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Evaluation the effect of different Warm Asphalt additives on

Bitumen and Asphalt Mix Properties
M. Fakhri, School of Civil Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Iran
S. M. Sadati lamardi, School of Civil Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Iran
Hassan Firouzifar, Pasargad Petrolum Co, Iran
A.R. Ghanizadeh, Department of Civil Engineering, Sirjan University of Technology, Iran

ABSTRACT: WMA is gaining attention in all over the world because it offers several
advantages over conventional asphalt concrete mixtures. The benefits of using WMA are to
reduce the production temperature by using additives, to increase the workability of binder at
lower temperatures, a longer paving season, reduced emissions and the ability to travel
over longer distance to paving site. In this paper five different WMA additives and their
influence on bitumen and asphalt mixtures behavior have been investigated. These additives
contain Polyphosphoric acid, Sasobit, Cecabase, Iterlow and Polyethylene wax. Some of
these additives, like Sasobit, Cecabase and Iterlow, are exclusively used in WMA industry
and others are used sometimes as binder modifiers. The study shows that Cecabase has
better behavior than other additives, because it decreases the viscosity at mix and
compaction temperature without significant change of binder viscosity at temperatures lower
than breaking point. Decreasing viscosity by 0.5% of Cecabase makes it possible to mix and
compact Asphalt mixes at a temperature 12C lower in comparison of origin bitumen.
G*/Sin( ) for both origin and modified RTFO aged binder at 58C and 64C pass the
Superpave specification and this approves that using CecaBase has no adverse effect on
rutting potential of origin binder at high temperatures. Furthermore, Adding Cecabase, PPA
and Iterlow to bitumen material do not improve asphalt concrete properties significantly,
although they do not lower the quality of asphalt concrete.
Key words: Warm Mix Asphalt, WMA additives, CecaBase, Iterlow, Polyphosphate Acid

1. Introduction
Conventional HMA is produced between 138C and 160C and placed and compacted
between 121C and 135C [1]. A number of new technologies have been developed to lower
the production and placement temperatures of hot-mix asphalt (HMA). Generically, these
technologies are referred to as warm-mix asphalt (WMA). The range of production
temperatures for warm mix asphalt is wide, from mixes that are 20 to 30 oC below HMA to
temperatures slightly above 100C. WMA has been used in all types of asphalt concrete,
including dense-graded, stone matrix, porous, and mastic asphalt. It has also been used in a
range of layer thicknesses, and sections have been constructed on roadways with a wide
variety of traffic levels [2].
The concept of WMA was introduced in the year 2000 in Europe and Australia [3,4], and by
the year 2004 it attracted considerable attention of the highway engineering community [5,6].
WMA is gaining attention in all over the world because it offers several advantages over
conventional asphalt concrete mixtures. Using WMA should result in reduced volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx),
and particulates. Since most plant emissions result from burning fuel and WMA uses less
fuel, there should be lower emissions. The amount of emissions reduction will depend on the
temperature reduction, the type of fuel used, plant settings, moisture content of the aggregate
and RAP use. Workers should find that WMA provides a more comfortable working
environment. The cooler material should be more pleasant to work around, and there should
be fewer burns. Worker exposure to asphalt fumes will be reduced. WMA can be easier to
compact than HMA. Some WMA methodologies have been added to mixes containing highly
modified binders (PG 82s, etc.) to facilitate aggregate orientation, which results in better field
densities. Lab specimens of WMA routinely have less air voids and VMA than corresponding

