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POSSESSIONS
INSULAR
liY
H.'
FORBES-HNDSAY
PHILADELPHIA
THE
JOHN
C.
WINSTON
CO.
"
"
"
llii\-..S!M.li
William
IIowami
T.l
"
"
"eOicate"
BY
PERMISSION
HONORABLE
THE
WILLIAM
Civil
First
TO
none
whom
In
the
Governor
has
H.
of
the
labored
of
Philippines
more
Cause
the
TAFT
assiduously
Filipino
"
"
PREFACE.
Prior
not
have
American
an
boundfl
of
steamship
been
in
the
this
portnnl
bin
liy this
something
the
hemp.
but
how
and
the
past
of
for
have
form
of
the
anything
made
degree
of
an
and
are.
dawn
an
vast
enterprise afforded
few
years
interest
concrete
and
effort
to
are
answer
by
most
"Are
query:
what
field
the
this
the
islands
question
the
country
get
we
that
us
upon
Philippines
which
him.
which
represent
the
until
that
their
adequate
and
the
fact
im-
an
educate
that
to
of
or
nothing
States,
the
from
little
strange,
play
to
place
have
us
constantly growing
the
the
is not
to
to
Philippines
the
they
endeavor
awake
is beginning
If
few
great
In
into
country
almost
began
savages
than
more
Filipinos
of
naked
not
are
well
this
United
the
of
magazines
are
we
It
destined
is
history
and
lime
Filipinos
which
the
in
in
knew
American
average
country
part
Manila
line
branch
them
to
language.
English
the
newspapers
is
relating
published
that
about
by
mam
upon
Kong.
indeed,
then,
ever-extending
(he
intimate
or,
Islands
The
yet
not
there
States
the
reached
are
Archipelago
Manila.
are
the
to
War
brought us
Spanish-American
Islands,
with
the
relations
Philippine
Kofore
bad
but
route,
Hong
from
and
travel
tourist
United
within
brought
been
never
the
in
firm
the
open
the
of
possession
the
into
passed
been
When
most
within
Only
ports
world.
the
of
Us
her
at
the
of
one
was
earth.
the
have
generation
commerce
wu
of
portions
secluded
present
Archipelago
Philippine
ilio
doors,
rudely
knocked
America
when
1808,
to
great
sibilities,
pos-
conception
for
ican
Amer-
them.
have
evoked
often
people
worth
with
takes
good
?"
some
definiteness.
"
THE
For
have
I
are
opinion
the
the
as
look
Iretter
the
controversial
kind,
for
deficiency
on
from
authority
Pacific.
and
in
clear
and
of
reading
have
and
clear
the
take
to
Bureau
of
this
opportunity
Colonel
Clarence
Insular
Frank
assistance
Philadelphia,
R.
Affairs,
Mclntyre,
in
the
April,
well
of
the
who
in
most
of
policy
to
all
the
the
.1 much
limited
recommend
to
to
the
who
would
Philippines
administration.
the
my
tions
obliga-
Chief
of
Assistant
have
preparation
the
pects
pros-
the
as
islands.
Edwards,
and
most,
fore-
and
necessarily,
their
tracts
ex-
able
Honorthe
as
acknowledge
to
of
direct, logical,
as
extevso
in
the
the
conditions
relations
our
this
remedied
by
strongly
in
of
chapter
those
are,
involved
problems
of
Captain
addresses
idea
the
towards
and
rally
natu-
book
mosl
expression
extracts
with
possessions
Islands,
quotations
the
to
pass
will
recognized
the
of
Philippine
the
is
are
who
fully
insular
our
addresses
brief
few
who
Government
regret, that
have
delivered
unequivocal
American
to
connected
in
addresses
statements
the
War
there
myself
reader,
inserting
on
These
consistent
the
by
Taft,
H.
S.
because
than
expressions
part
public
William
that
such
my
U.
ample
experience
questions
satisfied,
be
may
the
by
qualified
but
some
the
upon
discussion,
polemic
Philippines;
reliable.
much
on
main,
tiuight by
most
avoided
others
been
having
them
have
the
industries,
afforded
information
Department,
regard
in
depended,
of
sources
regarding
statements
my
etc., I
PHILIPPINES
rendered
of
this
the
Chief,
me
uable
val-
volume.
1906.
CONTENTS
PHILIPPINES
TIIH
General
The
Description
Inhabitants
Early
The
17
75
History
110
Passing
of
American
Spanish
Dominion
llil
203
Administration
Commerce
241
Arkicultube
285
Public
323
(Continued)
Agriculture
Lands,
Old
Manila,
Timber,
Minerals,
etc
393
New
and
431
Luzon
The
XIII.
XIV.
Index
463
Visayas
Mindanao
Vital
357
and
Issues
Sulu
491
"-
517
Ml
"
"
ILLUSTRATIONS
THE
Manila
The
Frontixpiew.
Bat
William
Hon.
H.
Highlands
Fating
Cathedral
Hunteb
Head
54
78
110
126
Mestizos
Chinese
Loma
150
Church
The
Young
Office
of
Manila
The
174
Women
Filipina
Idea
190
Justice
214
230
Hemp
Busy
Cleaning
270
2D4
Walk
Farming
in
Threshing
Street
254
Pasio
Abaca
Rope
Dedication.
22
Benguet
Family
Manila
Tapt
of
Visatan
PHILIPPINES
the
310
Philippines
35"
Rice
382
Scene
"
Taal
Volcano
390
"
Primitive
Humble
Antique
A
Transportation
Home
430
Defenses
454
Mestiza
Weaver
Viixaoe
Native
422
462
48G
Scene
Police
510
522
"
GENERAL
DESCRIPTION
"
"
THE
18
The
most
of
3,141
of
that
each;
is
official
recent
islands
number
have
one-half
of
In
the
islands
broadest
are
thus
2.
Marinduque
3.
Mindoro
4.
Paragua,
5.
Visayan
New
islands
the
is, greater
of
majority
the
than
New
York,
territorial
ricti
division,
the
principal
in
Sq.
Miles.
40,1)69
352
3,851
or
Palawan
4,027
Islands.
Masbate
1,236
Samar
5,031
Leyte
2,722
X.V.iUl
Bahol
1,141
243.148
Cebu
1,702
5!I2,'J-17
Negros
4,881
400,
Panay
4,011
743.040
6.
Mindanao
7.
Sniu
4! ":u
30,292
77(1
;::-!.
Archipelago.
Sum,
or
Tawi
Tawi
320
Jolo
232
FEATURKS.
PHYSICAL
The
are
the
of
area
mile
square
Delaware.
Area
Luzon
far
by
States
Island.
1.
and
that
and
chissi
than
aggregate
the
Jersey, Pennsylvania
less
miles;
square
areas
of
total
Three-fourths
Archipelago.
areas
The
gives
enumeration
mmamcd
arc
115,000
combined
the
to
uninhabited.
are
PHILIPPINES.
prevailing physical
mountain
valleys
and
intersected
features
There
forest.
by
numerous
of
are
the
Philippines
several
streams,
broad
but
ex-
"
GENERAL
and
plains
tensive
large
standards
Philippines
lava
beds.
have
termed
beautiful
the
by
which
the
the
of
the
volcanoes,
uberant
ex-
be
can
scenery
of
the
lower
the
in
trees
entire
the
found
world.
evidences
origin,
in
extinct
or
records
having
ten
of
forest, including
of
be
tion
vegeta-
slopes
of
cent,
with
least
at
in
abundance
per
to
barren
even
flourishes
volcanic
everywhere
are
dormant
of
islands.
it is made
species
is
tinental
con-
everywhere
is covered
valuable
most
nor
the
and
seventy
islands
Archipelago
which
hills
About
the
The
almost
covers
of
of
some
but
of
diversity and.
mountains.
surface
little
the
in
vegetation
Very
grand,
fo\md
deserts,
no
with
comparable
be
to
Everywhere
variety.
19
rivers
not
are
The
fairly
DESCRIPTION.
of
activity.
To
such
indented
extent
an
that, although
their
sixth
that
of
the
mainland
coast
line
of
the
latter
Philippine
Islands.
indicate
but
as
few
of
the
absence
lack
the
of
reliable
impracticable
Most
of
portion
of
the
the
of
the
winds.
fact
From
great
there
for
vessels
are
owing
June
to
that
to
the
of
bors,
har-
comparatively
Shoals
buoys
and
;
water
heavy
reefs
and
ages
anchor-
burthen.
during
alternating
character
October
the
the
available
only
the
the
erally
gen-
number
are
of
of
would
deep
many
twenty-
States,
half
channel
render
anchorages
year
than
islands
one
formation
of
and
but
the
United
utility.
lights
charts
the
presence
of
is
area
less
commercial
present
of
is
of
shores
of
Such
matter
the
are
wind
sets
"
THE
20
from
in
the
year
the
southwest,
the
northwest
however,
best
very
the
during
extensive
toward
in
Bohol,
each
of
harbor
capable
the
the
of
remainder
prevail.
monsoons
which
upon
progressing
the
and
execplioiial.lv good
some
Manila,
PHILIPPINES.
There
improvements
Orient.
With
principal
islands
of
idly
rapof
one
of
exception
has
least
at
vessels
iiceommoduting
are
being
the
are,
that
harbors,
completion,
of
of
the
one
est
great-
draft.
There
hundred
of
but
are
from
the
Abra,
miles.
that
the
in
total
miles
and
has
of
the
contained
from
It
and
northwest
of
Cagayan,
of
danao.
Min-
the
carries
here
hundred
ways
al-
cannot
of
one
the
as
although
of
rivers
no
the
greatest
curious
only
one
nine
thousand
deep.
of
of
the
Archipelago,
government
is paramount
in
southeast
the
Its
development.
to
one
width
island
seat
of
Pasig,
Negros,
has
feet
the
are
mentioned
be
chief
there
The
two
Pampanga,
importance
country,
length,
is
population
the
the
length
de
Agnsan,
Luzon,
figures.
Lanao,
twenty
Legaspi.
all of
may
13
Luzon
and
these,
hv
in
It
commerce.
and
economic
gauged
rivers
shortest
Grande
of
length
Grande
Rio
exceeding
However,
be
attaining
the
Rio
Aside
islands
the
feet
the
and
and
Agno
fact,
rivers
miles, namely,
Luzon,
in
three
is
four
since
matters
the
of
greatest
hundred
and
time
area,
length
and
"
21
LUZON.
and
is
range
the
Its
the
Madre,
which,
Sierra
northeast
of
elevation
the
feet,
summits.
few
of
the
on
and
and
is
valley
and
short,
mountain
length
by
in
altitude.
hallos
these
of
into
that
summits
considerable
range
distance
feet.
and
the
the
higher
southward
than
maintains
fifty
to
the
Carathat
so
form
the
length
of
part
sides.
the
ince
provcludes
in-
It
coast.
feet,
and
for
elevation
average
eastward
distance
sidiary
sub-
the
northern
5,000
feet
0,000
north,
the
in
complex
the
miles
cidentals,
Oc-
miles
Madre,
an
the
Caraballos
between
they
sixty
elevations
of
the
at
convert
extends
level
west
This
Sierra
of which
Extending
the
the
of
and
exceeding
as
ary
bound-
hundred
closely following
name,
many
4,000
range
the
junction
basin
Zamlmles
of
this
south,
by
one
On
breadth.
systems
miles.
peaks
3,1)00
comparative
two
in
The
eastern
hundred
one
miles
exceeded
the
of
area
and
mountain
two
Luzon
of
the
Occidentals
The
an
effects
range
from
styled
several
At
is
conglomeration
miles
seventy
embraces
system
the
ranges
covering
Madre
Cagayan,
is
fifty
fifty
Bay.
the
length
by
and
de
stretches
breadth
bounded
of
follows
island,
the
forms
in
commencing
figures being
valley
mountain
Laguna
Sierra
range
Its
its
the
to
fertile
island.
miles
hundred
latter
great
large
two
three
the
This
the
of
dred
hun-
one
principal
corner
coast
eastern
4,500
to
of
course
the
general
breadth
utmost
miles.
unbroken
along
its
thirty-eight
extreme
an
and
miles,
eighty-nine
of
from
one
hun-
"
22
THE
dred
and
flat
fifty
miles
deal
great
is
extremely
At
de
Bay,
the
shores
of
large
mouth
Laguna
traffic
is
along
its
de
carried
de
miles
in
feet
in
height,
gradually
several
are
an
island
feet,
which
have
the
an
been
is
thickly
souls,
the
entire
is
at
stands
Laguna
point
no
the
of
source
Manila.
