MINISTRY OF EDUCATION, SINGAPORE

in collaboration with
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE LOCAL EXAMINATIONS SYNDICATE
General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level
CANDIDATE
NAME
CENTRE
NUMBER

INDEX
NUMBER

* 2 6 2 7 3 7 3 5 8 7 *

CHEMISTRY

5074/02

Paper 2

October/November 2014
1 hour 45 minutes

Candidates answer on the Question Paper.

No Additional Materials are required.
READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST
Write your Centre number, index number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.
Section A
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
Section B
Answer all three questions, the last question is in the form either/or.
Answer all questions in the spaces provided.
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.
A copy of the Periodic Table is printed on page 24.
The use of an approved scientific calculator is expected, where appropriate.

This document consists of 23 printed pages and 1 blank page.

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2
Section A
Answer all questions in this section in the spaces provided.
The total mark for this section is 50.

A1 The following compounds are used in manufacturing chemicals for agriculture.

A

K3PO4

H2SO4

NH3

Ca(OH)2

NH4NO3

Use the letters A, B, C, D and E to answer the following questions.

(a) Which solid compound is added to soil to increase the pH?
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Two raw materials are used to make a compound.

One of the raw materials is made by cracking hydrocarbons.

The other raw material is obtained by fractional distillation of air.

Which compound is manufactured from these two raw materials?
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) (i)

Which two compounds can be reacted together to form an ammonium salt?

.......................................................... and ........................................................... [1]

(ii)

Give the formula of the salt.

.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(d) NPK fertilisers are solid fertilisers that contain compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus and
potassium.
Which two compounds could be mixed to produce an NPK fertiliser?
............................................................... and .............................................................. [1]
[Total: 5]

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A2 Chromium can be used as a protective metal for both steel and pure iron.
(a) Stainless steel is an alloy of iron which contains approximately 20% chromium mixed
with iron and some small amounts of other metals.
(i)

The diagram shows the arrangement of atoms in stainless steel.

Stainless steel is much harder than pure iron.

Use ideas about the arrangement of atoms in stainless steel to explain why.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
The chromium in the stainless steel reacts with oxygen in the air to form chromium
oxide. The chromium oxide forms a layer on the surface of the stainless steel. This layer
stops the iron in the stainless steel from rusting.
(ii)

The formula for chromium oxide is Cr2O3.

What is the formula for the chromium ion?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii)

Suggest how the layer of chromium oxide stops the iron in the stainless steel from
rusting.
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Door handles and trims on some cars are made from iron coated with chromium.
Chromium is a more reactive metal than iron.
(i)

If the chromium coating is scratched, would you expect the iron underneath to rust?
Explain your answer.
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii)

Suggest a method that could be used to apply the chromium coating to the iron.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

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[Total: 6]
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A3 The diagrams show the structures of some polymers, A, B, C and D.
A

O
C

CH2
CH

CH

CH2
B

H
N

CH2

(CH2)6

CH2

CH2

CH2

O
n

O
(CH2)4

C
n

O
C

O
CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

O
n

(a) What is the name of the group that links the monomers together in both A and C?
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) Name D.
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Draw the structures of the monomers that react to form C.

[2]

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(d) A, B, C and D include examples of polymers made by both addition and condensation
polymerisation reactions.
Describe three differences between addition and condensation polymerisation
reactions.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(e) A sample of D contains molecules with an average relative molecular mass of 2800.
How many carbon atoms are there in an average molecule of the polymer?
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 8]

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6
A4 The alcohols are a homologous series.
The table shows some data about the enthalpy change when 1 mol or 1 g of each alcohol are
completely combusted.
name of
alcohol

formula

enthalpy change of
combustion (kJ / mol)

enthalpy change of
combustion (kJ / g)

methanol

CH3OH

715

22.3

ethanol

C2H5OH

1371

29.8

propanol

C3H7OH

2010

butanol

C4H9OH

2673

36.1

(a) Calculate the enthalpy change of combustion when 1 g of propanol burns.

Show your working.

[2]
(b) Use ideas about breaking and forming bonds to explain why all of the values in the table
are negative.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
(c) The enthalpy change of combustion in kJ / mol increases from methanol to butanol.
Suggest a reason why.
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]

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(d) One characteristic of a homologous series is that properties show a trend.
Describe the trends you would expect for three properties of the alcohols as the
molecules increase in size. Enthalpy change of combustion must not be one of the
properties you choose.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(e) Dimethylether is an isomer of ethanol.

