The Aegean and its Cultures

Proceedings of the first Oxford-Athens graduate

student workshop organized by the
Greek Society and the University of Oxford
Taylor Institution, 22-23 April 2005
Edited by

Georgios Deligiannakis
Yannis Galanakis

BAR International Series 1975

2009

This title published by

Archaeopress
Publishers of British Archaeological Reports
Gordon House
276 Banbury Road
Oxford OX2 7ED
England
bar@archaeopress.com
www.archaeopress.com

BAR S1975

The Aegean and its Cultures Proceedings of the first Oxford-Athens graduate student workshop
organized by the Greek Society and the University of Oxford Taylor Institution, 22-23 April 2005

Archaeopress and the individual authors 2009

ISBN 978 1 4073 0507 3

Printed in England by Blenheim Colour Ltd

All BAR titles are available from:
Hadrian Books Ltd
122 Banbury Road
Oxford
OX2 7BP
England

bar@hadrianbooks.co.uk

The current BAR catalogue with details of all titles in print, prices and means of payment is available
free from Hadrian Books or may be downloaded from www.archaeopress.com

11
Stone agricultural implements from the island of Kos:
The evidence from Kardamaina, the ancient demos of Halasarna
Eirini Poupaki

The archaeological excavations conducted by the University of

Athens since 1985 in Kardamaina,1 on the south coast of Kos,
have revealed significant remains of the sacred precinct of the
ancient demos of Halasarna, dated from the late 4th century
BC to the Roman period, and a settlement of the Late Roman
/Early Christian times.2 This settlement was founded on top of
the ancient remains and provided most of the stone implements
presented in this paper.3 The aim of this paper is to identify
similarities between stone utensils found in Kardamaina and
other sites of the Aegean.

which would have been useful for extracting the juice out of
fruits and vegetables. Only one mortar was used for mixing
building materials. These mortars are summarized below:
a. Fragmentary bowl without handles [reg. no. 8, cat. no.
8 (Fig. 1)]: it is made of purplish shale5 and is reminiscent of
small Hellenistic mortars from Delos.6
b. Half-broken mortar [reg. no. 17, cat. no. 14 (Fig. 2)]: it
is carved in a local tough stone7 and its shape resembles that
of certain Hellenistic holmoi from Delos,8 Cyprus9 and Itanos
(eastern Crete).10

Only a few artefacts can be dated earlier than the Late Roman
period. They probably belonged to the sanctuary.4 A few
domestic stone vessels date to the Hellenistic period. They were
mortars, used with pestles, fragments of which were also found
in the excavation. They had various uses: pounding cereals by
removing their husks; mixing or blending substances necessary
for cooking meals (e.g. spices); or crushing olives before
pressing them. None of these vases is equipped with a spout,

c. Partially broken large mortar [reg. no. 24, cat. no. 15

(Fig. 3)]: it is carved in volcanic rock and preserves traces of
calcareous material on its internal surface, showing that the
holmos was used for mixing building materials. The vessel
is similar in shape to the Hellenistic holmoi of Delos,11 the
Northern Slope of the Athenian Acropolis,12 Brauron13 and
Knossos.14
Most of the implements studied here are querns made of
various volcanic rocks, mainly rhyolite.15 The following querntypes, dating from prehistoric to Byzantine times, have been
recognized so far at Kardamaina:

My heartfelt thanks to my tutor, Prof. Georgia Kokkorou-Alevra, for her

constant encouragement and financial support for the chemical analyses. I am
also grateful to Prof. Sonia Verti-Kalopissi and Prof. Maria Panayotidi, who
gave permission for the study of the early-Christian material of the site. Many
thanks are also to the geologist, Achilleas Chatziconstantinou, my collaborator
in the research project of the ancient Koan quarries, who provided all the
geological information, cited and revised my text. Finally, I am also indebted to
Dr. Vassilis Kylikoglou of N.S.C.R. Demokritos, who was responsible for the
Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (I.N.A.A.) and to Prof. Athanassios
Katerinopoulos and Kostas Kyriakopoulos of the Geological Department of
the University of Athens for the Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (E.P.R.)
and petrologic analyses of the rock samples from the material studied and the
ancient quarries explored.

