Solutions and Solubilit

Abstract
In this experiment, we differentiated a true solution from a colloidal solution and suspension by examining the Sodium
chloride, Egg white and Calcium carbonate. We are able to know the solutions that are unsaturated, saturated and
supersaturated by adding crystals, dissolving it, and heating the solution. We learn what endothermic reaction is from exothermic
reaction by adding different compounds with the same solvent. To observe the colligative properties of solutions by freezing- by
having crushed ice with NaCl and Urea, boiling- by boiling water and add CaCl and osmosis-by a raisin with 3% sugar then we
compare the effects of electrolyte and non-electrolyte solutes on the colligative properties of solutions. We learned on how to
compare the solubility of substances in various solvents. We enumerate and explain the different factors affecting solubility like surface area agitation nature of solute and solvent pressure temperature.

Introduction
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed
of only one phase. In such mixture, a solute is a substance
dissolved in another substance, known as a solvent. The
solvent does the dissolving. The solution more or less
takes on the characteristics of the solvent including its
phase, and the solvent is commonly the major fraction of
the mixture. The concentration of a solute in a solution is a
measure of how much of that solute is dissolved in a
solvent.
There are different types of a solution: The
Gaseous solution, Liquid solutions and Solid solutions. In
Gaseous solutions, If a solvent is a gas, only gases are
dissolved under a given set of conditions. In Liquid
solutions, If the solvent is liquid, then gases, liquids, and
solids can be dissolved. Examples are: Gas in liquid, Liquid
in liquid, and Solid in liquid. In Solid Solutions, If a solvent
is a solid, then gases, liquids and solids can be dissolved.
Examples are: Gas in solid, Liquid in solid, and Solid in
solid.
The ability of one compound to dissolve in
another compound is called solubility. When a liquid can

completely dissolved in another liquid, the two

liquids are miscible. Two substances that can never mix to

form a solution are called immiscible.

If no more solute can be dissolved, the solution is

said to be saturated. However, the point at which a solution
can become saturated can change significantly with
different environmental factors, such as temperature,
pressure, and contamination. For some solute-solvent
combinations, a supersaturated solution can be prepared
by raising the solubility.
The physical properties of compounds such as
melting point and boiling point change when other
compounds are added. Together, they are called colligative
properties.
Polar solutes dissolve in polar solvents, forming
polar bonds. On the other hand, non-polar solutes dissolve
better in polar solvents.

Methodology
I. Solutions
A. True Solution, Colloidal Solution and Suspension
Examine a
solution of NaCl.

Whisk an egg
white in a bowl.

Examine a CaCO3
Solution

B. Unsaturated, Saturated and Supersaturated solutions

50mL of water add
500mg Na2S2O3

Add more crytals of

Na2S2O3 until it
dissolve

Record your observation.

Heat the solution and add
more crystals. Then cool.
To another test tube
containing 7.5mL of ethyl
alcohol, add also a
500mg of I2 crystals.

C. Endothermic and exothermic

Place a 10 mL water then get
the temp. Add K2CO3, shake
and sealed with parafilm,
when the solid dissolved get
the temp.

Label this test tube B.

Record your
observation.

Repeat the procedure and

replace K2CO3 with NH4Cl

Shake.

To the test tube A, add

2.5mL of benzene and
shake well.

Let it stand.

D. Colligative properties
Add the contents of the
test tube A and B.

-FREEZING point
-Put crushed ice and add NaCl the
take the temp

BOILING POINT

OSMOSIS

Boil some water add

CaCl2 and dissolved
then take temp.

Repeat
same
Results
procedure and replace
CaCl2II.Solubility
with sucrose

Select two raisins .

In one raisin add water

B. Solubility if liquids in liquids

1.Pour 1mL ethyl
alcohol into an equal
volume of water and
shake.
2. In two separate put
1mL each of coconut
oil.

and in the other one

put 3% sugar
solution

Record your observation.

Add 1mL more of alcohol

and shake again.

To one test tube, add

1mL of water and
shake.

To the other test tube,

add 1mL of CCl4 and
shake.

A. Solubility of solids in liquids

1.Put 500mg of NaCl,
MgSO4, KOH, and I2
crystals in separate test
tubes.
2. Add 500mg small
If dissolved, tick the box, and if
crystal of I2b to 5mL
not, continue adding water until
water and shake.
the last increment.

Add the increments of water

volumes 0.3mL, 2.2mL, 5mL,
10mL, 432.5mL, 1800mL, and
75mL and after each
increment, observe whether
the substances inside the test
tube has been dissolved.
Label this test tube A.

C.Solubility in gases in liquids

Half fill your smallest
beaker with water.

Warm gently with a small

flame but do not boil.

III. Factors Affecting Solubility

A. Surface Area

D. Pressure
Open a bottle of carbonate softdrinks.

Powder some CuSO4

crystals in a mortar and
pestle.

Put some of the powder

crystals in one test tube.

E.Temperature
1.

In another test tube, put

an equal amount of
CuSO4 crystals.