The
settled.
the
very
and
towns
them
and
lages
vil-
Manila.
mountain
system,
volcanic
AND
peaks
are
or
VOLCANO.
Lake
formations
is
in
world.
the
except
defined
clearly
of
Taal,
miles
seventeen
surrounded,
riin
one
long
by
upon
the
several
the
neighboring
slopes.
Upon
the
edge
of
center
active
volcanic
rises,
to
volcano,
recorded.
character,
a
height
several
Different
of
is
twelve
ern
south-
hundred
which
of
the
It
towards
elevations
in
It
isolated
LAKE
breadth,
by
valley
surface.
crater,
end,
of
water
defined
no
The
valley
between
and
natural
immense
an
of
amongst
Bombon,
curious
most
this
which
and
has
TAAL
Laguna
of
are
on
littoral
its
over
end
of
summits
grouped
population
depth.
Bay
Luzon
scattered
in
streams.
1,750,000
the
body
feet
the
at
Southern
but
shallow
twenty
Pasig,
of
Pampanga,
soil.
supports
southern
large,
than
the
and
fertile,
great,
small
alluvial
is
is
rivers
innumerable
land
the
the
by
by
two-fifths
island.
more
of
about
being
and
Pasig,
and
Gulf,
fronvLingayen
traversed
depression
Agno
PHILIPPINES.
try
coun-
the
lake
and
from
one
sand
thou-
eruptions
theories
of
have
"
"
Thjs
beautiful
These
that
Hhhilanw
of
rich
mineral
from
coffee
mountains
Tyrol,
tl\i'
deposits,
to
Ben"t"kt.
or
climate
a
and
boiisi
temperate
vegetable
equal
K(*iiery
and
products
to
bracing.
ranging
applee.
"
TAAL
been
advanced
by
phenomenon
the
the
the
of
and
"Taal
peak
of
crater
the
to
wholly,
by
Gulf
Batangas
of
island
of
the
the
them,
of
Bulacan;
the
out
entire
boundaries
gradually
During
historic
remarkable
formed
changes
three
on
four
or
recorded
eruptions
notable.
The
Buenuchillo,
this
of
the
parish
its
volcano
Taal,
from
priest
Of
of
the
of
1T54
soil
series
the
and
and
this
level."
have
the
is
at
of
rim
Taal;
the
been
several
the
most
of Father
account
Taal
posits
de-
undergone
craters
new
into
Cavite,
present
has
that
fell
rich
formed
to
and
or
Lake
occasions.
following is
the
leaving
were
the
during
Laguna,
the
not
stratified
of
cone,
cones
raised
times
les3
La
of
inces
prov-
from
ejecta
much
upper
S.,
if
; that
explosion,
an
subsequently minor
was
Gulf
or
Batangas,
that
B.
tremendous
of
extending
more
great
unquestionably,
volcanic
furnishing
now
present
region
most
and
blew
the
that
tuff
the
the
these
in
and
Lingayen
forming
sea,
of
surrounded,
sea
of
that
Caskey,
was
partly
the
action
cone
D.
high
very
of
to
provinces
Rizal,
of
stretch
inner
Taal
this
of
that
tributes
at-
combined
observations
stood
it
Becker
concludes
H.
and
belief
that
activity;
and
from
originated
the
to
Mr.
Znniga
Doctor
small
prehistoric period,
lake
cone.
the
notes
own
tend
its
is
for
account
to
Father
the
formation
explosion.''
"My
says:
that
cataclysms,
itself
23
Bombon.
volcanic
present
eruptions
VOLCANO.
observers
Lake
opinion
of
collapse
AND
scientific
of
the
expressed
at
LAKE
the
time:
THE
THE
"J i
of
began
of
the
of
the
around
at
them.
suffered
San
scoria;,
the
of
center
which
that
as
also
the
Tanuan
and
totally destroyed
but
the
gathered
"There
of
this
from
was
month
the
this
rain."
till
following
June
of
also
Tomas,
and
ashes
ashes
below
and
was
ria?
sco-
great
so
appeared
on
villages
Taal,
being
near
was
cast,
were
greater
of
10th
less
or
changed,
tensity,
in-
when
July,
as
may
be
words:
of
several
wind
rain
the
Bauan,
provinces
stone
the
ince
prov-
ing
neighbor-
rain
volcano
with
continued,
volcanic
of
the
and
because
the
around
the
not
and
viz.,
same
the
Santo
pumice
continuously,
of
nature
the
others
by
eruption
all
Laguna;
and
volcano,
The
of
peared
ap-
numerous
the
of
quantity
by
Up
quantity
of
of
of
almost
for
principal
the
towns
effect
The
sent
was
large
around
did
It
have
the
with
llatangas,
the
and
disappeared,
Kosario,
Luzon.
surface
the
felt
time
1st
ruin
must
towns
a3
Malayan,
also
this
Taal,
well
as
and
time
Bonibon
damage.
great
Pablo
and
of
changing.
Other
distance,
provinces
constantly
the
and
till the
intensity
devastation
of
of
Tanuan,
end
not
the
During
Laguna
Sala, Lipa,
did
time
whom
eternity.
an
villages
anil
were
days
to
EBUPTIOH.
this
eruption
hundred
AN
13th
During
inhabitants,
towns
OF
May
on
the
two
was
the
STORY
December.
aspect
PHIJJITIXI^.
July
10th
in
the
which
whole
flames
"
wanting
were
of
mud
was
have
stained
whole
with
and
25th
the
volcano
the
which
the
in
that
cloud
the
and
of
rain
pumice
our
homes
the
roof,
were
thus
some
for
indeed
as
plants
as
to
that
and
by
fire
this
ashes
and
passed
to
the
the
over
through
of
hail
falling
ground
depth
drying
abandon
to
We
houses.
some
up
of
the
of
copious
break
stones
night
one
destroying
had
the
Over
25th
such
obliged
through
marvelous
same
26th
in
terruption
in-
months.
would
stones
flee
wounded
scoria,
if
the
truly
the
were
we
happened
compelled
thus
half,
that
is
which
without
two
the
of
us,
and
lightnings
The
from
was
if the
as
tempest
It
than
till,
rumblings
continued
more
morning
fear
During
with
for
stones
were
heads.
lasted
smoke
against
forces
smoke.
4th.
December
out,
black
appeared
joined
storm
the
of
September,
horrible
the
of
the
till the
September
its
was
this, there
above
all
cloud
accompanied
till
it
to
flames,
originated
and
date,
tremendous
month,
is
throw
to
of
part
parade
to
that
on
last
this
of
wished
because
and
August
which
fertile
and
flames
not
changed
Ualele,
most
the
and
wind
continued
intensity,
less
or
more
the
was
10th,
would
ink
the
were
July
Taal,
that
called
volcano
The
(hiring July
on
village
district.
of
when
and
there
till
on
town
village
which
went
character
blackly,
so
Sala,
near
black
so
which
in
or
the
over
covered
mud
the
This
mud
rained
it
when
volcano,
noises.
rumbling
not
the
on
25
ERUPTION.
AN
OF
STORY
THE
stones,
on
was
foot
trees
their
ered
cov-
and
and
them.
THE
26
"Tlie
of
again
and
sand, mud,
went
there
loud
forth
the
smoke
large
the
waves;
this
and
but
and
scoria?
trembled,
the
and
of
part
the
chief
the
27th
the
justice
the
that
hour.
in
that
the
lake)
volcanic
by frightful
the
whole
big
and
yet
of
rain
of
the
whole
was
till
noon
after-
the
of
the
covered
on
once
it seemed
of
the
island
with
rumblings
with
night
of
again
to
months
gether
to-
forth
volcano
creased
in-
(that is,
This,
fire.
and
if all
as
thrown
was
activity, accompanied,
subterranean
the
preceding
which
violence
overtaken
together
began
that
names
had
town,
volcano
that
the
moment
said
during
eqiial
not
so
of
erupted
did
fresh
that
province,
the
quantity
been
"Every
island
for
tity
quan-
cause
shook,
houses
disaster
the
the
(November)
had
during
in
of
to
as
to
darken
to
such
lake
the
began
night.
remained
such
vomit
that
still
the
lasted
"Notwithstanding
Us,
the
after
rumblings
as
time
preparation
which
ashes
black
ever.
date,
volcano
same
into
than
of
the
and
the
at
fell
earth
was
and
dense
so
stones
succession
Saints
fire, stones,
which
on
and
All
quantity
15th,
one,
of
forth
greater
"hort.
October
feast
the
vomit
to
in
deafen
atmosphere,
of
began
with
of
months
of
commenced
to
as
vomit
tin?
evening
ashes
continued
volcano
till November
on
vespers,
so
the
On
volcano
This
the
quiet during
November.
the
of
activity
intervals
PHILIPPINES.
as
it
the
creasing
in-
was,
earthquakes,
"
and
town
at,
"Thus
of
line, just
and
darkness,
ashes,
that
of
whole
"The
the
the
leagues
island
than
lasted
so
of
1st
been
left
The
of
this
The
by
of
somewhat
rain
tearing
o'clock
about
places
near
more
ceased
completely
a
up
which
hurricane,
finishing
touches
to
had
that
little
the
in
depth
in
etc., reached
then
the
some
ashes
put
30th.
distant
is
mud,
and
the
the
meter
In
of
mud,
quantities
at
which
the
to
came
disasters
many
of
complete
interruption
morning
volcano.
ing
even-
rain
to
such
in
measured
December,
days,
two
the
Caysasay,
the
began
along
same
in
us
without
on
then
depth
yards.
not
ceased
from
the
three
the
on
means
de
although
and
mud
It
Santuario
four
of
of
rain
it
kept
night
afternoon.
in
one
it
yet
time
same
and
sand,
and
before,
as
the
at
all
the
of
straight
opened
leaving
darkened,
horizon
the
in
crater
o'clock
points
various
in
the
of
morning
been
had
and
the
to
fissure
Between
line.
the
if
the
on
rising
Oalauit
from
as
but
28th,
rise
which
heights
Caysasay.
de
observed
was
island
the
the
their
abandon
to
the
gain
to
Santuario
passed
smoke
29th
risk
any
it and
between
inhabitants
unfortunate
the
caused
27
ERUPTION.
AN
OF
STORY
TUB
standing."
simple
several
and
the
IKicTnichillo
and
pathetic
similar
other
only
narrative
stories
extant
volcanoes;
experience
of
indeed
the
of
of
this
the
this
kind
priest
is
eruptions
was
that
by
no
Father
survived.
"
PHILIPPINES.
THE
VOLCANO.
MAYON
With
exception
the
province
of
coast
volcano
to
the
for
height
with
activity
of
7,910
emits
"It
cone
is
continuous
has
been
in
eruption
of
nearly
the
of
Some
fn
lost, and
the
in
volcano
the
At
the
Mayon
At
the
time
natives
from
repopulating
occupied
of
the
and
the
which
destructive,
laid
Manila
are
the
on
by Lcgaspi,
Spanish
has
notably
in
This
the
that
ruins.
and
of
One
has
not
terred
de-
spots.
and
of
of
Daraga.
the
most
of
vicinity
notably
lous.
popu-
often
been
December,
of
of
base
the
have
were
base
same
one
in
sequences,
con-
the
southern
been
always
frequent,
their
lives
Albay,
settled
and
1010
at
conquest
was
district
Earthquakes
very
sites
communities
numerous
Taal,
severely.
time
records
hundred
suffered
the
since
in
serious
have
of
Mayon
years
towns
most
al-
curve
Coronas
twelve
canic
volis
axis."
the
the
says:
crater
occasions
very
instances
present
are
were
about
many
the
between
stantly
con-
beautiful
its
Father
cone
it
meridional
to
rises
Becker
times
countless
islands.
