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Aug.

15, 1961

w. L. NEWHALL ETAL

2,995,100

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR BENDING PIPE T0


SHORT RADII WITH MINIMUM THINNING OF
THE OUTER WALL THICKNESS AT THE BEND

Filed April 8, 1957

2 Sheets-Sheet 1

INVENTOR.
WELROSE L. NEWHALL.

SAMUEL B.'FLOYD,JR.

ATTORNEYS.

Aug. 15, 1961

. L. NEWHALL

ETAL

2,996,100

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR BENDING PIPE T0


SHORT RADII WITH MINIMUM THINNING OF
THE OUTER WALL THICKNESS AT THE BEND
Filed April 8, 1957
2 Sheets-Sheet 2

INVENTOR.
WELROSE L. NEWHALL.
SAMUEL B, FLOYD, JR.

MAMLQW
ATTORNEYS.

United statesP?w?fio

. Patented. Aug- 1.5, 19,61

z 996 100

reduce or entirely eliminate any thinning that might occur

due to the bending operation.

METHOD AND APPArzATUs FOR BENDING PIPE

apparentas the description proceeds.

gNHE ()UTER WALL THICKNESS AT THE

Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 shows a length


of pipe positioned at the start of the bending operation
in a conventional type of rotating forming die imparting
axial movement to the pipe during bending, a reinforcing
strap of the invention applied to the outer face of the pipe

Welrose L. Newhall, Coraopolis, and Samuel B. Floyd,

In, Wexford, Pa., assignors to Dravo Corporation,


Pittsburgh, Pa., a corporation of Pennsylvania ~

Filed Apr. 8, 1957, Ser. No. 651,448


.

These and other objects of the invention will be made

T0 snonr RADII WITH MINIMUM THINNING

14 Claims. (Cl. 153-40)

2,996,100

10

section to bebent;

'

The present invention is concerned generally with the


uniform bending of pipe and more speci?cally with re
stricting of the thinning of the metal in the wall of the
pipe at the outer side of the pipe bend.

showing the rotating forming and pressure dies in posi

Although the bending of cylindrical hollow sections of

tion of the invention wherein the reinforcing strap is

pipe is old in the art, modern processes involving use of


bent pipe and tubing have introduced increasingly di?i- '

clamped at one end to the pipe and at the other end


connected with a hydraulic cylinder mounted on the pipe

cult problems for the manufacturers of piping for the


equipment used in the practice of such processes. In or
der to reduce space requirements of the piping of such
equipment, smaller minimum radii of bends are required

without reduction of pipe strength due to thinning of


the outer wall of the pipe or tube section being bent.
In the practice of the present invention in order to ob
tain uniformity between bent pipe sections of the same

size, accurately machined forming dies of well known


types are used and a complete description and mode of
operation of such dies are not, therefore, deemed nec
essary for a complete disclosure of the invention. Such
dies are mounted on a suitable bed or machine frame 30

and powered for the purpose'in any well known manner.


The herein described invention may be practiced with f
such known types of forming dies wherein there is an
axial movement of the pipe during bending. The inven
tion is also applicable to both hot and'cold bending of the

. FIG. 2 is a view similar to FIG. 1 of the drawings


tion at the end of the bending operation;

' '

FIG. 3 is a view similar to FIG. 1 showing a modi?ca

whereby the pipe may be pre-stressed before bending to


further reduce thinning of the metal in the outer wall of
the pipe at the bend;
FIG. 4 is a view similar to FIG. 3 showing the position
of the apparatus at the end of the bending operation;
FIG. 5 of the drawings shows a further modi?cation of
the invention of FIG. 3 wherein one end of the pipe is
clampedv directly to the bed of machine preventing axial
movement of the pipe, and the conventional forming
and pressure dies move relative to the pipe which is pre
stressed by means of a chain bar clamped at opposite
ends'to the pipe as shown;

