1964. 1. 68.
79. Hammond Ph. . Pottery from Petra // PEQ, 1973.
80. Head . V. Historia Nummorum. Oxford, 1911.
81. Henge! . Judentum und Hellenismus. Tubingen, 1969.
82. Hittorff 1. J. Pomp6i et Petra // Revue arch601ogique>>,
1862. 1. 6.
83. ittorff I. J. M6moire sur Pomp6i et Petra. Paris, 1866.
84. Ofn . A1-Kutba' // WM.
85. Hofner . Allah // WM.
86. Hofner . A1- Uzz // WM.
87. Hofner . rr // WM.
88. Hofner . Manat // WM.
89. Hofner . A1-Qais // WM.
90. Hofner . Sai c a1-qaum // WM.
91. Hofner ., Merke! . Dusares // WM.
92. ! F. Ethno1ogie und Geographie des Alten Orients.
Munchen, 1926.
93. Horovitz J. Koranische Untersuchungen. Ber1in; Leipzig,
1926.
94. Horsfie!d G. and . Sela. The Rock of Edom and Nabatene // Quarter1y of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine,
1938. 1. .
182
95. I Ch. L., Mangels J. Trave1s in Egypt and Nubia, Syria

and Asia Minor. London, 1823.
96. Jaussen ., Savignac R. Mission archeo1ogique n Arable.
Paris, 1909.
97. mm . P6tra et 1 Nabatene. Paris, 1929-1930.
98. Kedar . Ancient Agricu1ture at Shivtah in the Negev // IEJ,
1957. 1. 7, N!! 3.
99. Kedar . More about the Te1eiit e1-'n in theNegeb //
BASOR, 1964, N!! 176.
100. Qedar . Be'ayyat hatte1u1iyyot'o tu1ey1at )1 'n
bal)aq1a)ut ha'atiqa banNege12 // Yedi'ot, ker. 20, 5716.
101. Qedar . Hel)aq1a)ut haqqeduma bel)elle1 'Ndat //
Yedi'ot, ker. 23, 5719.
102. Kennedy . . W., Petra, its History and Monuments.
London, 1925.
103. irkbride D. Short Account of the Excavation at Petra
in 1955-1956 // nnu1 of the Department of Antiquities of
Jordan, 1953. 1. 2.
104. irkbride D. Le temp1e nabateen de Ramm // RB, 1960,
67.
105. . Kasr Firaun in Petra. Leipzig, 1910.
106. Koffman. Die Doppe1urkunden aus der Wiiste Juda. Leiden,
1968.
107. ll W. // . - W. RE, Ha1bbd. 17, Stuttgart, 1914.
108. Lagrange M.-J., Etudes sur 1es re1igions semitiques. Paris,
1903.
109. [ml . Cities and P1anning in the Ancient Near East.
London, 1969.
110. vqu . Une chrono1ogie nul1 des Royaumes SudArabes et du Perip1e de 1 Mer Erythree // Revue des etudes
grecques, 1962. . 75.
111. Levi Delia Vida . Una bi1ingue greco-nabatea //
C1ara Rhodos, 1938. 1. 9.
112. Levy J. W6rterbuch iiber die Ta1mudim und Midraschim.
Bd I-IV. Ber1in; Wien, 1924.
183
113. Lippens Ph. Expedition en Arabie Centrale. Paris, 1956.

