ELSEVIER

Tectonophysics272 (1997) 69-92

Magmatic evolution of Sulawesi (Indonesia): constraints on the

Cenozoic geodynamic history of the Sundaland active margin
M. Polv6 a,*, R.C. Maury b, H. Bellon b, C. Rangin c, B. Priadi d, S. Yuwono d, J.L. Joron e,
R. SoefiaAtmadjad
a Laboratoire de G~ochimie, UMR-CNRS 5563, Universit~ Paul Sabatier, 38 Rue des Trente-Six Ponts, 31400 Toulouse, France
b Ddpartement des Sciences de ia Terre, UMR-CNRS 'Domaines Ocdaniques', Universitd de Bretagne Occidentale, 6 avenue Le Gorgeu,
BP 809, 29275 Brest, France
c Laboratoire de Gdologie de FENS, URA--CNRS 1316, 24 Rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
d jurusan Teknik Geologi, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
e Groupe des Sciences de la Terre, LP.S. CEN Saclay, 91191 Gifsur Yvette, France

Received 19 December 1995; accepted25 November1996

Abstract

Tertiary and Quatemary magmatic rocks from West Sulawesi record the complex history of part of the Sundaland
margin where subduction and collision have been and are still active. The present study, based on pem3graphic data,
major- and trace-element chemistry and 4K-4Ar dating aims to document the age and chemical characteristics of the
magmafic formations from West Sulawesi and to determine the corresponding constraints on the geodynamic evolution of
the Sundaland border. The West Sulawesi magmatic province includes the South Ann of Sulawesi (Ujung Pandang area),
the western part of Central Sulawesi with the Toraja and Pain areas, and finally, the North Arm, extending from Palu to
Manado, which includes the Tolitoli and Manado areas.
Paleocene magraatic activity seems to be restricted to an episode of calc-alkaline magmatism in the Ujung Pandang area
(61-59 Ma). The major Eocene (50--40 Ma) magmatic event is tholeiitic and is documented in all areas except in Ujung
Pandang. It led to the emplacement of tholeiitic pillow-laves and basaltic dykes of back-arc basin (BAIl) affinity. These
rocks are potential equivalents to the Celebes Sea basaltic basement. From Oligocene to Miocene, magnmtic eruptions
produced successively island-arc tholeiRic (IAT) and calc-alkaline (CA) rock series. The youngest [AT activity occurred
around 18 Ma in the central part (Palu area) and around 14 Ma in the North Ann (Tolitoli area) while CA magmas were
emplaced in the North Arm at ca. 18 Ma (Tolitoli and Manado areas). Typical calc-alkaline activity resumed only in the
North Ann (Tolitoli and Manado areas) during the Late Miocene (9 Ma) and is still active in the Man._adoregion. In other
areas (Palu, Toraja and Ujung Pandang areas) an important and widespread magmatic event occurred between 13 and 10
Ma and emplaced K-rich magmas, either silica-undersaturated alkali-potassic besalts (AK), ultrapotessic basanites (UK) or
sbosbonites (SH). K-rich activity continued in the south until the Pleistocene (0.77 Ma) with alkali-potessic, ultrapotessic
and sbosbonitic magmas. In Central Sulawesi (Toraja and Palu areas) the most recent magmatic event occurred between
6.5 and 0.6 Ma. The corresponding products are granitic rocks and widely distributed rhyolitic pyroclestic flow deposits.
All these rocks are acidic in character (SiO2 > 60%), with trace-element and isotopic signatures (Sr-Nd--Pb) typical of a
strong continental imprint.

*Corresponding author. Fax: +33 561 520-544. E-mail: polve@lucid.ups-tlse.fr

0040-19511971517.00 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
PII S0040-195 1(96)00276-4

70

M. Polvd et al. /Tectonophysics 272 (1997) 69-92

The most striking tectonic implication of this magmatic evolution is that West Sulawesi can no longer be considered
as a typical magmatic arc as previously assumed. With the exception of the Manado area beneath which subduction is still
active, calc-alkaline and island-arc tholeiitic lavas and plutonics are volumetrically minor with respect to K-rich magmas.
Their occurrence through time is also fairly restricted, mostly to the period between 30 and 15 Ma. Another important
feature is the occurrence of island-arc tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magmas crosscutting an older terrane of BAB affinity, the
Tinombo Formation (Manado, Tolitoli and Palu areas). As this formation is being regarded as an equivalent to the Celebes
Sea floor, the most likely explanation for this feature is the hypothesis of tectonic erosion linked to the NW-dipping
subduction beneath the North Arm.
The Late Miocene high-K magmatic activity in Central and South Sulawesi reflects the prevalence of a post-collisional
tectonic regime following the docking of microcontinents of Australian origin to Central Sulawesi during Neogene
times. The incompatible element-enriched character of these high-K rocks might reflect their derivation from a mantle
source enriched through metasomatism related to a previous subduction event. Such a model cannot account for the
Plio-Pleistocene CAK magmatism of Central Sulawesi, the acidic composition of which does not support a derivation from
an ultrabasic source. The trace-element patterns of the CAK rocks are very similar to those of the high-grade metamorphics
of Central Sulawesi, suggesting that the latter might represent their possible source. Such an anatectic model implies a
collisional to post-collisional tectonic regime limited to Central Sulawesi, while a post-subduction regime prevailed in the
south.