FIG. 6 is a view similar to FIG. 5 showing the relative


position of the dies and the chain bar at the end of the
bending operation;

'

' -

FIG. 7 shows a still further modi?cation of the inven


tion wherein the pipe section to be bent is in ?xed relation
to .the bed of the machine, a ?exible mandrel is mounted
pipes.
_ within the pipe for pre-stressing same before bending,
'such'stress being applied by any suitable means such as a
As it is well known in the art that when a given section '

hydraulic cylinder clamped to the. bed of the machine as


of pipe is bent, the length of the pipe on the inner side
shown and the rotating die with supporting shoe. and
of the bend is shorter than the. length of the pipe at the
outer side of the bend and the neutral axis of the bent 40 pressure die moving relative to the pipe in forming the
' section has moved from a position mid-way between the
Walls of the pipe to a new position closer to the inner
side of the bend and has thinned or stretched at the outer

walls of the pipe at the bend has thickened at the inner


side of the bend and has thinner or stretched at the outer

bend; '

'

FIG. 8' is a view similar to FIG. 7 of the drawings

showingthe position of the apparatus at the conclusion

of the bending operation.


Referring now in detail to FIGS. 1 and 2 of the draw

side of the bend. It is also 'well known that the stretch


ing or elongation of the metal inthe outer side of the
bend is not uniform, in that it is greater at an intermedi
ate portion than at the beginning and at the end of the
bent portion. In the present invention we are concerned
with reduction of the inside radius of the pipe bend with

ings, the arrangement is generally that of a pipe bending


machine having a bed portion (not shown) upon which
are mounted a rotating forming die 2, a clamping die 3,
support shoe 4 and pressure die 5. The forming die has

and apparatus for forming pipe bends using known types


of forming dies of the character described, whereby it is
possible to materially reduce thinning of the pipe Wall as

rotating die 2 for engagement with and support of the pipe

a peripheral substantially semi-circular face with the por


tion 6 thereof of an inside radius equal to that of the
out exceeding a maximum thinning of the wall at the > radius of the inside of the pipe bend to be formed. The
pipe 7 to be bent is received within the recessed semi
outside diameter of the bend greater than that permitted
circular face of the forming die in the usual manner. vThe
by standard mill tolerances for the unbent pipe.
forming die 2 rotates on the ?xed pivot 1 and is power
It is one of the objects of this invention to provide a
driven in any well known manner. The support shoe 4
process and apparatus for bending pipe and tubing to
is disposed, upon said bed portion, forwardly of the ro
minimum radii substantially smaller than is now possible -1
tating die 2 and has a semi-circular recessed face for re
without exceeding the above limitations as to reduction in
ception of the pipe 7. The support shoe is normally
the thickness of the outer wall of the bent pipe.
60 mounted in ?xed alignment with the bearing face of the
Another object of the invention is to provide method

7 as it moves past the shoe. The clamping die 3 is


mounted in any suitable manner upon the rotating forming
die v2 for rotation therewith and for movement into and
a result of bending the pipe to such smaller radii.
65 out of clamping engagement with the pipe 7. The
Another object of the invention is to provide a novel
clamping die 3 likewise has an arcuate face 9 for engage
form of mandrel which is usable with both hot and cold
ment with the pipe 7 in clamping it to the forming die
bending of the tubing or pipe.
face 10 so that the forming die, clamping die and pipe
A further object of the invention is to combine with
move as a unit about the shaft 1 of the forming die.
the aforementioned standard type of forming dies, suit 70 The pressure die 5 is mounted on the bed of the machine
able apparatus imposing compressive forces on the wall
in any suitable manner for movement towards and away

of the pipe at the outer face of the pipe bend in order to p

from bearing engagement with the pipe 7.