H
O

C
H

ethanol

H
O

dimethylether

The enthalpy changes of combustion for ethanol and dimethylether are different.
isomer

ethanol
C2H5OH

dimethylether
CH3OCH3

enthalpy change of combustion

(kJ / mol)

1371

1460

(i)

The same products are formed when both isomers are completely combusted.
Write equations to show the complete combustion of ethanol and dimethylether.

[2]
(ii)

Suggest why the enthalpy changes of combustion for the two isomers are different.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 12]

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8
A5 A student investigates the amount of copper that forms on the negative electrode during the
electrolysis of aqueous copper(II) sulfate.
The student uses this apparatus.

carbon electrodes

aqueous
copper(II) sulfate
(a) Write equations for the reactions that happen at each electrode during the electrolysis.
Include state symbols.
At the positive electrode:

At the negative electrode:

[3]

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9
(b) The student measures the mass of the negative electrode at the start.
He allows the electrolysis to continue for 10 minutes.
He dries the electrode, reweighs it and then replaces the electrode to allow the
electrolysis to continue for a further 10 minutes.
He repeats this process until the mass of the electrode does not change.
The table shows his results.

(i)

total time
/ min

mass of electrode
/g

3.50

10

3.91

20

4.15

30

4.78

40

5.21

50

5.61

60

6.10

70

6.10

80

6.10

What general pattern is shown by the results?

..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii)

The student makes an error in recording one of the mass readings.

Which result is most likely to be an error? Explain your reasoning.
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(iii)

Suggest why the mass does not change after 60 minutes.

..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

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(c) The student repeats the experiment.
This time he uses copper electrodes.
How would you expect his results for this experiment to differ from his first experiment?
Explain your reasoning.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [3]
[Total: 10]

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A6 Naphtha is a fraction of crude oil.
The molecules in naphtha are hydrocarbons with between 5 and 12 carbon atoms.
Naphtha is processed by cracking in an oil refinery.
(a) Explain why cracking of naphtha is an important process in an oil refinery.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) One of the molecules in naphtha is a saturated hydrocarbon containing 5 carbon atoms.
When this molecule is cracked it produces ethene and one other product.
Write an equation, showing full structural formulae, for this reaction.

[2]
(c) Cracking is an endothermic process that can use a catalyst.
Draw an energy profile diagram to show the effect of the catalyst on the cracking
process.
Your diagram should show and label

reactants and products,

the activation energy for the uncatalysed and catalysed reactions,
the enthalpy change of reaction.

energy

progress of reaction
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[3]
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12
(d) In another process, hexane is passed over a heated catalyst and many products can
form.
Two of the possible products are shown below.

H
H

C
H

H
C

C
H

H
C

product 1
H

H
H
H

hexane

H
H

H
H

H
H

H
H

H
product 2
Are products 1 and 2 isomers of hexane?
Explain your reasoning.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 9]

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BLANK PAGE

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14
Section B
Answer all three questions in this section.
The last question is in the form of an either/or and only one of the alternatives should be attempted.

B7 pH changes during a titration

A pH meter and a data logger are used to monitor the pH changes during a series of titrations.
In each titration, 0.1 mol / dm3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH, is added from a burette into a solution of a
different dilute acid.
During the titrations the pH does not change smoothly.
The data logger gives a graph for each titration.
titration 1:

14

0.1 mol/dm3 sodium hydroxide

added to 20.0 cm3 0.1 mol/dm3
hydrochloric acid (HCl)

12
10
pH

there is a definite
step in the pH
change

8
6
4
2
0

10

20

30

40

volume of NaOH in cm3

titration 2:

14

0.1 mol/dm3 sodium hydroxide

added to 20.0 cm3 0.1 mol/dm3
ethanoic acid (CH3COOH)

12

Ethanoic acid is a weak acid.

The shape of the graph is
different from titration 1.

10
pH

8
6
4
2
0

10

20

30

40

volume of NaOH in cm3

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titration 3:

14

0.1 mol/dm3 sodium hydroxide

added to 20.0 cm3 of an unknown
concentration of dilute sulfuric
acid (H2SO4)

12
10
pH 8
6

Sulfuric acid is a strong acid. The

ionisation of sulfuric acid can be
shown by two equations.
1. H2SO4

2. HSO4

4
2

H+ + HSO4
H+

10

20

SO42

30

40

volume of NaOH in cm3

H2SO4 and HSO4 are both strong acids. Therefore they are both neutralised at the same point
in the titration, which means that there is still only a single step on the graph.

titration 4:

14

0.1 mol/dm3 sodium 12

hydroxide added to
10
20.0 cm3 of an
unknown
pH 8
concentration of
6
dilute phosphoric
acid (H3PO4)
4
The graph for
phosphoric acid
has two steps.

at step 2 another
hydrogen ion has
reacted to form HPO42
at step 1 only one hydrogen ion
from H3PO4 has reacted. H2PO4 is
formed.