1814
which
Doctor
almost
on
It
perfect
from
the
east
notable
most
almost
an
at
that
these
the
symmetrically
thirty eruptions
1897.
in
and
the
on
Archipelago.
steam.
so
the
is
apex,
world,
infinitesimal,
discovery
the
feet
most
the
in
cone
in
and
the
Mayon,
Albay,
truncated
smoke
possibly
is
of
its
slightly
Taal,
of
the
1045,
most
re-
"
THE
30
navigability ; these
PHILIPPINES.
the
are
the
Cagayan,
and
Agno,
the
Pampanga.
The
Cagayan.
drains
in
from
far
and
sea,
its
as
rafts
its headwaters.
obstruction
these
ample
distant
traffic.
to
to
carries
the
entire
provinces
tobacco,
of
the
to
the
of
Aparri.
traffic
principal
two
navigable,
forty
The
great
central
Lingayen
rises
flows
This
fed
in
points
the
valley
through
of
points, carrying
and
the
and
mouths
of
Cagayan
and
portant
im-
of
the
which
are
other
for
portion
reaches
at
ince.
Prov-
Benguet
the
of
the
Gulf
of
important
considerable
gayan
Ca-
juncture.
northern
Luzon
several
and
river,
mountains
the
through
them
The
extensive
the
of
by
beyond
contributions
miles
ippines,
Phil-
consisting largely
very
of
of
excluded
Isabela
the
by
twenty
the
of
the
serious
stream.
up
produce,
tributaries
from
Agno
It
is
for
one
miles
far
the
is
are
find
native
miles
of
which
often
them
carry
rivers
which
to
from
twenty
the
Vessels
of
port
its mouth
would
impediments
water
at
bar
for
sixty miles
of
of
hundred
two
navigable
most
ing
Ris-
course
of
within
cision),
in-
boundary
northward
is
to
(the
island.
southern
and
travel
Tajo
upwards
It
Like
it forms
entire
hundred
may
the
the
at
source.
one
El
follows
Aparri,
at
as
it
called
of
Sur,
Province,
its mouth
boats
one-fourth
Caraballos
Isabcla
miles
popularly
mercial
com-
burden
of
produce.
The
Pampanga,
which
is
second
in
size
to
the
"
the
as
latter,
Manila
May
The
Pasig
Manila,
lias
boats
the
of
of
is
of
most,
hazard
government
the
city
The
is
and
native
large
of
Bay
river.
the
at
cargo
the
between
traffic
the
be
the
of
resources
them
enterprise,
with
this
will
the
that
the
island
the
railway
under
of
is destined
but
indeed,
has
many,
American
become
haps
per-
One
liberal
to
much
rivers.
Luzon
the
conform
necessarily
of
duce,
pro-
and
facilities
undeveloped.
aid
and
native
descriptions ;
varied
Whilst
islands
the
principal
province
quite
prediction
and
of
to
impassa-
convenient
of
the
to
rains.
transportation
diverted
the
the
afford
of
owing
and
movement
locomotive
hardly
trade,
during
development
direction
of
of
been
have
Archipelago
always
projected
the
general
wealth
and
an
The
width,
and
railroad
of
for
must
of
There
of
will
the
traffic
path
of
enormous
the
to
miles.
mouth
channels
means
with
the
discharges
forming
Bay
cascos,
highways
waterways
the
on
rivers
most
completion
de
eighteen
the
by
absence
economical
to
channels,
depth
inland
total
bility
the
along
lake.
principal
almost
of
several
the
at
carry
the
and
these
branches,
about
of
navigable
Hitherto
the
range
course,
many
considerable
which
city
opposite
an
Laguna
from
runs
is situated
times
all
by
through
distance
Manila
Pasig
pursuing
mountain
same
delta.
extensive
of
and
the
in
source
joined
is
it
which
into
its
has
Cagayan,
31
LUZON.
OF
RIVERS
may
policy
of
capital
one
of
PHILIPPINES
THE
32
the
most
size
in
At
and
prosperous
take
only
productive
present
will
we
with
provinces,
condition
industries
of
anolher
entire
for
thing
months
the
hardly
can
the
in
the
of
haciendas
after
Spain
provinces
their
ceased
the
among
she
It
land
and
of
the
great
is traversed
by
said
are
bels,
Isa-
common
eight
or
derive
to
five
or
some
maining
re-
very
but
companies,
of
monopoly
much
small
then
There
there
valley,
and
is
four
"The
this
the
her
up
tivation.
culfertile.
seven
tobacco
divided
number
and
in
tobacco
Cagayan
and
conduct
to
great
of
their
by
tenants,
land,
own
of
are
the
tobacco
in
now
holders
business
of
the
both
working
valley
the
buying."
is tobacco
The
of
year.
owned
business,
development
corn
the
and
extremely
1001,
tobacco
of
of
in
use
for
year
months
land
to
ticular
par-
more
volume.
exaggerated.
be
crops
large
is
provinces
natives
successful
tobacco
district
for
nomic
eco-
resources
field
main
Taft, writing
IT.
includes
which
the
the
ISABELA.
the
are
capacity
enormous
two
AND
provinces
William
Hon.
of
portion
of
their
to
principal
the
CAGAYAN
The
view
cursory
possibilities,leaving
and
for
special regard
consideration
These
its
world.
the
several
of
regions
district
extensive
important
system
towns
of
in
branches
the
road,
wagon
connecting
provinces.
This
with
the
an
most
highway
ia
"
NORTE.
ILOCOS
of
integral portion
an
from
Aparri
followed
all
is
in
LE
of
its scant
of
bed
this
is
are
considerable
in
hut
Mancayan
the
in
less
side
the
only
other
in
may
produced
about
At
five
one
rugged
which
yields
their
tillitge.
by
barrier
along
is
in
provinces
from
the
prosperity
high grade.
suit
pur-
outlet
two
promising
to
considerable
for
every
and
largely
successful
valleys
by
tural
agricul-
an
future
Lepanto-Bontoc
due
extremely
returns
The
of
the
region which
has
Ahra
on
they
degree
of
most
Al-
VIZCAYA.
the
to
bountiful
river.
resources.
copper
soil
enclosed
even
outlook,
mineral
NUEYA
condition,
mountains,
the
group
AND
Despite
alluvial
population
of
he
paralleled
are
comprise
surface,
its
impassable
the
will
railroads.
island
unfavorable
agriculture.
rich
OC,
backward
province
of
which
new
the
divisions
conditions
character
The
NT
somewhat
of
area
PANTO-BO
provincial
physical
extends
lines.
by telegraph
These
of
which
route
proposed
roads
main
road
trunk
taking
the
of
one
the
ABRA,
Manila,
to
by
the
33
achieve
of
reason
is
their
rich
extremely
time
the
hundred
mines
of
tons
of
metal
annually.
ILOCOS
A
west
narrow
coast
fertile
NOETE,
ILOCOS
strip along
encloses
region,
the
in
SUE
the
above
which
AND
northern
named
extensive
UNION.
LA
portion
provinces.
crops
are
of
the
It
is
raised,
"
THE
34
wheat
including
The
zone.
men
of the
length
with
of
capital
The
of
of
first
fifty
past
the
Norte.
this,
find
Spaniards
of
the
is
line
entire
the
posed
pro-
Laoag,
to
productive
internecine
it under
nineteenth
and
connection
most
by
ing
rais-
extreme
the
and
the
and
market.
that
of
population
its
years
in
forms
brought
the
Whilst
spinning
through
It
one
gressive
pro-
industries
export
an
prevented
was
of
in
Railway
Ilocos
half
moat
chief
occupied
coast
extension
Luzon,
the
commencing
gnpan
of
the
until
the
that
the
progress
districts
in
la-Da
temperate
Philippines.
of
provinces.
Maui
route
the
the
the
amongst
one
are
highway
these
the
the
is
following
of
of
agriculture, fishing,
fabrics
and
in
women
various
is
north
in
which
the
section,
There
products
are
engaged
stock,
weaving
other
industrious
are
live
and
inhabitants
and
the
PHILIPPINES.
fare
war-
subjection
century.
In
increased
several
has
the
fold.
BENGUET.
is
Benguet
"the
hills"
entire
it
the
75"
of
climate
62"
excellent
F.
and
6' F.
and
the
Zone.
the
The
that
to
The
minimum
of
in
altitude
the
what
India.
The
which
gives
of
part
is
temperature
4'
F., giving
is beautiful
The
Manila
northern
maximum
46^
scenery
abundant.
in
English
exceptional
an
similar
Temperate
Americans
the
to
are
has
area
2'
to
and
qualifications
the
mean
water
of the
dis-
"
PANGASINAN.
for
trict
the
by
a
health
The
of
crops
conditions
Zone
Temperate
and
it is
access
to
establish
of
the
railroad
to
the
place.
successfully
are
believed
the
that
favorable
the
to
physical
of
growth
coffee.
The
is
province
have
extension
ready
especially
are
and
tea
the
here,
cultivated
An
afford
will
appreciated
determined
was
Bagnio.
at
Dagupan
it
since
long
were
and
Commission,
sanatarium
from
resort
35
been
found
Oak,
Sudab.
besides
numerous,
natives
by
mines
Copper
Baguio,
at
iron,
and
other
valuable
coal
are
also
trees
are
localites.
and
molave,
narra,
minerals.
Gold,
different
in
in
worked
profitably
and
Tavas,
rich
extensive
of
areas
pine.
PANGASINAN.
is
This
well- watered
in
development
rice,
are
is
several
important
an
and
coast
the
little
of
abundance
at
present.
of
the
has
trade
been
Bulacan
The
of
paid
Pangasinan
enjoy
in
is
the
wood
rich
ucts
prodof
boats
favorable
afford
conditions
and
great
tional
excep-
exist
coffee, but
profitable products
a
practical monopoly
The
Pangasinan,
hundred
two
which
these
province.
prominent
for
for
chief
building
physical
to
Chinese
this
The
indigo, chocolate,
of
is
The
suitable
Superior
cultivation
attention
wine.
industry,
facilities.
for
directions.
and
sugar
of
capable
province
Chinese
Pampanga
element
and
years.
in
minerals.
Its
name
is de-
"
THE
PHILIPPINES
extensive
salt
36
rived
of
from
the
crude
a
mountains
Rich
state
The
has
Gulf
its
The
road
Pangasinan
and
continues
Manila,
at
operating
in
the
Dagupan
on
the
at
the
through
runs
the
ZAM
somewhat
nearly
total
ince
prov-
due
south
about
length being
of
the
The
desirable
coal
mines
Isidro.
forests
crops
in
are
There
of
is
the
is
and
Moro
has
in
time
those
in
iron
of
the
pirates.
combined
which,
San
near
in
the
tains
moun-
south.
The
woods
and
owing
in
promising
by
During
with
and
this
retarded
the
Copper
valuable
constantly enhancing
of
yielding
and
Agno
of
rich
in
of
great
favorable
Archipelago.
at
dition
con-
it offers
more
capable
commodity
development
long
is
the
is found
scarcity,
The
of
unusually
are
This
coast.
soil
cies
tenden-
industrial
under
indications
north
the
the
promising,
operation
are
Amber
gums.
is not
development
circumstances.
turbulent
Although
province
for
with
race
Zambales.
opportunities
most
BALES.
backward
inhabits
of
in
magnetite
miles.
