Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
State University
2. Objectives
Learn
how
to
build
simple
circuits
involving
a
source
of
voltage
and
resistive
components.
Learn
how
to
measure
voltages
and
current
across
a
circuit
using
Digital
Multimeters.
Learn
and
understand
Kirchoffs
laws.
Learn
how
to
measure
the
internal
resistance
of
a
battery.
3. Preparation
Read
the
section
of
your
textbook
discussing
Kirchoffs
rules.
Read
sections
4-6
of
this
write-up.
4. Introductory Remarks
The
effective
resistance
(or
net
resistance)
of
N
resistors
connected
is
equal
to
the
sum
of
the
individual
resistances.
Reff = R1 + R2 + ...+ RN
The
multiplicative
inverse
of
the
effective
resistance
(or
net
resistance)
of
N
resistors
connected
in
parallel
is
equal
to
the
sum
of
the
multiplicative
inverses
of
the
N
resistances.
1
1
1
1
= +
+ ...+
Reff R1 R2
RN
You
will
use
the
above
two
relationships
to
analyze
the
electric
circuits
used
in
this
laboratory.
The
analysis
of
complicated
circuits
is
greatly
simpliGied
by
the
use
of
the
following
two
rules
Girst
stated
by
Gustav
Kirchoff
(1824-1887).
Junction
Rule
The
algebraic
sum
of
the
currents
entering
or
leaving
a
junction
is
zero.
PHY
2181
EXP
#
4
Loop
Rule
The
algebraic
sum
of
the
potential
differences
across
all
the
elements
in
any
closed
circuit
loop
must
be
zero.
An
excellent
exercise
is
to
analyze
the
circuits
used
in
PART
I
using
Kirchoff's
Laws.
In
Part
II,
you
will
use
the
loop
rule
to
calculate
the
internal
resistance
of
a
battery.
The
current
that
any
real
battery
can
produce
is
limited.
While
the
electrochemical
factors
that
limit
the
current
are
complex,
any
real
battery
behaves
as
if
it
were
a
perfect
battery
connected
in
series
with
an
internal
resistance
(
in
Fig.
2).
The
voltage
of
the
Gictitious
perfect
battery
is
assumed
to
be
the
same
as
the
open-circuit
voltage
of
the
real
battery.
The
drop
in
the
terminal
voltage
of
the
real
battery,
,
that
occurs
when
a
current
is
drawn
from
the
battery
is
treated
as
being
the
voltage
drop
across
that
internal
resistance1
.
The
smaller
the
internal
resistance
is,
the
more
current
the
battery
can
deliver.
One
could
Gind
the
internal
resistance
by
measuring
the
current
Glowing
through
a
dead
short
across
the
terminals
and
calculate
from
Ohm's
Law,
but
this
method
is
not
recommended.
Only
a
small
current
should
be
drawn
from
the
battery
when
measuring
.
However,
if
only
a
small
current
is
drawn
from
the
battery,
the
change
in
the
terminal
voltage
of
the
battery
will
be
too
small
to
measure
with
a
conventional
needle-type
voltmeter.
However,
the
digital
meter,
with
its
four-digit
accuracy,
can
easily
measure
the
change.
Figure
1
A
battery
is
treated
as
an
ideal
source
of
emf,
,
in
series
with
an
internal
resistance,
.
The
battery
terminal
voltage
is
.
5. Equipment Required
Set
of
resistors
Banana
plug
cables
Power
Supply
Digital
Multimeter
(DMM)
6. Experimental Procedure
6.1. Part #1: Currents and Voltage Through Simple Circuits
1. Select
four
different
resistors
greater
than
40
ohms
and
accurately
measure
their
resistances
with
a
digital
multimeter
(DMM).
PHY
2181
EXP
#
4
Circuit #1
Circuit
#2
Figure
2
Schematic
diagrams
of
the
circuits
used
in
Part
I.
3. Calculate
the
total
effective
resistance
(across
points
A
and
B)
of
both
circuits.
Determine
the
current
through
and
the
voltage
across
each
of
the
four
resistors
expected
with
a
10
V
batterie
(or
power
supply).
4. Assemble
the
resistors
to
produce
Circuit
#1.
But
DO
NOT
CONNECT
the
power
supply.
5. Measure
the
resistance
of
the
assembled
circuit
using
a
DMM.
Compare
this
value
with
the
total
effective
resistance
calculated
in
Step
3.
If
the
value
of
the
total
effective
resistance
calculated
in
Step
3
differs
by
more
than
10%
different
from
the
measured
value,
check
the
circuit,
repeat
your
measurements,
and
verify
your
calculations
for
errors.