The stone seems identical to the reddish limestone of Piperia, on eastern Kos
(Poupaki and Chatziconstantinou 2001, 553-555).
6
Donna 1938, pl. 315 (with handles).
7
The stone is monzonite, related to granite and commonly used for the
carving of Koan vases: Poupaki 2004, 172-173, fig. 6. The stone originated
from the eastern coasts of Halasarna (Poupaki et al. forthcoming).
8
Donna 1938, pl. 305 (probably of related stone).
9
Settling vats in the Medieval Museum of Limassol (reg. nos. MM980 and
MM983): Hadjisavvas 1992, 80, fig. 150.
10
Unpublished.
11
Donna 1938, pls. 292-293.
12
Broneer 1938, 212, fig. 46.
13
Unpublished example from the sanctuary of Artemis in Brauron, probably
transferred there from the nearby settlement, according to Cl. Efstratiou ().
14
Sackett et al. 1992, 392, 394, pl. 327 S 35 d. The vessel from Knossos was
used for the same purpose.
15
Rhyolite was quarried in the quarries of Peleketa and Kastelli in Kefalos
peninsula: Poupaki 2001; 2004, 173-175; Poupaki and Chatziconstantinou
2001, 541-555.
5

Kokkorou-Alevra 2004,19-23 (where earlier literature).

The items discussed here are referred to by the catalogue numbers used in my
forthcoming MSc Thesis on stone vases and implements from the Kardamaina
excavation (conducted by the University of Athens, Faculty of History and
Archaeology, Department of Archaeology and History of Art) and they
follow the excavation registration numbers.
4
Dating the implements was extremely difficult, since a huge part of the
ancient buildings was destroyed and several pottery sherds and lithic artefacts
were unearthed during illegal digging for the foundation of a hotel unit before
the intervention of the Greek Archaeological Service.
2
3

109

Poupaki
1. Saddle or boat-shaped querns are the simplest devices for
grinding grain; they were long oval boards for grinding
through the reversible movement of a similar grinder
or a pebble.16 Four examples are rubble blocks with one
smooth surface [reg. nos. 62, 78, 93, 94
cat. nos. 25, 26, 27, 28 (Figs. 4-5)] were found in a late
Roman context. Yet, they display similarities with the
querns on nearby Yali.17 They are carved in various volcanic
rocks, probably of local origin,18 though one example (
94 cat. no. 28) resembles the dacitic outcrops of the
neighbouring islands of Yali and Nisyros.19

millstone and remained firmly in place with the help of

iron rods. Finally, at one end of the upper millstone the
lever was fitted over a pivot.28 It is worth mentioning that
the grinding surface of the Koan examples, which are all
fragments of upper mills bear a pattern of striations [reg.
nos. 1, 2, 25, 26, 40, 42, 52
cat. nos. 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 (Figs. 7-10)], like their
counterparts from the Hellenistic shipwreck of SereLimani of the nearby Bodrum peninsula.29
In general, the use of hopper-rubbers begins as early as
the Archaic times.30 However, the fragmentary examples
from Halasarna, found in the modern destruction debris
or in early-Christian layers, date between the 5th and the
3rd centuries BC.