Keywords:SE Asia; subduction; collision; magmatism; trace elements

1. Introduction
According to geodynamic reconstructions, the
southeastern edge of the Eurasian plate, i.e. Sundaland, has been a region of successive subductions,
collisions and back-arc basin openings during the
Cenozoic (Rangin et al., 1990a,b; Daly et al., 1991).
The best documented geodynamic events occurred
during the Neogene and were linked to the northward migration of microplates of Australian origin.
For instance, the Bird's Head microcontinent (Irian
Jaya) was dismembered ca. 17 Ma ago and some of
its fragments (Buton, Sula) collided with the Sundaland margin between 11 and 5 Ma (Smith and Silver,
1991; Hall, 1996). Earlier geodynamic events are
often difficult to reconstruct from kinematic and tectonic considerations due to the geological complexity and the high rate of plate movements. One way
to overcome this difficulty is to document the geochemical affinities and the possible geodynamic significance of the copious magmatic products erupted
along the Sundaland margin. The K-shaped island of
Sulawesi (eastern Indonesia; Fig. 1) is a challenging
target for such an investigation, due to its location
at the junction of the Eurasian, Indo-Australian and
Pacific plates.
The island may be subdivided into three main
geological provinces (Sukamto, 1975; Hamilton,

1979), namely: (1) West Sulawesi where prominent magmatic rocks and Tertiary sediments overlie
a high-grade metamorphic basement; (2) Central and
South-East Sulawesi made up mainly of Early Cretaceous metamorphic rocks; and (3) East Sulawesi
where a huge ophiolitic nappe rests on Mesozoic and
Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks. The West Sulawesi
magmatic province includes the South Arm of Sulawesi (Ujung Pandang area), the western part of
Central Sulawesi (Toraja and Palu areas) and finally,
the North Arm which goes from Palu to Manado and
includes the Tolitoli and Manado areas (Fig. 1). With
the exception of the Manado active volcanoes (Jezek
et al., 1981; Morrice et al., 1983; Morrice and Gill,
1986; Tatsumi et al., 1991), there had been no extensive geochemical study of the various magmatic
rock suites until recently (Yuwono et al., 1988a;
Priadi et al., 1993, 1994; Bergman et al., 1996).
The bulk of West Sulawesi has often been considered as a calc-alkaline Tertiary magmatic arc (Katili,
1975, 1978; Hamilton, 1979), although leucite-bearing ultrapotassic lavas were reported from the Ujung
Pandang area by Iddings and Morley (1915). Our
new data on Northern and Central Sulawesi allow
us to characterize the geochemical affinities and the
time distribution of the main magrnatic units and to
discuss the constraints they impose on geodynamic
reconstructions.

M. Polvd et al. / Tectonophysics 272 (1997) 69-92

71

MN.

SH. AK. UK
magmatism

Gorontalo

CAK magmatism

I ~ C E L E BSEEAS
PL
CA magmatism

IAT magmatism
MN
TT
PL
TJ
UP

Manado area
Tolitoli area
Palu area
Tana Toraja
Ujung Pandang area

UP

BAB magmatism

Fig. 1. Location of the main ma__gmatic types in West Sulawesi. The boundaries between the different areas and the major tectonic
features according to Monnier et al. (1995) are shown as insets.

2. Analytical methods
Thirty-six new samples were dated by the
4K-4Ar method either on whole-rock or on mineral separates, at the 'Laboratoire de G6ochimie,
G6achronologie, Universit6 de Bretagne Oeeidentale', following the procedure detailed in Bellon and

Rangin (1991). Age calculations were carded out

using the constants recommended by Steiger and
Jliger (1977). Errors were calculated with the error
equation described in Defant et al. (1992) which defives from Mahood and Drake (1982). These results
are presented in Tables 1-6, together with 27 dates
from the Palu and Toraja areas (Priadi et al., 1993,

M. PolvE et al. / Tectonophysics 272 (1997) 69-92

72

<

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;

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~lv#etaL/~cwn~si~2~(l~6~92

73

o
-H..

(.q

<

"0

.o

..=

:~:~~:i

"0

oo

r~

t~

E
E

-.

M. PolvE et al./Tectonophysics 272 (1997) 6 9 - 9 2

74

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<

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<<<<
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~.~

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0

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M. Polv~ et al./ Tectonophysics 272 (1997) 69-92

75

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76

M. Polv~ et al./ Tectonophysics 272 (1997) 69-92

c q t"q

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M. Polv# et al./Tectonophysics 272 (1997) 69-92

77

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78

M. Polvd et al. / Tectonophysics 272 (1997) 69-92

1994) and 27 others from the Ujung Pandang area

(Yuwono, 1987; Yuwono et al., 1988a).
Major and trace elements (Ba, Rb, Sr, V, Sc, Cr,
Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, La, Nb, Y, Yb) have been analysed by ICP-AES (except Rb which was analysed
by atomic absorption spectrometry) at the 'Laboratoire de Ptrologie, Universit6 de Bretague Occidentale' (Brest) using AC-E, BE-N, JB-2 and MICA-Fe
as standards. Relative standard deviations for major
elements are less than 2%, except for MnO and P205.
Those for trace elements are around 5% and detection
limits are usually ca. 1 ppm (Cotten et al., 1995). The
following elements, Cs, U, Th, Ta, La, Ce, Zr, Hf,
Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb and V, were analysed by instrumental
neutron activation at the 'Centre d'Etudes Nucl6aires
de Saclay' with standard deviations smaller than 5%.
Thirty selected analyses are presented in Table 7 and
others can be found in Yuwono (1987), Priadi (1993)
and Priadi et al. (1994).