pressure

2,990,100

41

of the strap 64 is secured to the pipe in any suitable man


ner. As here shown the strap is clamped to the pipe by
the clamping die 52 and the strap provided with an offset

die also has a recessed arcuate face 11 providing bearing


support for the pipe moving therepast in the usual man
ner. Mounted on the machine forwardly of the support
shoe 4 and pressure die 5 may be a pair of rolls 12 and
14, the roll 12 being usually mounted on a ?xed shaft 13
and the roll 14 mounted on a shaft 15 adapted for move
inent towards and away from the pipe 7. The rolls .12

end portion 65 preventing relative movement between


the strap and clamp. Suitable guides 66 and 67 may be
mounted on the machine frame. The guide 66 is posi
tioned to maintain the strap 64 in engagement with the

and 14 are power driven vand rotate in a maner which,

pipe 55 and the guide 67 is positioned to maintain the

end of the strap in axial alignment with the cylinder pis


towards the support shoe 4 and pressure die 5 to over 10 ton stem 62. The strap 64 is preferably formed of a
high tensile strength material which bends with the pipe
come the frictional resistance thereof. The construc
during the formation of the pipe bend. The strap 64 is
tions so far described with regard to FIGS. 1 and 2
positioned to be on the outer face of the pipe bend and
constitute a well known form of pipe bending machine.
through suitable manipulation of the pressure within the
Within the pipe 7 may be mounted a suitable mandrel
having a head portion 16, a stem portion 17 and an end 15 hydraulic cylinder may be tensioned so as to pre-stress
the pipe before bending. The cylinder, through suitably
portion 18 for attachment to any suitable support of the
controlled pressure, will maintain any desired load on
machine bed (not shown). The mandrel is used pri

when clamping the pipe between them, advance the pipe

inarily for bending thin Wall sections of pipe and tubing

the strap 64 during the bending operation. It will be ob

and usually is not necessary for heavier walled pipe and


tubing. Where it is desired to heat the pipe before bend
ing, as hereinafter described, a heating means may be
substituted for or combined with the mandrel. One form
of means for adding mass to the metal of the pipe wall

vious that a chain type strap such as shown in FIG. 5


of the drawings may be substituted for the tint bar strap

here shown. By reason of the strap 64 being mounted


wholly upon the pipe and moving therewith no additional
stresses are imposed upon the drive roll 56 when advanc

ing the pipe 54 against the frictional resistance of shoe


ed on the pipe 7 and positioned to overlie the outer face 25 53 and die 54 during rotation of the forming die 50.
Referring now in detail to FIGS. 5 and 6 of the draw
of the pipe. Such a strap is preferably formed of metal
having a greater tensile strength than the metal of the
ing there is shown a further modi?cation of the invention
pipe and may be secured thereto by any suitable means
of FIGURE 1, wherein there is no axial movement of
the pipe relative to the bed of the bending machine dur
such as the welds 20 at opposite ends of the strap. The
strap is in continuous engagement with the adjacent wall 30 ing formation of the desired pipe bend. As is shown in
of the pipe and bends with the pipe as it passes through
FIGS. 5 and 6 one end the pipe 100 is secured to the bed
pressure die 5 in bending about the rotating forming die
of the bending machine (not shown) by means of the
adjustable clamp 101. The rotating forming die 102 is
2. Instead of a strap, a bar, rod or other section may be
pivotally mounted upon the bed of said machine by
used and may be clamped or otherwise positioned on the
at the outer face of the bend is shown as a strap 19 mount

