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Pharmacy Department, 2Department of Surgery, and 3Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
Abstract
Rationale: Mechanically ventilated intensive care unit (ICU)
removal from the ventilator (84.4% vs. 75.1%; 84.3% vs. 78.8%; P ,
0.001) when compared with midazolam- and lorazepam-treated
patients, respectively.
Conclusions: In this large, propensity-matched ICU
At a Glance Commentary
Scientic Knowledge on the Subject: Continuous sedative
infusions have been associated with intensive care unit (ICU)
complications, but there have been no studies to show
a difference in mortality when comparing propofol to
benzodiazepines.
What This Study Adds to the Field: This study is the rst
( Received in original form December 30, 2013; accepted in final form April 7, 2014 )
Author Contributions: All authors participated in conception and design; analysis, data collection, and interpretation; and drafting the manuscript.
Correspondence and requests for reprints should be addressed to Nick W. Lonardo, Pharm.D., University of Utah, 50 North Medical Drive, Pharmacy
Department, A050, Salt Lake City, UT 84132. E-mail: nick.lonardo@hsc.utah.edu
This article has an online supplement, which is accessible from this issues table of contents at www.atsjournals.org
Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 189, Iss 11, pp 13831394, Jun 1, 2014
Copyright 2014 by the American Thoracic Society
Originally Published in Press as DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201312-2291OC on April 10, 2014
Internet address: www.atsjournals.org
Lonardo, Mone, Nirula, et al.: Propofol vs. Benzodiazepines in Ventilated ICU Patients
1383
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
is generally centered on the likelihood of
the sedative causing delirium or resulting in
oversedation, both of which adversely
affect the patients ability to wean from
MV and have been associated with poor
patient outcomes (1, 37).
The Society of Critical Care Medicine
(SCCM) has updated the clinical practice
guidelines (CPG) for the management
of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult ICU
patients (3). The SCCM 2013 guidelines
now endorse sedation strategies that
use nonbenzodiazepine agents (propofol
and dexmedetomidine) as the preferred
choice (3), which is in contrast to the
CPG of 2002 (2), which recommended
benzodiazepines (lorazepam and midazolam).
This change from benzodiazepines to
nonbenzodiazepines is based on the results
of several recent studies that questioned
the routine use of benzodiazepines for
ICU sedation (4, 5, 810). These studies
provided evidence that benzodiazepine use
was an independent risk factor for the
development of delirium, which in turn has
been identied as an independent predictor
of increased hospital length of stay (LOS)
and increased 6-month mortality (5, 8, 9).
Despite the adverse outcomes associated
with benzodiazepines, recent surveys
suggest that their use is still widespread
(1113).
Based on the continued use of
benzodiazepines for sedation of mechanically
ventilated ICU patients and the unlikely
event of an adequately powered, randomized,
controlled trial, we studied the outcomes of
these sedatives using a large multicenter
critical care database. We selected only
patients that required MV for more than
48 hours and received exclusively propofol,
midazolam, or lorazepam via continuous
infusion. We hypothesized that in actual
clinical practice propofol would have
a measurable benet because of the
pharmacokinetic advantage of a much
shorter duration of action resulting in earlier
extubation and improved outcomes.
Methods
Study Population
Statistical Analysis
Results
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Volume 189 Number 11 | June 1 2014
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
is generally centered on the likelihood of
the sedative causing delirium or resulting in
oversedation, both of which adversely
affect the patients ability to wean from
MV and have been associated with poor
patient outcomes (1, 37).
The Society of Critical Care Medicine
(SCCM) has updated the clinical practice
guidelines (CPG) for the management
of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult ICU
patients (3). The SCCM 2013 guidelines
now endorse sedation strategies that
use nonbenzodiazepine agents (propofol
and dexmedetomidine) as the preferred
choice (3), which is in contrast to the
CPG of 2002 (2), which recommended
benzodiazepines (lorazepam and midazolam).