114. Littmann . Nabatiiisch-griechische Bilinguen // Florilegium Me1chior de Vogiie. Paris, 1909.
115. Littmann . Nabataean inscriptions from Egypt // Bulletin
of Society of Oriental and African Studies, 1953. l. 15, pt. 1;
1954. l. 16, pt. 2.
116. Mayerson Ph. Ancient Agricultural Remains in the Central
Negeb: the Teleylat el- // BASOR, 1959. N!! 153.
117. Mayerson Ph. The Ancient Agricultural Remains of the
Central Negeb: Methodology and Dating Criteria // BASOR, 1960.
N!! 160.
118. Merkel . ' // WM.
119. Merkel . Lykurgos 11 WM.
120. Milik J. . Nouvelles inscription nabateens 11 Syria,
1958. . 35.
121. Milik J. ., Teixidor J. New Evidence the north-arabic
deity Aktab-Kutba 11 BASOR, 1961. N!! 163.
122. J. l. he Spice Trade of the Roman Empire. Oxford,
1969.
123. Morris . Masters ofthe Desert. New York, 1961.
124. Musil . Die Arabia Petraea. Bd 1-11. Wien, 1907-1908.
125. sil . Arabia Deserta, 1927.
126. Die Nabataer. Miinchen, 1970.
127. Negev . Nabataean Inscriptions from cAvdat (Oboda) 11
IEJ, 1961, l. 11; 1963, l. 13.
128. Nege!2 '. Parasiyyot betoledot cAl!.dat 11 'Elat,
Yerusalayim, 5723.
129. Negev . Oboda, Mampsis and Provincia Arabia 11 IEJ,
1967. l. 17.
130. Negev . The Chronology ofMiddle Nabataean Period 11
PEQ, 1969.
131. Nege!2 '. Hai}apirot baKurnub (Mamsit) 11 Qadmoniyot,
ker. 5, 5729.
132. Palmer . . The Desert ofExodus. London, 1871.
133. . J. Recent Discoveries at Petra 11 PEQ, 1957.
184
134. Parr . J. Compte rendu des dernieres fouilles 11 Syria,

1968. . 45.
135. Parr . J. The Nabataeans and North-West Arabia 11
Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology of the University of
London, 1970. NQ 8-9.
136. Petracek . Gindibu) - Arbaija - ein ~afa-Araber? 11
Archiv Orientalny, 1951. NQ 1.
137. Pirenne J. Un probleme-clef pour l chronologie de
1'Orient: l date du Periple de l Mer Erythree 11 Journal
Asiatique, 1961.
138. Pirenne J. Le Royaume sud-arabe de Qataban et sa
datation d'apres 1'archeologie et les sources classiques jusqu)au
Periple de l Mer Erythree, Louvain, 1961.
139. Polotsky . J. The Greek Papyri from the of the
Letters 11 IEJ, 1962. Vol. 12.
140. Polo$qi . Selos te)udot mearkeyonah sel BaJ2ata bat
Sime(on 11 )Eres - Yisra'el, ker. 8, 1968.
141. Puchstein . Die nabatiiischen Grabfassaden 11
Archiiologischer Anzeiger, 1910.
142. Rabinowitz J. J. Clue to the Nabataean contract from
the Dead Sea Region 11 BASOR, 1955. NQ 139.
143. Rabinowitz J. Aramaic Inscriptions of the Fifth Century
. . from North - Arabic Shrine in Egypt 11 (<.Journal ofthe Near
Eastern Studies, 1956. l. 15.
144. Revue Biblique, 1957. NQ 74.
145. Rohde . Der griechische Roman und seine Vorliiufer.
Leipzig, 1900.
146. Ronczewski . Kapitelle des l Hasne in Petra 11 Archiiologischer Anzeiger, 1932.
147. Rosenthal F. Die aramaistische Forschung seit Th. NOldeke's Ver6ffentlichungen. Leiden, 1964.
148. Rosmarin . W Aribi und Arabien in den babylonischassyrischen Quellen 11 Journal of the Society of Oriental
Ressearch, 1932. Vol. XVI.
149. Rost . Die Keilschrifttexte Tiglatpilesers . Leipzig, 1893.
185
150. Rostowzew . Zur Geschichte des Ost- und Sudhandels