3. Distribution of magmatism through time

All the sampled units have been previously
mapped and integrated within the stratigraphic
columns of Sulawesi. The reader is referred to the
works of Sukamto et al. (1973, 1990), Djuri and
Sudjatmiko (1974), Sukamto, 1975, 1982), Effendy
(1976), Ratman (1976), Apandi (1977), Simanjuntak (1981), Apandi et al. (1982) and Hadiwidjojo et
al. (1988) for detailed stratigraphic correlations as
well as general geological information. Two kinds
of magmatic products have been distinguished: orogenic rocks as defined by Gill (1981), characterized
by significant negative anomalies in Nb and/or Ta
with respect to large ion lithophile elements (LILE)
and light rare earth elements (LREE) and non-orogenic rocks showing no or weak Nb and Ta anomalies. Orogenic rocks have been classified by using the
K20-SiO2 diagram of Peccerillo and Taylor (1976)
(Fig. 2). Additional distinctions between the K-rich
varieties (shoshonitic, alkali-potassic and ultrapotassic) were introduced according to Leterrier et al.
(1990).
Most of the K-Ar ages presented in Tables 1-6
are Cenozoic: they range from 61 Ma to 0.6 Ma (the
very young volcanics from Manado area have not
been included in the K-Ar investigation). However,
a few pre-Tertiary ages have been obtained on basalts

wt % K20

6'

o3
4"

o 4

&

06
+

40

+7

50

60

70

80

Wt % SiO2
Fig. 2. K20 versus SiO2 plot of samples from Table 7. 1 =
BAB: Lamasi and Kalamiseng formations; 2 = BAB: Tinombo
Formation; 3 = IAT; 4 = CA; 5 = CAK; 6 = SH; 7 = AK and
UK; 8 = ?.

and gabbros from the Lamasi Formation (Table 6)

and will be discussed separately. A summary of the
distribution of the Tertiary and Quaternary K-Ar
ages is presented in Fig. 3.
Magmatic rock emplacement seems to have occurred almost continuously at the scale of the whole
investigated area from the Middle Eocene to the
Quaternary. However, in a given region, apparent
periods, more than 10 Ma long lacking magrnatism,
can be observed, which might either be real gaps
or may be due to the sampling. Another general
feature is the global increase through time of potassium and incompatible trace elements from tholeiitic
suites (BAB or IAT) to K-rich associations (CAK,
SH, AK, UK). Finally, the occurrence of numerous
and sudden changes in the geochemical characteristics of the magmas suggests corresponding changes
in geotectonic environments.

4. Description of the magmatic types

4.1. Back-arc basin basalts and gabbros

From their major-element analyses, the non-orogenic magmatic rocks are mostly tholeiitic basalts
or their gabbroic equivalents (Fig. 2), although a
few rhyolites have been sampled. Their REE (+Y)
and multi-element diagrams are given in Fig. 4. All

M. Polv~ et al./ Tectonophysics 272 (1997) 69-92

UJUNG
PANDANG

AGE
(Ma)
0

Region

HOLOCENE
PLEISTOCENE

SWAK
CAK "~
I SWAK

TANA
TORAJA

PALU

Region

Region

CAK 0.59

' 0.77
1.63
2.33

I :-'~" ,.30
6.271

5
UPPER

10

M
I
0

MIDDLE

-j

3.42

PLIOCENE
6.50

AK/UI<
UK
AK
SH ] 8.95
UK
9.91
AK
AK

6.29
CAK 5.45

79

MANAOO
Region

TOLITOLI

Region
I

CAK

1.g2

CAK

5.08

CAK

5,35

CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA

0.O0
0.89
1.94
3.43
3.98
4.28

I
OAK
AK
AK

I 10.08
11.91

8.80
11,03

12.38
12.81

C
16

E
N

IAT

117.70

IAT
CA

18.38

LOWER
~

24

I 17.47
17.95

22.09

O
L

22.19
22.45

r--~-~

8A'~'~'B~ 26.60

cA

G
O
C

IA'~'~

j 29.9o

28.301

E
N
E

[~'8"~

3,4.46
BA"-"~

37
E

37,02

rl

UPPER

42

8A8

BAR

46 -=3.5

MIDDLE

44.6 =6.5 !

E
50
55

P
A
L

UPPER

E
60
63
65

O
C
E

-"~

59.17
61.41

MIDDLE

N
E

LOWER

Fig. 3. Summary of the time- and space-related distribution of magmatic types in West Sulawesi according to K-Ar datings and chemical
analyses.

M. Polvg et aL /Tectonophysics 272 (1997) 69-92

80

t~

cq

<

,-q

F
Z

--

B~
<
o

c~

N
g

~ "

M. Polv~ et al./Tectonophysics 272 (1997) 69-92

1/3
i

~ o ~ m ~ ~ m m

81

~e

==~q

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O~

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(,,q

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s
i

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oo

oo

5 ~5=
o~

M. Polvg et al./Tectonophysics 272 (1997) 69-92

82
100
50

Rocks/Chondrite

(a)

Rocks/Primitive Mantle

100 --

.,
'.

o PS 51
NL 39
~ NL 33

/'~
/ \

10
5

.J

11

La
100 --_'

Nd

(b)

Sm Eu To Y

By

Er

Yb

Rocks/Chon~ite

C~bBaTh U NbTa K LaCaSr P N(:ISmZrHfEu Ti TbDy Y Yb

Rocks/Primitive Mantle

100 --

o Y7-7
Y23-7

50-

10/

5e

L~ Ce

No

100 --- (C)

Sm EU

Tb Y

0,1

Dy

Er

Yb

RoCks/Chondrite

CsRbBaTh U NbTa K LaCeSr P NdSmZr HfEu Ti TbDy Y Yb

100 ~

Rocks/Primi#ve
Mantle
o

SN8908

BN171E
c TS140A
10

ec.

