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Calculation Manual
Table of contents
Introduction....................................................................................................... 01
1 Pipe Properties................................................................................................. 03
1.1 Reinforced Wall Thickness........................................................................... 03
1.3 Diameters..................................................................................................... 04
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2 Hydraulics......................................................................................................... 09
2.1 Pipe Sizing................................................................................................... 09
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References
Introduction
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This calculation manual is intended for use of Amipox GRE pipe design and focus
primarily on the quantification of its section properties. ASTM D2992, ASME B31.3,
and API 15LR&HR are available pipe standards that are used by this manual in
determining the structural wall thickness of Amipox GRE pipe. Second, hydraulics
of fluid is considered for pipe sizing, energy losses, and water hammer which are of
equally important to be accounted by the designer. Thirdly, applications on above
ground is fundamental in the Amipox GRE pipe system due to its helical winding
process, such that above ground application is highlighted to undertake expansion
or contraction due to temperature change, contraction and elongation due to
Poissons effect, and longitudinal pressure respectively. These are the behavior of
Amipox GRE biaxial pipes being considered. Additionally, series of equations are
available in calculating the support spacing requirement of the pipeline that is
needed to prevent excessive deflection due to weight of the pipe, fluid, and other
loads. Lastly, for underground Amipox GRE pipeline design, AWWA M45 manual is
referred to be used.
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1 Pipe Properties
1.1 Reinforced Wall Thickness
AMIPOX GRE pipes minimum wall thickness is determined using (eqn.1.1) which is derived from ASTM
D 2992 061 and ASME B31.32. The allowable hoop stress of Amipox pipe is taken conservatively with a
0.50 service factor (for static), then multiplied to its Hydrostatic Design Basis (HDB). In certain projects
where API standard is very much in demand, thus (eqn.1.2) and (eqn.1.3) from API3 15LR & 15HR are
available for conformance, and as an option for the design engineer to be versatile in its engineering
requirement.
tr
PDi
; h = F HDB
(2h P)
(eqn.1.1)
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=
=
=
=
P
=
tr
h
D i
F
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Ps= (0.67)
Pc=
tr =
Ss =
Sc =
Dm=
Ps =
Pc =
2Ss tr
P s Dm
; tr =
(Static)
Dm
(0.67) 2Ss
2Sc tr ; tr = Pc Dm
2Sc
Dm
(eqn.1.2)
(Cyclic) (eqn.1.3)
Standard Practice for Obtaining Hydrostatic or Pressure Design Basis for Fiberglass (Glass-Fiber-RTR) Pipe and Fittings (Par.3.1.8.)
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). Code for Pressure Piping B31.3, (Par. A304.1.2.c p.82.)
3 American Petroleum Institute (API): API Specifications 15LR (Par.5.5.1 to 5.5.2) and API Specifications 15HR (Par.5.1.1)
2
t = tr + tl
(eqn.1.4)
t = total wall thickness (mm)
tr = minimum reinforced wall thickness (mm)
tl = liner thickness 0.50mm for standard Amipox pipe
1.3 Diameters
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Amipox pipe is manufactured using a fixed steel mandrel. The inside diameter of the pipe is controlled by
the outside diameter of the mandrel while the outside diameter of the pipe depends on the laminate
thickness which is defined as a function of pipes pressure rating. Based on this fact, several notations for
diameter were defined.
Do = di + 2t
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or
Do = Di + 2tr
(eqn.1.5)
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Dm = Di + tr
(eqn.1.6)
Di = di + 2ti
(eqn.1.7)
Ai = (di)2
4
(eqn.1.8)
As = (Di+tr)(tr)
(eqn.1.9)
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Al = (di+tl)(tl)
(eqn.1.10)
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A = As+Al
(eqn.1.11)
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Wp = (Ass+All) 9.8110-6
Wp=
As =
s =
Al =
l =
(eqn.1.12)
(eqn.1.13)
Is = (Do4 Di4)
64
(eqn.1.14)
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Il = (Di4 di4)
64
(eqn.1.15)
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I = Is + Il
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(eqn.1.16)
2Ectr3 106
Pc =
(1 Va/hVh/a)di3
(eqn.1.17)
Pc =
Ec =
tr =
Va/h =
di =
Vh/a =
Note: For industrial application use 70% of calculated value and for marine application use 30% of calculated value to
resist at least 30 meter water column.
STIS =
Dm =
Ec =
t
=
(eqn.1.18)
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()
Ec t 3
STIS =
12 Dm
Pipe stiffness values are required for the design and analysis of buried/underground pipe system.