im ptolemaisch-r6mischen gtn // Archiv fr Papyrusforschung. Bd IV, 1906/7.
151. RostovtzeJf . Caravan Cities. Oxford, 1932.
152. RostovtzeJf . Social and Economic History of the
Hellenistic world. Oxford, 1941.
153. Ruppe! . Reisen in Nubien, Kordofan und dem
petraischen Arabien. Frankfurt Main, 1829.
154. Ryckmans G. Les noms propres sud-semitiques. Louvain,
1934.
155. Saron D. Bei)inot pisiograpiyyot sel hatteluliyyot behar
hanNege.h // Yedi'ot, ker. 23, 5719.
156. Savignac R., Horsfie!d G. Le temple de Ramm// RB, 1935,
44.
157. Schlumberger D. Les formes anciennes du chapiteau corinthien en Syrie, en Palestine et en Arabie 11 Syria, 1933. . 14.
158. Schurer . Geschichte des Judischen Volkes im Zeitalter
Jesu Christi. Bd 1. Leipzig, 1898.
159. Schwartz . Diodoros // P.-W. RE, Halbbd. 9, Stuttgart,
1903.
160. Segre . Postilla // Clara Rhodos, 1938. l. 9.
161. Sourde! D. Les cultes de Hauran Pepoque Romaine.
Paris, 1952.
162. Starcky J. Un contrat nabateen sur papyrus // RB, 1954,
61.
163. Starcky J. Nabataeans // Biblical Archaeologist,
1955. Vol. III.
164. Starcky J. Petra et la Nabatene // Supplement
Dictionnaire de la Bible. Vol. . Paris, 1961-1962.
165. Starcky J. Nouvelle epitaphe nabateenne donnant le nom
semitique de Petra // RB, 1965, 72.
166. Starcky J. La civilisation nabateenne: etat des questions //
IX Congres intemational d'archeologie classique. Damas, 1969.
167. Starcky J., Bennett . . Les inscriptiocs du temenos //
Syria, 1968. . 45.
186
168. Strugnell J. The Nabataean Goddess AI-Kutba) and her

Sanctuaries 11 BASOR, 1959. N2 156.
169. Studniczka F Tropaeurn Trajani. Leipzig, 1904.
170. Syria, 1955. . 32.
171. at- Tabari. Annales quos scripsit Djafar Moharnrned
ibn Djarir at-Tabari, ed . J. de Goeje, ser. 1. Vol. . Lugduni
Batavorurn, 1882-1885.
172. rn W W. Ptolerny 11 and Arabia 11 <<10urnl of Egyptian
Archaeology, 1929. Vol. .
173. . Der Ntrkig Erotirnus /1 lio, 1910.
Bd 10.
174. Thiersch . Die alexandrinischen igskrl /1
Jahrbuch des Kaiserlich Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts,
1910. Bd 26.
175. Tushingham . D. Excavations at Dibon in , 19521953/1 BASOR, 1954. N2 133.
176. Tweedie W . Ruined Cities ofthe East. London, 1859.
177. Vandier J. Manuel d'archeologie orientale. l. 11. Paris,
1952.
178. Verger
. Ricerche giuridiche sui papiri ararnaici di

Elefantina. Rorna, 1965.
179. Vincent . Les Nabateens 11 RB, 1898,7.
180. Waterman L. Royal correspondence of the Assyrian
Ernpire. Vol. 1. Ann Arbor, 1930.
181. Wellhausen J. Reste arabischer Heidenturns. Berlin;
Leipzig, 1927.
182. Winnett F. V. Excavations at Dibon in , 1950-19511/
BASOR, 1952, 125
183. Winnett F. V, Reed W. L. The Excavations at Dibon
(Dhiban) in // AASOR, 1964. Vol. 36-37.
184. Winnett F. V, Reed W L. Ancient Records frorn North
Arabia. Toronto, 1970.
185. Wiseman D. J. Fragrnents of Historical Texts frorn
Nirnrud 11 Iraq, 1964. Vol. 26. N22.
186. Woolley L. . Forgotten Kingdorn. London, 1959.
187
187. Wright G. R. . The Nabataean-Roman ml at