125
for
present
Lingayen.
terminal
and
their
by
copper
iron
termini
one
Igorrotea
exist.
at
of
and
its
of
of
of
to
railroad
only
islands
lodes
known
are
The
deposits.
gold
extract
methods.
pure
to
the
the
the
to
immunity
ing
increas-
value.
province
periodica!
last
the
inroads
century
from
was
gration
emi-
disturb-
"
38
THE
Hon
which
and,
intersected
The
the
facilities
for
it is
forests
and
the
to
in
hundred
worked
its
five
miles
which
also
of
support
There
The
is
soil
the
great
a
is to
staple
crops
is
This
an
makes
The
traffic
of
in
of
the
is
the
to
its
six
them
ing
be-
of
In
in
Seventyboundaries,
distinct
this
the
district.
province.
alluvial
and
producing
any
the
taries
tribu-
its branches
of
products
of
centre
depression, subject
best
of
and
Pampanga
extent
dred
hun-
productiveness
forty
roads
velopment:
de-
power.
within
good
eries
fish-
than
more
great
than
the
the
province.
run
capable
island.
extensive
the
hydraulic
considerable
It
fertile.
and
lation,
popu-
several
one-third
about
the
marked
are
province
more
network
show
There
Pampanga
river.
of
hand,
other
prosperous
embrace
that
a
is, thanks
highly
of
and
steam
Ecija
soil,
the
afforded
formerly
the
years.
factories,
by
Nueva
of
recent
sugar
and
crop,
tillage extends,
as
industries
in
rich
necessary
main
proportion
On
out.
mills
stone
the
is the
which
considerable
mechanical
and
Rice
grounds,
giving
are
with
rice,
disappearing
grazing
occupation
is
it
quantities.
great
are
affords
River
of
irrigation.
in
importance,
greatest
Pampanga
the
cultivation
exported
The
the
railroad.
the
of
for
area
of
is
by
delta
PHILIPPINES.
to
possible paddy-land,
the
where
everyof
the
ince
prov-
inundation.
and
is
de-
"
voted
the
chiefly
principal
30,000,000
Corn
is
tobacco
and
Manila
of
the
market
is
the
and
this
cultivation
the
attention.
excellent
contains
of
part
grain
annually.
considerable
province
greater
Of
exported
are
receives
portion
constitutes
which
district.
quarts
sugar
where
pasture
the
riee,
large quantities,
in
central
The
of
of
raised
of
raising
product
over
of
the
to
the
cattle
the
for
fed.
BUT.ACAtf.
Bulacan
the
embraces
It
Pampanga.
exception
and
well-watered,
the
the
rich
other
minerals,
in
is
east,
the
flat
ful
care-
the
abundance
silver
with
of
some
with
which,
under
and
gold
covered
are
densely
of
inhabitants.
exist
copper
and
(he
on
crops
Tagalog
and
delta
province,
portion
iron,
including
species
found.
are
of
trees
and
commercial
prized
most
by
cabinet-maker.
The
supplemented
It
rail,
and
the
has
native
Bulacan
of
by
ample
Most
cargo
the
has
fabrics.
adjacent
an
and
the
Manila
rivers
good
by
are
ties.
facili-
road,
navigable
roads
wagon
can
Bula-
nect
con-
provinces.
extensive
Its
of
transportation
with
of
boats,
wealth
mineral
communication
steamer.
it with
and
vegetable
great
is
by
small
of
mountains
value,
entire
the
of
part
productive
highly
produces
cultivation
The
greater
The
of
the
amongst
is
district.
populated
Coal,
the
flna
industry
cloth
has
in
the
ture
manufac-
world-wide
"
40
THE
The
reputation.
extracted
.nto
in
of
the
it is
produced
textile
is
is
woven
commands
which
and
Philippines
is
It
pineapple.
silk-like
the
find
since
years
times.
early
found
ago,
the
the
favor
finding
their
rivers
which
countryside
prosperous
Zuniga,
laden
hundred
one
with
reached
inces
prov-
the
Manila
produce
by
of
way
bay.
consolidation
has
formed
the
tobacco.
of
the
The
former
and
district
of
the
land
rice,
are
Rizal.
industries
and
facilities
Morong,
pal
princi-
sugar-cane,
the
are
The
for
Manila,
The
native
quarrying.
exceptional
of
of
mats,
and
province
province
chief
rush
lime,
sugar-making,
course,
the
new
of
products
and
of
capital city,
the
excluding
its
leaf
winch
Europe.
riiibH'fni
of
the
price
from
fibre
beautiful
very
high
from
PHILIPPINES.
com,
ture
manufac-
clothing,
province
has,
distribution
the
and
of
of
output.
iLAGUNA.
The
shores
of
It
name.
of
the
extends
province
de
Laguna
has
Bay,
from
irrigates
the
whole
of
province
are
good
and
economical
points
communication
on
the
lake
its
via
the
it
The
area.
south
its
oughly
thor-
highways
convenient
Manila
Pasig
derives
which
system
it has
with
and
east
which
river
extensive
an
the
along
from
and
ous
vari-
River.
"
41
CAVITE.
is
Laguna
soil
and
climate
of
plants
land
axe
favor
the
proportion
under
is
and
and
various
quantity
constitutes
The
There
consequence.
in
the
the
from
wine
of
raising
of
of
also
bolos
and
guna.
La-
of
of
industry
an
factories
the
of
Manila
to
trade
hundred
and
variety
great
the
gaged
en-
of
distillation
other
Amongst
cocoanut.
manufacture
in
of
is
oil
tobacco,
shipment
several
are
extraction
the
their
live-stock
its
staple products
Fruits
element
important
an
of
cocoanuts,
cotton,
and
raised
are
large
"
The
vegetables.
tropical
one-fourth
as
cultivation.
corn,
the
exceptionally
much
as
rice,
sugar-cane,
indigo,
An
Archipelago.
all
of
growth
Its
province.
prosperous
the
probably
"
area
and
populous
industries,
deserve
furniture
mention.
li'is
Litgima
forest
or
considerable
no
but
resources,
find
ample
endowment
its
for
scope
busy
of
mineral
will
population
their
in
industry
ways
al-
tural
agricul-
pursuits.
Cavlte
fact
the
that
its
the
'a
deal
great
the
capital,
headquarters
naval
which
upon
it
of
Bay
Manila
the
is
same
name,
The
Philippines.
affords
and
the
the
best
refuge
the
the
from
importance
of
town
of
stands
of
inlet
anchorage
of
is
in
ships during
storms.
severe
The
the
gains
province
bay.
The
has
frontage
inhabitants
of
of
the
thirty
littoral
miles
are
along
engaged
"
42
THE
in
the
extensive
in
the
manufacture
industries
of
salt.
exported
is
also
pursuits
of
cultivation
extensively
are
PHILIPPINES.
in
engage
the
DATA
has
Batangas
a
good
owing
of
system
the
to
is
of
Luzon.
the
The
Rice, hemp,
help
stock
of
is
province
remarkable
Abundance
it
fields
which
of
The
in
great
of
other
good.
offers
Batangas
large.
of
ture
agricul-
Batangas
breed
various
points
whose
and
waters
found
are
diseases.
stands
is but
the
in
Live
facilities
This
district
trade.
At
of
ince
prov-
is very
timber
for
passable
soil, im-
-developed
export
the
are,
population
products
variety
the
and
The
springs
commercial
unusually
are
sugar
properties
districts, and
mountainous
and
celebrated.
curative
efficacious
be
well
mineral
are
the
This
and
extensively,
widely
people.
season.
important
an
raised
being
the
have
swell
coffee
in
islands.
the
and
chocolate,
also
horses
in
to
to
of
output
the
considerable
fertile
most
pastoral
harbors
clay
rainy
in
province
sugar
which, however,
of
of
towns
more
other
one
of
the
and
excellent
many
in
these
AS.
four
or
roads,
wagons
contains
any
NO
all
where
of
number
preponderance
for
than
three
Rice
interior,
large
of
output
Manila.
to
grown
The
fisheries, and
in
rice,
in
for
one
the
ing
marketof
several
profitable
ment
invest-
capital.
population
"
progressive,
almost
and
entirely Tagalog
industrious.
Every
"
is
hut
ilized,
civcon-
"
TAYABAS.
tains
off
one
of
variety
of
act
long
and
the
of
attached
of
in
is
region
since
the
earliest
of
owing
in
Coal
to
is
the
economic
that
the
the
of
almost
forests
value,
the
and
Spaniards
in
and
mountains
difficulty
the
abound
of
any
Island
there
is
are
rich
marketing
Luzon.
and
of
Polillo,
it
of
ground
in mineral
any
its
of
description
variety
good
have
have
upon
transportation
in
few
progress
coast
and
small
which
landed
for
wild
of
region
centuries
serve
ing
be-
ing
averag-
"
six
or
this
Pacific
of
ness,
wilder-
occupies
sort
this
The
by fishing
five
of
and
Principe,
hardly
first
in
difficulties
The
people
in
found
the
cluding
in-
to,
consisting
"
primitive
numbers
and
Tayabas.
of
mainly
of
ing
compos-
annexed
population
mile
The
might
mined.
belief
the
mountainous
subsist
accounts
inhabitants
to-day.
1D02,
Infanta,
was
meagre
square
civilization
elapsed
and
pail
vicinity
the
increase
toward
but
the
inhabitants.
no
The
groat
Its
agriculture
made
the
coast
east
province
tribes,
Tn
hunting.
of
to
one
semi-civilized
the
and
texture
portions, particularly
impenetrable.
about
the
Polillo,
the
with,
extensive
of
turn
women
Commission,
Principe
island
incorporated
towns
the
finest
strip along
districts
the
or
the
Philippine
narrow
the
of
fabrics
winch
hues.
brightest
By
from
looms,
two
or
43
is
but
not
timber
for
the
deposits,
products
will
"
THE
44
hindrance
prove
for
many
Its
the
the
to
has
affords
of
ports
the
in
is
traversed
telegraph
line
which,
southeast
of
to
so
for
slope
the
soil
is
seed
The
in
of
coast
from
which
points,
all
with
and
highway
great
in
Sorsogon
at
the
through
Lucena,
provincial
Santa
Cruz,
character
mgged
inhabitants
ample
The
agriculture.
in
well-watered
is
crops
of
which
its
races,
rice,
of
sugar
the
peculiarly
area,
opportunity
mountain
(er
specialty
of
ranges
whose
tile
fer-
cane,
and
district.
It
stance
sub-
oleaginous
obtained.
forests
as
the
passes
the
Lumbang
is
several
at
commencing
yields large
coffee.
surface.
communication
Caceres,
its
pursuit
to
district
Manila.
affords
the
anchorage
by
.Nneva
Notwithstanding
Tayabas
mountainous
very
water
Luzon,
capitals, Albay,
and
the
Archipelago.
Tayahas
the
good
is
province
of
development
come.
proper
coast-line
and
the
to
years
Tayahas
PHILIPPINES.
well
there
contain
as
gums,
is
wax,
an
variety
great
and
important
of
useful
resinous
trade
export
woods
hard-
substances,
to
foreign
countries.
Indications
parts
of
north
coast,
vicinity
facilities
spot
the
an
of
for
of
coal
province.
contains
been
The
shipping
on
marked
island
veins
Sanguinin
attractive
have
of
its
should
of
make
various
Alabat,
excellent
northwest
in
coal
off
the
in
the
side.
mining
The
at
this
proposition.
"
THE
46
of
tricts
fibre
the
Archipelago.
considerable
which
of
to
numerous
and
distilleries,
tool
The
forests
are
workers
to
coal
the
Near
Sogod
there
and
the
the
great
as
as
one
the
Mambulao,
at
in
from
in
which
1875,
At
assays
the
several
are
layer
of
were
Para-
granite,
is found
In
on
German
natives.
Quicksilver
extensive
worked
are
veins
most
Philippines.
inspection,
coast,
the
of
veins
Caramuan.
northern
an
of
well-known
quartz
ore
ton.
near
is
Australian
hundred
seven
width,
woods
copper
parallel quartz
in
ounces
on
marble
his
by
feet
province
metal
in
in
Drasohe,
of
time
are
Daet,
the
of
suck
and
lead,
rich
worked
and
refineries,
presses,
regarded
reported
the
there
rog
There
inhabitants.
rich
regions
Mr.
coast.
at
twenty
ment
employ-
abundant.
is
silver, iron,
geologist, has
eight
and
auriferous
north
eale
looms,
afford
factories
by-products,
numerous
which,
the
particularly
arc
the
important
being
the
Camarines
Gold,
of
local
makers.