10-

'e~e

0.1

La Ce

NO

Sm Eu TD Y

0.1

Dy

Er

Yb

CsRbBaTh U NbTa K LaCeSr P NclSmZrHfEu TiTbDy Y Yb

Fig. 4. Selected trace element patterns (including REE and other incompatible elements) of BAB rocks (a) from Lamasi Formation,
(b) from Kalamiseng Formation, (c) from Tinombo Formation. Chondrite and primitive mantle compositions are taken from Sun and
McDonough (1989).

volcanics have flat to slightly LREE-depleted patterns, roughly ten times more enriched as compared
to chondrites. The only exception corresponds to a
gabbro (NL39; Fig. 4) which displays a more depleted cumulate-type pattern. All these rocks present
light negative Nb (or Ta) anomalies with (La/Nb)N

ranging from 2.4 to 8.9, but they do not display any

significant depletion in Hf, Zr or Y. These features
are intermediate between MORB and IAT signatures
(Saunders and Tarney, 1984) and they are indicative of a BAB affinity. Moreover, REE patterns of
these basalts are similar to Celebes Sea floor basalts

M. Polvd et al./ Tectonophysics 272 (1997) 69-92

83

tAT r n a ~ t i s m
100 -~

Rocks/Chondclte

1O0 "-:

R o c k s / P r i ~ Mllltm

o S1~002
TT167D

~0-

'

10

~'~

0.1

LaCe

. .Nil. . .Sm Eu ~

Y,

Er

YI)

0.1

C~ll~aTh U NbTa K LaCeSr P NdSmZr HfEu TI TbOy Y Yo

Fig. 5. Selectedtrace elementspatterns of IAT rocks.

which also display BAB signatures, but with less
pronounced Nb negative anomalies (Smith et al.,
1991; Monnier et ai., 1995). Preliminary Sr-Nd isotopic data on two volcanic samples from the Lamasi
Formation and two others from the Tmombo Formation also plot in the overlapping area between
MORB and IAT domains (S7Sr/StSr: 0.703-0.7045;
143Nd/144Nd: 0.5129--0.5131). All these arguments
converge to favour a BAB origin (Fig. 5).
These BAB-type magmatic rocks (basalts, gabbros or rhyolites) are scattered along the whole area
studied (Fig. 1). In the north, they belong to the
Tinombo Formation, which can be found from Manado to Palu. In the south, they belong to the Lamasi
Formation (Toraja area) and the Kalamiseng Formation (Ujung Pandang area). Locality names for these
formations can be found in the age tables.
In the widespread 7~nombo Formation, volcanic
rocks occur often as pillow lavas in association with
marine sediments and turbidite deposits. In our sampiing, they are represented by numerous basaltic
flows (Tinombo--Labuanaki, in the Manado area)
with magrnatic emplacement ages ranging from 50
to 40 Ma (Fig. 3). In the Palu area, BAB basaltic
dykes dated between 53 and 42 Ma and at 34 Ma
are well developed, particularly around Donggala
(Tables 1 and 3). Small BAB occurrences (gabbros
and granodiorites) are reported around 37 Ma in the
Tolitoli area (Fig. 3; Tables 1 and 2) and the last
witness (ca. 27 Ma old) of BAB magrnatic activity
has been found in the Manado area.
The Lamasi rocks (Toraja area) are mostly vol-

canics, often basaltic pillow lavas, dykes and breccias, but gabbroic intrusions are also present. Some
of them show evidence of late tectonic deformation
(J. Girardeau and M. Villeneuve, peps. commun.,
1993; Bergman et al., 1996) and their contacts with
neighbouring units are either tectonic or hidden.
Their ages range from 150 to 15 Ma (Table 6) as
a result of variably combined effects of low initial
K contents, possible low temperature and hydrothermal interaction between basalts and seawater and
finally thermal effects linked to tectonic emplacement. Among them, analytically reliable bulk rock
ages, ca. 137 and 158 Ma, respectively, have been
measured for two relatively K-rich samples: a diorite
which intrudes a microgabbro and a basaltic dyke.
These ages are close to a group of ages (121-137
Ma) measured by the 39Ar/4Ar method (Bergman et
al.,1996) for the same formation.
Another group of ages ranging from 15 to 21
M a have been obtained on the Lamasi Formation.
They fitwith the 5-20 M a group of Bergrnan et al.
(1996). In the discussion they can be linked with the
ones measured on volcanics from the Kalamiseng
Formation (Ujung Pandang area) by Yuwono (1987)
and Yuwono et al. (1988a). In both cases, they were
obtained on pillowed basaltic flows associated with
cherts and volcanic breccias. In both places there is
much evidence for tectonic deformation. Therefore
we support the proposal of Yuwono and coworkers
for the Kalamiseng Formation, who considered these
young ages as tectonic emplacement or deformation
ages rather than magrnatic emplacement ages.

84

M. Polv~et al./ Tectonophysics 272 (1997) 69-92

Fig. 6)with a moderate LREE enrichment as compared to HREE (5 < (La/Yb)N < 10). Multi-element diagrams show a general and progressive enrichment in incompatible elements, following their
degree of incompatibility. All spectra display significant negative anomalies in Ta and/or Nb associated
with minor ones in Hf, Zr, Ti. All these features are
typical of subduction-related magmatism and consistent with an important role played by fluids in
the incompatible-element enrichment of the mantle
sources (Tatsumi et al., 1986; Tatsumi, 1989).
If the chemical features of Sulawesi CA magmatism are rather typical, its relative paucity is surprising. In contrast with previous opinions (Katili,
1975; Hamilton, 1979), our data show that, with the
exception of the present-day CA magmatism in the
Manado area, it has a limited occurrence, both in
space and time, in all areas.
There is one CA occurrence in the Ujung Pandang
area which contains the oldest CA rocks: the Bua
Formation dated at ca. 59-61 Ma (Van Leeuwen et
al., 1881; Yuwono et al., 1988b; Figs. 1 and 3).
CA lava flows and volcanic breccias are overlain
by calcareous and clay deposits. This event seems
unrelated to any other subduction-related magmatism
in Sulawesi and its location might be better related
to the CA magmatism occurring at the same time
in the Meratus, Kalimantan (Yuwono et al., 1988b).
Again in the Ujung Pangang area, a CA magrnatic
event might have occurred at 19-18 Ma (Yuwono,
1987), was then almost completely eroded and is
represented mostly by clasts in volcano-sedimentary
rocks (Camba I Formation). In the Toraja area, CA