Dhiban: suggested reinterpretation 11 BASOR, 1961. N!1163.
188. Wright G. R. . Structure of the Qasr Bint Farcun,
preliminary review 11 PEQ, 1961.
189. Wright G. R. . Quelques aspects de l architecture et de
l sculpture 11 Syria, 1968. . 45.
189. Wright G. R. . Petra, Some Unusual Views 11
Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palastina - Vereins, 1972. Bd 88. N!12.
189. Wright G. R. . he Date ofthe haznet Fircaun at Petra
in the Zight of an Iconographic Detaill1 PEQ, 1973.
190. Yadin . Expedition D - the of the Letters 11 IEJ,
1962. l. 12.
191. Yadin . Mahane D - meCarat ha'iggerot 11 YediCot,
ker. 30, 5722.
192. Yadin . Mamleket hannabatirn, happro12inqiya cAra~ia,
Petra wecEn-Gddi le'or hatteCudot minNal.lal- I:Ie12er // 'Elat,
Yerusalayim, 5723.
193. Yanna'it-n-$.iR .. Negeb.. '. Selac 'Edom, Tel-'Ahih,
s. .
194. n R. Introduction to the Law ofthe Aramaic Papyri.
Oxford, 1961.
195. Zimmerli W. Die landwirtschaftliche Bearbeitung des
Negeb im Altertum // Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palastina Vereins, 1959. Bd 75. N!1 2.
t1 t1t1t1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1. ()
2. ()
3. III - ()
4. XIX - ()
5. - ()
6. -
7.
. 8, .
.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14. ))
.
.
.
. 14. )) ()
.
.
.
.
.
15. -
16. - ()
17. ( -)
18. -
19. ))
20.
21. ()
22.
.
.
23. ()
24. ()
25. - (
)
.
26.
- (
)
.
27.
(11 )
189
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
28. -
29. ()
30.
31. ,
32.
33. -
34. fll'1
35. -,
36. -
37.
38.
39.
40. '
41 , , .
42.
43.
44 , , , .
nl\l\nn
---.. ....
--::. .
'---.--.... ..::::~)- \
jJ!
.-:,
}}
12
14
. 1 4
PlIC.17
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
28
27
30
31
33
32
34
35
37
38
39
40
Puc. 41a
.41
42
43
. 44
.44
. 44
nMeHHOn etl
< ( <), .
28,117,126,127
, . 175
77
14
46
77
69
36
()
8, 21-24, 52, 101

22

134
45
78

134
55
171, 172

--
20
16
, .
16
8, 9, 27, 52
148, 150
78
- 77
77
23
29,30

8,
21, 24, 113, 130

126

169
30
- 56
(), .
115, 126, 127
22, 29
32, 33
, . 118, 119, 122
1 27
26-29
III I 18, 30-32,
134
IV 34-36,56,64,69,74,
76, 79, 80, 120, 124, 139,
148, 161
30-32
53
78
46
83
18
, . 169
(<), . 125,
155-157, 168, 169
143
346
19
85, 134
~-
83
10
55
. .
113-
137
, .
114
22, 23
193
, .
9,81
124
, .
114
, .
170
126
89, 113, 114
119
30, 32
. 15
. 11, 38, 40, 41, 54,
153-156, 158, 169, 171, 172
. . 111,114
. . 88
. . 106
19
69
20
, .
125, 151,
152, 156
, .
169
10, 12,
13, 26, 35, 40, 41, 44-48,
68, 74, 78, 82, 83, 99
48
- 12
14
18
. . 58-60, 65, 151,
152
. . 11
. . 10
46
74, 75
51
90, 120
124
85
69
137, 138, 140, 143
134
.
118
32
11, 19, 37, 114,

116, 120, 121, 124, 131,
132, 134, 135, 137, 138,
165, 171
, . 165
23, 24
126
, . 143
8, 15, 21-23, 27, 37,
38,52, 71, 105-109, 121
10,36
, . 54, 119, 122,
146, 164, 168
24
144, 145, 164, 165
. 11, 132,
133, 136-143, 145, 148150, 158, 167, 168
. .
24
, .
20
172
. 11
,
32
67
194
67
19, 51, 54, 55,

113, 115-120, 122-127,
129, 131, 132, 151, 152,
154, 157, 161, 164
. . 137
.l1, 19,23, 114
18
117, 118, 126
11, 62, 66, 70, 77,
133
105-110
109
48
141
20
, . 119, 154
66
23
23
, .
119, 157, 169

24, 25

109

137
46,83
121
14, 16, 19
46
113,124
104
(), .