pipe. The pressure die 5 has a suitable opening 21 formed

means of a pivot 103 and is power driven in any well

therein to receive the strap 19 and the clamping die like

known manner. The support shoe 104 is rigidly mounted


on the rotating forming die 102 and the pressure die
wise has a suitable opening 22 therein for the same pur
105 is adjustably mounted on the rotating forming die
pose.
Referring now in detail to FIGS. 3 and 4 of the draw
102 all for rotation therewith. The forming die 102,
ings wherein is shown a modi?cation of the invention, the 40 support shoe 104 and pressure die 105 have suitable sur
apparatus again comprises a suitable frame for a pipe
faces thereon, as previously described, for receiving the
bending machine (not shown), upon which is mounted a
pipe and engaging therewith to provide movement be
rotating forming die 50 upon a shaft 51 secured in a
tween said members and the pipe during formation of
suitable manner to said machine frame. A clamping die
the bend.
52 is suitably mounted on the forming die 50 for clamping
The means for adding mass to the outer face of the
45
engagement with the pipe. A support shoe 53 and a pres
pipe bend is shown herein as a chain bar comprising the
sure die 54 are mounted on the machine forwardly of

end bar portion 107. intermediate connected link portion

the forming die. The structure so far described is the


same as in FIG. 1. A pipe 55 is engaged by the forming
die 50, clamping die 52, support shoe 53 and pressure

108 and a second end bar portion 109. The adjustable


clamp 101 has a suitable opening therein for reception
of the end bar portion 107 and may be retained therein

die 54 in the manner also shown in FIG. 1. Forwardly


of the support shoe 53 and pressure die 54 may be mount

by any suitable means such as the offset end portion 110.


The opposite end of the chain bar portion 109 may be
ed suitable drive rolls 56 on suitably supported shafts
secured to the adjacent end of the pipe by any suitable
57 disposed above and below the pipe. These drive rolls
means such as the adjustable clamp 111 having a depend
"are for the purpose of advancing the pipe through the
ing hook portion 112 for engagement with the eye 113
support shoe and pressure die under suitable compres 55 formed on the end of the bar portion 109. The portions
sion to overcome the frictional resistance of said shoe
107 and 109 lie against straight portions of the pipe and
'and die. Within the pipe may be mounted a suitable
the ?exible connected link portion 108 overlies the length
mandrel comprising a head portion 58, stem portion 59
of the pipe forming the outer face of the bend. The
and suitably supported on the machine frame aforesaid
pressure
shoe 105, like the adjustable clamp 101, has a
60 suitable opening therein for reception of the portion 109
for the intended purpose.
Mounted on one end of the pipe 55, forwardly of the
of the chain bar passing therethrough and aids in holding
drive rolls, a sufficient distance to prevent engagement
the portion 109 and portion 108 in engagement with the

therewith during formation of the required pipe bend,

pipe during the bending operation. It will be obvious

'is a suitable hydraulic cylinder 60 connected to the pipe


that instead of the chain bar strap as shown a steel strap
in any suitable manner as by the clamp supporting bracket 65 as in FIG. 3, or any other suitable section may be used.
61. Within the cylinder 60 is a suitable piston head (not
In FIGS. 5 and 6 of the drawings the support shoe
shown) and suitable hydraulic connections may be ap

104 and the pressure die 105 are shown as being mounted
for concurrent rotation with the forming die 102 and are
to the piston head within the cylinder in a well known
manner. Secured to the piston head and extending 70 indicated as being adapted for inclusion of heating means.
Such heating means are described in greater detail in
through the cylinder is a piston stem 62. The piston stem
the description of FIGS. 7 and 8.
62 is connected, by any suitable means such as the cou

plied to the cylinder for providing reciprocal movement

pling 63, to one end of a means for adding mass to the

Referring now to FIGS. 7 and 8 of the drawings, a

metal of the outer wall of the bending pipe. Such means

further modi?cation of the invention is shown wherein

is shown in the form of a strap 64. The opposite end

thinning of the outer pipe wall during bending/is re

2,998,100

stricted by maintaining an axial compressive fforce'on

been formed in the pipe, obviously by suitablyproportion

the bending pipe by means disposed within the pipe in


stead of externally as in the previous ?gures. A pipe

ing the apparatus this 90 bend could readily be extended

155 is held in ?xed relation on the bed of the pipe bend


ing machine by means of an adjustable clamp 150. A
rotatable forming die 151 is mounted on advance of the
clamp 150 by means of the shaft 152 secured to the bed
(not shown) of the forming machine and is power driven

to

180

or more.

