Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Presented By
Beenu Chaudhary
University Roll No 08EEMCS018
B.Tech. Final Year (Computer Science)
Acknowledgement
The project report on my summer training at BSNL,
Bharatpur would not have been efficiently possible without
the kind help and guidance of the training officers of
different exchanges and other office members of the
BHARATPUR BSNL office.
So, I would like to express my gratitude to the
General Manager, BSNL, BHARATPUR who allowed me to
pursue training in his organization.
I would also like to thank Mr. S.S Sinsinwar S.D.E.
and Mr. Atul Jain J.T.O., EWSD exchange, Agra. Moreover
I thank all other members who have directly or indirectly
contributed to this project.
Last but not least I extend my thanks to all my
friends, who have always been very supportive and cooperated me throughout the term of my summer training.
Bharti Chaudhary
Preface
I have written this summer training report as per the
requirement of the Rajsthan technical university for partial
fulfillment of the industrial interaction programme after
the 6th semester.
The report gives an overview of various exchanges
of the communication department of BSNL, AGRA. We
under went training from 13th June 2011 to 09th July
2011. During this duration we visited the E10B, OCB and
5ESS exchanges. I have tried my level best to explain the
components and working of all the above-mentioned
exchanges in this report.
Bharti Chaudhary
Topics
Contents
Page No.
INTRODUCTION..6
E-10B exchange
OCB exchange
5ESS exchange
TELEPHONE EXCHANGE7
Manual Exchange
Automatic Exchange
TELEPHONE INSTRUMENT......8
Rotatory Dial Type
Electronic Push Button Type
TELEPHONING SYSTEM.....9
POWER PLANT
.14
Float Rectifier
Battery Charger
Switching Cubical
FLOAT SYSTEM
15
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION.
.....16
ADVANTAGE OF OPTICAL FIBRE..
17
MICROPROCESSOR..
.18
BUS SYSTEM..........18
ELECTRONIC EXCHANGE FACILITIES......19
4
Facilities to Subscriber
Facilities to Administration
Versatility
Facilities to maintenance Personal
I.D.N.
I.S.D.N.
CONTROL SYSTEM..22
ELECTRONIC EXCHANGE24
Types of electronic exchange
Function of an electronic exchange
TYPES OF SWITCHING
SYSTEM.28
Time division switching system
Space division switching system
SWITCHING PROCESSOR....28
SWITCHING PERIPHERALS..29
LINE INTERFACE....30
Analog Subscribers line interface
Transmisssion interface
Signalling interface
SIGNALING....31
Channel associated signalling
Common channel signalling
BASIC MODULES.33
CENTRE FOR DEVELOPMENT OF TELEMATICS 35
CONCLUSION37
REQUIREMENTS
38
INTRODUCTION:
From the ancient days it has been deepest human desire to stay closed with
those they need. Many different ways have been evolved and implemented
to fulfill this; Telephony is also such a mechanism that uses Telephone,
electronic equipment that converts sound into electrical signals that can be
transmitted over distances and then converts received signals back into
sounds.
Electronic exchanges play major role in this system. Its a workplace
that serves telecommunication facilities where lines from telephones can be
connected together to permit communication. The switching center that
houses the terminating and switching equipment is called TELEPHONE
EXCHANGE. Following are the types of exchanges where upon we have done
training and prepared this report:
1)
E10B- This was the first ever fully electronic exchange of our country
established in 1990. This name stands for Electronic-10,000
subscribers capacity- B (series code). It had given first ever speeded
dialing feature in telephony.
2)
3)
5ESS- This name stands for 50,000 subscribers limit- Electronic-SubSubscribers. It had implemented concept of sub-subscribers to
increase the subscribers limits.