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HMA specimens. The reduced viscosity of WMA mixes binders and the slower cooling rate of
WMA mixes allow paving to be completed under cooler conditions than normally associated
with HMA. This condition allows for extended paving seasons or longer haul distances and
times. Some additional benefits have been found from the early WMA projects. One
advantage is the ability to avoid the common problem of bumps forming when paving over
crack sealants. The reduced mat temperature does not trigger the formation of the bumps.
Another benefit observed in Texas has been reduced cracking, both in the lab from their
Overlay Tester and on the road [7].
Warm asphalt technology seems to be quite promising. It consumes 30% less energy [8]. It
also reduces CO2 and SO2 emission by 3040%, volatile organic compounds by 50%, Co by
10 30%, nitrous oxides by 6070% and dust emission by 20-25% compared to hot mix
asphalt [9]. This technology does not involve any major modification to the mixing plant and
the construction procedure.
There are many ways to classify WMA technologies; one of them is by the degree of
temperature reduction. Generally, the warm mix asphalt production and lay down
temperatures are 20 to 30oC below HMA to temperatures slightly above 100oC [2]. If the
temperature of the mix at the plant is less than 100oC, the mix is considered as half warm
mix, which is in between cold mix and warm mix [2]. The other way to classify the WMA
technologies is by those that use water and those that use some other form of organic
additive or wax to effect the temperature reduction. These methods are based on process
engineering, aerogenous agents or special bitumens and additives [10]. Thus, several WMA
techniques are available and have been studied by several authors, namely; the doublecoating or 2-phase mixing method; the application of the double-barrel green process, with
reductions of 1030C; the half-warm mix asphalt technologies that use water or vapor,
produced at 90100 C with foamed bitumens or at 70115 C with emulsions [11].

Figure 1: Classification of asphalt mixes by temperature

range, temperatures, and fuel usage [2].

Several investigators have studied the performance of the WMA additives, binders [12,13,14]
and mixtures [15], in order to investigate and improve their behavior. This study work is
assigned to evaluate five different WMA additives and influence of them on bitumen and
asphalt mixtures behavior. These additives contain Polyphosphoric acid, Sasobit, Cecabase,
Iterlow and Polyethylene wax. Some of these additives, like Sasobit, Cecabase and Iterlow,
are exclusively used in WMA industry and others are used some times as binder modifiers.

2.Introduction of different additives used in this study

Polyphosphoric acid, or PPA, is a liquid mineral polymer and just one of many additives used
to modify and enhance paving grade asphalts. According to Asphalt Institute, the correct use

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of PPA, in the appropriate amount, can improve the physical properties of bituminous paving
grade binders. On the other hand, incorrect application of PPA technology can result in
construction or performance problems. When used in combination with a polymer, PPA
provides flexibility in reaching the requested test specifications (Dynamic Shear Rheometer,
Elastic Recovery, etc.) while limiting the asphalt viscosity at 135C (275F) [16].
Sasobit is a product of Sasol Wax (formerly Schmann Sasol), South Africa. Sasobit is
described as a modifier or "asphalt flow improver". Sasobit is a mixture of long-chain
hydrocarbons produced by the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. When road bitumen are admixed
with Sasobit, their properties are markedly improved. Adding 3% weight to a 50/70 bitumen
results in a large increase in R&B softening point to the level of that of 10/20 bitumen. The
plasticity range (the difference between the R&B softening point and the Fraass breaking
point) is considerably extended [17].
Cecabase is an organic Additive which is liquid at 25C used as an additive in the
production of the WMA. The Cecabase RT additive acts at the interface between mineral
aggregate and binder, in a similar way that a surfactant acts at an interface between water
and asphalt that does not significantly change the rheological properties of binder. Cecabase
RT 945 enables to reduce the asphalt mix production and lay down temperature by 20 to
40C and keeps the same mechanical properties as a standard HMA. The effectiveness of
the Cecabase RT was demonstrated in a field test, where a production temperature was
reduced by up to 27C yielding a WMA mixture comparable to a typical HMA mixture [18].
Iterlow is a technology based on a liquid product, that, added to bitumen in quantities of 0.31%, allows to produce the warm mix at temperatures between 90C-120C. Iterlow acts on
the bitumen's surface tension, therefore doesn't modify the chemical and physical
characteristics of the bitumen (R&B, penetration, viscosity, paraffin content). It was firstly
used in 2002 in testing areas all around Europe, on wearing course, binding coatings and
bases, with RAP in addition as well. (RAP) [19].
Polyethylene wax, also known as low molecular weight polyethylene, whose softening point is
over 100 oC, approximate to macro-molecular weight polyethylene. While its melting viscosity
and hardness are close to paraffin. Polyethylene wax has good compatibility with
polyethylene (PE), polypropylene(PP), polyvinyl acetate (PVA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC),
ethylene-propylene-Diene monomer(EPDM), butyl rubber. It can improve the fluidity of PE,
PVC, PP, ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene styrene) and the demoulding performance of PMMA
(polymethyl methacrylate ) and PC( polycarbonate)[20].