This change from benzodiazepines to
nonbenzodiazepines is based on the results
of several recent studies that questioned
the routine use of benzodiazepines for
ICU sedation (4, 5, 810). These studies
provided evidence that benzodiazepine use
was an independent risk factor for the
development of delirium, which in turn has
been identied as an independent predictor
of increased hospital length of stay (LOS)
and increased 6-month mortality (5, 8, 9).
Despite the adverse outcomes associated
with benzodiazepines, recent surveys
suggest that their use is still widespread
(1113).
Based on the continued use of
benzodiazepines for sedation of mechanically
ventilated ICU patients and the unlikely
event of an adequately powered, randomized,
controlled trial, we studied the outcomes of
these sedatives using a large multicenter
critical care database. We selected only
patients that required MV for more than
48 hours and received exclusively propofol,
midazolam, or lorazepam via continuous
infusion. We hypothesized that in actual
clinical practice propofol would have
a measurable benet because of the
pharmacokinetic advantage of a much
shorter duration of action resulting in earlier
extubation and improved outcomes.
Methods
Study Population
Statistical Analysis
Results
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Volume 189 Number 11 | June 1 2014
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Table 1: Unmatched and Matched Covariates: Propofol versus Midazolam
Variable*
Age, yr (mean 6 SD)
Male sex
APACHE II score, mean 6 SD
Patient admission type
Medical
Scheduled surgery
Unscheduled surgery
Admission service
Trauma
General/internal medicine
Critical care (medical)
General surgery
Neurosurgery
Pulmonary
Cardiac/thoracic surgery
Vascular
Cardiology
Other medicine
Other surgery
Otolaryngology
Family practice
Nephrology
Obstetrics gynecology
Oncology-medical
Orthopedic surgery
Transplant
Other
Critical care managed unit
Chronic health condition
Cardiovascular
Gastrointestinal
Renal
Respiratory
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation 248 before ICU
Hemodynamic instability
Preadmission independent status
Hospital type
County hospital
State hospital
Community for-prot hospital
Community not-for-prot hospital
Academic
Year of treatment
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Unmatched Cohort
Midazolam
Propofol
(n = 2,390)
(n = 10,074)
P Value
Matched Cohort
Midazolam
Propofol
(n = 2,250)
(n = 2,250)
60.1 6 17.5
57.9
20.4 6 7.7
58.5 6 17.8
56.7
18.9 6 7.6
,0.001
0.27
,0.001
59.8 6 17.6
57.8
20.3 6 7.7
59.7 6 17.7
57.8
20.3 6 7.8
0.81
1.00
0.86
64.8
11.3
24.0
70.8
9.6
19.7
,0.001
0.01
,0.001
65.07
11.16
23.78
64.67
11.16
24.18
0.78
1.00
0.75
13.7
14.9
24.4
15.2
1.0
4.4
3.0
4.3
2.7
1.9
4.5
0.9
1.1
0.9
1.3
2.3
1.2
1.8
0.6
88.9
13.9
26.3
14.5
8.9
7.6
5.3
3.3
2.7
2.2
2.0
1.7
1.1
4.0
1.3
0.7
1.2
1.0
1.0
1.3
80.6
0.79
,0.001
,0.001
,0.001
,0.001
0.08
0.43
,0.001
0.16
0.80
,0.001
0.40