TELEPHONE
EXCHANGE
TELEPHONE EXCHANGE
Manual exchange
Cordless
Board)
(PBX
Automatic exchange
Cord Type
magneto switch
CB switchboard
Strowger
Crossbar
Electronic
Analog
Digital
TELEPHONE INSTRUMENT
Telephone instruments are mainly of three types
1 Magneto Telephone Instrument
2 C.B. Telephone Instrument
3 Automatic Telephone Instrument
AUTOMATIC TELEPHONE INSTRUMENT
Rotary Dial Type
IPT677 Type is allowed for
Electronic Exchange
Decadic
DTMF Dialing
Frequency dialing.
Instantaneous dialing.
Dialing is faster, 7digits
per second.
Same time is consumed in
dialing any digit.
TELEPHONING SYSTEM
Telephonic System can be divided into two parts (fig-3)
1 Internal Exchange side equipment fall in this category such
as
Main Distribution Frame (MDF)
Switching Equipment
Power Plant
Carrier Station and Microwave station.
2 External it comprises equipments from MDF to rosselt of
telephone such as
(a) U/G Cable Section: MDF to Distribution point box.
(b) O/H Line Section: Distribution point to Subscribes window.
(c) Internal Wiring: Subscribes window to rosselt of telephone.
SW
R
O
O
m
D.P.
M
D
F
O/H
CABINET
PILLER
SUBS
WINDOW
IIIII
U/G
ROSSETT
SWITCHING EQUIPMENT
ANALOG SWITCHING- the term analog switching is used as a
synonym for space division switching. A path in an analog
switching system consists of number of path elements called
links, which are interconnected by cross points.
CROSS POINTS- It is a miniaturized switch, which is used to
connect various links of speech path. It has two stable states Closed connecting (0.1 to 200 ohms)
Open blocking (10 to 25 mega ohms)
10
PCM
SSTD
OTD
ISD
FAX
TAX
PCO
IDN
ISDN
CBNM
CBM
PABX
PBX
PMBX
EPABX
ALU
LDCA
SDCA
CDOT
LAN
WAN
E-MAIL
I-NET
INTERNET
TELEX
CTO
DTO
SPC
DTMF
RAX
12
CROSS
POINT
ELECTRO MECHANICAL
CROSSBAR
DERIVATIVE
SWITCHES
REED
RELAY
SEALED
SWITCHES
OTHERS
MAGNETI
ELECTRONIC
FIELD
EFFECT
BIPOLAR
THY
TRANSISTOR
FET
MOS
CMOS
ELECTRICALLY
LATCHED
14
POWER PLANT
One of the primary requirements of any computer system is that
service will be available to the subscriber at any time. In the vast
majority of exchanges the electrical energy required for
signaling, switching, speed transmission mains. The exchange
power system is designed to provide continuous and
uninterrupted telephone service even when the public electric
fails. We can divide power plant in three major blocks such as
FLOAT RECTIFIER
BATTERY CHARGER
SWITCHING CUBICAL
COMPONENTS
16
OPTICAL COMMUNICATION
Optical fiber is a latest means by which we transmit information
(speech, data, video), in the form of light through optical fibers
(fig. 5). This communication requires five stages.
17
I/P DEVICE
FLOPPY
DISKS
O/P DEVICE
C.D.
CASSETTS
Microprocessor
A microprocessor is a complex electronic processor on a single
silicon chip (Large-scale integrated circuit). It is capable of
performing arithmetic and logical functions under the control of
program.
Functional units of microprocessor1. Arithmetic and logic unit
2. Registers (Temporary memory)
3. Timing and control unit
Functions
1. FETCH
2. DECODE
3. EXECUTE
Bus System
Various switching peripherals are connected to central processor
by means of a common bus system. A bus is a group of wires on
which data and command pulses are transmitted between the
various sub units of a switching processor and switching
peripherals. The device to be activated is addressed by sending
its address on address bus. The common bus system avoids
costly interconnection among various devices (Fig-6).
Address BusThe address bus normally consists of 16 lines. To access a
particular device or memory location, the microprocessor
transmits its address on these lines.
Data BusThe data bus usually has parallel conductors. It is a path for
transferring data in and out of the processor.
Address bus is unidirectional and data bus is bi-directional.