2
0

10

20

30

40

volume of NaOH in cm3

There appear to be three hydrogen atoms in phosphoric acid that may ionise. In practice, only the
first two hydrogen atoms form ions. At the end of the titration, HPO42 ions are left.

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Endpoints and indicators
An indicator can also be used to see when a step happens in the pH change.
The endpoint of each titration happens when the indicator changes colour.
The diagram shows the colours of some indicators at different pH values. In between the colours,
most indicators change colour gradually over a range of pH values.

methyl orange

red

yellow

litmus

red

blue

phenolphthalein

colourless

pink

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
pH
key
gradual colour change
The best indicator for a titration gives a distinct colour change when a step occurs.
For a titration between a strong acid and a strong alkali, every indicator in the diagram would give
an accurate titration volume.
(a) The information does not give the concentration of sulfuric acid used in titration 3.
What is the concentration? Explain your reasoning in words or by means of a calculation.

Concentration ................................... mol / dm3

Reasoning ........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid; ethanoic acid is a weak acid.
(i)

What is the difference between a strong acid and a weak acid?

..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

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(ii)

Identify two differences between the pH graphs for titration 1 and titration 2.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(c) (i)

Write equations to show how phosphoric acid produces the hydrogen ions involved
in the two steps on the pH graph in titration 4.
step 1

step 2

[2]
(ii)

Give the formula for the salt formed at the end of titration 4.
.................................................

(d) (i)

[1]

Explain why any of the indicators in the diagram can be used to give an accurate
titration volume when strong acids are titrated with dilute sodium hydroxide.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii)

Explain why methyl orange would not be suitable to use when titrating ethanoic
acid with dilute sodium hydroxide.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii)

Suggest the best indicator to use when titrating ethanoic acid with dilute sodium
hydroxide.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 12]

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B8 Diamond and graphite have some similarities and some differences between their bonding
and structures.
(a) Describe the similarities and differences between the bonding and structures in
diamond and graphite.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [4]

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(b) When graphite is heated in air, it reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide.
The table shows some differences between the properties of graphite and carbon dioxide.
graphite

carbon dioxide

melting point and

boiling point

both above 3000 C

both below 0 C

solubility in water

insoluble

dissolves to form an
acidic solution

electrical conductivity good

does not conduct

Explain why graphite and carbon dioxide have different properties.

...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[4]
[Total: 8]

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EITHER
B9 Phosphorus tribromide, PBr3, is a covalently bonded compound.
It is used as a catalyst for making chemical compounds for medicines.
It has to be handled and stored carefully because it is very toxic and it reacts very vigorously
with water.
(a) Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding in phosphorus tribromide.
Show outer electrons only.

[2]
(b) When phosphorus tribromide reacts with water, it forms phosphorous acid, H3PO3, and
hydrogen bromide, HBr.
Write a balanced equation for this reaction.

[1]
(c) One way of making phosphorus tribromide is to react phosphorus with bromine.
2P + 3Br2
(i)

2PBr3

Bromine has an oxidation state of 1 in phosphorus tribromide.

How does the oxidation state of phosphorus change during the reaction?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii)

Calculate the mass of bromine that reacts to make 54.2 g of phosphorus tribromide.

[3]

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(d) Chlorine also reacts with phosphorus.
2P + 3Cl 2
(i)

2PCl 3

When the same number of moles of phosphorus is reacted with both bromine and
chlorine, the rates for the two reactions are different.
How would you expect the rates to differ?
Explain your reasoning.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]

(ii)

In practice, when phosphorus reacts with chlorine, the yield of phosphorus

trichloride is never 100%.
Suggest a reason why.
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 10]

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22
OR
B9 The radii of atoms and ions can be measured.
The tables show some information about atomic radii and ionic radii of some Group I and
Group VII elements.
element

number of shells of
electrons in atom

atomic radius
/ pm

number of shells of
electrons in +1 ion

lithium

152

68

sodium

185

98

potassium

227

133

element

number of shells of
electrons in atom

atomic radius
/ pm

fluorine

71

133

chlorine

99

181

bromine

115

196

number of shells of
electrons in 1 ion

ionic radius
/ pm

ionic radius
/ pm

(1 000 000 000 000 pm = 1 m)