,0.001
0.12
0.003
,0.001
0.27
0.002
0.005
,0.001
14.18
15.73
23.47
14.89
1.022
4.71
3.16
4.27
2.8
1.96
3.78
0.93
1.11
0.93
1.24
2.0
1.29
1.87
0.67
88.58
14.22
16.04
22.31
14.93
1.022
4.22
3.07
4.31
2.89
1.73
4.4
0.84
1.29
0.98
1.2
2.58
1.42
1.78
0.76
87.87
0.97
0.78
0.36
0.97
1.00
0.43
0.86
0.94
0.86
0.58
0.29
0.75
0.58
0.88
0.89
0.20
0.70
0.82
0.72
0.46
7.0
4.8
5.3
10.3
5.0
54.6
77.3
4.3
3.9
3.9
9.8
7.1
37.8
73.3
,0.001
0.06
0.001
0.51
,0.001
,0.001
,0.001
6.76
4.98
5.33
10.27
5.11
53.24
76.84
6.18
5.51
5.6
10.31
5.02
53.64
77.24
0.43
0.42
0.69
0.96
0.89
0.79
0.75
7.2
0.5
0.6
35.0
56.7
1.4
2.4
4.8
59.0
31.9
,0.001
,0.001
,0.001
,0.001
,0.001
5.96
0.53
0.67
36.89
55.96
5.07
0.49
0.62
37.02
56.8
0.19
0.83
0.85
0.93
0.57
3.9
14.4
19.6
23.7
21.4
16.2
0.8
7.8
18.2
19.9
20.5
19.0
13.8
0.8
,0.001
,0.001
0.75
,0.001
0.006
0.002
0.97
4.09
14.4
19.38
23.24
21.47
16.58
0.84
4.84
13.6
19.29
23.64
20.89
17.11
0.62
0.22
0.44
0.94
0.75
0.64
0.63
0.38
P Value
Definition of abbreviations: APACHE = Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; ICU = intensive care unit.
Data are given as % of patients unless otherwise indicated.
*Outcome variables defined in online supplement.
Lonardo, Mone, Nirula, et al.: Propofol vs. Benzodiazepines in Ventilated ICU Patients
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Table 2: Unmatched and Matched Covariates: Propofol versus Lorazepam
Variable*
Age, yr (mean 6 SD)
Male sex
APACHE II score, mean 6 SD
Patient admission type
Medical
Scheduled surgery
Unscheduled surgery
Admission service
Trauma
General/internal medicine
Critical care (medical)
General surgery
Neurosurgery
Pulmonary
Cardiac/thoracic surgery
Vascular
Cardiology
Other medicine
Other surgery
Otolaryngology
Family practice
Nephrology
Obstetric gynecology
Oncology-medical
Orthopedic surgery
Transplant
Other
Critical care managed unit
Chronic health condition
Cardiovascular
Gastrointestinal
Renal
Respiratory
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation 248 before to ICU
Hemodynamic instability
Preadmission independent status
Hospital type
County hospital
State hospital
Community for-prot hospital
Community not-for-prot hospital
Academic
Year of treatment
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Unmatched Cohort
Lorazepam
Propofol
(n = 1,228)
(n = 10,074)
P Value
Matched Cohort
Lorazepam
Propofol
(n = 1,054)
(n = 1,054)
55.1 6 18.6
63.4
19.4 6 7.8
58.5 6 17.8
56.7
18.9 6 7.6
,0.001
,0.001
0.04
56.6 6 18.3
61.4
19.7 6 7.8
56.1 6 19.7
59.5
19.8 6 7.8
0.58
0.37
0.87
65.5
6.0
28.5
70.8
9.6
19.7
,0.001
,0.001
,0.001
67.7
6.9
25.3
70.3
7.0
22.7
0.20
0.93
0.15
41.5
14.1
16.4
8.4
0.6
4.2
1.1
2.4
1.1
1.1
2.1
0.6
1.6
0.7
0.4
1.1
0.5
0.5
1.6
87.1
13.9
26.3
14.5
8.9
7.6
5.3
3.3
2.7
2.2
2.0
1.7
1.1
4.0
1.3
0.7
1.2
1.0
1.0
1.3
80.6
,0.001
,0.001
0.09
0.54
,0.001
0.10
,0.001
0.48
0.02
0.04
0.26
0.10
,0.001
0.09
0.28
0.68
0.10
0.06
0.38
,0.001
32.8
16.4
18.9
9.5
0.7
4.9
1.3
2.7
1.2
1.3
2.2
0.7
1.9
0.8
0.5