Control BusControl bus is used for transmitting and receiving control signals
between microprocessor and various I/O devices.
19
20
21
I.S.D.N (Integrated service digital network)Presently, there is a multiplicity of services such as telephoning,
telex, data cable television etc. that are provided by separate
dedicated network for each of them. These non-integrated
services require separate switching system. Special subscribers
access plants, individual trunk networks and separate operations
and maintenance staff. These services are costly to the
subscriber as well as to department. In I.S.D.N, these services
are provided by one integrated network, which can be accessed
by different customer premises equipment.
In I.S.D.N, subscriber loop from the local exchange will be
terminated at the network terminal (N.T). From N.T the signal
will be distributed to the information sockets. These information
sockets will be distributed in the premises just like power sockets
are distributed for providing on the information sockets, different
terminals for voice and nonvoice services can be connected.
22
Control System
A system can perform any work by a single processor or
multiprocessor.
Control System
Single Processor
System (Monarchic)
Hierarchical System
2 Levels
3 Levels
P1 P2 P3
PN
F1
F2
P1
P2
F3
P3
Processes
when
function
division
is used
XGE
Function
Fn
Pn
Ultimate capacity of XGE
Fig 7: Functional Division & Segmenting
To switching network
A1
A2
B1
B2
N1
N2
Electronic Exchange
These are entirely computerized and electronic devices, which
work on store programme control. Electronic logic component
can do ten thousand times operation during signal in the
comparison of electromechanical exchange.
In an electronic exchange a single control device
simultaneously process a number of calls on time-sharing basis.
Such centralization is more economical, but it is disadvantageous
in making switching system more vulnerable to system failure.
This, however, can be overcome a standby control devices.
These electronic exchanges have powerful processing unit.
Part of control equipment capacity utilize for function other than
for processing. There are two types of electronic exchange.
Analog Exchange- this exchange uses one physical path for one
call. Hence, full availability could not be achieved due to internal
blocking.
To switching network
25
CC
Fig 9: N+1 Redundancy
TELEPHONE ENVIRONMENT
Clock
MA
Copartor
MB
Terminal Equipment
Switching
Network
27
Common
Channel
Signalling
terminal
Channel
Associated
Signalling
terminal
Distributor
Scanner
Marker
BUS
Switching
processor
Central
Control
---------------Memories
28
Central Control
It is a high-speed data processing unit that controls the
operation of the switching network (fig 12)
Programme Store- in this, set of instructions called programme
are stored. The programmes are interpreted and executed by the
central control.
Data Store- it provides for the temporary store of transient
data, required in processing calls such as digits dialed by
subscribers, busy/idle status of lines and trunks e.t.c.
Data Store is temporary memory whereas translation and
programmes stores are semi permanent type. The information in
semi transparent memory does not change during the processing
of call but the information in data store changes the continuously
origination and termination of each call.
Switching peripherals
The time intervals in which the processor operates is in the
order of micro second, while the components in telephone
switching system operate in millisecond. The equipment known
as switching peripherals is interface between two equipment
working at different speeds. The interface equipments act as
speed, buffer as well as enables conversion of digital logic signals
from the processor to the appropriate electrical signal to operate
relay cross points etc scanner, distributor and marker fall under
this category of devices.
Scanner-its purpose is to detect and inform the central control
of all significant events on subscriber lines and trunks connected
to the exchange.
Marker-it performs physical set up and release of paths through
the switching network under the control of central control.
Distributor- it is a buffer between high speed, low power central
control and relatively slow speed high power signaling terminal
circuit.
30
Line Interface
To enable an electronic exchange to function to the existing
outdoor telephone network certain interfaces are required
1. Analog subscriber line interface
2. Transmission interface
3. Signaling interface
Analog subscriber line interfaceThe function of a subscribers line interface for each two-wire line
is often known by the acronym BORSHCT which is
B- Battery Feed
O- Overload Protection
R- Ringing
S- Supervision of loop status
H- Hybrid
C- CODEC
T- Connection to test equipment
All these functions cannot be performed directly by
electronic circuiting so, suitable interfaces are required.