Ambos
the
besides
whilst
guimaras.
mills, hemp
sugar
utility, and
wax,
and
industries
large proportion
the
by
the
of
quantities
Camarines,
sinafnay
mechanical
are
and
Amhos
into
it
variety
Large
is consumed
amount
convert
from
exported
are
PHILIPPINES.
coal
one
thirtyat
Isa-
gold
mines.
similar
to
of
the
product.
In
the
southern
part
mines
of
pit
coal
quarries
are
and
of
vicinity
of
gypsum.
"
The
continuation
forms
the
is
rises
plain.
Albay
in
roads
forming
towns
and
entry
from
of
thirty
the
to
in
the
slopes
good
where
twelve
In
An
shade,
the
averaged
of
the
of
fabrics, cordage,
home
of
tent
ex-
hands
every
admirably
abaca,
it
as
is
ous
mountain-
on
fertile
soil.
Albay
total
hemp
export
which
in
of
in
last
$18,000,000.
of
the
the
the
product
manufacture
etc.
PKOSPEKITV
production
the
with
quantity
consumption
the
moisture
upwards
considerable
devoted
The
of
statement
is
of
plenty
value
of
the
or
of
ports
output
thrives
and
good
important
arc
Albay
plant
one-fourth
is
extensive
the
hy
hemp,
get
may
ample
of
coast
and
changes
of
trict
dis-
east
idea
conveyed
The
it
has
to
Manila.
$1,000,000
Philippines,
addition,
Tabaco
surface
about
years
and
south
the
an
all
hemp
be
may
from
immense
cultivation
drainage,
the
to
islands.
contributes
of
the
The
days.
its
between
Legaspi
alone
Legaspi
Near
waterways
connections
trade
general
beauty
numerous
shipped
this
adapted
called
has
the
to
In
Albay.
solitary
which
is
peninsula
volcanic.
villages.
province
at
and
rugged
the
of
province
Mayon
that
of
of
OF
oil
from
ALB
the
coeoamit
is
an
portant
im-
industry.
As
two
an
index
contiguous
population
has
to
the
provinces
increased
of
prosperity
it
more
may
be
than
Albay
stated
and
that
seventeenfold
the
their
in
"
48
PHILIPPINES.
THE
the
trade
been
has
Native
made
hundred
two
past
the
coast
in
the
and
and
is carried
eastern
to
of
quantities
hemp
increase.
etc.,
craft
of the
hemp
carrying
the
shore
to
are
the
ports,
sea-
shipped.
on
indications
are
commercial
considerable
extent,
amongst
iron
in
of
summits
the
coast-range.
The
but
is baled
mining
there
trade,
villages along
it
this
great, number
coastwise
numerous
where
Coal
the
in
sails, rigging,
towns.
The
years.
factor
predominating
engaged
from
fifty
boats, including
in
are
and
forests
they
contain
shade
is essential
hemp
plant.
the
to
of
valuable
felled,
only sparingly
he
may
stands
great
since
trees,
extensive
cultivation
successful
of
the
SORSOGON.
the
Sorsogon,
favored
particularly
That
of
in
the
gulf
The
in
the
best
the
The
the
is carried
by
on
of
and
meat
of
Both
The
the
of
and
in
cocoanut,
these
the
is
shores
of
and
populous,
province
harbors.
stands
Sorsogon
one
this
large
its towns,
between
water
the
industry,
hemp
of
is
Luzon,
good
of
matter
Archipelago.
population
expressed.
port
of
district
the
eiiltivated
well
dried
great
in
in
the
which
are
traffic
southernmost
is
largely engaged
production
from
commodities
which
are
of
the
copra,
oil
shipped
is
in
quantities.
presence
of
abandoned
mines
of
gold, silver,
"
RAILROAD
and
iron,
it
with
resumed
be
commercial
the
and
EXTENSION.
and
construction
the
by
effect
immediate
products
ready
it is
Luzon
branch
will
of
the
Laguna
branch
of
de
on
end
of
were
The
the
treble,
limitless
find
to
the
of
the
to
Fabian,
near
Lipa,
the
skirt
to
the
the
will
branch
Dagupan,
and
Southward
to
Santa
Batangas
Laoag.
province,
Bcnguet
lake
Manila-Dagu-
coast
prolonged
Tayabas
of
the
will
and
connect
portion
belt
be
will
Bay,
the
sanatarium.
extension
will
Lucena,
been
and
facilities
extend
San
capital
line
to
along
government,
southern
hemp
the
1005.
almost
where
transportation
from
the
This
tangas.
The
in
double,
to
proposed
run
the
Manila
the
contracts
Commission
be
greatly
for
system,
which
sections
northward
Bagnio,
site
will
only
need
line
to
of
be
i pel ngu
markets.
In
pan
operation
certain
of
commerce
railroad
Philippine
will
people
extensive
Arch
the
of
its
of
welfare
the
by
made
development
general
advanced
might
operations
profit.
KAILKOAD
The
the
former
in
workings
that
believed
is
49
extensive
indicate
coal,
and
times,
EXTENSION.
from
of
town
west
Ba-
shore
of
round
continue
Cruz.
the
Another
province,
with
Bay.
system
southeastern
destined
to
peninsula
traverse
has
the
already
mentioned.
"
PHILIPPINES.
THE
MAKINDUQUE.
Marindnque,
miles
square
in
commercial
has
The
the
is the
in
excellent
island
pursued
only
to
Mindoro
lies
It
Batangas.
broadest
middle
In
is
of
Its
the
island
feet.
The
forests
of useful
trees.
by exceptionally great
contain
land.
plain
of
settlements
The
this
central
on
an
the
the
the
of
area
Luzon.
iin
province
about
elevation
of
of
the
portion
of
There
but
the
best
kind
island
are
inland
with
watered
streams,
numerous
the
the
8, BOO
covered
valleys, copiously
and
at
length.
entire
part,
of
3,500
through
runs
its
most
rainfall
coast,
is
long by sixty
traverses
The
description.
try
indus-
island
of
of
miles
stretches
extensive
pecially
es-
has
that
The
range
is, for
every
trade,
and
mainland
attains
range
in
Marinduque
south
has
and
Boac,
MINDOKO.
mountain
island
llalcon
Mt.
OF
and
part,
the
the
from
about
which
export
extent.
hundred
one
of
raising,
immediately
miles.
square
stock
of
important
hemp.
in
istics.
character-
towns,
large
ISUND
circular
population
most
moderate
miles
ten
THE
its
for
considerable
of
almost
its
the
and
hundred
seven
mountainous
and
has
copra,
facilities
distant
in
largest
rice,
is
of
is found
The
respect.
It
part
than
island
an
prevailing
greater
capital,
is
the
Tagalogs
50,000
is
extent,
importance.
and
shape
less
although
few
of
is
ing
graz-
large
civilized
districts
are
"
inhabited
ilindoro
has
land
here
and
there.
had
its
in
about
the
surface
of
but
in
the
The
for
The
the
every
its
herds
The
of
grazing
the
to
cattle
island
the
island
fifteen
supplying
teenth
nine-
the
ernmost
north-
occupies
Archipelago,
longitude.
of
and
tainous,
moun-
portions
and
there
grounds.
grazing
has
for
has
of
of
number
parts
long
its
been
horses
in
the
head
of
Luzon
and
hogs.
since
almost
suffered
rinderpest.
of
course
of
famous
like
Archipelago,
of
cane
sugar-
largely
Masbate,
visitation
ship
chocolate,
increased
but
the
thousand
other
the
broken
cotton,
are
and
recent
will
the
island
axis
watered
occupation,
other
form
southeast
island
industry
American
the
harbors
the
size.
products
hemp.
from
twelve
considerable
staple
and
good
by
BATE.
of
very
and
well-
several
of
streams
i3
west
and
are
of
east
ing
dur-
it.
The
center
Masbate
extensive
There
miles
of
islands,
Visayas.
let
ham-
that
ravaged
MAS
latitudinal
eighty
fact
beginning
dependent
the
the
was
GKOUP
AN
of
province
position
AY
fertile
little
depopulated
almost
VIS
with
Masbate,
are
or
highly
for
to
island
the
at
of
save
due
is
the
who
pirates,
The
Manguianes,
stretches
This
generations
THE
and
of
unoccupied
are
century
tribe
extensive
that
many
iloro
wild
mountaineers."
"savage
coast
the
by
cattle
and
to
year
Manila,
Negros
verely
se-
mally
Nor-
from
sides
be-
with
"
52
PHILIPPINES.
THE
of sugar
manufacture
of
Numbers
the
An
carabao.
numerous
by-prod
the
the
and
island,
and
sacks
inhabitants
of
nets
weaving;
important
palm
llio forests,
fine
is
gold
in
lignite
washed
the
export.
collecting
and
fishing, hunting,
in
of
quality
for
mats
engaged
are
is
industry
from
found
is
the
upon
sands
of
the
rivers.
the
Samar,
in
size
off
of
the
of
of
area
chief
which
from
is
reefs, making
eastern
side.
length,
but
are
Samar
they
native
boats.
improvements,
from
to
the
east
Samar
favorable
of
rice,
to
be
and
rich
to
copra
in
coal
is
with
limited
present
to
of
and
climatic
the
production
The
very
the
cross
the
west
and
other
upon
conditions
of
output
large.
to
railway
directly opposite,
Arehipeiago.
the
is
midway
almost
the
upon
beset
constructed
about
and
islets
and
the
coast
considerable
navigation
be
Physical
coast.
crops
sugar,
said
Julian,
San
Strait
The
of
shallow
with
will
Paranas,
are
staple
that
so
line
the
irregular
with
rivers
very
connection
In
miles
very
fringed
several
all
are
is
an
ten
difficult,especially
has
obstructions,
coast,
and
by
elevations.
great
no
has
having
about
separated
island
approach
rocky
island
it is
broken
extremely
Archipelago,
lies
third
is the
Group,
It
The
there
but
the
miles.
Bernardino.
surface,
Visayan
of
square
Sorsogon,
line
the
islands
5,000
San
of
The
minerals,
all
of
in
the
hemp,
island
but
is
the
"
THE
54
and
breadth
there
is
but
hilly,
undulating,
seldom
feet.
outline
but
The.
the
approach
harbor
in
of
soil
hut
is
careful
by
the
are
north
a
Bohol
coasts
reefs.
The
population
of
is
of
five
native
for
favorable
cult
diffi-
without
or
large
or
simple,
is
four
the
thousand
rendered
island
its
rivers
cargo
industry.
agriculture,
to
produce
is
mechanical
from
of
level,
one
are
by
chief
textiles
land
are
unusually
vegetable
The
tillage.
weaving
of
the
notable
particularly
not
half
are
navigable
is
southern
is
There
are
Nowhere
height
eastern
large quantity
the
of
by
that
The
The
The
consequence.
Bohol
boats.
in
and
miles.
forty
reaching
northern
of
about
elevations.
great
any
island
of
PHILIPPINES.
raised
industries
and
cotton
pineapple
fibre.
Cebu
occupies
members
of
strip
land,
Central
(he
Whilst
in
and
and
mountains
island
and
bisects
of
forms
the
half
hundred
of
this
serious
coasts.
dozen
Cebu
has
easy
no
runs
it
feet,
obstacle
Its entire
cross
forty
in
attains
thousand
It
is
miles
the
length,
Cordillera
length
equal
altitude
it is difficult
to
narrow
entire
almost
an
ern
south-
in
The
Ncgros.
nowhere
range
two
Islands.
Visayan
Bohol
the
position amongst
range
excess
and
the
one
between
lying
of
of
central
of
communication
length only
affords
parts.
much
passage
tween
be-
about
routes.
navigable
rivers.