Referring now to they operation of the apparatus as


shown in FIGS. 1 to 6 inclusive it will be noted that
three different methods or means are disclosed for adding
mass to the outer surface of the pipe at the outer side

of the bend, namely the strap of FIG. 1, the ?exible

as in FIGS. 1 to 6. Rigidly mounted on a forming die

chain bar of FIG. 5 and the strap of FIG. 3 which may


151 is the support shoe 153. A pressure die 154 is ad 10 be maintained in uniform or variable tension throughout
justably mounted on the die 151 for concurrent rotation
the entire pipe bending operation. It will be readily
therewith. Disposed within the pipe 155 is a ?exible
apparent that the chain bar of FIG. 5 may be substituted
mandrel 156 having a ?xed head portion disposed in
for the straps of FIGS. 1 and 3 and that either the strap
advance of the support shoe and pressure die. Such head
or chain bar can be of any desired cross section.
portion of the mandrel comprises the two shoes 157 dis 15 Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 2, it will be noted that
posed in contact with the inner walls of the pipe and
the strap 19 overlying the outer face of the pipe wall
provided with wedge shaped opposing faces. A member
forming the outer surface of the bend is temporarily
158 connects the shoes 157 and is provided with end
secured thereto as by the welds. 20 and is maintained
faces corresponding to the slope of the adjacent faces
in contact with the adjacent wall of the pipe between
of the member 157. Member 158 is movable longitudi 20 the clamping die 3 and the pressure die 5 throughout
nally of members 157 to spread and maintain them in
the bending operation. The resultant effect is to add
frictional engagement with the adjacent inner walls of
mass to the outer wall of the pipe causing the neutral
the pipe 155. Connected with the mandrel head portion
bending axis of the cross section through the pipe at the
158 and extending rearwardly therefrom is a steam por
strap 19 to move in a direction towards the strap 19 or
tion' 159 which extends through the end of the pipe 155. 25 the adjacent wall of the pipe. In cold bending of the
Such extension is provided with a threaded end portion
pipe 7 the strap 19, if of metal having the same tensile
strength as that of the metal in the pipe and being under
160 for connection through the coupling member 161,
with the piston rod 162 of the hydraulic cylinder 163.
greater stress than the adjacent wall of the pipe, would
tend to stretch or thin more than the metal of the adja
The piston rod 162 is connected to a piston (not shown)