(eqn.1.19)
F
PS = 1000 Dy
t
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1.8.2 PS : Pipe Stiffness, by parallel plate load test per ASTM D 2412
PS =
Elt106
Dy 3
0.149 ( rm+ t )
2
PS = pipe stiffness (kPa)
E = ring modulus of elasticity (Gpa)
It = moment of inertia of pipe wall/unit length
= t3/12 (mm4/mm)
rm = mean pipe radius (mm) = Dm/2
Dm = mean diameter (mm)
Dyt = vertical pipe deflection (mm), per ASTM D2412 with a 5%
deflection
(eqn.1.20)
SF = 0.149r3m PS 10-6
(eqn.1.21)
SF = stiffness factor (N m)
rm = mean pipe radius (mm)
PS = pipe stiffness (kPa)
There are situations that pipe may have to be bent during transportation, handling, and during installation to
match trench line profile, for these cases it's important that the minimum bending radius is not to exceed the
minimum allowable bending radius, which is dependent on temperature and pressure and can be calculated
using (eqn.1.23).
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(eqn.1.23)
Rm=
Eb =
Do =
sb =
sa =
EbDo
; sb = sa - sp
2sb
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Rm =
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2 Hydraulics
2.1 Pipe Sizing
To attain a consistent flow of the fluid and hydraulic characteristics of the system, it requires an appropriate
pipe internal diameter. This section will provide detail on sizing for Amipox GRE pipe that will correspond to
the required flow of the pipeline.
The fluid velocity is the key factor for calculating the pipe inside diameter and needs to
be carefully selected in consideration to velocity limitation factors such as: higher
pressure losses, prevention of cavitation, reduction of erosion, and etc. more of this
velocity limitations are defined in ISO 14692.
For Amipox GRE pipe system, the maximum velocity for liquid is 5m/sec and for gasses
can go up to 10m/sec.
di = 186
Q/sg
3
(eqn.2.1)
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di =
Q =
sg =
r =
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di = 262 Q/sg
3
di =
Q =
sg =
r =
(eqn.2.2)
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=
=
=
=
(eqn.2.3)
hf
Q
C
C
di
Q1.85
hf = 10.67 ( 1.85 4.87 )L
C di
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2.2.1.2 Hazen-Williams Equation for Amipox pipe with 100m pipe length (hf).
Head loss for Amipox GRE pipe for liquid flow in meters of water column per 100m pipe
length using Hazen-Williams roughness coefficient C=150.
hfa = 0.1007 (
Q1.852
)
di4.865
(eqn.2.4)
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L v2
hf = f
di (2g)
(eqn.2.5)
hf = lost head(m)
f = friction factor
L = length of pipe (m)
10
fl = 64
Re
(eqn.2.6)
] (eqn.2.7)
1 = -2log e + 2.51
ft
3.7di Re ft
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For turbulent flow - the Reynold's number Re 4000, friction factor can be determined
from Colebrook equation:
Note: In as much as equation is difficult to calculate because it is implicit in (ft ) diagrams and computer programs are
used to give relation between friction factor (ft), Reynolds number (Re), and relative roughness e
One simplification
di
to this formula within accuracy of 99% is by the use of (eqn.2.8).
( )]
Re
7
-2
ft = 1.8 log
(eqn.2.8)
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e = absolute surface roughness factor (m)
= 5.3x10-6 for Amipox fiberglass pipe
ft = friction factor for turbulent flow(dimensionless)
di = pipe's inner diameter (m)
Re = Reynolds number
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vd
Re = i
Re =
v =
di =
=
(eqn.2.9)
Reynolds number
fluid velocity (m/s)
pipe's inner diameter (m)
kinematic viscosity (m2/s)
2
hf = K v
2g
(eqn.2.10)
11
0.30
90 Elbow Standard
0.40
45 Elbow Mitered
0.50
90 Elbow Mitered
0.80
0.40
1.40
0.20
0.08
1.50
0.20
Note: Values reflect in here applies to Amipox GRE piping system only, additional sources of minor losses such as
valves and other appurtenances shall be taken into consideration by the user.
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The Manning's equation is used for water pipes with partial flow. This is the case
normally in gravity flow condition, drainage lines, and sewerage applications where the
flow is under the influence of an elevation head and gradient of pipeline only.
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2
Qm = 1 Ai (R)3 (S) (eqn.2.11)
n
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Qm =
n =
Ai =
R =
S =
Commonly known as water hammer, which is the result of sudden change of fluid velocity in pipe system.
This rapid wave movement makes significant change in pressure to the system and if reached to a certain
magnitude, can cause rupture or collapse to the piping system regardless of pipe structure type. Such case
needs to be considered in engineering design.