3.Binders characterization
To study the influence of each additive on conventional properties of origin bitumen, the
softening point, penetration, ductility and viscosity of each binder were determined. The
softening point (Ring and Ball test) of origin and modified binders was measured according to
ASTM D36. In this test, two disks of bitumen were cast into shouldered rings, and then the
disks were trimmed to remove excess asphalt. The disks were then heated at a constant rate
(58C/min) in a water bath using a special apparatus. The penetration test was carried out at
25C according to ASTM D5. The penetration of a standard needle under a standard load
(100 g) was measured during 5s and reported in forth of a millimeter. Ductility was
determined at 25C with an extensional speed of 5 cm/min in accordance with ASTM D113.
The viscosity properties of bitumen samples were determined by a kinematic viscometer
according to ASTM D2170.
Since the bitumen 60/70 covers a wide range of climate conditions in Iran, this type of
bitumen has been used in the present research in order to study the influence of different
additives on physical and rheological properties of bitumen 60/70 and also on Asphalt
mixtures contain different additives.
As summarized in Table (1) and Figure (2), increasing Iterlo and CecaBase content has no
significant effect on softening point of binder, while increasing the content of other additives
(Sasobit, Polyethylene Wax, and Polyphosphoric acid) increases the softening point of
binder. This means that with increasing the content of Sasobit, Polyethylene Wax, and
Polyphosphoric acid, thermal sensitivity of binder decreases and the binder can be employed
in warmer climates. According to the allowable limits of softening point for pure bitumen

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(35C -60C), it is obvious that Sasobit, Polyethylene Wax, and Polyphosphoric acid do not
satisfy specifications. Binders containing Iterlo and Cecabase have allowable softening point
and are comparable with the origin bitumen which can have softening point between 49 to
56C.

Table 1: Conventional Tests results for Origin and Modified Bitumen.

WMA
Additives

Material

Softening Point
(C)

Penetration at 25C
(0.1mm)

Ductility
(cm)

Origin Binder 60/70

54

70

>100

B60/70+Iterlo(0.4%)

49.23

68

>100

B60/70+Iterlo(0.7%)

48.7

70

>100

B60/70+Iterlo(1.0%)

50.2

72

>100

B60/70+PW(0.2%)

63.1

60

105

B60/70+PW(0.4%)

64.2

55

96.4

B60/70+PW(0.6%)

67.25

47.33

34.7

B60/70+PPA(0.4%)

47.7

95

103

B60/70+PPA(0.7%)

50.3

76.66

81.1

B60/70+PPA(1.0%)

56.8

58

36.4

B60/70+Sasobit(0.2%)

75.3

47.3

>130

B60/70+Sasobit(0.4%)

85.3

42

62.8

B60/70+Sasobit(0.6%)

89.2

45.3

58.3

B60/70+CB(0.5%)

55

65.6

123.8

B60/70+CB(1.0%)

54.2

64

73.6

B60/70+CB(3.0%)

53

81

108.6

Iterlow

Polyethylene
WAX

Polyphosphate
Acid

Sasobit

CecaBase

Origin
Bitume
n

Figure 2: Penetration of binders containing different percentages of additives.

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Origin
Bitumen

Figure 3: Softening point of binders containing different percentages of additives.