1.2
0.6
0.6
1.8
85.4
31.9
17.1
17.9
8.7
1.0
6.2
1.8
2.4
0.7
1.8
2.2
0.8
1.9
0.7
0.3
1.9
0.5
1.0
1.5
84.8
0.64
0.68
0.57
0.54
0.47
0.22
0.38
0.68
0.18
0.38
0.88
0.80
1.00
0.80
0.48
0.22
0.76
0.32
0.61
0.71
4.6
3.3
2.7
7.7
5.5
36.5
80.2
4.3
3.9
3.9
9.8
7.1
37.8
73.3
0.62
0.33
0.04
0.02
0.04
0.37
,0.001
4.8
3.8
3.0
8.7
5.6
38.8
77.7
4.7
3.4
2.8
7.5
5.0
41.5
76.3
0.92
0.64
0.70
0.30
0.56
0.21
0.44
1.6
17.8
5.1
29.6
45.9
1.4
2.4
4.8
59.0
31.9
0.64
,0.001
0.62
,0.001
,0.001
1.8
6.6
5.9
34.2
51.5
1.5
9.6
5.5
36.7
46.7
0.61
0.01
0.71
0.22
0.03
10.4
20.6
20.1
16.7
17.7
13.8
0.7
7.8
18.2
19.9
20.5
19.0
13.8
0.8
0.002
0.04
0.84
0.002
0.27
0.99
0.69
11.8
21.6
20.6
16.4
16.9
12.1
0.7
11.3
22.8
18.8
14.1
18.1
14.0
0.9
0.73
0.53
0.30
0.15
0.46
0.18
0.62
P Value
Definition of abbreviations: APACHE = Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; ICU = intensive care unit.
Data are given as % of patients unless otherwise indicated.
*Outcome variables defined in online supplement.
Study Outcomes
Mortality
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Volume 189 Number 11 | June 1 2014
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Figure 1. Propensity score distribution plot comparing initial and matched scores between midazolam- and propofol-treated patients.
Lonardo, Mone, Nirula, et al.: Propofol vs. Benzodiazepines in Ventilated ICU Patients
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Figure 2. Propensity score distribution plot comparing initial and matched scores between lorazepam- and propofol-treated patients.
1388
Ventilator Dependence
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Volume 189 Number 11 | June 1 2014
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Figure 3. Scatter plots illustrating the standard difference of 15 pretreatment covariates before matching () and after matching (x). A significant narrowing
of the standard difference demonstrates successful propensity score matching between the sedation groups. (Left) Propofol versus midazolam; (right)
propofol versus lorazepam.
Outcomes
ICU mortality
Hospital mortality
Tracheostomy
Ventilator-associated
pneumonia
Midazolam
Matched
(n = 2,250)
Propofol
Matched
(n = 2,250)
P Value
28.8
37.0
14.04
6.2
19.7
27.9
14.09
6.8
,0.001
,0.001
0.967
0.43
Relative
Risk
(95% CI)
0.69
0.76
1.00
1.09
(0.620.76)
(0.690.82)
(0.871.16)
(0.881.36)
Lorazepam
Matched
(n = 1,054)
Propofol
Matched
(n = 1,054)
P Value
25.2
33.8
21.82
12.7
19.3
26.2
14.99
7.9
0.001
,0.001
,0.001
,0.001
Relative
Risk
(95% CI)
0.76
0.78
0.69
0.62
(0.650.90)
(0.680.89)
(0.570.83)
(0.480.80)
Lonardo, Mone, Nirula, et al.: Propofol vs. Benzodiazepines in Ventilated ICU Patients
1389
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Figure 4. Cumulative incidence of intensive care unit (ICU) discharge over 28 days in the presence of competing risk event (mortality) for matched
midazolam- and lorazepam-treated patients compared with propofol-treated patients.