16
45

121
44
44
32, 33, 80
14, 19
, . 144, 145
119
()
45, 46
134
69
67
85
26, 28, 88, 90, 91
. . 57, 58, 60, 132,
138, 148, 151, 152, 161
114
75
14
. 39,41-43
153
. 64,162
32, 33, 145, 146
- . 90, 120122
. 142, 143, 145, 147,
159-161
, . 125, 154, 157, 169
106
. . 26, 55
161
.
.157

-, .
45

85
55, 122, 123
175
30, 126
.-.
78
. 12, 13, 46-48, 82,
83
10
15
124
195
172
, .
122
20, 26
69
14, 16, 19
29, 36, 51, 64, 65,
,.
16,25
21, 24
166
. 55, 117
108
130
90, 106
154
78
41
11
25, 27, 71
10, 88
1 28, 32, 33, 79, 120
() 11 28, 35,
47,48, 56, 74, 75, 120, 141
III 28
123, 124
56
14
109
. . 76
14
. . 17, 22, 84, 114,
115, 123
< 45, 46
.
<

(), .
46
16, 17
16
-,
< -
196
175
85
26
<
1 29, 30, 76, 79, 95

11 33, 34, 119
IV 74
< 11 74, 75
<
.ll

33, 79, 80,
143, 167, 168

. .
41
172
173
IV 74
.I0
10
13,45
31
9
166
21, 24
11 27,
52
30
. 133, 134, 138140

<
67
11
122
175
48
144, 164,
165, 167, 170

44
, .
(), .
24, 71, 113, 115
1 28, 115, 120
11,39,41
66
11 12,28, 35, 36,41,

46, 47, 48, 74-76, 79, 115,
120, 150, 165
IV 74
I, 22, 23, 71
. 48, 89
. . . 146, 147, 160,
162
9,18
. 106, 109, 110
. 147, 148
. . 27
, . 120
-<
83
10
113
<
47
111 20
11 30
145, 146
36, 57,64
( 144, 164-166,
170), . 124,144,164-166
<
30, 95
'
<
17
11,62,66,70, 77,
74
22, 23
109
25,
<
133
115
123, 124, 127
149, 150
29, 77
21, 24
< 51
33, 34, 75, 119
, 32
166, 168
. 11, 12, 16, 18, 19,
22, 47, 48, 123, 131, 139141, 143, 146, 149, 150,
170, 173
16-18,
22,23, 71
8, 9, 67-75, 77, 81,
82,87
. 55, 122, 123
. 145
. 118, 121
16
I
<
67
8, 9, 14, 18,
22,23,29,79,80,87
, .
118
...
47
IV 74
11 74, 75
, . 154, 157, 169
- 82
55
66
134
16
- 89, 113 (.

67
67
197
85
85
85
.147
.
10
71
. 112
145, 147
132, 171-173
123, 124
74, 148
()
74

85
78
.71
84
126
113
, .
134
. .
49
48
9, 33, 34, 75
69
, . 168, 172

56
55, 123
29
66
145

-, .
85
38, 120-
11,66
32, 33, 79
10,29
122
44,
46,47
66
28
. .
.41

IV 74
20
27
45
.. ./! 28
IV
etl nn
n nn Ha3BaHnn
77
30
134
9, 16,22,36,
51-54, 57, 116, 137, 162
170
,
161
67
20
126
174
128
56,143
116
8, 21, 22
, 9, 24
, 5, 20, 21, 53,
70, 84, 130, 143
- 55
- 63, 175
- 161
161
33
101, 160
160
118, 145, 146,
160
115
53
147
136
53
-
-
-
116
54
160
146, 147
28, 35, 54, 79, 114, 115,
117, 119, 120, 124, 126
109
60
60
19
38
30
146
16,
33, 53, 54, 80, 107, 137
8, 27, 28, 33, 44, 53,
160
2~
10, 28, 36, 41, 80, 117, 150,

155, 161
, 5, 18,20,38
40, 55, 63
153
10,62,63,64, 131,
158, 175
-
82, 83
63
- 63
- 139
- 153, 158
- 19
-
199
167
101, 146, 148
, 5, 10, 16,25,
32, 36, 73, 93, 105, 109,
111,125,137, 164, 170, 174
29
21,26,29,35
20, 116, 122
29
113, 115
154
21,25,27,29,32, 33,
49, 51-53, 55, 56, 123, 132,
145, 146
10, 11, 26, 29, 34,

35, 54, 57, 153
29
153, 164
- 158, 163
39, 42
() 63, 64,
126, 128, 154
21, 108
76
16,22
31, 154
16, 119
117
109
52, 108, 109
52, 101, 109
24, 31, 77
24
40, 42
30, 34, 67
116
18
- () 54
56
- 149, 150
60
(.
84
-
-
20
128 (.
-)
- (. -
- )
128, 151, 161, 162