The most interesting example was found in an undated

context. It is probably Geometric or Archaic in date
(reg. no. 3 cat. no. 29) [Fig. 6], based upon the
close parallels from the Athenian Agora,20 Athens,21
Argolid,22 Olynthus,23 Delos,24 Morgantina in Sicily25 and
Priene in Asia Minor.26 Some of these artefacts have an
incised surface, which facilitates the grinding of cereals
and can be found in later contexts, e.g. Hellenistic. It has
been suggested that the relatively long life of millstones
ensured their continuous use after the introduction
of more advanced types. Moreover, the persistence of
the saddle-quern may have been a result of its greater
practicality at times, when only a small amount of grain
required grinding .27

Several scholars agree that the volcanic rock for Olynthian

mills originates from Thera,31 whereas, according to
Strabo, Nisyros was the main producer of millstones in
classical antiquity.32 The hopper-rubbers from Halasarna
are carved in two similar types of volcanic stone, generally
called millstone lava. Two Olynthian mills are carved in
a rock which is attested at Pyrgi33 on the eastern part of
the Kefalos peninsula [reg. nos. 2, 52 - cat. nos. 31, 36
(Fig. 10)]. The rest of the findings are carved in a rock of
higher quality, originating from elsewhere [reg. nos.
1, 25, 26, 40, 42 cat. nos. 30, 32, 33, 34,
35 (Figs. 7-9)].34

2. Hopper-rubbers or Olynthian querns are rectangular friction

grain mills, the movable part of which was the upper
millstone ( ), while the steady one was the lower
stone ( or ). The upper stone was hollowed
out into a hopper to receive and funnel the cereals on the
grinding surface of the lower mill through the slot, which
was carved on the bottom of the hopper. The grinding
is conducted by the back and forth movement of the
grinder on the quern by means of a long lever (),
which was fixed on special slots at either end of the upper
Poupaki 1998, 141-145 (where earlier literature).
No. 25 resembles a quern from Kaloutsi (Sampson 1998, 172, 203, fig.
84); no. 26 resembles the querns of M2-type from the Neolithic settlement
(Sampson 1998, 164, 174, 178, fig. 96 a-b); no. 28 is another irregular quern
(Sampson 1998, 177, fig. 91) and no. 27 must be of M2 type (Sampson 1998,
172, fig. 93).
18
Perhaps local millstone lava from Pyrgi: Poupaki and Chatziconstantinou
2001, 541-555. Andesite was also used for querns in prehistoric times,
quarried mainly in the Saronic Gulf (Aegina, Methana etc.): Williams-Thorpe
and Thorpe 1993, Dietrich et al. 1988; Kakavogianni et al. forthcoming; see
also http://www.archaeometry.gr/oldv/symposium2003/pages_en/abstracts/
papers/lithics/lithic12.htm (accessed 28th March 2008): abstract of a paper
by Mexi, Bassiakos and Kakavogianni delivered at the Proceedings of the 4th
Symposium of the Hellenic Society for Archaeometry (Athens 28-31 May 2003).
19
Dacitic rocks exist mostly in the eastern part of Yali: Allen and McPhie
2002. For Nisyros dacitic domes (Prof. Ilias and Nifios), see: Chiodini et
al. 1993; Argialas and Mavratza 2004; the stone is often confused with
sandstone.
20
Thompson 1940, 28, 96, 104 143 (late 6th - late 5th c. BC). Two among
them (ST 213 and ST 257) are ascribed to the Tholos in the Athenian Agora.
16
17

23

24

25

26

27

21
22

Amouretti 1986, pl. 21 a.

Kardulias and Runnels 1995, 116-118, 430, fig. 95.
Robinson 1930, 69-71, fig. 186.
Donna 1938, 126, pl. 372, Chamonard 1922-24, 228-229, fig. 107.
White 1963, 201, pl. 47. 3-4.
Wiegand and Schrader 1904, 393, figs. 523-525.
Pulak and Townsend 1987, 43. See also Runnels 1981, 117-127.