mounted within cylinder 163, and said cylinder 163 is pro 30 cent wall of the pipe thereby reducing thinning in the
vided with suitable hydraulic connections to effect recip
pipe wall in the area in contact with the strap 19. When
rocal movement of the piston within the cylinder. Inter
however the strap 19 is made of metal having a higher
mediate the ends of mandrel shaft 159 and extending for
tensile strength than the metal of the pipe, the strap 19
at least that portion of the length of the pipe '155 in
because of its greater yield strength further restricts the
which the bend is to be formed, are a plurality of spaced 35 thinning or stretching of the adjacent outer pipe wall
to an extent represented by its increased yield strength.
members 164 provided with arcuate peripheral faces and
pivotally connected together by the link members 165 so
The drive rolls 12 and 114, when powered to impose su?i
as to conform to the pipe as it bends and prevents crush
cient additional compression on the pipe 7 to overcome
ing of the walls thereof. By means of suitable pressure
the frictional resistance of the pipe and strap moving
imposed within cylinder 163 upon its contained piston, 40 through the pressure die and support shoe, further re
the piston stem 162 may be retracted within the cylinder
duces tension in the outer wall of the pipe and-corre
imposing a compressive stress in the walls of the pipe
spondingly restricting thinning of the metal therein.
When however heat is applied to the inner surfaces of
which subtracts from the tension stresses imposed during
bending in the member forming the outer wall to resist
the bend, requiring less force to upset the metal therein,
stretching or thinning of the pipe in this area. Obviously 45 correspondingly less tension is placed on the outer bending
Wall of the pipe resulting in a reduction of the thinning
therefore, in order to provide sufficient length of bending
pipe in the outer wall of the pipe bend additional thick
of the metal therein.
'
Referring now to FIG. 3 of the drawing, the strap 64
(wing of the pipe at the. inner side of the bend results
and in order to prevent wrinkling or crushing at said in
therein comprises an improvement over the strap 19 of
side of the bend the use of the mandrel is very desirable. 50 FIG. 1 in that the strap 64 may be initially tensioned
. Due to such greater thickening of the pipe wall on the
prior to bending so as to initially place the adjacent wall
of the pipe in compression thereby better enabling it to
inner face of the bend it is desirable to provide heat on
resist stretching with corresponding less thinning during
the inner face of the bend to assist in the upsetting of
the bending operation. By means of suitable back pres
the metal in that area. One method of providing heat
is to mount an oxy-fuel burner in the portion 166 of the 55 sure in the cylinder 60 of FIG. 3 any stretching of the
support shoe and extend suitable fuel connection lines
strap 64 can be taken up by the cylinder so as to main
thereto. To assist in the escape of gases, ports 167 and
tain a uniform tension on the pipe. Recognizing how
ever that the greatest thinning stress is imposed upon
168 may be formed in the support shoe and pressure

that portion of the outer wall of the pipe which is inter


die respectively. By reason of the intense heat provided
by an oxy-fuel burner, the width of the flame measured 60 mediate the ends of the length of the bend, the pres

longitudinally of the pipe need only be approximately

sure in the hydraulic cylinder 60 can be varied so as to

the thickness of the adjacent pipe wall before bending


and the ?ame be applied to about one-half the periphery

increase the tension on the strap 64 during formation

of the intermediate portion of the bend thereby fur


ther resisting thinning of the metal therein. As in FIG.
a water cooling device should be mounted rearwardly of 65 1, the metal of the pipe wall at the inner face of the
.bend is constantly thickening during the bending opera
the burner for chilling each increment of pipe after it

of the pipe at the inner face of the bend. Preferably

is bent and the heater moves to an adjacent increment.


One such method of applying a heating and water cool
ing burner is shown in Linden et a1. Patent 2,433,055.
Obviously any desired modi?cation can be made in the 70

construction of the burner of thelpatent for adapting


it to the present form of apparatus. A modi?ed form
of induction heater may also be provided if it is desirable

tion and any resistance in the metal to this action corre


spondingly increases the stress in the outer wall of the

pipe. Therefore, the greatest bene?ts are obtained from


the apparatus when the inner face of the pipe bend is
heated by means mentioned heretofore thereby avoiding
wrinkling on the inner face of the bend and facilitating
upsetting of the metal in this area of the bend. The
maximum effectiveness of the apparatus in FIG. 3, as in

to provide electrical heating of the bending pipe. As


shown in FIGS of the drawing, a right angled bend has 75 FIG. 1, during either hot or cold, bending is obtained

2,990,100
where the metal forming strap 64 has a greater tensile
strength than the metal of the adjacent pipe wall.
The operation of the apparatus shown in FIG. 5 is
similar to that shown in FIGS. 1 and 3 and differs there
from by reason of the chain connected intermediate por CR
tion of the chain bar secured to the outer face of the

bending pipe. Whether the chain bar is attached to the


pipe as shown in FIG. 5 or is tensioned as in FIG. 3,

compressive forces on the outer wall of the bending pipe


in contact with said metd section.
4. The method as de?ned in claim 3 wherein the stress
applied to the added metal section is variable during the

bending operation.
5. A method of restricting thinning of the metal in
the outer wall of the hollow pipe during formation of a
bend therein, comprising imposing a temporary addi