122, 123
56
52, 55, 56, 146
9, 19,27, 30, 32, 80
153, 154, 156

63
- 127, 162
-
- ( -
52
16, 34, 116
160
-
)
131
(. )
(. )
54
(-)
39, 42
120
17
9, 22, 29
- 170

116
200
153
56, 82, 83
123
76
114,
146
52
- ( -)
()
158, 163, 164, 170

- 40
127, 158, 161
128, 158
- 127
20, 89,113
17
17
, 127
137
109
146
10
39, 42
55, 124
27, 32, 52, 53,
55
61, 62, 65
33
155
39, 42
77
- 53, 54, 57
- 58
- 10, 54
109
27
58
11,49,57,
116
48, 78
44, 45
62, 175
52, 116, 123
12,24,49
24, 53, 174,
175
21
21,54,56
19
75, 119, 147
162
153
153
22,23
158, 163
,
,
137
104
14-16, 18,20
6, 11, 26, 27, 29, 35, 38,
41, 57, 61 ?
39
55
143
20
77
23
25
77, 78
58
(-)
126 (.
85
21
117
11,26,
39, 40, 42, 43, 49, 50, 57,
64,65, 84, 116, 129
(. )
201
8, 10, 17, 24, 29,

30, 31, 51, 128
, 5, 11, 1619, 21, 26, 36, 38, 39, 40,
57
54, 137
31
( )
50
60
17, 18,70,115
114
- 131
58
60
16, 124, 161, 175

52
116
35, 120, 121
- 60
- 128
'
36, 53
20, 21
108
6, 9-12, 18-20, 22-24,
27, 29-32, 35, 40, 45, 50,
52-55,57,60,62-65,78,80,
81, 84, 114, 116, 118, 123,
124, 126, 128, 129, 131136, 138, 139, 141-143,
147, 148, 150, 159, 163,
164-166, 168, 170, 171,
173-175 . ,
(, )
'
21, 25
65,128,151,156
63
63, 64, 143

171, 172
80
-
38, 55,
67, 75, 104, 124, 129
16
9, 10,21,24,29-32, 34,
35, 51, 54, 80, 146, 160
, 17, 30
19
54
30
, -
142, 145, 161

161
()
,
146
21
55, 56, 123
45
160
9,19 (. )
1, 54 (. -
145
56, 172
10, 25, 31, 32, 33, 36, 56,

79,80, 138, 172
31, 36, 57
()
10, 33
202
.
55
21
146
58
42, 79, 125, 132
174
20, 69, 85
116
- 40, 54
-
55, 123
52
57, 59, 60,
78
146
147
157, 158
50
- 77
- 164
- 55
- 65, 128, 151,
153-158, 163, 164, 168170, 172
- 63, 127
-
65, 117
(.
120
131
-
-
16, 124, 160

116
104
33
63, 127
40, 42
(-)
( -)
64, 139, 143-149, 161, 164168, 175

26, 27
30
17, 25, 26, 38, 54, 57,
58, 60-62, 65, 114, 115,
119,122,124, 125, 128, 151
11,47,57,60,62,66,69,
78, 84, 88, 90, 104, 114, 119,
121, 123, 126, 127, 128, 133136, 138, 139, 162, 174, 175
()
115-116
39, 42
39, 40, 42,
43
54, 82
19 .
30, 52, 53
84
63
- 12,45
147, 149
107, 160
5ummary
Nabataean State
and its culture
(from the history
the culture
pre-islamic Arabia)
investigations in the history and eultural history of the