Its
appropriation
"
"
This
is
The
Visayo.
of
the
same
family
the
type
class.
differs
The
""i
an
very
picture
wlncatal
little
alM-ils
wealthy
and
from
oxelleut
the
Tag.rl
Uhi?:-
"
"
NEGROS.
in
the
railroad
new
from
north
east
coast,
same
coast.
line
the
and
west
Dumanjug
mile,
Cebu
the
and
has
the
hemp,
raises
salt, pottery,
sacks,
Negroa,
of
and
one
island
encircled
by
well
Sibonga,
to
between
coast
deal
and
is
resembles
end
to
end.
broad
adapted
belt
to
in
coast
sugar
islands.
for
local
sugar,
fabrics.
between
Samar
as
Leyte.
is
of
large quantities
several
height,
Negros
of
the
are
embracing
feet
sixty-
Manila
to
large
as
the
port
situated
is
nearly
range,
of
manufactures
Visayas,
It
in
of
and
in
fibre
square
other
rice, mainly
various
the
the
to
is, next
copra
of
Archipelago,
city
It
and
adjacent
average
The
sugar,
thousand
small
any
an
harbor.
somewhat
six
from
have
principal
mountain
exceeding
the
ia, 337
by
mile.
Panay.
form
in
on
the
in
that
which
great
The
and
Argao
or
largest municipality
consumption.
Cebu
the
constructed
few
populous
square
exports
and
on
the
along
embraces
excellent
an
Iloilo,
Cebu
thence
ning
run-
Danao
be
may
unappvoached
Islands,
to
seven
to
Carear,
inhabitants:
density
Philippine
from
most
600,000
a
to
Cebu
there
which
the
is
Cebu
of
line
Barili.
province,
having
from
and
and
islands,
south
island
coast,
The
city
addition
the
across
contemplates
system
the
In
55
peaks
the
traverses
almost
land,
tinuous
con-
which
raising.
This
entirely
is
is
ticularly
parthe
"
PHILIPPINES,
THE
56
principal
has
been
fisheries
industries
Xcijri)?
to
'.
railroad
the
will
only
the
of
process
and
tion.
extrac-
element
from
and
harhors,
the
in
drawing
from
of
of
water
The
Escalante,
the
westerly, following
coast,
its
Pasig
mouths.
their
harbor
the
the
feet
ten
of
most
but
lorchas,
by
miles
ten
run
northeast
good
vessels
of
distance
Steam
years.
important
an
of
deficient
admit
Danao
in
It
Philippines.
island.
navigable
are
arid
the
of
are
tlie
forty
is used
machinery
The
for
here
on
in
industry
that
carried
hydraulic
rivers
of
seat
on
line
coast
Ilimamailan.
to
the
Panay,
with
[i*
its
of
shape
the
along
entire
in
terminating
of
spur
of
rivers
the
lightest
the
but, owing
island
There
coastwise
to
which
the
it
is
of
mountains
from
will
are,
between
nm)
far
not
short
runs
about
the
island,
The
of
its
point
traverses
reaches
numerous
direction.
1 iiulv
corner.
large
by
craft.
running
and,
northeast
the
intersected
the
range
coast
contains
Panay
land,
roads
out
area
west
throws
midway,
half
Samar.
and
Ncgros
In
miles.
seventy-five
triangle
westerly
biniJr.
mil
the
isosceles
south
uiv
of
rough
in
pointing
apex
I-ii^rhs
"-|iiilni"r."l
base
of
the
has
group,
island
westernmost
level
streams.
accommodate
however,
important
difficulty of crossing
eastern
and
tile
fer-
None
of
but
any
fine
many
trade
the
ters,
cen-
moun-
"
58
PHILIPPINES.
THE
in
the
northeasterly
of
towns
but
has
known
exist.
Fine
tonalite, are
been
and
five
southwest
It
miles.
It
tribes.
has
of
worthy
town
of
mainly
The
use.
land
and
in
island
good
be
in
eral
sev-
variety
and
gypsum
and
are
natural
marl
are
gas
UA.
275
The
fair
grazing
twenty-
of
and
the
lumber
to
consist
cloth
for
of
The
grounds.
wild
hardly
industries
proportion
woods,
favorable
of
and
weaving
a
west
north-
entirely by
consequence
and
miles
width
maximum
of
valuable
very
coal
beautiful
almost
contains
sources,
re-
copper,
of
of
name.
stock-raising
would
improved
and
stretcher
trade
the
some
abound
It AG
inhabited
no
and
petroleum
with
is
to
mineral
great
Veins
Palawan,
or
forking
scientifically worked.
marbles,
PA
Paragua,
and
indications
are
quarried.
located,
and
been
not
There
localities.
have
exceptionally
of
of
Iloilo
Bataan.
have
they
Deposits
to
and
Capiz
island
The
from
direction
local
fertile
forests
physical
ditions
con-
operations
by
methods.
MINDANAO.
Mindanao
a
approximates
to
the
island
of mountains
is very
irregular
skirts
the
whole
Luzon
in
size, but
The
surface
and
diversified.
of
the
east
with
of
formation
A
coast.
range
Min-
"
MINDANAO.
like
danao,
of
the
supplies
draft
six-foot
of
much
go
some
the
as
natives
which
is
above
volcanoes
rise
feet
breadth
the
from
by
its
dividing
two
broken,
The
of
length
part
of
valley,
Bay
the
the
to
of
as
it
Illana,
It
Lake
de
Mindanao
It
gives
distant
is
after
its
three
its
the
almost
is
in
hundred
distance
has
bounded
the
of
passes.
river
the
into
from
steamers
about
in
northern
through
miles
small
quently
fre-
are
easy
the
and
center
discharges
for
rounded
sur-
Agusan
first
passing
name,
navigable
Liguasan,
rises
sand
thou-
two
traversing
and
is
sand
thou-
one
ranges
low
many
and
island,
These
south
extinct
and
ranges
through
Archipelago.
which
headwaters.
far
presenting
Grande
Rio
of
is
the
of
fifty miles,
plains.
great
the
to
lake
valley
island
the
of
detached
succession
surface
Several
The
to
in
On
one
to
Agusan
nearly
The
strong
utility
the
from
native
several
plateau
plateau.
forty
of
length
lake.
mountains.
west
entire
to
light
level.
sea
heights varying
to
of
the
the
above
by
above
abruptly
rises
feet
on
feet
distance
The
Lanao,
Lake
to
great
traffic.
240
with
has
of
are
of
drains
2,200
its shore
channels
course
upper
which
of
Vessels
and
river
receives
course
Agusan
outlet,
The
of
.Bay.
its
farther.
tributaries,
its
from
river
o\'cr
the
mountain
eastern
Agusan
Lutuan
navigate
may
the
northward
in
miles
twenty
craft
mouth
of
great
That,
large valleys.
two
west
the
it Hows
as
its
to
the
to
which
from
miles
contains
lies
Agusan
range,
its
Luzon,
59
the
its
as
thirty
"
60
THE
and
miles,
of
for
rocks
with
which
development
of
prove
of
is
including
like
has
Zamboanga
along
stands
Apo
the
or
Samal,
on
distinctly
wide
from
which
burst
white
sulphurous
when,
shining,
are
vapors
white,
summit
to
at
be
and
fine
of
the
active,
in
10,311
feet
above
the
volcano
small
This
the
volcano.
is
sulphur
the
no
and
whole
record
of
tached
de-
Davao
the
pelago.
Archithe
level
Davao,
be
may
of
cones
seen
sulphur,
of
eruptions
magnificent
mantle
appears
Though
is
there
of
Davao.
from
intermittent
then
covers
there
of
of
peak
growing
cloud
far
in
Gulf
highest
vapors.
sometimes
though
Al-
shores
port
forth
there
indented
penetrating
the
to
with
sunrise,
products,
continued
morning,
space
of
Islands.
the
at
cloudless
forest
southern
is
west
rises
may
course
intricately
and
the
"Looking
the
in
the
coast
the
summit
sea.
for
bays,
hugs
to
the
harbors.
good
volcano,
Its
of
miles
With
undertaking
rich
large
the
sive
exten-
more
Philippine
peninsula,
spurs
thirty
the
mountains
much
an
is not
of
the
percha.
gutta
few
are
About
such
feet
blasting
commerce.
region
several
of
to
half
By
advantage,
most
there
beset,
Mindanao
of
range
is
island
and
higher.
"
freed
anil
of
it
the
the
rubber
those
be
through
coast
inland,
bed
economic
stream
The
miles
its
would
three
drawing
fifteen
channel
the
boats
for
water
PHILIPPINES.
and
Apo
of
cones
sudden
growing
spot,
tacle
spec-
its
of
until
the
even
the
and
is
jet
well
known
eruptions.
"
MINDANAO.
The
volcano-seismic
Apo
active
felt
of
the
the
precedes
With
the
is
which
towns
banks
the
of
considerable
and
about
it is
settled
most
shocks
are
sound
of
about
that
and
the
the
the
areas
mile.
and
coast,
inland
is terra
extensive
million,
square
great
Mindanao
principal
half
upon
rivers
of
portion
all
to
danao
Min-
Paragua,
of
situated
larger
believed
the
rumbling
and
fourteen
mainly
are
often
population
gives only
The
the
has
seismic
Mhnloro
sparsely
most
small
; very
of
exception
It
of
one
shocks."
stronger
the
islands.
daily
not
is
center
Archipelago
if
weekly
61
lakes.
incognita,
practically
are
uninhabited.
Development
of
the
wealthiest
is
reason
to
gold
in
and
the
any
the
islands
believe
other
other
need
island
in
extensively,
but
value
fifth
is
hemp,
amongst
mechanical
great
the
in
the
Except
the
the
various
hemp
limited
industries
arc
stock
of
chief
which
the
sections
way,
not
vegetable
those
spices
Live
quantities.
of
its
abound
Mindanao
producing
for
of
deposits
exceed
to
one
There
forests
and
Philippines.
output
rich
Its
production
the
in
it contains
of
into
Archipelago.
exploitation
in
and
the
hardwoods,
peculiar advantage
varieties
Mindanao
minerals.
desirable
only
of
that
valuable
most
products
transform
might
of
has
of
several
is raised
commercial
island
of
local
prosecuted
ranks
the
pelago.
Archi-
purposes,
in
danao.
Min-
"
62
PHILIPPINES.
THE
SULU.
Sulu,
Jolo,
or
that
name.
Sulu
has
It
is
the
lies
to
incommensurate
and
the
forest
and
is
of
chief
islands
has
miles.
The
Sulu
these
that
limits.
The
They
islands
After
are
the
had
lay
been
six
no
domestic
islands
centuries
these
Malayan
pirates.
forms
treaty
choice
pearls
it
by
less
industries
have
been
the
to
twelve
other
character.
of
the
of
the
boundary
convention
Spain.
hundred.
than
During
a
232
discovered
special
than
square
cession
was
gratuity
fifty
is
part
of
beyond
miles
358
Tawi,
Tawi
made
extra
an
with
simplest
gin
vir-
and
only
group
the
number
Moros,
of
acquired
of
inhabitants
of
hundred
island,
The
were
payment
gaged
en-
commercial
oyster
are
fertile
of
extent
shipment
one
area
extent.
Islands
They
the
and
than
more
Archipelago.
Philippine
the
it
are
of
trees
and
TAWI.
principal
in
The
highly
large
exports
aggregate
an
miles
square
of
of
is
quite
area.
inhabitants
of
in
TAWI
group
Mindanao.
shell.
mother-of-pearl
This
is
trade
the
but
woods,
the
mainly
some
of
group
beautiful,
soil
There
composed
There
cabinet
The
agriculture.
in
of
extremely
proportion
greater
the
insignificant
climate.
splendid
value.
is
of
political importance
its
island
the
island
southwest
and
with
of
has
the
commercial
scenery
chief
favorite
those
many
resort
of
"
The
fauna
of
that
shows
Java
found
of
have
in
the
and
only
neighboring
differences
many
the
there
the
which
but
ANIMAL
The
and
the
large
the
mammals.
in
also
possess
found
the
to
habitat
cat, but
286
in
proximity
*
The
Cochin
Maretie,
any
to
Tra'juhix
in
species
other
Bohol
is
of
birds,
on
Vide,
In
side
one
It
Lucon
is
of
51
et
to
than
not
are
despite
Negros
in
are
Luzon
which
found
be
Balabac
doe.*
Palaouak,
to
to
they
of
Cebu,
and
also
not
larger
only
divisions
although
like
are
Paragua
are
little
exactly
of
peculiar
in
island
animal
island.