Add 10mL of water to

each and shake.

Transfer
5mLof
carbonated
softdrinks
into 5mL
test tube.

2. Measure 5mL. of
water into a 10 mL.
test tube.

Allow the effervescence

to subside and heat over
the Bunsen flame.

Add NaCl crystals with

stirring until no NaCl
dissolves.

B. Agitation
To each of the test tube
containing 10mL water,
add small amounts of
CuSO4 crystals.

Heat until all the crystals

dissolved.

Let one test tube stand

and the other be
vigorously shaken.

C.Nature of solute and solvent

1.Into each of 3 clean
and dry test tube, place
equal amounts ( a pinch)
of CuSO4 crystals.

Add 10 drops water to

the first test tube, 10
drops ethyl alcohol to the
second and 10 drops
hexane to the third tube.

.
Shake each mixture
vigorously and observe.

2. Repeat the above procedure using the

following solutes in place of CuSO4; a pinch of
sucrose, drop of cooking oil and crystal of I2.

3. Place 2mL of water

into each of two test
tubes labelled A and B.

Add 1 drop of 0.1M

NH4OH in both test
tubes.

Gently heat test

tube A for 5
minutes and
compare with the
color of the solution
in test tube B.

Add two drops of

phenolphthalein to
both and record
any change color .

I. Solutions
A. True Solution, Colloidal Solution and Suspension
1. NaCl
Is it clear? Yes Is it transparent? Yes Is it

homogeneous? Yes Does it have sticky feeling? None

Does it froth or foam on shaking? Froth
When filtered, did the NaCl pass through the
paper? Yes
How do you know? Theres no precipitate/ solid
formed in the filter paper
Type of mixture: Homogeneous
2. Egg white
How do the properties of the egg white differ from
those of the NaCl? Egg white has sticky feeling.
Egg white is a colloid
In what way is it similar with NaCl solution?
They are both Homogeneous
Type of mixture: Homogeneous
3. CaCO3
How do the properties of the powdered chalk solution
differ from those NaCl solution and egg white?
CaCO3 doesnt dissolve in water. Forms precipitate
Type of mixture: Heterogeneous
As we examine the Sodium Chloride, Egg white
and Calcium carbonate, we are able to differentiate them
and conclude things. Based on our observations, Sodium
Chloride and Egg white have clear appearance and
homogeneous mixture; having 1 phase, unlike with
Calcium carbonate which has blurred appearance and
white precipitate. Calcium Carbonate is heterogeneous
since it has 2 phases because it produced precipitate. Egg
white has sticky feeling while the Calcium carbonate and
Sodium chloride dont have.
Therefore, we conclude that Sodium chloride is a
true solution, Egg white is colloidal solution, and Calcium
carbonate is a suspension.
B. Unsaturated, Saturated and Supersaturated Solutions
1. When Na2S2O3 was dissolved in water, what are
your observations? The Sodium thiosulfate dissolved
and formed bubbles
Type of solution: Saturated
2. When more crystals of Na2S2O3 added, what kind of
solutions results? Unsaturated
3. When solution #2 is heated, what happens?
The Na2S2O3 melted
What happens when the solution is cooled?
The solution becomes clear

Differentiate:
Unsaturated: Chemical Solution which the solute
concentration is less than its equilibrium
Capable of absorbing or dissolving more of something
Saturated: can hold no more of the solute. Contains
a maximum amount of solute
Supersaturated: More concentrated than saturated.
Contains more solute than is present in saturated
solution
As we add the Sodium thiosulfate in water, it
dissolved. When more crystals of Sodium Thiosulfate were
added, it didnt dissolve all the crystals. Upon heating the
solution #2, The Sodium thiosulfate melted.
We therefore conclude that solution #1 is
Saturated because the crystals dissolved and can hold no
more of the crystals, Solution #2 is Unsaturated because it
is capable of dissolving more of crystals, while Solution #3
is Supersaturated; more concentrated than the saturated
solution.
C. Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions
1. Results with K2CO3
Initial temperature: 29
Temperature when K2CO3 dissolved: 34
What conclusion can you make? Was heat evolved or
absorbed by the solution? Heat was absorbed
2. Results with NH4Cl
Initial temperature: 29
Temperature when NH4Cl dissolved: 33
What conclusion can you make? Was heat evolved or
absorbed by the solution? Heat was evolved
Differentiate:
Exothermic reaction: Releases heat
Endothermic reaction: Absorbs heat from its
environment

D. Colligative Properties
1. Freezing point
Temperature of melted ice: 14 degree C
Temperature when NaCl was added: 10 degree C
Temperature when urea was added: 4 degree C
Based on the results, differentiate the effects of NaCl
and urea on the freezing point of water? Explain.
When NaCl was added, temperature becomes lower.