Transmission Interface- transmission interfaces between
analog trunks and digital trunks such as A/d and D/A converters
known as CODEC. These may be provided per line and per trunk
basis ( on the basis of one per 30 speech channels).
Signalling Interface- A typical telephone network may have
various exchange systems (manual, stronger, crossbar and
electronic e.t.c.) each having different signaling schemes. In
such an environment an exchange must be in accordance with
several different signaling codes.
31
Signaling
There are four types of signaling possible: 1. Ring Down Signalling
2. DC signaling
3. E & M signaling
4. Digital signaling
Digital Signalling can be performed in two ways: Channel Associated Signalling- Initially all signaling between
automatic exchanges was decadic i.e. telephone numbers were
transmitted as trains of 1 to 10 pulses, each train representing
one digit. To increase the speed at which the calls could be set up
and to improve the reliability of signaling, compelled sequence
multi frequency signaling system was then introduced. In this
system each signal transmitted as a combination of two out of a
group of say 5 or 6 frequencies. In both decadic and multi
frequency systems the signal for each call are sent over a
channel directly associated with the inter exchange speech
transmission circuit is used for that call. This is termed as
channel associated signaling.
Common Channel Signalling- recently a different technique
has been developed known as common channel signaling. In this
technique all the signaling information for a number of calls is
sent over a signaling link independent of the inter-exchange
speech circuit. Higher transmission rates can be utilized to enable
exchange of much larger amount of information. This results in
faster called set up. Introduction of new services i.e. abbreviated
dialing and more retrials ultimately accomplish higher call
completion rate. Moreover it can provide network management
and traffic engineering.
32
To switching Network
Programme
Store
Translation
Store
Data
Store
BASIC MODULES
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
C.P.U card.
Base interface controller card (B.I.C).
Bus interface device (B.I.D).
Memory unit (M.U).
CENTRAL MODULE
TU
TU
TU
TU
TU
TU
TU
TU
TU
TU
TU
TU
TU
BPU
TU
TU
TSU
TU
LINE MODULE
BASE MODULE
35
LINE MODULE
SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
SWITCHING NETWORK
36
SIGNAL PROCESSOR
Signaling information as the dialed digits,
ring trip, trunk seizure etc is separated at the terminal interfaces
and carried to SP on a time-multiplexed link. The SP passes on
this information to the T.I.C similarly, T.I.C uses S.P for effective
any device in the terminations.
E.g. ringing current.
MANTENANCE PANNEL
It is connected to R.C.P viz RS232C link for system for
operation and maintenance function
A DC-to-DC converter generates the various voltages
required for the system operation and also provides ringing for
the subscriber loop.
CDOT RAX uses integrated circuit based on metal oxide
silicon, MOS, CMNOS low power schottkey transistor. In,
Transistor logic bipolar 10 types of cards are used.
37
38
Requirements
A.TERMINAL INTERFACE
1.Terminator card
2. Subscriber line card (4 wire trunk)
3. Loop trunk card (two wire trunk)
B.SERVICE CIRCUIT
1. Conference card
2. Tone generating card (dial tone, busy tone, number
unattainable tone, ring back tone conference idle tone, RAX
test tone, idle tone not used ton
39
INTRODUCTION:
From the ancient days it has been deepest human desire to stay closed with
those they need with. Many different ways have been evolved and
implemented to fulfill this; Telephony is also such a mechanism that uses
Telephone, electronic equipment that converts sound into electrical signals
that can be transmitted over distances and then converts received signals
back into sounds.
Electronic exchanges play major role in this system. Its a workplace
that serves telecommunication facilities where lines from telephones can be
connected together to permit communication. Thus the switching center
that houses the terminating and switching equipment is called TELEPHONE
EXCHANGE. Following are the types of exchanges where upon we have done
training and prepared this report:
1) E10B2) OCB3) 5ESS-
40