4.2. Island-arc tholeiitic ( IAT) magmas

Sulawesi IAT magmatic rocks are more silica-rich

than the BAB and display more evolved characters
(low Ni, Cr and Co contents). Their REE patterns
are nearly fiat or show a slight LREE enrichment,
again ten times more enriched as compared to chondrites. Negative anomalies in HFSE (Ta and/or Nb)
are more pronounced as compared to BAB. These
features all suggest an IAT magmatic parentage, as
do their K/Rb, K/Ba and Rb/Sr ratios.
IAT occur in relatively small outcrops and are
restricted to the central and to the northern parts of
Sulawesi (Palu, Tolitoli and Manado areas; Fig. 1).
They are also fairly time-restricted as they erupted
around 28 Ma in the Manado area, around 18 Ma in
Palu and between 22 to 14 Ma in Tolitoli. This IAT
magmatic event appears to be younger than the BAB
magmatic event.
4.3. Calc-alkaline magmatic rocks

Caic-alkaline magmatic rocks range from basalts

and andesites to diorites and granodiorites; subordinate rhyolites and granites (not represented in Fig. 2)
are also found. Trace-element and isotopic studies of the recent magmatism in the Manado area
(Jezek et al., 1981; Morrice et al., 1983; Morrice
and Gill, 1986; Tatsumi et al., 1991) indicate its
typical CA signature. Our data confirm this observation and extend it to other areas and older
rocks. All the Sulawesi CA magmatic rocks display fairly homogeneous REE patterns (Table 7 and
CA magmatism
1000 ~

Rocks/C~ondate

Rocks/Prlmlave Mantle

1000

~ LP129A

KW187
SN8947

100-

10-

i
i
LICe

i
NO

~ i
I
~
Sm Eu TIo Y

i
Dy

i
Er

i
YD

CsRbBaTI1 U NbTa K LaCAISr P N 0 6 m Z r H f E u TI T b D y Y Y b

Fig. 6. Selectedtrace elementspatternsof CA rocks.

Y25-9

Y25-10

M. Polvd et al./ Tectonophysics 272 (1997) 69-92

magmatism is represented by a single intrusion, the

Kambuno 'granite' which is actually a granodiorite
dated at 30 Ma.
CA magmatism is predominant only in the North
Ann. In the Tolitoli area three occurrences dated at
22, 17 and 14 Ma have been documented. In the
Manado area, a well represented magmatic event
began 4.3 Ma ago and is still active in volcanoes
such as Gunung Lokon. Of course the rarity of CA
magmatism is in opposition with previous models
and has geodynamic implications discussed below.

85

petrographic facies are very. diverse, ranging from

basanites, basalts, trachybasalts and trachyandesites,
to trachytes, phonolites and syenodiodtes. Most
rocks are silica-undersaturated (Table 7) and fairly
rich in MgO. Despite their petrographic diversity,
their trace-element signatures (Table 7, Figs. 7-9)
are rather homogeneous. They are 80 to 200 times
more LREE-enriched when compared to chondrites,
while only 10 times more HREE-enrichod. They
display strong enrichment in incompatible elements
such as Cs (up to 1000 times) U and Th and display
typical Ti, Zr, Ta and/or Nb negative anomalies.
High-K magmatism distribution is restricted to the
South Arm of Sulawesi (Fig. 1) and more specially in
the Ujung Pandang area, where it began around 12.8
Ma (Fig. 3) and is represented from 2.3 to 0.8 Ma by

4.4. High-K magmatic series

High-K magmatism includes shoshonitic (SH), alkali-potassic (AK) or ultrapotassic (UK) rocks. The
CAK magmatism
Rocks/Chonarite

Rocks/Pdmltive Mantle

lOOO -~

o NP07

MA4
o NG12
NO15
100-

10-

-t
JI
i

La Ce

Nd

T--SIn EU "rb

Dy

Er

Yb

C~bBaTh

\1~'~

U NbTa K L a C e S r P NClSmZr HfEu Ti T b O y Y Y b

Fig. 7. Selected trace elements patterns of CAK rocks.

SH Magnetism

1000 "-:

RocksA~mlave
o Y1-11

r~

1
1-I

Y19-14

cJ Y10-9

i~y

Er

Yb

, i

, i

CsRII:OaTfl U NbTIi K LliCeSr p NdSmZr HfEu TI ~

Fig. 8. Selected t r a c e elements patterns of SH rocks.

~ i

y Yb

86

M. Polv3 et aL / Tectonophysics 272 (1997) 69-92

AK and UK Magmatism

looo -~

Rocks/Chondrite

1000 - -

Rocks/Pflmltlve
Mantle
o

Y12-9
Yll-8
Y19-5
Y6-5

I
1

.--~

La Co

Nd

Sm Eu Tb

Dy

Er

YO

.....

w - f - ~

CsRl~aTh U NbTa K LaCeSr P NclSmZr HfEu Ti TbOy Y Yb

Fig. 9. Selectedtrace elementspatternsof AK and UK rocks. Note the general incompatibleelementenrichmentfrom BAB to SH, AK
and UK, associatedwith more and more pronouncednegativeHFSEanomalies.
the Plio-Pleistocene Lompobatang Volcano. In the
Toraja area, it is represented by large volumes of
slightly undersaturated alkali-basaltic, trachybasaltic
and trachyandesitic flows erupted between 12 and 10
Ma ago. It is interesting to note that in the Toraja
area, the last high-K intrusion, the syenodiorite NM
43A, is 6.3 Ma old and is therefore contemporaneous
with the first CAK granitic intrusion (SU 9). There
are in addition a few shoshonitic dykes, ca. 11 Ma
old, near Tolitoli (Table 2).
4.5. Potassic calc-alkaline magmatism