tional metal mass upon the outer surface of the outer


the hinged intermediate portion of the chain bar readily
conforms to the bending pipe and the stresses in this 10 wall of the pipe over the entire area to be bent, retain-i
ing said metal mass in contact with and ?xed relation to
portion of the chain bar are restricted to {primarily

straight tension such as would result through force ap


plied by the cylinder of FIG. 3 rather than combined
bending and tension stresses.
Referring now to the apparatus disclosed in FIGS.
7 and 8 of the drawings, the mandrel is placed in ten

sion by the force applied through cylinder 163 causing


corresponding compressive forces in both walls or pipe
or tube 155 which are resisted by clamp 15f) securing
the pipe to the bed _or frame of the bending machine.

the pipe, simultaneously and progressively fonning a


bend in the pipe and said mass by pulling same over a

forming surface, then removing the said additional metal


mass from the pipe.

'

6. The method as defined in claim 5 wherein said


metal mass is stressed to place the adjacent pipe wall

in compression during bending.


7. The method as de?ned in claim 6 wherein the in
ner face of the forming bend of the pipe is heated to re

duce tension stresses imposed in the pipe wall adjacent


the outer face of the bending pipe.
8. Apparatus for forming pipe bends including a rotat
of the pipe. The forces applied to the pipe in FIGS.
ing forming die for engaging the pipe during bending, a
7 and 8 may be constant or varied as those applied to
the pipe by the apparatus of FIGS. 3 and 4. In any 25 pressure die slidably engaging the pipe of the bend in
event the compressive force applied to the inner wall of
advance of the forming die and a clamp for ?xed engage
the heated pipe aids in upsetting the metal of the pipe
ment with the rotating die and the pipe adjacent one end
wall during bending. Correspondingly the applied forces
thereof, the combination of a metal member positioned
on the outer wall of the bend resist thinning of the metal
upon and in continuous contact with the wall of the pipe
therein as aforesaid. The use of hydraulic instead of 30 disposed at the outer side of the pipe bend when forming.
pneumatic pressure is preferred due to the uniformity of
one end of said member being secured between said
force obtained. It will be obvious however that other
clamp and the adjacent pipe, and means connecting the
means for tensioning the strap in FIG. 3 or the mandrel
opposite end of the metal member to the said pipe wall in
This method varies from that disclosed in FIGS. 1 to 6
inclusive wherein a force is applied over only one side

shank 159 in FIG. 7 may be utilized, such as mechani


advance of the pressure die.
cal means instead of hydraulic means.
9. Apparatus as de?ned in claim 8 wherein the said
35
In the case of FIGS. 1 to 6 inclusive the mass added

to the outer wall of the pipe is of course temporary and

is intended to be removed after the pipe bend is formed.

means connecting the metal member with the pipe is ad


justable for imposing tension stresses in the member be
fore the pipe bend is formed.

