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Trailing-edge wakes
Flow separation
Large added-mass
Leading-edge vortices
PROS
CONS
Theoretical
fast, improve
understanding of
physics
limited by
assumptions such as
small-amplitudes,
attached flow
Experiment, CFD
reliable, improve
understanding
expensive/slow,
unsuitable for real-time
simulation and design
Semi-empirical
depend on several
fast, can be used for parameters, do not
simulation and design provide insight into
physics
pitch
plunge
Trailing-edge separation
is negligible
Flow visualisation from experiment, CFD at four instants
6
A0 (t)
Verification of LESP
hypothesis
Upper surface
LEV formation
Lower surface
LEV formation
0.2
Critical LESP (U.S.)
(Baseline)
SD7003, Re=100,000
40
0.1
LESP
30
(deg)
Baseline
20
0.1
10
0
t*
0.2
t*
50
No LEV formation
0.2
Critical LESP (U.S.)
40
30
1.5
LESP
(deg)
h/c
20
10
0.5
2.5
t*
50
2.5
0.1
Baseline
Combined
0.1
0.2
t*
0.2
Critical LESP (U.S.)
40
30
1.5
LESP
(deg)
h/c
20
10
0.5
t*
0.1
Baseline
Combined
0.1
0.2
t*
10
Illustration of LDVM
Motion (grey line): pitch up to 25 deg, hold, pitch down to zero; leading-edge pivot
30
LESP
20
LESP
(deg)
0.1
30
Exp
0.2
0.1
LESPcrit
CFD
(deg)
10
10
10
30
CFD
20
0.4
Cd
(deg)
Cm
0.5
10
4
t*
11
10
30
CFD
0.8
LDVM
4
t*
1.5
0.5
20
Cl
t*
Exp
LDVM
LDVM
20
(deg)
0.4
10
0.8
10
4
t*
10
Illustration of LDVM
Motion (grey line): Smooth pitch-up to 90 deg
and pitch down to zero; trailing-edge pivot
90
LESP
90
LESPcrit
CFD
0.3
LESP
75
(deg)
LDVM
75
(deg)
Cl
0.2
60
60
0.1
45
45
30
30
0.1
15
15
0.2
t*
t*
90
CFD
90
LDVM
CFD
75
(deg)
Cd
LDVM
0.5
Cm
75
(deg)
60
60
45
0.5
45
30
30
15
1.5
15
4
t*
t*
12
Perching manoeuvres
Motion : pitch-up to 45 deg, simultaneous deceleration to zero velocity
0.6
Theory
CFD
Theory
1.8
CFD
0.4
1.2
Cl
0.2
0.6
Critical LESP is
calibrated against Re at
leading edge and used
in simulation
1
0
0.2
CFD
0.8
0.6
LESPcrit
0.4
LDVM
0.2
0
log10(ReLE)
13
t*
t*
Hovering maneuvers
Motion : plunge up and down, zero freestream velocity
Theory
CFD
0.4
Cd
0
0.4
0.4
0.8
0.8
0.6
LESPcrit
0.4
LDVM
0.2
0
0.4
Cl
CFD
Theory
CFD
log10(ReLE)
14
t*
0.8
t*
15
Self-sustained limit-cycle
oscillations
30
(deg)
15
15
30
Divergent oscillations
bounded by LEVs
300
600
*
t
900
1200
300
600
t*
900
1200
30
15
Limit-cycle oscillations
(deg)
15
30
16
0.5
0
0.5
U*/U*
1.5
2.5
No LCOs
50
(deg)
1.5
40
30
20
0.5
U*/U*
17
1.5
Divergent
60
Multipeak LCOs
Divergent
Multipeak LCOs
No LCOs
2.5
Significant outcomes
18