110

3. Rotary querns are round querns used for the grinding of

cereals through the circular movement of a grinder ()
on a quern (). The grinder is pierced in the middle
in order to enable the spindle to pass through the stone
and allow the upper stone to move smoothly. The hopper
is carved around the hole of the upper stone. Through it
the cereals are concentrated, funnelled to the gap between
the two implements, and are finally ground. The spindle
of the rotary querns of Halasarna (except quern 10)
passes through the lower millstone and is fixed on a board
(i.e. a table) beneath the querns; this structure permits the
steady rotation of the upper millstone. The spindle is held
in place with the aid of a wooden frame fixed on the upper
stone, whilst a wooden or metallic handle is fixed on its
circumference. The movement of the handle facilitates the
circular movement of the quern.35

Poupaki 1998, 147-151 (with earlier literature).
Pulak and Townsend 1987, 41, fig. 11. Delian hopper-rubbers bear
striations forming fishbone pattern (Donna 1938, pls. 366, 367, 374).
30
Poupaki 1998, 150, n. 161 (with earlier literature).
31
Robinson and Graham 1938, 329-330 (with earlier literature).
32
Strabo, 10.5.16.
33
Poupaki and Chatziconstantinou 2001.
34
Based upon the recent chemical analysis, the best known sources of
millstone in classical antiquity are Pantelleria in Italy and Nisyros in the
Dodecanese (Williams-Thorpe and Thorpe 1991, 135). These Koan Olynthian
mills might originate from Nisyros. It is unfortunate that the single ancient
underground quarry of millstone in Avlaki on Nisyros is beyond reach due to
the collapse of its ceiling, thus making a matching of mill samples and quarry
stone impossible. The last reference to that quarry is thanks to L. Ross (Ross
1912-13, 80-81), who had visited it in the 19th c. (Runnels 1981, 92).
35
Poupaki 1998, 151-155 (with earlier literature).
28
29

Stone Agricultural Implements from the Island of Kos

Rotary mills of Halasarna constitute the vast majority

of the implements that have been studied. They can be
dated with certainty on the basis of the stratigraphy and
their resemblance to well-dated examples as follows:

4, 6, 14, 39AB, 41, 57, 59,

60, 96, 11, 13, 20 cat. nos. 40,
41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52) [Fig. 14].
They are thinner than the other querns; the grinding
surfaces of both and preserve the radiant
incisions, and the hopper of the upper millstones is
slightly shallow and supports the wooden frame and
the spindle.

a. Before the 1st century BC: the earliest rotary mill found
is a fragmentary of considerable thickness. It has
a central hole, where the spindle was fixed [reg. no.
10 cat. no. 37 (Fig. 11)]. Its grinding surface
slopes outwards and bears a pattern of radiant
striations around that hole. It is carved in millstone
lava of unknown origin. This find is extremely
significant, because it resembles the earliest attested
rotary-querns used in Greece (from Delos).36 A date
prior to the beginning of the 1st century BC seems
possible. This type of rotary-quern is similar to the
mola hispaniensis,37 the predecessor of the Roman
rotary querns, dated to as early as the 5th century
BC.38 This type influenced the grinding technology
in other European countries (e.g. Britain39 and
France40) and must have been in use along with the
Olynthian mills.41

d. AD 554 - 7th century: the latest mills belong to the

second phase of the settlement [reg. nos. 5,
32, 65, 99, 9, 12, 15, 31,
33, 67 cat. nos. 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60,
61, 62 (Figs. 15-17)]. Their shape shows a certain
degree of development: they are slightly thicker than
the millstones of the previous group. In addition, the
grinding surfaces are not incised and the wooden
frame is firmly fixed both inside and outside the
hopper.
Following this discussion of the lithic utensils from Halasarna
and their comparison with the published finds from other sites,
it is useful to consider the stone implements production of the
southeastern part of the Aegean in the classical antiquity and
during the late Roman / early Christian times:

b. Early 1st century AD: the two grinders, later in date

than the aforementioned one, are thick enough to
be hollowed into a deep hopper [reg. no. 7,
34 cat. nos. 38, 39 (Figs 12-13)]. Their stone is of
low quality and could be Koan. They can be dated
between the late 1st century BC and the early 1st
century AD, due to their resemblance to the examples
from the Mahdia shipwreck42 and Delos.43

1. Because of the similarities observed between the stone

vases from Kardamaina and Delos, it is fair to assume
that some sort of contact between Koan and Delian
stone-carvers occurred in the Hellenistic period. This
hypothesis can be supported by the strong similarities
observed between Delian and Koan works during
the Hellenistic period (e.g. free-standing statuary48
and round altars49). Indeed, it seems possible that
the Koan school of stone-carving was in competition
with the well known ones of Attica, Pergamon and
Rhodes, and that it managed to reduce the cost of
its products by the use of local stone, thereby gaining
clientele from the small neighboring islands.

