Introduction

The present perfect is one of the most popular areas of grammar that:

strikes fear in the heart of novice English teachers;

is used in teacher interviews to see how much grammar they know and
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is seen by teachers as marking a different level in a learners ability in English (e.g. If she can use
present perfect, then put her in the intermediate level).
Part of the problem with the present perfect is that the label is often confusing. It isnt always
present (I have eaten crab) and what on earth does perfect mean?
In this article, the first of two articles on the perfect aspect, well attempt to unlock the concept of
aspect and take a more detailed look at the contexts of use of the present perfect and present
perfect continuous.

Aspect in English
Tense is a grammatical concept which marks past, present and future time. Closely linked to tense
is the concept of aspect, which adds a further time perspective. Aspect reflects the way in which the
action of a verb is viewed with respect to time, answering questions such as: Is the event or state
completed or still in progress?. We recognise two aspects in English, the progressive aspect,
sometimes referred to as the continuous aspect, and the perfect aspect. The progressive aspect
describes events or states which are in progress or continuing, whereas the perfect aspect usually
describes events or states which occur or begin during a previous period of time.
Aspects are marked for tense, so for instance we talk about the present perfect, e.g:
I have read your letter.
We think of an example like this as being in the past tense, because the perfect aspect implies that
the action happened or began in a previous period of time, but this verb form is still referred to as
the present perfect, since it implies a connection between something that happened in the past and
the present time. The past perfect, exemplified by
I had read your letter.
will always refer to an action or situation which occurred before a particular time in the past, and
therefore represents a connection between something which happened in the past and a past
moment in time.
Sometimes both progressive and perfect aspects combine in a complex verb phrase, as in for
example the present perfect progressive, e.g:

i.e. means "that is"

it's from the latin "id est"
I like to eat vegetables (i.e. I enjoy their taste)
e.g. means "for example"
it's from the latin "exempli gratia"
I like to eat vegetables (e.g. carrots and broccoli)

I have been reading your letter.

Here the perfect aspect implies that the action began in the past and the progressive aspect implies
that it continued and may still be happening now.
In the paragraphs below we will focus on the present perfect and the present perfect progressive,
taking a more detailed look at the contexts in which they are used in English.

The present perfect

The present perfect, formed from auxiliary have or has with a past participle, is usually used to talk
about the past in relation to the present. It suggests a connection between something that
happened in the past and a present time, often referring to an action in the past which has a result
now, e.g:
Ive cut my finger.
Theyve forgotten to bring their tickets.
Your parents have arrived.
We often use the present perfect to give new information, reporting events that have occurred just
before the present time, e.g:
Theres been a serious accident on the bypass.
Ive won a competition.
Paula has got a new job.
The present perfect is therefore common with just and already, e.g:
Your parents have just arrived.
Paula has already got a new job.
and is often used to report information in news reports, e.g:
The British Olympic athlete Kelly Holmes has won two gold medals
The present perfect can be used to refer to past events which repeatedly occur up to and including
the present time, and may occur again in the future, e.g:
Ive been ice-skating several times.
Weve often eaten in this restaurant.
Hes an author who has influenced many young writers.
The present perfect is often used with stative verb senses and adverbials of duration to refer to a
state that began in the past, continues up to the present, and will perhaps continue into the future,
e.g:

Theyve lived in Paris for ten years.

Ive always liked Louise.
Hes owned the house since his mother died.
Situations or events described by the present perfect do not always continue until the time of
speaking, nor have they necessarily always happened immediately before the time of speaking, but
they usually imply some connection or relevance to the present time, e.g:
Ive finished with the computer now, you can use it if you like.
Have you locked all the doors and windows?
Both our children have had chickenpox.

The present perfect and time expressions

The present perfect is often used with time expressions which indicate a period of time that
continues from the past until now, e.g:
Ive made a lot of new friends in the last few days.
We havent had dinner together for a long time.
Have you had anything to eat since breakfast?
However, unlike the simple past tense, the present perfect cannot be used with adverbials that
indicate a specific point in time in the past. Compare, e.g:
I cut my finger yesterday.
* Ive cut my finger yesterday.
Paula got a new job last week.
* Paula has got a new job last week.
We can however use the present perfect with time expressions which include the present time such
as today, this morning/ year/ month, etc., to talk about events or states that may not be finished at
the time of speaking, e.g:
Ive answered the phone six times this afternoon.
Have you seen Andy today?
Jack has been really unwell this term.
However, if we think of this morning/ week, etc., as a past, completed time period, then we must
use the past simple. Compare:
Ive answered the phone six times this afternoon. (and I may well answer it again, the afternoon is
not over)

I answered the phone six times this afternoon. (a completed period, the afternoon is over)
The present perfect can be used with time clauses introduced by after, when, until, as soon as,
once, by the time, and expressions like the minute/ the moment, etc., to refer to future events, e.g:
Hell call you as soon as hes got the results.
We wont know the details until weve talked to Jack.
Shell be forty by the time she has finished the course.
Ill let you know the minute Ive heard something.

Present perfect continuous

The present perfect can combine with the progressive aspect to form what is usually referred to as
the present perfect continuous. The present perfect continuous is formed from auxiliary have/
has + been + -ing, e.g:
I have been watching you.
She has been sleeping.
The present perfect continuous is used to describe a situation or activity which began in the past
and was in progress until recently or until the time of speaking. It is often used to emphasise the
duration of an event, occurring with time expressions which indicate how long an activity has been
in progress, e.g:
Ive been working at home all day.
It is therefore common with for and since, e.g:
Weve been living there for three years.
Its been raining since we arrived here.
Note that since the continuous aspect focuses on situations in progress, and there is no concept of
progression in verbs which describe states, the present perfect continuous cannot be used with
stative senses of verbs, and the present perfect is used instead. Compare:
* Weve been knowing Jackie for three years.
Weve known Jackie for three years.
* Ive always been hating olives.
Ive always hated olives.
The present perfect continuous is often used to describe repeated actions which have occurred up
until the time of speaking, e.g:
Hes been writing to her every day.
Ive been going to evening classes to improve my French.

It is therefore more likely to be used with verbs that suggest a repeated activity, rather than a single
action, compare:
Ive broken my leg.
* Ive been breaking my leg. (possible but unlikely )
The present perfect continuous is used to emphasise that an activity is ongoing and repeated,
whereas the present perfect suggests that an activity happened only once or a specified number of
times, as illustrated in the following example:
Jack has been writing letters all day, but he hasnt written one to his girlfriend.
When we want to focus on the result of an activity, we use the present perfect, but when we want to
focus on the process, the present perfect continuous is often used, compare:
Ive been washing the car and Im soaked. (process present perfect continuous)
Ive washed the car and it looks much better now. (result- present perfect)
However the present perfect continuous is often used in place of the present perfect when the
speaker is complaining about the situation resulting from some previous activity, e.g:
Whos been eating my chocolates?
Youve been using the phone again, havent you?
Whos been washing the car, theres water everywhere?