In Sulawesi, all CAK rocks are Al-rich and acidic

in composition (Priadi et al., 1993). They display
fairly homogeneous REE and multi-element patterns
(Fig. 7). They are roughly 100-200 times more
LREE-enriched and 10 times more HREE-enriched
than chondrites, with REE patterns being fairly fiat
from Eu to Yb. They are globally enriched in incompatible elements and display Nb, Ta and Ti negative
anomalies. But these anomalies are less pronounced,
and U and Th enrichments are more important than
in typical CA magmatic rocks. This feature has also
been observed in the high-K magmatic rocks. REE
and multi-element patterns are nearly identical in
these two groups.
This CAK magmatism is a fairly recent event,
which is well developed in the Toraja and Palu areas where CA magrnatism is scarce or absent and/or
where high-K magmatism has a fairly restricted occurrence (Fig. 3). In the Toraja area, the rhyolitic

Barupu tuff which erupted 0.6 Ma ago (Table 4)

seems volumetrically important, but of course this
observation is biased as this event is the most recent
and thus overprinted the older ones. Moreover, it
covers large surfaces due to its subaerial emplacement as pyroclastic flows, although its thickness is
usually less than 30 m.
In the Palu area, CAK magmatism is mostly
represented by granitoid intrusions located along the
Palu-Koro graben (Table 3). All these granites were
intruded between 5 and 3.4 Ma, although some of
their separated K-feldspars give higher ages due to
excess argon (Sajona et al., 1994). The most recent
CAK manifestation in this area is represented by
rhyolites erupted 1.9 Ma ago (GP 61C).

5. Geodynamic implications
The margin of Eurasia in Sulawesi was the site of
accretion of continental fragments originating from
Gondwana (Sclater and Fisher, 1974; Johnson et
al., 1976; Metcalfe, 1993). The youngest of these
collision and accretion events occurred during the
Neogene (Rangin et al., 1990a,b; Smith and Silver,
1991) and involved microblocks created from the
dislocation of Bird's Head, Irian Jaya (Hall, 1996).
These events followed a ca. 25 Ma period of subduction which began around 48 Ma as indicated
by the age of the first magnetic anomaly identified
in the Celebes Sea back-arc basin (Weissel, 1980;
Rangin and Silver, 1991). The Early Paleocene and
Late Cretaceous are suspected to be another period

M. Polvdet al./ Tectonophysics 272 (1997) 69-92

of accretion with docking of other block(s) of Australian origin along the active Eurasian margin at the
level of Sulawesi (Hamilton, 1979; Rangin et al.,
1989; Daly et al., 1991). This later collision event
in turn marked the end of a largely accepted but
poorly documented period of subduction following
the rifting and dislocation of the Australian margin
during Jurassic--Cretaceous times (Audley-Charles,
1983; Audley-Charles et al., 1988).
Our goal is to discuss the observed and dated
magmatism and to link it to this rather complex tectonic scenario. Remarkably the two periods of major
geodynamic changes around 50 Ma and 15 Ma,
respectively, correspond to abrupt changes in the
magmatic record in West Sulawesi: 50 Ma is the oldest available ages of the Tinombo BAB, postdating
by ca. 10 Ma the oldest recorded CA event recognised at ca. 60 Ma (Bua Formation, Ujung Pandang
area). In addition, as shown before, CA volcanism
is presently active in the Manado area where it began at 4.3 Ma (Table 1) and occurred in the Tolitoli
area between 8.8 and 7 Ma (Table 2). The youngest
IAT magmatism found in Sulawesi is 13.9 Ma old
(Tolitoli area). Then, volcanic activity resumed at ca.
13 Ma in Central (Palu area, Toraja area) and South
Sulawesi (Ujung Pandang area) with K-rich magmas
of completely different geodynamic significance.
In tile following discussion, the links between
magmatism and tectonic episodes in Sulawesi are
discussed from the youngest to the oldest events.
The geodynamic/magmatic calendar has thus been
divided into three main periods: 0--15 Ma, 15-50
Ma, and >50 Ma.
5.1. Present-day tectonic regime of Sulawesi

Sulawesi is surrounded by Tertiary marginal

basins (Celebes Sea basin of Middle Eocene age,
Makassar basin, North Banda basin of Late Miocene
age) which are being consumed along small trenches
(Hamilton, 1979). The only active volcanic manifestations on Sulawesi are located in the Manado
area and represent the southern termination of the
Sangihe arc (Tatsumi et al., 1991). This magmatism is clearly linked to the NW-dipping subduetion
zone related to the latest stage of subduction of the
Molueca Sea (Silver and Moore, 1978; Cardwell et
al., 1980). In the Manado area, the SE-NW polarity

87

of magmatism is indicated by the increase of incompatible elements and the more radiogenic Sr and Pb
isotopic signature away from the trench (Tatsumi et
al., 1991).
The southward subduction zone beneath the North
Ann of Sulawesi dies out eastwards (Silver et al.,
1983) and involves the western part of the Celebes
Sea basin where the magnetic anomalies show an
asymmetric pattern 0Veissel, 1980). The active volcano of Una-Una, in the Gorontalo Gulf, is the only
potential product of this subduction, although it is
located 250 km away from the trench.
Other parts of Sulawesi are tectonically linked by
strike-slip faults (Fig. 1, inset) which extend eastward in the North Banda Sea (Rthanlt et al., 1991).
The North Banda Sea is a marginal pull-apart basin
which started its opening in a transtensional environment during the Late Miocene and is presently
consumed along the Tolo trench, below Eastern Sulawesi (Rthault et al., 1994). The Bone Gulf, although presently poorly known, might be a similar
example of a young pull-apart basin. To the west,
Sulawesi is separated from Borneo by the Makassar
basin which is currently interpreted either as a foreland basin (Bergman et al., 1996) or a part of the
Celebes Sea marginal basin (Hall, 1996).
5.2. 0--15 Ma: the collision and its magmatic effects