The querns and mortars described above, like the coarse pottery
and some more domestic utensils found in the site, might have
belonged to the equipment of the sanctuary. These implements
were probably necessary for the quick grinding of barley for
44 or for making flour, the main ingredient of certain
cooked offerings to the gods: , or 45 and
.46 This is supported by the inscription no. E179, found
at the site, which refers to certain sacred, probably luxurious,
items in the service of the sanctuary.47
c.

2. The hopper-rubbers from Halasarna, which were

carved in stone probably of Koan origin, can be
considered as rough products of a local workshop.
They may be imitations of better quality works
from Nisyros. The latter was considered, in the
classical times, the best-known millstone workshop,
whose activity has been recently placed in the
early Hellenistic period.50 It is noteworthy that the
Olynthian mills of the shipwrecks of El Sec (near
Mallorca)51 and Kyrenia52 are also thought to be
of Koan origin. Further research can elucidate this
matter.53

ca. AD 400 - 554: most of the rotary mills studied

here are related to the first phase of the settlement,
since they were found in situ, either inside the houses
or built into the walls of later dwellings (reg. nos.

Donna 1938, 126, pls. 386 and 390.

Poupaki 1998, 153 (with earlier literature).
38
A late 6th century BC example was found in Carthage: Morel 2001, 241250 (with selected bibliography).
39
Curwen 1937, 137; 1941, 15.
40
Lindet 1899 30, figs. 17-18.
41
See: Morgantina in Sicily (White 1963, 205); shipwreck of El Sec near
Mallorca (Arribas 1987, 563). Donna 1938, 126, pls. 386, 390.
42
Baatz 1994, 98.
43
Donna 1938, pl. 386.
44
The rough grinded barley was scattered on the animal, which would be
sacrificed on the altar (Harrison 1996, 122-125).
45
During certain festival (e.g. ) a special bloodless offer was made
to the gods.
46
Harrison 1996, 125-128.
47
Kokkorou-Alevra 2004,no. 5, ll. 4-7, 41-44.
36
37

Kabus-Preisshofen 1989, 17; Jockey 1998, 183;1999, 310-313.

Fraser 1977, 29-31.
50
Kardulias and Runnels 1995, 121; Strabo, 10.5.16.
51
Arribas 1987, 571. Williams-Thorpe and Thorpe 1991, 135 showed that
Pantelleria lava was used, except from one hopper-rubber that was made of
Nisyrian lava.
52
Katzev 1968, 265-266; Karageorghis 1970, 291.
53
A comparison of the chemical composition of the samples from the hopper48
49

111

Poupaki
3. The rotary quern 10 is probably an early import
in the early-Hellenistic sanctuary of Apollo. It is
innovative in type, shedding light on the development
of Koan stone-carving techniques.

4. A common origin can be proposed for the rotary mills

attributed to the Late Roman settlement on grounds
of their appearance, the material (rhyolite, probably of
local origin) and their common features: they might
all have been carved in the same workshop, probably
active for a long period of time. It is remarkable that
the querns from the second Sere-Limani shipwreck,
dated around five hundred years later (11th century
AD), are carved in a vesicular, silicified, rhyolitic
tuff ,54 which is very similar to Koan rock-types.
They also share the same dimensions. Those mills
are attributed by C.N. Runnels55 to the Melian
workshop, which depended on the quarrying of
local volcanic material. Nonetheless, there is no
evidence for its use prior to the 13th century AD.56
Subsequently, it seems obvious that the millstones
from Halasarna and Sere-Limani are either the

products of a single workshop, which was active in

the south-eastern part of the Aegean (e.g. in Kos or
somewhere on the opposite coast of Asia Minor) or
that they all belong to the Melian workshop, which
for that reason should be dated as early as the Late
Roman period.