When Urea was added, temperature becomes lower

than the other.
2. Boiling Point
Temperature at boiling point: 98 degree C
Temperature when CaCl2 was added: 98 degree C
Temperature when sucrose was added: 97 degree C
Based on the results, differentiate the effects of CaCl2
and sucrose on the freezing point of water? Explain.
When CaCl2 was added, temperature remained
When sucrose was added, temperature becomes
lower
3. Osmosis
In which test tube did you observe a faster rate of
swelling? In test tube with sugar solution
Explain: From high to low concentration
Define osmosis: Movement of a solvent through a
semi-permeable membrane into a solution of higher
solute concentration
Define Colligative properties: Total concentration of
solute particles
In freezing point, When Sodium chloride was
added, the temperature becomes cooler than the
temperature of the melted ice. When Urea was added, the
temperature becomes coolest. In Boiling point, when
Calcium chloride was added, temperature remains the
same but when the sucrose was added, the temperature
becomes cooler.
We conclude that upon adding other compounds,
melting point and boiling point change. Together, they are
called colligative properties.
II. Solubility
A. Solubility of solids in liquids
1. USP Pharmacopeial Descriptive Terms for Solubility
Very
Solub
0.3mL
MgSO4
I2 crystl

Solub
5mL

Sparin
Solub
10mL

Slight
Solub
432mL

V.Slig
Solub
750mL

Insol
1800

./
./

NaCl
KOH

Freely
Solub
2.2mL

./
./

In Sodium chloride and Magnesium sulfate, it

took to 2nd increments of water before it totally dissolved
while Potassium hydroxide easily dissolved just by adding
the 1st increment. On the other hand, Iodine crystals didnt

dissolve after adding all the increments of water volumes.

Therefore, we conclude that Iodine is not soluble
in water unlike Sodium chloride, Magnesium sulfate and
Potassium hydroxide which are soluble in water
2. When iodine is placed in water, does it dissolve
completely? No
What happens when iodine is placed in ethyl alcohol?
Slightly dissolved
Compare the solubility of iodine in water and in ethyl
alcohol: The Iodine is more soluble in ethyl alcohol
When benzene is placed in test tube A, what did you
observe? Formed 2 layers. Benzene at the top
When test tube A and B are mixed, what did you
observe? Fomed 3 layers
Explain: Not all are polar. They are immiscible.
From the results above, compare the solubility of iodine
in ethyl alcohol and benzene: Ethyl Alcohol is more
soluble than benzene
What is the common name and the uses of an alcoholic
solution of iodine? Ethyl Alcohol
When Iodine crystal was added in water, it didnt
dissolve completely while when Iodine was added in ethyl
alcohol, it dissolved slightly. Thats why Iodine is more
soluble in ethyl alcohol.
When benzene is placed in a tube with iodine
crystals and water, it formed 2 layers. When it is mixed with
a tube that contains Iodine crystals and Ethyl alcohol, they
formed 3 layers.
We therefore conclude that they are immiscible.
They can never mix to form a solution. It formed more than
one layer because not all polar solute are mix with polar
solvent.
B. Solubility of liquids in liquids
1. When water is mixed with alcohol, do they mix in all
proportions? Yes
What term is given to such liquids? Miscible
2. Coconut oil in water: Formed 2 phase
Coconut oil in CCl4: Formed 1 phase
When water is mixed with ethyl alcohol, they
formed 1 phase. They are Miscible. When Coconut oil was
added in a test tube with water, they formed 2 phase. While
when coconut oil was added in a test tube with Carbon
tetrachloride, they formed 1 phase.
We therefore conclude that coconut oil in water is
Immiscible while coconut oil in carbon tetrachloride is
Miscible; a liquid can completely dissolve in another liquid.

C. Solubility of gases in liquids

What appears on the sides of the beaker? Bubbles
What does this show? Liquid evaporated
IV. Factors Affecting Solubility
A. Surface Area (Powder vs. Crystal)
Which test tube required less time to dissolve?
Powdered CuSO4
Conclusion: Its faster to dissolve the powder because
it has larger surface area than the Crystal
B. Agitation
Which test tube requires less time to dissolve?
The Shaken one
Conclusion: Its faster to dissolve when its shaken
C. Nature of solute and solvent
Sample
CuSo4
Pinch-sucrose
Drp-c.oil
Crystal of I2

Water

Ethanol

Hexane

./
-

./
-

./
./

What can you conclude for the results above? When its
non-polar, it wont dissolve in polar
Identify the polarity of each substance:
Water: Polar
Ethanol: Polar
Hexane: Non-polar
CuSO4: Non-polar
Sucrose: Polar
Cooking oil: Non-polar
I2: Non-polar
D. Pressure:
What did you observe upon opening the softdrink
bottle? Theres pressure
Conclusion:
E. Temperature
1. What did you observe upon heating?
Same color. No changes
2. What happened upon heating?
No more bubbles found
What kind of solution was obtained? Saturated
3. Color of test tube A (before heating): Dark pink
Color of test tube (after heating): light violet
Color of test tube B: Dark pink

Write the decomposition reaction of NH4OH upon

heating. NH4OH -> NH3 + H2O
What is the purpose of the phenolphthalein in the
experiment? To identify whether base or acid