As summarized in Table (1) and Figure (2), increasing Iterlo and CecaBase content has no
significant effect on softening point of binder, while increasing the content of other additives
(Sasobit, Polyethylene Wax, and Polyphosphoric acid) increases the softening point of
binder. This means that with increasing the content of Sasobit, Polyethylene Wax, and
Polyphosphoric acid, thermal sensitivity of binder decreases and the binder can be employed
in warmer climates. According to the allowable limits of softening point for pure bitumen
(35C -60C), it is obvious that Sasobit, Polyethylene Wax, and Polyphosphoric acid do not
satisfy specifications. Binders containing Iterlo and Cecabase have allowable softening point
and are comparable with the origin bitumen which can have softening point between 49 to
56C.
Table (1) and Figure (3) show that increasing the content of Polyethylene Wax and
Polyphosphoric Acid decrease the penetration of binder. Using lower percentages of Iterlo
and CecaBase (0.5 to 1.0%) does not change the penetration of origin bitumen. In case of
Sasobit, binder penetration decrease significantly which approves the binder containing
Sasobit is harder and more brittle than base bitumen. Mixtures containing hard binder should
not be used in cold weather because may experience cracking at low temperatures.
Also with increasing the content of Polyethylene Wax, Polyphosphoric Acid and Sasobit in
binder, ductility and so cohesion of binder decreases significantly.
Figure (4) shows the relation of viscosity to temperature for origin and modified binders.
Temperature in Figure (4) covers both higher and lower temperature than breaking point.
Binders containing Polyphosphoric Acid have viscosity more than 30000pc at temperatures
less than 80C. The most adapted additive as Warm Asphalt additive is one which decreases
the viscosity of binder at higher temperature without changing the viscosity of binder at lower
temperatures. This additive is able to decrease the mix and compaction temperature without
significant effect on the behavior of bitumen at service temperature. As it can be seen in
Figure (4), the Cecabase shows better behavior than other additives, because it decrease
the viscosity at mix and compaction temperature without significant change of binder viscosity
at temperatures lower than breaking point. Decreasing viscosity by 0.5% of CecaBase makes
it possible to mix and compact Asphalt mixes at temperature 12C lower in comparison of
origin bitumen.
According to the mentioned physical properties of binders containing different additives, it can
be concluded that the CecaBase is the most proper alternative among other Warm Asphalt
additives.

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Figure 4: Viscosity vs. temperature for binders containing different additives.

4.Rutting potential of unaged and RTFO aged binder

Rutting potential of binder containing CecaBase was determined using the comparison of
rheological properties of origin and modified binder. Measurement of the rheological
properties of the binders was carried out in a stress controlled rotational DSR with parallel
plate sample geometries of 40 mm diameter and 1 mm gap. Dynamic shear modulus G*,
phase angle ( ) and G*/sin( ) were calculated. The complex shear modulus (G*) is defined
as:

G* = 0 cos + i 0 sin = G + iG
0
0

(1)

Where:
G* = Complex shear modulus, Pa;
G' = Storage modulus, Pa;
G" = Loss modulus, Pa;
= Phase angle, degree.

Three different temperatures 58, 64 and 70C were applied at a fixed frequency of 10 rad/s to
determine the rheological properties of both origin and modified binder. Results have been
represented in Figure (5) and (6). Determination of rheological properties for original and
modified binder was carried out at two different conditions, first using unaged binder and
second using RTFO aged binder. The Rolling Thin-Film Oven (RTFO) test provides simulated
short term aged asphalt binder for physical property testing. Based on Superpave
specification, The complex modulus (G*) can range from about 0.07 to 0.87 psi (500 to 6000
Pa), while the phase angle ( ) can ranges from about 50 to 90. A of 90 indicates the
complete viscous behavior of binder. To control the rutting potential of binder, Superpave
limits the value of G*/Sin( ) 1.0 kPa and G*/Sin( ) 2.2 kPa for unaged and aged bitumen
respectively. Rutting parameters for both unaged and RTFO aged binder was represented in
Figure (5) and Figure (6). G*/Sin( ) for both origin and modified RTFO aged binder at 70C

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does not pass and at 58C and 64C pass the Superpave specification and this approves that
using CecaBase has no adverse effect on rutting potential of origin binder at high
temperatures.

Figure 5: Comparison of rutting potential for unaged binder.

Figure 6: Comparison of rutting potential for RTFO aged binder.

5.Mixture design
To compare the Asphalt mixtures produced by origin and modified binders, the mix design
of HMA was carried out according to the marshal method and then, for the WMA mixtures,
the same binder content, aggregate type and gradation was used in order to evaluate the
influence of the binder type on Asphalt mix. The standard dimensions of the cylindrical
specimens are 101.6 mm diameter by 63.5 mm height. The specimens were compacted by
applying 75 blows on each side of the specimen at 150 C in accordance with ASTM D 1559.
After having been cooled at room temperature for 1 day and before performing Marshall
tests, the compactness is measured after which, standard specimens were left in water at
60C for 30 min and then loaded to failure at a constant rate of compression of 51 mm/min.