The view that the recently explored quarries of rhyolite in

Peleketa and
Kastelli on western Kos supplied suitable
material for the rotary mills of Halasarna has not yet been
confirmed by the chemical analyses undertaken. For this
reason, another source, probably also on Kos, should be sought
after.57
In conclusion, the persistent preference of the Halasarnitae
for the most advanced stone utensils, good enough for both
domestic (in late antiquity) and sanctuary needs might reflect
their high living standards. Furthermore, if we accept the
hypothesis that the implements were manufactured in the
local stone workshops, then the well-established stone-carving
tradition of the Koans is further enhanced.

rubbers from Halasarna with that of the volcanic rocks from Nisyros is still in
progress in the laboratories of the Geological Department of the University of
Athens by Prof. Athanassios Katerinopoulos.
54
Runnels 1988.
55
Kardulias and Runnels 1995, 127.
56
aos and mikos 1993, 96-104.

Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (I.N.A.A.) has been applied. In

search of the probable source of rhyolite, some boulders of that material have
been attributed to Koukos hill, northwest of ancient Halasarna. The samples
collected have not yet been analyzed.
57

112

Stone Agricultural Implements from the Island of Kos

Bibliography
Palagia, O. and Coulson, W. (eds.), Regional Schools in
Hellenistic Sculpture, Proceedings of an International
Conference held at the American School of Classical
Studies at Athens, March 15-17, 1996, Oxford, 177184.
1999: La technique composite Dlos lpoque
hellenistique, in Schvoerer, M. (ed.), Actes de la conference
internationale de lAssociation pour lEtude des Marbres
et autres roches utiliss dans le Pass (ASMOSIA IV).
Bordeaux-Talence 9-13 Oct. 1995, Archeomatriaux.
Marbres et autres roches, Bordeaux, 305-316.
Kabus-Preisshofen, R. 1989: Die hellenistische Plastik der Insel
Kos (AM-BH 14), Berlin.
Kakavogianni, O., Ntouni, K., Bassiakos, Y., Kylikoglou, V.,
Day, P. and Mexi, M. forthcoming:
,
,
(), ....
, 1993-2003 (
18-20.12.2003).
Karageorghis, V. 1970: Chronique de fouilles a Chypre en
1969, BCH 94, 291-295.
Kardulias, P.N. and Runnels, C.N. 1995: The Lithic Artifacts:
Flaked Stone and Other Nonflaked Lithics, in Runnels,
C.N., Pullen, D.J. and Langdon, S. (eds.), Artefact and
Assemblage. The Finds from a Regional Survey of the
Southern Argolid, Greece, Stanford, 74-139.
Katzev, M. 1968: Cyprus. Greek Shipwreck off Kyrenia, AAA
A.3, 265-266.
Kokkorou-Alevra, G. 2004: .
( 6), Athens.
Lindet, L. 1899: Les origines du moulin grain, RA, 17-44.
Linfert, A. 1976: Kunstzentren hellenistischer Zeit,
Wiesbaden.
Marcad, J. 1969: Au Muse de Dlos. tude sur la sculpture
hellnistique en ronde bosse dcouverte dans lle (BEFAR
215), Paris.
Morel, J.-P. 2001: Aux origines du moulin rotatif ? Une
meule circulaire de la fin du VIe sicle avant notre re
Carthage, in Brun, J.-P. and Jockey, P. (eds.), .
Techniques et socits en Mditerrane. Hommage MarieClaire Amouretti, Paris, 241-250.
Poupaki, E. 1998:

, Diachronia 3-4,
147-151.
2001: :
, in Kokkorou-Alevra, G., Laimos, A. and
Simantoni-Bournia, E. (eds.), - -
, , Kos, 2-4
ay 1997, (Archaiognosia Supplement 1), Athens, 59-76.