6. Calculate
the
total
current
that
will
Glow
through
the
circuit
when
the
power
supply
is
connected
in.
If
the
expected
current
is
larger
than
250
mA,
check
your
circuit
and
calculations.
7. Ask
the
TA
to
verify
and
APPROVE
your
circuit.
8. Once
you
have
received
approval
of
the
TA,
connect
the
resistor
network
to
the
10-volt
power
supply
(use
the
wall
power
strip
connections).
9. Measure
the
current
that
Glows
through
the
circuit
(i.e.
provided
by
the
power
supply)
10. Compare
the
measured
value
with
the
value
you
calculated
in
step
6.
11.
If
the
two
values
(i.e.
the
prediction
and
the
measured
value)
differ
by
more
than
a
few
percent,
once
again
check
the
circuit
to
make
sure
the
connections
were
properly
made,
and
repeat
the
measurements.
12. Dismantle
Circuit
#1
and
assemble
the
resistors
to
produce
Circuit
#2.
Do
NOT
connect
the
power
supply.
Repeat
steps
5
through
11
with
Circuit
#2.
Circuit #1
Name:
Date:
Partner:
Section:
Resistance w/
DMM (ohms)
Predicted
Current (A)
Predicted
Voltage (V)
Measured
Current (A)
Measured
Voltage (V)
Resistance w/
DMM (ohms)
Predicted
Current (A)
Predicted
Voltage (V)
Measured
Current (A)
Measured
Voltage (V)
Resistor
1
Resistor
2
Resistor
3
Resistor
4
E f f e c t i v e
Resistor
Circuit #2
Resistor
1
Resistor
2
Resistor
3
Resistor
4
E f f e c t i v e
Resistor
Part #2
1. Draw
a
schematic
diagram
of
your
circuit
and
write
down
an
equation
stating
Kirchoff's
"loop"
rule.
2. Solve
the
Kirchoff's
loop
rule
equation
for
the
terminal
voltage
.
3. State
which
conditions
are
necessary
to
have
Vab=E,
and
relate
this
to
the
"open
circuit"
voltage
of
the
battery.
4. Assuming
that
the
"open
circuit"
voltage
of
the
battery
is
equal
to
E,
use
the
closed
circuit
values
for
the
terminal
voltage
and
the
current
Glowing
through
the
circuit
to
obtain
a
value
for
the
internal
resistance
of
the
"good"
battery,
.
5. Similarly,
calculate
the
internal
resistance
of
the
"bad"
battery.
6. Compare
the
values
of
the
internal
resistance
by
calculating
a
percent
discrepancy.
7. What
conservation
laws
are
equivalent
statements
of
the
"junction"
and
"loop"
rule?
8. APPENDICES
Appendix
A:
How
to
Read
the
Color
Coding
on
a
Resistor
Color Code*
Black 0
Brown 1
Red
2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue
6
Violet 7
Gray
8
White 9
Glow.2
If
the
complete
circuit
pictured
above
is
broken
anywhere
and
the
ends
attached
to
a
voltmeter
or
a
potentiometer,
the
size
of
the
potential
difference
can
be
measured.
Tables
in
the
Handbook
of
Chemistry
and
Physics
and
other
handbooks
give
the
temperature
as
a
function
of
voltage
for
commonly
used
thermocouples.
The
tables
in
the
handbooks
usually
give
the
values
when
one
junction
is
at
0C,
the
freezing
point
of
water,
as
a
reference
temperature,
while
the
other
junction
is
placed
where
the
temperature
is
to
be
determined.
Thermocouples
now
usually
have
built
in
"reference
junctions"
that
simulate
the
effect
of
the
reference
junction
being
at
T
=
0C.
Thermocouple
Solenoid
Pilot Light
Burner Valve
Main Burner
Thermostat
Gas
Main Valve
Solenoid
Transformer
The
thermocouple
tip
must
be
hot
enough
to
generate
the
emf
that
energizes
the
solenoid
of
the
main
valve
so
that
the
valve
stays
open
to
gas
Glow,
hence
those
instructions
that
you
often
see
on
such
appliances:
"Push
in
pilot
light
knob,
light
pilot
light,
hold
knob
depressed
for
one
minute,
and
release."
Once
this
has
been
accomplished,
the
pilot
light
will
stay
on.
Flow
of
gas
to
the
main
burner
is
then
left
to
be
controlled
mainly
by
the
thermostat
in
the
house.
This is known as the Seebeck Effect. The effect is reversible; that is, if one of the wires is cut
open and a battery is inserted to send a current through the loop, one junction is cooled and the
other is heated. This latter is known as the Peltier Effect and is the basis of the silent-type
thermoelectric refrigerator that can run off your car battery.
2