Water hammer is the function of wave velocity and fluid density. Wave velocity can be determined from the
value of pipe's circumferential modulus of elasticity and other parameter. Since, the modulus of elasticity of
Amipox pipes are significantly lower than steels pipes, wave velocity is expected to be lower, thus making
Amipox pipes less susceptible to surge pressure when compared to steel pipes.
Ps = (a)(sg)(V)
12
(eqn.2.12)
sg = fluid specific gravity (dimensionless)
V = change in flow velocity (m/s)
[ (
)]
0.50
(eqn.2.13)
a =
f =
g =
k =
=
di =
tr =
Ec =
f
g
1
d
1
+ i
9
k10 trEc109
a=
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2L
tw = w
a
(eqn.2.14)
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2PsLw
Pv =
tv
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(eqn.2.15)
Note: Rapid valve closure can cause wave pressure buildup done by energy of moving fluid. These pressure wave
travels throughout the system and can result to damage far from the wave source. The longer the time taken to close
the valve, the less will be the risk of water hammer.
Pv =
Ps =
Lw =
tv =
Pt = Ps + Pw
(eqn.2.16)
13
Le =
Ct =
L =
Tc =
pdi2L
E
Lp =
(1-2vh/a l ) (eqn.3.2)
4tDmEl
Ec
length change due to pressure and Poisson's effect (mm)
internal pressure (N/mm2)
pipe's inner diameter (mm)
length between anchors (mm)
total wall thickness (mm)
mean diameter (mm)
poisson ratio in axial direction
effective circumferential modulus (N/mm2)
longitudinal modulus of elasticity (N/mm2)
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Lp =
P =
di =
L =
t =
Dm =
Vh/a =
Ec =
El =
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Lt = Le + Lp (eqn.3.3)
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Fp = PAs 1-2vh/a El
Ec
Fp =
P =
As =
Vh/a=
Ec =
El =
(eqn.3.4)
Ft = CtTcAEl (eqn.3.5)
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Ft =
Ct =
Tc=
A =
El =
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F = Fp + Ft
(eqn.3.6)
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F = Thrust force due to pressure and temperature (N)
Fp = Thrust force due to internal pressure (N)
Ft = Thrust force due to temperature (N)
There are three (3) types of supports considered in Amipox GRE piping system namely: simple support,
guide support, and anchor support. Simple support prevents excessive pipe deflections due to weight of the
pipe and fluids. Guide support prevents lateral movement and buckling of the pipe system and lastly, anchor
support restrains the movement of pipe against all applied forces.
15
4 (m)(Eb)(ls)109
Ls =
(Wp+Wf)
13
2.6
5.4
Ls =
m =
Eb =
Is =
Wp =
Wf =
(eqn.3.7)
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Lg =
Eb =
Is =
Ct =
As =
Tc=
Ec =
2Ebls
Ct(As)(Tc)(Ec)
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Lg =
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Thermal stresses creates compressive buckling load to the pipe when expansion occurs,
unless the pipe is constrained in a close interval to prevent buckling. Below is the
equation to determine the maximum allowable guide spacing interval.
16
(eqn.3.8)
References
American Society for Testing Material International. (2006). ASTM D 2992: Standard practice for
obtaining hydrostatic or pressure design basis for 'Fiberglass' (Glass-fiber-reinforced thermosettingresin) pipe and fittings petroleum and natural gas industries Glass-reinforced plastics (GRP) piping .
P.A., United States: Author.
American Society of Mechanical Engineers. (2006). ASME Code for pressure piping, B31.3: Process
piping. Three Park Avenue, N.Y.: Author.
American Petroleum Institute. (2001). API Specification 15HR: Specification for high pressure
fiberglass line pipe (3rd. Ed). Washington, D.C.: Author.
American Petroleum Institute. (2008). API Specification 15LR: Specification for low pressure fiberglass
American Water Works Association. (2005). AWWA Manual of Water Supply Practices M45: fiberglass
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International Standard. (2002). ISO 14692: Petroleum and natural gas industries glass-reinforced
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Young, W.C., Budynas, R.G. (2002). Roark's formulas for stress and strain (7th ed.). Two Penn Plaza,
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Utmost care has been taken to ensure that all contents of this brochure are accurate. However, AMIANTIT and its subsidiaries do not accept responsibility for
any problems which may arise as a result of errors in this publication. Therefore customers should make inquiries into the potential product supplier and
convince themselves of the suitability of any products supplied or manufactured by AMIANTIT and/or its subsidiaries before using them.
operating conditions.
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FT-AMIPOX V1 01-13-ENG
Distributed by:
AMIPOX
First Industrial City
P.O. Box 589
Dammam 31421
Saudi Arabia
Tel.: + 966 (3) 847 1500
Fax: + 966 92 000 4070
info@amiantit.com
www.amiantit.com
this handbook.