Allen, R.S. and McPhie, J. 2002: Submarine Eruption,

Transport and Deposition of a Young, Thick, Coarse
Pumice Breccia at Yali, Eastern Aegean, Greece, in The
American Geophysical Union Chapman Conference on
Explosive Subaqueous Volcanism, Dunedin, New Zealand,
Jan. 21-25, 2002 (for a complete copy of abstracts, page
22:
http://www.otago.ac.nz/geology/people/white/
chapman-abstracts.pdf (accessed: 28 March 2008).
Amouretti, M.-C. 1986: Le pain et lhuile dans la Grce antique:
de laraire au moulin, Paris.
Argialas, D.P. and Mavrantza O.D. 2004: Comparison of
Edge Detection and Tough Transform Techniques for the
Extraction of Geologic Features, in Geo-Imagery Bridging
Continents, XXth ISPRS Congress, 12-23 July 2004,
Istanbul, Turkey, Commission 3 (vol. XXXV of Proceedings),
at:
http://www.isprs.org/congresses/istanbul2004/
comm3/papers/ 376.pdf (accessed: 28 March 2008).
Arribas, A. 1987: Los Molinos, in Arribas, A., Trias, M.G.,
Gerda, D. and Dela H.J. (eds.), El Barco de el Sec (Calvia,
Mallorca): Estudio de los materials, Ayuntamiento de
Calvia (Mallorca), Mallorca, 563-588.
Baatz, D. 1994: Die Handmhlen, in Hellenkemper Salies,
G. et al. (eds.), Das Wrack. Der antike Schiffsfunde von
Mahdia, Cologne, 97-104.
Baos, . and Nomikos, S. 1993: ,
Athens.
Broneer, O. 1938: Excavations on the North Slope of the
Acropolis, 1937, Hesperia 7, 161-263.
Chamonard, J. 1922-24: Le Quartier de Thtre (Dlos 8),
Paris.
Chiodini, G., Cioni, R., Leonis, C., Marini, L. and Raco, B.
1993: Fluid Geochemistry of Nisyros island, Dodecanese,
Greece, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
56, 95-112.
Curwen, E.C. 1937: Querns, Antiquity 11, 133-151.
1941: More about querns, Antiquity 15, 15-32.
Donna, W. 1938: Le mobilier dlien (Dlos 18), Paris.
Dietrich, V.J., Mercolli, I. and Oberhnsli, R. 1988: Dazite,
High-Alumina-Basalte und Andesite als Produkte
amphiboldominierter
Differentation
(Aegina
und Methana, gischer Inselbogen), Schweizer
Mineralogische, Petrographische Mitteilungen 68, 21-39.
Fraser, P.M. 1977: Rhodian Funerary Monuments, Oxford.
Hadjisavvas, S. 1992: Olive Oil Processing in Cyprus from
the Bronze Age to the Byzantine Period, (SIMA XCIV),
Nicosia.
Harrison, J.E. 1996:
, (transl. in Greek by Papadopoulou, E.),
Athens.
Jockey, P. 1998: Neither School nor Koine: The Local
Workshops of Delos and their Unfinished Sculpture, in
113

Poupaki
Runnels, C.N. 1981: A Diachronic Study and Economic
Analysis of Millstones from Argolid, (Indiana Univ., Phil.
Diss., Philadelphia).
1988: The Rotary Querns, INA 15:3, 30-31.
Sackett, L.H. et al. 1992: Other finds in Stone, Clay and
Faience, in Sackett, L.H. (ed.), Knossos from Greek city to
Roman colony. Excavation at the Unexplored Mansion II
(BSA Supplement 21), 391-414.
Sampson, A. 1998: ,
Athens.
Thompson, H.A. 1940: The Tholos of Athens and its Predecessors
(Hesperia Supplement 4), Baltimore.
White, D. 1963: Survey of millstones from Morgantina, AJA
67, 199-206.
Wiegand, T. and Schrader, H. 1904: Priene. Ergebnisse der
Ausgrabungen und Unersuchungen in den Jahren 18951898, Berlin.
Williams-Thorpe, O. and Thorpe, R. 1991: The import of
millstones to Roman Mallorca, JRA 4, 152-159.
1993: Geochemistry and Trade of Eastern
Mediterranean Millstones from the Neolithic to Roman
Periods, Journal of Archaeological Science 20, 263-320.