Central Sulawesi was the site of docking of Australian microblocks with the Eurasian active margin.
First impact of collision can be traced back to 23
Ma ago from geodynamic reconstructions and corresponds to the onset of a compressional regime in
the Southwest Pacific marginal basins. As discussed
below, the youngest CA magmatic activity stopped
at 18 Ma in the Ujung Pandang area (Yuwono et
al., 1988a) and even earlier in Central Sulawesi, in
front of the apex of the collision zone, whereas in the
North Arm, IAT/CA magrnatism continued from the
Mio--Pliocene up to the present day.
In the Toraja and Ujung Pandang areas, magmatic
activity resumed at 13 Ma with the emplacement of
high-K magnms ranging from shoshonites to ultrapotassic basanites. In Central Sulawesi (Toraja and
Palu areas) this event was very short (13-11 Ma)
although important volumes of lavas and intrusive
rocks were emplaced. In South Sulawesi the high-K

88

M. Polvget al./Tectonophysics 272 (1997) 69-92

magmatic activity continued until the Quaternary

(Lompobatang Volcano). This high-K magmatism
shows obvious similarities with the Roman Magmatic Province (Peccerillo et al., 1984; Peccerillo,
1985; Beccaluva et al., 1991). Yuwono et al. (1988a)
ascribed the South Sulawesi magmatism to melting
in a within-plate distensional regime of a mantle
wedge which was metasomatized during a previous
subduction event. Our new trace elements and age
data allow us to extend this hypothesis to Central Sulawesi where there is no typical IAT/CA magmatism
postdating the beginning of collision.
CAK magmatism is well known to be directly
related to active subduction. It is also documented
in collision zones although both its origin (either
mantle-related with crustal contamination or crustal
anatexis) and its precise geodynamic context (either
syn- or post-collision) are often debated (Pearce et
al., 1990; Harris et al., 1990). In Sulawesi, petrologic
and geochemical arguments suggest that the young
(6.5-0.6 Ma) CAK magmatism from the Toraja and
Palu areas was produced by the post-collisional melting of continental crust (Priadi et al., 1993, 1994).
The postulated thickening of continental crust is
suggested by the uplift of West Sulawesi and the
exposure, along the Palu graben, of granulite facies
rocks (garnet peridotites, pyroxenites, metabasalts),
displaying local anatectic features. Other high-grade
metamorphic rocks have been mapped in the Tolitoli area (Ratman, 1976). Most of these rocks have
REE and multi-element patterns strikingly similar to
those of the CAK group. For this reason and also
because of its acidic, Al-rich character, Priadi (1993)
proposed that the CAK magmatism resulted from
post-collisional melting of high-grade metamorphic
rocks. But this model does not explain why trace-element signatures are so similar for CAK and high-K
magmatic rocks, which, as already mentioned, display evidence of a mantle-related origin. In contrast
with this model, Coffield et al. (1993) and Bergman
et al. (1996) argued that both CAK and high-K magmatism originated in a collision setting involving
microplates of Australian origin.
The most likely explanation for the crustal thickening beneath Central Sulawesi is the underthrusting
of buoyant continental crust. Although the collision
was sealed by Miocene molasse in East Sulawesi,
there is some evidence that the convergence process

between Sula and Sulawesi is still continuing, inducing a shortening within the microblocks in the Banda
Sea along the Tolo thrust (R6hault et al., 1994).
However, the precise meaning of the initiation of
CAK magmatic activity at 6.5 MA with respect to
the recent collision events is still uncertain. It could
correlate with a crustal thickening event linked to the
docking of the Sula block at ca. 5 Ma (Hall, 1996).
Alternatively it could result from decompression and
melting following the previous crustal thickening
event linked to the docking of the Buton-Tukang
Besi microblock at 11 Ma (Hall, 1996).
In contrast with the other parts of Western Sulawesi, subduction-related magmatism appears to be
continuous along the North Arm for the last 15 Ma
(Table 1). In the Tolitoli and Manado areas, IAT/CA
magmas are documented at ca. 22-14 Ma, whereas
CA activity resumed at 8.8 Ma (Tolitoli area) and
4.3 Ma (Manado area), respectively, and is well documented from ca. 4 Ma (Pinogu volcanics) to the
present (Manado active volcanoes). In other words,
there seems to be an eastward migration of this magmatism with time, from the central part of the North
Arm (Marisa--Gorontalo area) to its eastern termination where calc-alkaline volcanoes are still active.
Volcanic rocks related to this magmatism dated at ca.
4 Ma in the Gorontalo area were rotated clockwise
20, as are the ca. 30 Ma volcanic rocks in Bilungala (Surmont et al., 1994). This implies that the
subduction causing this rotation is younger than 4
Ma and thus cannot be responsible for the emplacement of the Late Miocene-Pliocene CA magmatism.
The major part of this 15-4 Ma subduction-related
magmatism might be associated with north-dipping
subduction, which is progressively younger towards
the east.
5.3. 15-50 Ma: the prominent subduction regime

CA magmatism older than 15 MA is probably

related to the generally accepted subduction of the
Indian Ocean plate below the Sundaland. Our data
reveal only limited occurrences of CA magmatism
younger than 22 Ma. This may be explained by
trench-to-trench transform faulting (or very oblique
subduction) along South and Central Sulawesi (Rangin et al., 1990b). Alternatively, tectonic erosion (e.g.
Von Huene and Lallemand, 1990; Lallemand et al.,