Discussion
In this multicenter, retrospective, cohort
study of mechanically ventilated adult
Figure 5. Cumulative incidence of ventilator removal over 28 days in the presence of competing risk event (mortality) for matched midazolam- and
lorazepam-treated patients compared with propofol-treated patients.
1390
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Volume 189 Number 11 | June 1 2014
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
negative outcomes. To address issues
surrounding adequate and safe sedation,
the SCCM updated its 1995 (1) and 2002
CPG (2) and has published comprehensive
evidence-based guidelines in 2013 (3).
These guidelines provide specic
recommendations that address comfort,
safety, pain, and agitation for patients
who require sustained use of sedatives
and analgesics. The updated CPG reect
more recent studies that have shown
benzodiazepines to be independently
associated with delirium (5, 8, 9) and
now recommend sedation strategies using
nonbenzodiazepines (propofol and/or
dexmedetomidine) (3). The occurrence of
delirium is of particular concern, because
the duration of delirium in ICU patients
has been shown to be a strong predictor
of increased mortality, ICU LOS, duration
of MV (5, 810), and long-term cognitive
impairment in survivors of critical illness
(4, 23). Because sedation is a modiable
risk factor associated with delirium
(3, 5, 8), there is considerable interest in
understanding the short- and long-term
outcomes of sedative use in the ICU.
There have been many controlled
clinical trials comparing propofol
with benzodiazepines, but none have
demonstrated a signicant mortality
difference between these agents (3, 24).
In 2008, Ho and Ng (25) published
a metaanalysis of 16 randomized trials
comparing adult ICU patients sedated with
propofol with an alternative sedative for
medium- or long-term sedation. They
reported that propofol use was associated
with a statistically signicant decrease in
ICU LOS when compared with lorazepam
and diazepam, but not for midazolam.
The mortality rate, however, was not
statistically different between propofol
and the other sedatives. The authors
acknowledged, however, that this
metaanalysis may not have been sufciently
powered to detect a difference.
Although randomized, controlled trials
are considered the standard for establishing
a causal relationship and/or efcacy
between treatments, it has been increasingly
recognized that they may not accurately
reect the outcomes seen in an actual
practice environment (2628). Studies
designed to measure the effectiveness of
common clinical options in an actual
practice setting (i.e., comparative effective
research) have been promoted by the
enactment of the American Recovery and
Lonardo, Mone, Nirula, et al.: Propofol vs. Benzodiazepines in Ventilated ICU Patients
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
benzodiazepine-treated patients had a
greater number of opiate days and required
more scheduled haloperidol. Although these
variables may affect patient outcomes, they
were unlikely to inuence the sedative
selection because these variables occurred
after the sedative was chosen. Benzodiazepinetreated patients needed more days of opiates
than propofol-treated patients. This is an
expected result given that the benzodiazepinetreated patients required more ventilator
days and remained in the ICU longer than
propofol-treated patients.
Comparing sedation agents within
a large multiinstitutional ICU database can
be difcult because of the heterogeneous
nature of patients and the variability in
treatment patterns between institutions. The
population in this study was diverse,
consisting of both medical and surgical type
admissions. The results, however, showed
a statistical difference in the mortality
risk between propofol and benzodiazepines,
which have not been found in previous
randomized, controlled trials.
The major strengths of this historical
cohort study are the relatively large
population, accurately measured clinical
variables, and the actual clinical
setting within a large number of ICUs.
Acknowledging the possibility of
confounding, we used propensity score
matched analysis to balance 15 measured
pretreatment variables that may inuence
the sedative choice and also impact
the outcomes. The measured variables
included admission service, type of
admission (medical or surgical), and the
type of hospital. Importantly, hemodynamic
instability was also included because
propofol is known to cause hypotension (24)
and may be avoided in this population.
Using propensity score matching, we were
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American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Volume 189 Number 11 | June 1 2014
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
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American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Volume 189 Number 11 | June 1 2014