2004: Quarries of the Hellenistic Age on the

Island of Kos and possible uses of the stones extracted, in
Hghammar, K. (ed.), The Hellenistic Polis of Kos: State,
Economy and Culture (Boreas 28), Uppsala, 165-179.
Poupaki, . and Chatziconstantinou, . 2001:
, in Bassiakos, ., loupi, .
and Phakorellis, G. (eds.),
, Athens, 541-556.
Poupaki, E., Chatziconstantinou, A. and Katerinopoulos,
A. forthcoming: The use of Koan monzonite
in Ptolemaic statuary and early - Byzantine
architecture of Kos island (Dodecanese, Greece),
ASMOSIA VIIth International Conference, Aix-enProvence, June 12-18, 2006.
Pulak, C. and Townsend, R.F. 1987: The Hellenistic Shipwreck
at Sere Limani, Turkey: Preliminary Report, AJA 91, 3157.
Robinson, D.M. 1930: Architecture and Sculpture: Houses and
other Buildings (Excavations at Olynthus II), Baltimore.
Robinson, D.M. and Graham, J.W. 1938: The Hellenic House
(Excavations at Olynthus VIII), Baltimore.
Ross, L. 1912-13: Inselreisen Reisen auf den griechischen Inseln
des gischen Meer, vol. II, Halle.

114

Stone Agricultural Implements from the Island of Kos

Fig. 1: Fragment of bowl no. 8 from Halasarna

(photo Nikos Antoniades).

Fig. 3: Fragmented mortar no. 24 from

Halasarna (photo Nikos Antoniades).

Fig. 2: Fragmented mortar no. 17 from

Halasarna (photo Nikos Antoniades).

Fig. 4: Prehistoric saddle-quern no. 78

from Halasarna (photo Nikos Antoniades).

115

Poupaki

Fig. 5: Prehistoric saddle-quern () no. 94 from Halasarna

(photo Nikos Antoniades)

Fig. 6: Geomertric or archaic saddle-quern () no. 3 from Halasarna

(photo Nikos Antoniades)

116

Stone Agricultural Implements from the Island of Kos

Fig. 7: Hopper-rubber () no. 1 from

Halasarna (photo Nikos Antoniades)

Fig. 8: Hopper-rubber () no. 25

from Halasarna (photo Nikos Antoniades)

Fig. 9: Hopper-rubber () no. 26

from Halasarna (photo Nikos Antoniades)

Fig. 10: Hopper-rubber () no. 52 from

Halasarna (photo Nikos Antoniades)

117

Poupaki

Fig. 11: Rotary quern () no. 10 from Halasarna (photo Nikos Antoniades)

Fig. 12: Rotary quern () no. 7 from Halsarna (drawing Eirene Poupaki).

Fig. 13: Rotary quern () no. 34 from Halsarna (drawing Eirene Poupaki).

118

Stone Agricultural Implements from the Island of Kos

Fig. 14: Rotary quern () no. 39 from Halasarna

(photo Nikos Antoniades)

Fig. 16: Rotary quern () no. 31 from

Halasarna (photo Nikos Antoniades)

Fig. 15: Rotary quern () no. 32 from

Halasarna (photo Nikos Antoniades)

Fig. 17: Proposed reconstruction of an early-Christian Halasarna rotary mill

(drawing Eirene Poupaki)

119