The obvious advantages of the chain bar over the solid


10. Apparatus as de?ned in claim 9 wherein the said
bar are readily apparent in that no permanent deforma 40 means comprises a fluid pressure actuated cylinder re
tion of the chain bar takes place during the bending op
movably mounted on the pipe, a reciprocating piston in
eration as takes place in the strap of FIGS. 1 and 3.
said cylinder overlying said pipe outer wall, a connec
It will be equally obvious that a mandrel may be used
tion between the adjacent ends of the metal member and
with FIGS. 1 to 6 inclusive where desired and heat may
said piston, and guide means associated with said metal
be concurrently applied or not as desired.
member and pipe retaining said member in alignment
45
Having thus described the invention and indicating sev
with said pipe wall.
eral modi?cations of apparatus suitable in practicing the
11. Apparatus as defined in claim 8 wherein the tensile
method of pipe bending which is the subject of the in~
strength of the said metal member is greater than that
vention it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that
of the bending pipe wall in contact therewith.
many changes in the exact details of construction of the
12. Apparatus as de?ned in claim 8 wherein the metal
50
apparatus will suggest themselves which may be made
member is a chain bar comprising a connected link por
without departing from the spirit of the invention as dis
tion engaged with the pipe in the area forming the bend
closed. For these reasons it is to be understood that the
and rigid end portions connected with the pipe.
exact details of construction disclosed are for the pur
13. Apparatus as de?ned in claim 8 wherein the pres
poses of illustration and not limitation except as made
sure die has associated therewith means for heating the
55
necessary by the scope of the appended claims.
pipe at the inner side of the bend in the area ?rst en
We claim:
gaging the rotating vforming die.
I. A method of restricting thinning of the metal in the
14. A method of bending pipe comprising the steps of,
outer wall of a hollow pipe during formation of a bend
supporting
the pipe in ?xed position adjacent one end of
therein comprising the steps of applying against the outer
face of the outer Wall of the pipe a temporary metal 60 the area thereof to be bent, applying a compresive force
to the entire internal area of the pipe to be bent, main
section of greater tensile strength than the metal of the
taining said applied force while bending the pipe over a
pipe to provide the outer face of the bend to be formed,
rotating bend forming surface moving relative thereto,
?xing opposite ends of the metal section to the pipe,
and supporting the inner pipe walls to maintain a constant
simultaneously and progressively bending the pipe and
the added metal section over a forming surface from one 65 inside diameter in the bending pipe.
end of the area to be bent to the other while maintain
References Cited in the ?le of this patent
ing compressive forces parallel to the axis on the inner

and outer faces of the bending pipe and tension parallel


to the axis in the outer face of the bending outer metal
70
section.

UNITED STATES PATENTS


652,808

Parker ______________ __ July 3, 1900

applied to the face of the inner pipe bend during such

1,013,839
1,261,191

Cox __________________ __ Jan. 2, 1912


Vallone ______________ __ Apr. 2, 1918

progressive bending thereof.

1,324,940

Theberath ___________ _._ Dec. 16, 1919

2. The method as de?ned in claim 1 wherein heat is

3. The method as de?ned in claim 1 wherein the added

metal section is stressed during bending to impose added

(Greer references on following page)

\.

2,996,100

10
UNITED STATES PATENTS
1,84 J00

11m h

__________ __ M

328,868

Great Britain _____________ May 8, 1930

_ 1 1932

658,010

Germany ------------ -- Mar- 19, 1938

197; 045

K358033113? __________ __ sepfrzs, 1934

545,454

Great Britain -------- __ May 27, 1942

2:433:055
2,672,224,

Linden ______________ __ Dec. 23, 1947


Horwitz ____________ __ Ma1-_ 16, 1954

729,216
638,150

Germany Dec- 11, 1942


Great Britain ---------- _-May 31, 1950'

Brueckner
FOREIGN
____________
PATENTS....
2,153
380,094

3,

American Machinist, reprint dated July 24, 1950,

Great Britain ________ __ I an. 28, 1907


McGraw-Hill Publishing Company 1110., New York, NY.
Germany ____________ __ Sept. 1, 1923 10 page 2, FIG. 4.

UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE

CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION
Patent No. 2,1996I 100

August 15, 1961

'Welrose L. Newhall et aln


It is 'hereby certified that error appears in the above numbered pat
ent requiring correction and that the said Letters Patent should read as
corrected below .

Column lI line 43. for "bend and has thinned or stretched


at the outer" read --. bend. As a consequenceI the metal in
the 3 line 459 for "thinner" read - thinned ; column 48
line 312 after "end" insert of ~-; column 5V line 24L7
for

"steam"

read

stem -=,.

"

Signed and sealed this 26th day of December 1961.

(SEAL)

Attest:

' ERNEST W. SWIDER

Attesting Officer

DAVID L. LADD
Commissioner of Patents
USCOMM-DC

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