Nabataeans present eonsiderable interest for the Nabataean
kingdom was n of the earlist and largest pre-islamie Arabie states.
It has played signifieant role in the formation of the Arabie
eivilization and in the history of Arabs. It is suffieient to mention
here the faet that modern Arabie seript goes baek to that of the
Nabataeans. As for Nabataeans themselves they were under the
inf1uence ofthe Aramaie and HeHenistie eultures ofthe Near East.
Study of the Nabataean eivilization shows reeiproeity of three
different eultural traditions and the formation of new syneretie
eulture.
Itseems that the Nabataeans first appear in Southern Palestine
and in Northern Arabia in the first half of the 1st millennium
. . Despite the opinion of several seolars we suppose that
Nabataeans (nbtw) should identified with the Biblieal nhl.
The development of their ethnonyme eaused to drop in the
position between two vowels and <> ehanged to <>. At the end of
the 4th n. . G. Nabataea was invaded the army of Antigonus,
n of Alexander Diadochs, but he was n to establish his power
here and Nabataea remained independent.
During numerous wars with the neighbours in the 3rd-2nd n.
. . the Nabataean kingdom seized vast territory expanding
the peninsula Arabia to the harbour Leuke-Kome and Hegra,
Negev in Southern Palestine and vast territories beyound Jordan,
and Damaseus in Syria. It was at that period that the greater part
ofNabataeans turned from nomadie eattle-breeding to settled life
of land-eultivators. In the middle of the 1st n. . . Nabataea
dependent from Rome, but it retained semblanee of
independenee and ruler ofits own: The kings ofNabataea strived
204
to enlarge the limites of their independence. They took the titles

resembling to those of the Hellenistic kings to show their political
independence from Rome. The Nabataean rulers brought the
Roman expedition in Southern Arabia to failure. In the second
half ofthe 1st . . . some territories ofNabataea were invaded
the bedouins and it was only through the deeds of the last king
of Nabataea, Rabbel 11, that the power of Nabataea was
reestablished here more; thus his tit1e: the who brought
to life and saved his people. We suppose that Rabbel 11 wished
to transfer his capital from Petra where the tribal institutions the council and the assembly - were quite strong, to Bosra and so
to consolidate his power as absolute ruler. In the year 106 . .
Rome put end to the independence of Nabataea and annexing
its territories formed Provincia Arabia.
As we have already mentioned the Nabataeans remained
nomadic people as far as the 3rd-2nd . . . Their law prohibited
the erection of houses, planting of trees etc. Only during the 3rd2nd . . . they have turned to settled life. Their main
occupation being terraced farrning, they used subterranean and rainwater for irrigation. Archaeological experiments carried in the
Negev have shown the high efficiency of Nabataean farming.
Excavations of separate agricultural complexes at Negev show that
the middle farms formed the major part ofthe farms, though there
were big as well as small ones. Different crafts f10rished in
Nabataea - manufacturing of .garments, ceramics etc. as well as
the art of building. As far as we judge the remains of
Nabataean houses which have found at Hauran, they
resembled fortresses, often with turrets, that served as defence
against the beduins. The ground-f1oor was used to keep cattle, and
the first and second - for living. Nabataea was important
international trade-centre. There is belief that Nabataea was the
terrninus of the Silk-way that led from hin to the Near East. From
Southern Arabia the goods were conducted land and sea to
Nabataea; the searoute laid through the harbour Leuke-Kome
where there was Nabataean garrison. Here the tax (0,25) was
imposed. From Petra the goods were transported to Gaza, where
they were taxed again, but already the Roman functionary.
The foreign observers mark that slaves were not numerous in
Nabataea. As far as canjudge there survived the tribal system,
205
g. the king had to report regularly to the assembly his life

and conduct; feasts were given the king to his close and bodyguards (surviva1 of the customs of the man-bound). The free members
of the community lived in the circumstances of dependence formed
the relations of mutual aid and protection. Legal institutions in
the Nabataean society were those common to the countries of
the Near East. most important feature was considerable
freedom of women in the family and in the community.
The Nabataeans origin were Arabs; the proper names and
separate glosses in the inscription show that they spoke Arabic. But
already in the middle of the 1 mi11ennium . . they adopted the
Aramaic, the common language of the Near East, as their literary
language.
The religion of the Nabataeans was mix of religious cults of
Arabs proper (the most important is that of Dushara and Shayc l
Qaum - the beduin god "that drinks wine") and those common
to the nations inhabiting the Mediterranean coast of the Near
East (Zeus-Hadad, Atargatis and others). We find here the
heHenistic cults, . g. that of Tyche. In the Nabataean templearchitecture was prevailing the Syrian fashion.
We canjudge the Nabataean architecture the remains ofthe
rock-sepultures copied the main features ofthe houses structure (with
turrered roofs) and the heHenistic temples and residential quarters
(Ka~r and others). The Nabataean architectors tried possible
means to reproduce the feeling of space and depth.
In the fine arts the Nabataeans developed the heHenistic subjectes.
We know nothing about the Nabataean literature, but it is not
excluded that one ofthe narrations about the voyage to the Isles of
the Blessed was composed native ofNabataea.
After the year 106 . ., when the Roman Provincia Arabia
was founded, the Nabataeans merged with the rest of Aramaic
population of Syria and Palestine. In the late Arabic the word
"nabataean" was used to indicate the Arameans - the indigenous
population of the Near East - as an antipode to the Arabs proper.
But the civilization of Nabataea did not vanish without trace; it
laid the foundation for the magnificent edifice of the islamic Arabic
culture.
............................................................................................................. 5
................................................... 8
........................................................................... 14
III
.............................................................................................. 37
IV
..................................................................... 66
................................. 81
I
........................................ 87