M. Polv# et al./Tectonophysics 272 (1997) 69-92

1992) could have caused the arc in Central and South

Sulawesi to retreat westwards. Consequently major
parts of the Palaeogene volcanic arc would have
been consumed through the progressive tectonic erosion process of the front of the upper plate, leading
the volcanic arc to retreat over its former back arc
basin. Some support for this model is provided by
the presence of BAB basalts (Tinombo Formation) in
most areas where they are intruded and/or overlain
by younger IAT or CA magmas.
5.4. The Paleocene subduction event

The oldest CA magmatism recorded in Sulawesi

is present in the Bua Formation (Ujung Pandang
area) where andesites have been dated as ca. 60
Ma (Van Leeuwen, 1981; Yuwono et al., 1988a; Table 5). They are younger than the CA lavas from
the Cretaceous Alino and Manunggul formations in
the Meratus Range, southeast Kalimantan (Yuwono
et al., 1988b), but a Paleocene age (59.1-4-3.0 Ma)
was obtained on a basaltic dyke crosscutting the
Manunggul lava pile in neighbouring Pulau Laut island (Priyomarsono, 1985). Fragments of CA lavas
of Late Cretaceous--Eocene ages were also found in
the melange-type formations of Karansambung, Central Java (Suparka and Soeria-Atmadja, 1991). These
scattered occurrences indicate a subduction-related
magmatism all along the southeastern margin of the
Eurasian continent during the Paleocene.
5.5. Enigmatic pre- Tertiary basalts

BAB basalts and gabbros of presumed Mesozoic

crystallisation ages outcrop in the Lamasi Formation
of Central Sulawesi (see also Bergman et al., 1996).
The Kalamiseng Formation (South Sulawesi) basalts
display similar chemical affinities and their Miocene
K-At ages may represent tectonic emplacement ages
(Yuwono et al., 1988a) rather than crystallization
ages. In both cases the contacts with the other geological units of West Sulawesi are either tectonic or
hidden.
The tectonic framework of the formation of the
Lamasi and Kalamiseng basalts remains highly conjectural, given the uncertainties on their crystaUisation ages. They might represent fragments from the
upper volcanic unit of the East Sulawesi Ophiolitic

89

Nappe which is thrust onto the western arm, as suggested by Yuwono et al. (1988a) and Bergrnan et
al. (1996). Basalts displaying negative Nb and Ta
anomalies are also reported in the East Sulawesi
Ophiolite (Monnier et al., 1994; Monnier et al.,
1995). However the crystallisation age of amphibole
from gabbros belonging to this ophiolitic sequence
is Middle Eocene (Monnier et al., 1994) and thus appears to be incompatible with this interpretation. Alternatively the Lamasi and Kalamiseng Formations
might correspond to fragments of back-arc crust created during the Mesozoic dislocation of Asian blocks
of Gondwana origin. Indeed, carbonate platform sediments of postulated Jurassic and Cretaceous ages
in Sulawesi have been interpreted as parts of the
Australian margin rifted during the Jurassic (Audley-Charles et al., 1988). Some of these carbonate
deposits have been dated as Late Triassic (Com6e
et al., 1994). They are overlain by Jurassic turbiditic
limestones and radiolarites, the occurrence of which
suggests a rapid subsidence during Early and Middle
Jurassic times.
6. Conclusion

The oldest evidence of magmatic activity in West

Sulawesi is present in the Lamasi Formation but the
origin of these BAB basalts is still unknown.
The oldest arc magmatism recorded in South
Sulawesi is ca. 60 Ma old and might be related
to the same subduction that left remnants in Java
(Karangsambung) and East Kalimantan (Pulau Laut
and Meratus, among others).
The main occurrences of typical IAT and CA subduction-related magmatism are limited both in space
and time (roughly 30-14 Ma) possibly because of
tectonic erosion that consumed the old CA magrnatic
arc and built up the recent one over the old BAB
material (Tinombo Formation).
The only well represented CA activity began 15
Ma ago in the North Arm and is still active in
the Manado area. It is related to the north-dipping
subduction which migrated eastward through time
from the Tolitoli area to the Manado area and then to
the Sangihe arc.
While the North Arm was involved in this northdipping subduction, Central Sulawesi magmatism
began to record the effects of collisions involving

90

M. Polv~ et al./ Tectonophysics 272 (1997) 69-92

microblocks of Australian origin (e.g. the Sula and

Buton-Tukang Besi blocks), which were initiated
during the Miocene. It produced high-K magmas in
South Sulawesi and, more recently, copious amounts
of acidic CAK products in Central Sulawesi. The
latter could be related to crustal thickening and subsequent melting during decompression.
Sulawesi can no longer be considered as a typical island arc: subduction-related magmatism is not
common enough. But this area illustrates the consequences of collision and crustal thickening on
magma genesis. Coupling between tectonic observations and geochemical characteristics raises questions about the respective meanings of 'tectonic age'
of the collision and its 'geochemical age' as the
time-span between them is not fully understood.

Acknowledgements
The authors thank J.C. Philippet and Dr J. Cotten
for their analytical contribution to this study. Field
work was supported by the INSU-MAE joint program PICS#46 and the French-Indonesian (INSUDGGMR) agreement. B.P.'s thesis grant was provided by the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Laboratory work has been supported by a CNRSDBT grant on CAK magmatism. This paper benefited greatly from informal discussions within the
PICS group and especially from Dr J. Malod's synthetic views. Reviews by Drs R. Hall et B.C. Burchfield helped greatly to improve the manuscript. R.
Hall is particularly thanked for his comments on the
tectonic history and timing of events in Sulawesi.

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