Ranchil.
China.
Paris,
curious
form
fauna
two
which
The
species.
of
which
contains
known
Borneon
is
These
Philippines,
only
found
only
birds
state,
There
are
known
of
the
bats.
the
the
timarau
Islands.
in
of
which
The
number
elsewhere
similar
is
of
are
remarkable.
are
Calamianes
are
wild
buffalo,
animals
Porcupines
the
in
distribution
localities.
Mindoro.
deer,
Rodents
remain
very
of
species
restricted
and
is
sentatives
repre-
of
varieties
thirty
which
The
Archipelago
tribe.
antelope
or
three
species
six
be
to
are
LIFE.
of
timarau,
numerous
in
few
carabao,
Borneo
than
but
sembling
re-
islands,
them.
have
least
general
Malayan
species
monkey
at
are
in
from
more
carnivora,
of
two
but
scarce,
the
Philippines,
of
whilst
Philippines,
marked
some
and
the
Malacca
par
on
its
the
and
Alfred
1887.
"
THE
64
there
other,
nine
arc
game
exist
in
birds
as
the
which
makes
home
regarded
with
natives.
Pythons
and
said
are
Whilst
them
The
of
factor
In
of
The
like
of
the
the
in
found
of
lizard
insect
localities
feet.
insects,
life
the
marshy
the
pest
is not
of
some
abundant
few
house
lands,
coast
in
become
they
the
by
many
of
is
and
favor
forty
variety
connection
forests
of
the
quitoes
mos-
most
with
of
as
to
discourage
the
natives.
of
he
are
of
incalculable
the
Borneo,
these
of
the
described
and
commerce
if
important
features
will
Archipelago
abundance
an
those
principal
regulations,
conservative
of
aspects
product
their
form
resemble
The
Java.
harbor
which
economy
flora
the
in
stringent
and
houses
comparatively
species,
commercial
and
of
Archipelago
domestic
general
their
quail.
and
numerous
are
walls
length
are
such
countries.
various
in
be
include
superstitious
great
nothing
and
m
to
about
except
waters
fish
are
There
Indian
East
of
land
small, chirping
the
beautiful,
exceedingly
are
is
sort
are
numerically.
lizards
in
attain
to
there
flies, and,
and
There
its
These
where.
else-
of
species
snipe, plover,
geese,
srmkes,
found
not
hundred
three-
distributed.
widely
birds
Philippines.
duck,
Crocodiles,
of
species
of
Upwards
birds
PHILIPPINES.
investment
flora
where
else-
agriculture.
enormous
tent
ex-
value.
are
matra,
Su-
not
Under
made
of
so
capital
"
66
PHILIPPINES.
THE
for
pines,
this
plant
The
despite
several
has
been
in
raised.
It
Cuban
district
which
is
believed
the
perhaps,
etc.,
the
Philippine
of
output
of
shipped
annually,
most
000,000
cigars.
East
Sugar
is
and
for
in
is
vegetable
which
one
demand
present
the
in
methods.
Abajo
district
of
and
of
leaf
are
100,-
over
China,
Japan,
dried
be
few
in
the
ion,
fash-
the
export
The
year.
trade
and
from
it.
the
island
equal
Ne-
is extracted
sibilities
pos-
under
other
Probably
the
more
greater
which
enjoy
is carried
the
on
countries,
there
is
the
no
of
It
profit.
entire
in
shipped
cultivation
with
to
is
coeoanut,
France
products
of
great.
of
developed
industry
island
product
this
larly
particu-
haphazard
pounds
very
kernel
expressed
the
very
the
of
arc
to
but
.Nevertheless,
extension
an
of
200,000,000
constantly
the
would
excepting,
to
and
Luzon,
part
product
might
of
of
quantities
oil
of
leaf
provinces,
many
greater
the
largo
where
in
conditions
Copra,
with
world,
Spain,
chiefly
is
methods
pounds
it to
go
raised
about,
favorable
of
is
cane
crudest
averages
Vuelta
20,000,000
produced
the
the
by
the
leaf
Indies.
The
gros.
the
These
Pampanga,
in
in
any
the
familiar
improved
with
of
of
variety
with
Upwards
the
valley
that
Cuba.
and
the
regions,
elsewhere.
grown
by connoisseurs,
curing,
favorably
compare
different
is
excellent
an
product,
cultivation,
in
successfully
tobacco
main
Cagayan,
the
not
efforts
is
commercial
supply.
most
At
waste-
"
VEGETABLE
ful
and
unintelligent
the
to
to
accrue
be
retained
is
Mindanao.
time
in
and
The
with
the
the
annual
but
pounds,
owing
the
to
manufacturer
the
allowed
are
which
of
should
of
Mocha
recent
destruction
of
the
in
ably
favor-
Java.
about
of
parts
compares
to
it has
years
and
and
amounted
La-
Batangas,
Luzon,
article!
Philippine
crop
of
provinces
Cavite,
products
in
profits
cultivator.
grown
Tayabas,
67
and
manner
foreign
the
by
Coffee
guna,
PRODUCTS.
At
one
14,000,000
greatly diminished,
plants by
parasitic
insect.
Palay,
rice,
or
of
most
of
the
provinces
food
of
the
natives,
greatly
islands.
in
The
economic
in
devote
their
the
has
more
staple.
of
article
The
should
There
was
from
export
other
and
of
garden
In
mace
field for
in
for
as
the
prodtiction
cannot
less
be
and
when
the
unfavorable
an
inhabitants
Still, it
time
tity
quan-
the
to
districts,
energies
import
chief
produced
many
in
can
denied
raise
rice
of
that
of
more
was
great
products
sesame,
of
note
peanuts,
are
and
chocolate,
ties
varie-
many
vegetables.
Mindanao
cloves,
large
In
is the
consume
necessarily
not
raised
Manila,
vegetable
wheat, indigo,
corn,
It
is
provinces,
crop.
Philippines
islands.
what
be
may
annually
of
hemp
land
quality
the
who
excess
fact
valuable
this
of
significance.
instance
the
good
and
and
the
other
Paragua
spices
extension
of
cinnamon,
grow,
their
and
nutmegs,
there
is
cultivation.
"
THE
The
is believed
with
that
be
can
the
camphor
localities, and
be
might
tree
almost
kind
one
been
sound
the
is probable
every
province,
Mining
it
introduced
increased
and
be
soon
available
of
resources
the
has
have
belief
yield
never
terion
cri-
There
industry.
the
will
deposits
satisfactory
that
is
with
the
facilities
development
islands
island,
rich
transportation
the
wealth
each
operations
that
for
however,
working
of
mineral
that
afford
to
profitability
ground,
the
It
another.
or
about
sufficiently extensive
of
will
doubt
no
Philippines.
indeed
and
of
the
certain
in
success.
There
of
thrives
plant
tea
PHILIPPINES.
of
the
large
that
mineral
returns
to
investors.
Coal
in
underlies
been
great
worked
from
with
tradition
primitive
islands,
into
and
Gold
provinces.
and
in
traders,
for
mountain
veins
Rich
worked
to
Iron
natives
valuable
of
copper
very
and
worked
other
metals
the
it
isted
ex-
been
covered
dis-
and
extent
on
several
in
known
had
metal
crude
implements.
are
changed
ex-
Chinese
have
limited
been
doubtless
precious
is abundant
have
ploughshares
other
the
uted
distrib-
it has
was
of
having
is
sections
some
the
earliest
worthless.
to
islands, deposits
It
fashion.
and
excellent
times.
Luzon.
and
the
many
area
from
prehistoric
that
in
silver
in
large
of
part
discovered
over
quality,
varying
to
in
of
the
ner
man-
Lead,
exist
in
"
various
localities, but
widely-distribuled
of
exploration
the
mineral
the
scientific
is
resources
only
just
,
beginning
under
Geological
Survey
the
the
Philippine
of
direction
and
that
of
the
the
United
Mining
States
Bureau
of
government.
CLIMATE.
The
entire
Torrid
Philippine
Zone.
Its
but
tropical,
the
statement
are
there
there
but
in
western
in
Luzon,
Mindoro
east
The
to
is
it is
of
the
and
to
28.5
C.
which
the
last
length
only
the
ous
vari-
the
clitinctly
dis-
are
and
Such
Mindanao,
on
is
the
Panay,
and
three"
and
extends
similarly
and
the
monthly
mean
(3)
July,
between
an
the
between
May,
is
C.
and
three
and
monthly
C.
25
June,
the
ranging
August,
intermediate
26.5
into
January,
temperate,
April,
year,
Not
interior
islands.
in
which
to
coasts
the
divided
December,
dry
March,
in
Leyte,
greatest
oscillating
(2)
eastern
same
popularly
November,
when
the
general
class
larger
the
west.
year
(1)
the
those
Samar,
whose
the
in
amongst
the
particularly
islands
from
island
of
of
of
more
"
other
those
from
coasts
of
differences
conditions
different
is
strictly applied.
great: climatic
matological
ease
be
within
therefore
portions
cannot
islands,
the
climate
are
lies
Archipelago
27.5
February,
C.
20.5
hottest
from
the
perature
tem-
mean
and
September,
period,
seasons:
period
27.5
and
mean
C.
ber,
Octo-
tuating
fluc-
C.
THE
70
The
climate
is
human
hundred
is about
about,
81"
six
greater
of
Pacific,
In
months
the
of
the
The
year.
order
March,
littoral, where
during
June,
of
April,
and
and
the
which
necessarily
valley
of
the
as
the
the
of
of
Bulacan
bos
the
the
with
of
the
exception
Island
Second.
That
the
of
the
Zamhales,
province
is
is
the
the
on
experienced
The
coast
entire
the
of
western
the
part
and
Pampanga
and
Tayabas
south
Pangitsimm
soiitheastern
Sorsogon
great
far
as
of
of
localities
altitude:
unusual
lowlands
of
of
notice
and
the
supports
Am-
peninsula,
northern
part
Panay.
Regions
portion
upon
of
except
plains
coast
the
during
west
the
northern
Camarines;
is
by
Tarlac
of
the
Ecija;
period
temperature.
the
Manila;
portion
Nueva
high
Cagayan
Bay
eastern
affected
of
Regions
seasons
Archipelago
classification, omitting
First.
dry
heat
the
washed
and
greatest
for
in
April
of
May,
following
arc
lasts
season
August.
of
map
Luzon
eoasts
wet
hottest
in
the
on
the
two
average
middle
the
the
July,
thermal
rainy
the
ing
enervat-
heat
mean
The
general
but
an
of
deal
great
on
islands, hut
the
Pacific
The
rains
k'gniriing
months,
reversed.
It
Fahrenheit.
part
the
by
in
is
ture
tempera-
vegetable life,
to
beings.
days
with
snmmer,
There
little.
stimulating
humidity,
to
perpetual
but
varying
PHILIPPINES.
of
of
intermediate
province
and
of
Bataan
Rizal
; the
tempera
Pampanga
;
the
that
uplands
northern
him.
and
of
ders
bor-
can
Bula-
eastern
"
CLIMATE.
sections
of
the
west
the
island
coasts
Third.
of
the
of
the
of
and
of
the
of
Visayas
Mindanao;
the
and
peninsula
of
vicinage
and
Sorsogon
(Samar,
entire
the
Lcyte
of
Sulu
Bohol;
Zamboanga.
The
temperature.
peninsula
the
its eastern
Nc-gros, I'nnay,
mild
province
eastern
of
Hamar,
Celm,
islands);
coast
Manila,
Regions
of
coast
Bataan
71
greater
and
Siirigao
the
;
the
east
part
jacent
adeast
Archipelago,
"
"
"
INHABITANTS.