............................................ 105
III
...... 111
IX
.................................... 130

........................................... 164
.................................................................................................... 174
...................................................................................... 176
............................................................. 178
.................................................................................... 189
................................................................................................. 191
...................................................................................... 193
................................ 199

Summary ......................................................................................................... 204
. . . u

. . .

. .
. . u
. .
. .

23.07.2007. 84108/2
10,92 + 1,68 . 1000 .
N2391.
. . . .
199004, -, . ., 6- , 11121.
. (812) 328 9617; (812) 328 4422
editr@uiress.ru; www.uiress.ru
:
.-, . ., 6- ,
.
11/21, . 21.
(812) 328 7763; (812) 325 3176
post@unipress.ru
199061, .-,
.,
41

Шифман. Набатейское государство и его культура

Transféré par

Informations du document

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Шифман. Набатейское государство и его культура

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

D

ST. PETERSBURG STATE

ST. PETERSBURG UNIVERSITY PRESS

102; 97; 61; 163; 164; 126]

75; 20; 158, 726-744; 60; 15;

[23; 150; 172].

(Diod., 11, 49-53), >

Strabo, XVI, 21)1.

(<<Scriptores historiae Augustae).

95; 40; 153]. -

441-459; 138, 167-193)].

[68; 73; 74].

[123; 185, 141-154]3.

[190, 227-257; 191, 204-236;

25, 13; . 11 ., 1, 29) :

(Fl. los., Antt.,

[158; 129; 125,

nbty, nwty, nwty, nwt'h

[43, 57; 49, 85].

[73, 189-190; 41, 29].

los., Antt., 4, 82),

[55, 23] rqm -{( , .

(ARAB, II, 234, 257, 264, 274).

(ARAB, 11, 822) ,

(ARAB, 11, 833);

[76, 1453-1454; 61, 23].

(184, 99-101, Ng 11 13, 15)

[148; 136,44-53, 41,

6-11; 21, 75-89].

(XIX, 94, 1),

(Diod., XIX, 96, 1)

146 r. . . (1 ., 11, 17)

: " ") 14 [], ()

zy Nr]tt m)k nbtw)>>

48, 11, 43, 44].

[129, 54-55; 130, 5].

(3, 43, 4-5),

[61, 54; 164,905].

(Antt., 13, 358-363),

[129, 54-55; 130,

(Fl. 10s., Antt., 13, 375),

(Fl. 10s., Antt., 13, 99-102;

11 (.: [61, 54])

CIS, 11, 354)

[69, 3-8; 61, 55; 164, 907-908].

(Fl. 105., Antt.,

(Fl. 105., Antt ,

(Fl. los., Antt., 14, 14-33;

(Fl. los., Antt.,

(FI. los., Antt., 14,

(FI. los., Antt., 14,379--380; J, 1, 267, 274-285),

(Cass. Dio, 48, 41,5).

(Plut., Ant., 36, 2; Cass. Dio, 49,

(FI. los., Antt., 15,96--160).

(Plut., Ant., 69, 2-3; Cass. Dio, 51, 7, 1)

(Strabo, 780-781) 21.

(Fl. 105., Att., 17,52-57; J, 1,374-

(CIS, 11, 199,201, 354)

[59, 67] (RES,

IV (CIS, 11, 354).

2; dy )l)yy wsyzb cmh).

(RES, 83, 1434;

129,54--55; 126, 17].

14; 72, 23].