(a) Complete the table to show the number of shells of electrons in the ions of Group I and
Group VII elements.
[2]
(b) Describe the trend in atomic radii for Group I and use the data to explain this trend.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]

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(c) (i)

Describe the change in the radius when a lithium atom forms a lithium ion.
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(ii)

Suggest why the radius of a lithium atom changes in this way when it forms a
lithium ion.
..................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]

(iii)

Draw diagrams to show the arrangement of electrons in a lithium atom and a lithium
ion to support your answer in (ii).

[2]
(d) Strontium is in Group II.
The table below shows the atomic radius of a strontium atom.
element

atomic radius / pm

strontium

215

Predict the ionic radius of strontium.

Explain your reasoning.
Prediction ............................. pm
Reasoning ........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 10]

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local
Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

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20

Calcium

45

5074/02/O/N/14

Yttrium

Radium

89

227

Actinium

Ac

Key

b = atomic (proton) number

X = atomic symbol

a = relative atomic mass

* 5871 Lanthanoid series

90103 Actinoid series

88

Francium

87

226

Ra

223

72

Hafnium

Lanthanum

57

Barium

Caesium

56

178

Hf

139

La

137

Ba

40

133

Fr

55

Zr

91

Titanium

Zirconium

22

48

Ti

Cs

39

Strontium

Rubidium

38

37

89

88

Sr

85

21

Scandium

Sc

Rb

19

Potassium

40

Ca

39

Magnesium

Sodium

12

24

Mg

23

Na

Beryllium

Lithium

11

Be

II

Li

93

Ta

181

Niobium

Nb

90

58

73

52

96

Mo

184

Protactinium

55

Tc
186

Re

144

Nd

92

60

Uranium

238

Neodymium

75

Rhenium

43

Technetium

25

Manganese

Mn
27

59

28

59

29

64

30

65

Ru

101

Iron

190

Pm

147

Osmium

Os

237

Np
93

Neptunium

61

Promethium

76

44

Ruthenium

26

56

Fe

Sm

150

Iridium

Ir

192

244

Pu
94

Plutonium

62

Samarium

77

45

Rhodium

Rh

103

Cobalt

Co

195

Eu

152

Platinum

Pt

243

Am
95

Americium

63

Europium

78

46

Palladium

Pd

106

Nickel

Ni

Gd

157

Gold

Au

197

Silver

96

64

Curium

Cm

247

Gadolinium

79

47

Ag

108

Copper

Cu

201

Bk

247

Terbium

Tb

159

Mercury

Hg

97

Berkelium

65

80

48

Cadmium

Cd

112

Zinc

Zn

11

Dy

162

Thallium

Tl

204

Indium

In

115

Gallium

251

Cf
98

Californium

66

Dysprosium

81

49

31

70

Ga

Ge

73

Silicon

119

Es

252

Holmium

Ho

165

Lead

Pb

207

Tin

Sn

99

Einsteinium

67

82

50

32

Germanium

14

28

Si

Carbon

27

Aluminium

13

12

Al

Boron

B
7

14

75

Sb

122

Arsenic

As

Bi

209

Fermium

Fm

257

Erbium

Er

167

Bismuth

100

68

83

51

Antimony

33

15

Phosphorus

31

Nitrogen

N
8

Se

79

Sulfur

32

Oxygen

209

Po

169

Md

258

Thulium

Tm

101

Mendelevium

69

84

Polonium

52

Tellurium

Te

128

Selenium

34

16

16

O
9

Yb

173

Astatine

At

210

Iodine

127

Bromine

Br

80

Chlorine

259

No
102

Nobelium

70

Ytterbium

85

53

35

17

Cl

35.5

Fluorine

19

Lr

260

Lutetium

Lu

175

Radon

Rn

222

Xenon

Xe

131

Krypton

Kr

84

Argon

Ar

40

Neon

103

Lawrencium

71

86

54

36

18

10

Ne

20

Helium

Hydrogen

VII

VI

He

IV

III

The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.).

91

Thorium

231

Pa

Th

232

Praseodymium

Cerium

59

141

Pr

140

74

Tungsten

42

Molybdenum

24

Chromium

Cr

Ce

Tantalum

41

23

Vanadium

51

Group

DATA SHEET
The Periodic Table of the Elements

24