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The Marshall stability value (in kg) corresponds to the maximum force recorded during test
while the flow (in mm) is the deformation noted at the maximum force. The ratio of stability to
flow, called Marshall Quotient MQ (in kg/mm) had calculated to give indication of the mix
stiffness. For Marshall Test, each result is an average of three test specimens.
Table 2: Properties of Aggregates used in the studied mixtures

AASHTO T176
AASHTO T96
ASTM D 5821

Coarse
Aggregate
14
95

Fine
Aggregate
79
-

ASTM D 5821

88

BS:812
AASHTO T182

18
>95

AASHTO T104
AASHTO T89 & T90

0.6

2.6
N.P.
2.408

N.P.
2.690

Aggregate

Test Method

Sand Equivalent (%)

Los Angeles Abrasion Test (%)
Percentage of particles with one
fractured face (%)
Percentage of particles with two
fractured faces (%)
Flat & elongated particle fraction (%)
Coating and Stripping of BitumenAggregate (%)
Sodium Sulfate Soundness (%)
Plastic Limit
Bulk Specific Gravity(gr/cm3)

2.502

Filler
-

The Original Bitumen which is used to prepare samples was the bitumen 60/70. The
properties of Aggregates are summarized in Table (2). The grading curve of aggregates can
be observed in Figure (7). Upper and lower limit of grading curve is based on no. 4 gradation
of asphalt mix which is selected from Road General Technical Specification [21]. This
gradation may be used for both binder and surface courses.

Figure 7: Grading curve of the aggregates used in the studied mixtures.

After drawing needed curves of Marshal Mix Design (unit weight, air void, stability, VMA, flow
and VFA) in different bitumen contents, the optimum bitumen content which results in 4% of
air void was selected as 5.2%. It should be noted that 5.2% of bitumen in mixture satisfied all
the other requirements.
Properties of different mixtures prepared using original and modified binder was represented
in Table (3).

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Table 3: Properties of different mixtures in optimum content of bitumen and with or without
additives
Binder
Bulk Specific Gravity(gr/m3)

Air Void (%)

VMA (%)
VFA (%)
Marshal Stability (kg)
Flow (0.25mm)
Marshall Quotient (kg/mm)

Origin
Bitumen(60/70)
2.240
4.0
14.4
72.0
855
10.7
319.62

OB60/70 +
0.5CecaBase
2.197
6.0
16.1
62.7
899
10.7
336.07

OB60/70 +
0.5PPA
2.215
5.2
15.4
66.0
922
11.3
326.37

OB60/70 +
0.5Iterlow
2.211
5.4
15.6
65.1
875
11.5
304.34

6.Mixtures Comparison
Although bitumen contains PPA and Iterlow were ignored in first stage of study because of
their influence on viscosity at temperatures under breaking temperature, but the results of
marshal test show that these two additives have no adverse effect on quality of asphalt
concrete. Moreover, it may be summarized that using of these additives has no significant
influence on asphalt concrete properties like stability, unit weight. Therefore, adding these
additives to bitumen material for production of asphalt concrete do not improve asphalt
concrete properties, although they do not lower the quality of asphalt concrete.

7.Conclusion
1. Bitumen contains 0.5 percent of Cecabase by weight; do not show significant change in
softening point, penetration and ductility at 25C.
2. Temperature Viscosity chart shows that Bitumen contains 0.5 percent of Cecabase has
a break point which is the most important properties of this additive as a WMA additive.
As it was shown, using Cecabase as WMA additive does not change the bitumen
behavior at normal temperatures, and then it has no adverse effect on behavior of
asphalt concrete at service temperatures.
3. Cecabase shows better behavior than other additives, because it decreases the
viscosity at mix and compaction temperature without significant change of binder
viscosity at temperatures lower than breaking point. Decreasing viscosity by 0.5% of
Cecabase makes it possible to mix and compact Asphalt mixes at temperature 12C
lower in comparison of origin bitumen.
4. Air void content in WMA mixtures is similar to that for HMA mixture.
5. Adding Cecabase, PPA and Iterlow to bitumen material do not improve asphalt concrete
properties significantly, although they do not lower the quality of asphalt concrete.
6. G*/Sin( ) for both origin and modified RTFO aged binder at 70C does not pass and at
58C and 64C pass the Superpave specification and this approves that using
CecaBase has no adverse effect on rutting potential of origin binder at high
temperatures.

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