THE
Characteristics"
Negrito
the
of
gaspi's
The
Philippines
the
of
Opinion
"
Effort
Filipino"
The
Non-Christian
Home
sion
Inva-
Malay
"
Occupation
Modem
Le"
lleeonclie
Estimates
the
of
Differences
The
Malays"
o(
Opinion
The
Mortis
Growth
"
Population.
The
of
the
designations,
to
Barrows
the
"The
but
were
than
in
type
the
Islands
they
were
of
mainland
Malay
from
the
habitat,
theory
but
the
surmise.
and
almost
there
that
as
isolated
no
the
to
New
is
The
and
Islands
resemblance
Guinea
to-day
are
as
inference
the
their
data
completely
they
were
pines."
Philiphas
Papuans
was
cupation
oc-
adjacent
the
to
substantial
Negritos
Andaman
continuous
even
Archipelago
Andaman
the
Their
perhaps
in
little
same
the
to
that
ous,
numer-
the
on
leads
Ocean
once
the
and
more
the
is
people
know
not
of
occurrence
Indian
Doctor
we
if
the
over
little
times
Peninsula
local
30,000.
these
distributed,
the
Malay
the
in
that
and
about
historic
in
widely
now,
scattered
of
origin
even
more
of
Negritos,
various
under
widely
number
the
are
who,
found
says:
unsolved,
islands
mountains,
are
Archipelago
these
of
aborigines
Aetas,
they
Early
Natives
to
"
or
at
Malay
"
An
of
Malays
to
gested
sug-
original
support
savage,
centuries
ago.
(75)
THE
76
They
much
are
descent,
and
exhibit
the
same
are
pygmies
but
of
many
the
and
Their
few
in
although
with
the
live
in
and
such
achievement
consists
easting seed,
without
Their
ground.
kind
infrequently
Not
off
carry
The
the
most,
round
weapons
the
of
of
of
the
of
taking
string
and
the
Negritos
but
the
is restricted
to
reaching
are
the
for
matted
into
and
clear
the
to
bamboo
shelter
plains
and
neighbors.
irreducible
an
consists,
loose
the
dencies.
ten-
leaves.
women
by
nomadic
civilized
of
and
characterized
more
beads
waist
earth
to
and
raids
that
of
the
their
cane
raised
be
agricultural
houses,
of
their
covering;
a
with
build
men
is
failed,
cated.
domesti-
may
trouble
life
make
of
as
izing
civil-
subsisting
utmost
the
of
not
have
been
scratching
in
they
cattle
costume
minimum
Their
have
at
attempts
communities,
lean-to, made
of
is low.
apparently
have
they
consistent
do
They
use
and
vegetables
manner
methods
makeshift
being
unmuscuhir,
individually,
small
effort.
least
They
All
or
instances
fish, roots,
have
men
and
courage
few
They
on
in
collectively
them,
their
intelligence
characteristics.
attractive
but
CHARACTERISTICS.
deficient
are
of
do
They
hair.
"kinky"
with
ill-formed
agile.
Malayan
formation,
height
"
of
black.
quite
are
average
NEGRITO
They
natives
the
cranial
inches
fifty-six
at
them
features,
of
"
supple
than
Negroid
cast
about
darker
the
not
PHILIPPINES.
cloth
knees.
spear,
tied
The
club,
"
NEGRITO
and
like
religion,
forests
who
active
an
and
age
is
deity.
into
the
Malay
vassalage
that
of
the
arrival
aboriginal
of
Their
Negritos
their
in
There
of
Malaya
in
Luzon
lying
live
him
earliest
sion
posses-
their
bers
num-
resistance,
lived
late
period
at
Luzon
hill-
as
there
paying
in
were
as
munities
com-
tribute
to
the
inhabitants.
mixture
resulted
Negrito
undivided
Spaniards,
in
old
forced
until
for
their
for
The
in
and,
the
Tagalogs
Pure-blooded
but
has
newcomers,
Negritos
is
The
mountains.
enough
excite
as
inclination,
him
The
the
death.
and
men,
respect
civilization
the
of
in
spirits,
moon
great
natural
found
great
of
who
of
land.
to
The
for
of
fastnesses
became
have
by
nor
advance
the
affairs
live
in
phenomena
reverence
immigrants
of
natural
They
awesome
The
the
who
belief
in
Their
arrows.
people
apprehension.
originally,
man.
primitive
includes
such
or
an
not
all
interest
of
wonder
principal
of
77
poisoned
mountains,
adoration
their
sometimes
that
and
take
the
with
bow,
CHARACTERISTICS.
number
with
several
are
and
are
ea9t
in
slightlyremoved
is
the
advance
an
still
believed
Malayan
in
hybrid
of
the
Dumagas.
the
vicinity
from
the
be
and
from
occupy
Madre.
of
The
Christian
savage
generally
physical
notable
most
tions,
sec-
decreasing.
has
sprung
They
Sierra
different
natives
races
The
in
to
mental
Negritos.
the
exist
opment.
devel-
union
of
the
these
try
coun-
Dumagas
villages
are
state.
"
THE
78
The
Mangyans,
(he
nearly
of
Paragua.
interior
They
and
with
the
considerable
P.
David
of
exception
derived
are
have,"
he
all
to
in
from
"in
the
the
and
first
the
Tgorot,
Luzon,
and
Christian,
period
of
Far
*The
ines.
aborig-
much
pressed
im-
devotes
of
or
this
later
all
of
of
the
Philippines
that,
tribes
"We
two
all
of
movement
As
any
tribes.
of
of
covered
and
named
Northern
the
The
related
tative
represenbe
may
exploration
but
ing
belong-
closely
mind.
is almost
resent
rep-
immigration,
are
almost
pagan,
which
languages
speak
the
probably
types,
of
with
of
or
head-hunters
latter
type
the
race.
qualities
Muhammadan
latter
the
believes
wave
migratory
the
of
Muhammadan,
tribes,
mountain
accounts
the
the
description
all
stock, and
physical type
the
made
been
to
Malayan
south,
common
of
of
have
Mangyans,
Negritos,
these
and
from
one
tered
bar-
Tribes,
the
earlier
came
is
Chief
Christian,
says,
an
which
have
book
Barrows,
the
whether
islands,
his
non-Christian
of
of
etc.*
customs,
Bureau
the
of
the
parts
form
state
to
of
morality
and
people
the
occupy
primitive
These
appears
portion
Island
produce,
forest
from
who
the
by
in
engage
advance
race,
Miudoro
Christians.
Worcester,
Doctor
of
collect
considerable
their
Negrito-Visayan
entire
agriculture
PHILIPPINES.
present
migratory
by
the
torical
hisof
settlement
East."
Philippine
Islands.
Dean
C.
Worcester.
New
York
"
"
This
structure
with
stately
in
Philippine
cruciform
Manila,
building
fn
the
"
"
poney
ami
i*
thr
forejrromirl
native
beautiful
mo*t
is
naromata,
haekman.
"
"
THE
The
call
the
by
Malay
of
people
brown
bones.
and
They
Archipelago
Mongolian
origin,
the
subjugated
in
in
the
them
ruins
of
the
Later,
following
wherever
temples
Arabs
their
and
seaboard,
Islam.
Brahmanism,
island
trade
in
the
upon
to-day
origin,
Malays
to
in
and
owe
the
Sometime
the
Before
the
proportion
is
every
considerable
Hindu
about
the
of
advance
thia
day
region and,
of
proselyting
numbers
of
of
the
along
the
the
Hindu
people
is
words
peans,
Euro-
supplanted
the
to
reason
of
this
completely
of
lished
estab-
Java.
dwellers
of
dus,
Hin-
present
of
advent
influence
language
there
the
had
great
large
the
and
the
at
custom
guese
Portu-
Traces
upon
converted
the
islands
the
to
the
by
found
particularly
but
of
be
Muhammadanism
trade,
some
invaded
the
invariable
inhabitants,
had
facial
prominent
religion.
began
they went,
to
of
to
of
stature,
arrival
been
some
are
selves
them-
HOME.
the
Brahmin
occupation
the
AT
had
ited
inhab-
seafaring.
to
before
years
and
territory
styled
of
agriculture,
MALAYS
Archipelago
who
Hindu
in
tendency
thousand
hair
the
who
short
were
black
THE
by
all
first, o"
were
and
engaged
displayed
who
Peninsula
with
color,
70
found
Asia
They
Malayu.
HOME.
sea,
reach
to
men,
AT
adventurers,
Portuguese
white
we
MALAYS
of
pation
occu-
traceable
Sanskrit
believe
that
toward
tion
civiliza-
the
invasion.
the
end
of
the
thirteenth,
or
the
"
PHILIPPINES
THE
80
of
beginning
dan
I ho
fourteenth,
Folk,"
"Sea
Archipelago
northwest
of
of
tribes
advanced
Manila
in
low
of
state
(Sea
and
Archipelago
the
pled
peo-
Salat
Orang
and
the
thence
shore
around
Bay.
The
INVASION
OF
the
These
of
occupied
than
and
painted
tattooed
the
of
I heir
Malay
in
bodies
haps
per-
ot
of
scale
ture
cul-
They
lived
were
immigration.
the
and
the
own.
kinsmen.
They
trees.
their
earlier,
an
grade
of
speaking
as
Muhammadan
their
in
houses
root
islands,
race
and
of
lower
the
upon
another
same
tide
one,
much
did
the
descendants
than
more
found
themselves
as
had
the
were
They
type
which
language
PHILIPPINES.
aborigines,
Negrito
physical
same
THE
invaders
Muhammadan
besides
in
like
nest-
and
pagans
ate
meat.
the
At
of
origin
Visayas
still
the
and
some
were
their
very
the
sixteenth
century
element
numerous
Philippines.
probably
hammadans
of
of
beginning
were
tide
in
the
Sulu
Malay
already
was
origin
Mindoro,
to
MAI-AY
dog
the
the
settlement
Borneo
Muhamnia-
of
which
Malayan
to
Mindanao,
to
made
Borneo,
From
development.
Folk)
inhabitants
called,
were
section
by
the
as
these
century
The
wild
predominated
tribes
over
of
the
southern
as
yet
numerically
immigration
had
in
of
the
set
lation
popu-
in
The
weak,
in
gritos
Ne-
Malayan
them
islands.
fairly
the
but
and
the
Muthe
they
"
this
from
began
expedition
of
diary
which
of
several
of
Luzon,
but
found
were
with
stave
off
the
far
The
slaves.
Lozon,
every
year
for
probably
*
the
from
junks
meant
f Some
of
ttie
for
which
ground,
that
belief,
colony
trading
the
sake
of
country
of
alrededor
is
the
del
the
one
sels
Vesand
for
gold
had
departed
told
were
with
the
islands
for
says
Pigafetta,
"is
great,
very
of
been
and
arrival
to
six
traffic
Lechios,"
provinces
Mundo.
by
of
to
which
or
eight
which
China.f
he
At
translation,
Spanish
1399.
Madrid,
sood
their
which
junk
northeast,"
one
Yiaje
Primer
that
been
the
of
heard
their
centers.
there
came
they
food
have
to
parts
of
south
enough
secure
important
before
had
"To
island
go
just
Chinese
centuries.
the
voyagers
Siam
to
the
that
foreign
visited
provisions they
for
seems
and
populous
from
to
Cebu
starvation.
most
thence
able
difficulty
tants
inhabi-
the
despite
and
from
Everywhere
there.
exchange
in
merchandise
of
in
kept
Magellan
of
population,
sparse
of
Archipelngo
the
touch
not
very
offers
of
did
landed
world,"
the
vessels
in
islands
the
lan's
Magel-
they
description
The
island.*
the
around
earliest
the
get
these
Pigafetta
One
voyage
of
whom
when
contact
Samar.
of
with
in
country
boatload
natives
in
''first
this
we
first
the
into
come
numbers.
came
neighborhood
the
to
the
were
newcomers
time
increasing
constantly
81
INVASION.
MALAY
of
the
of
writers
Chinese
there
the
the
does
not
Philippines?
Empire.
appear
at
Mendoza
entertained
century
sixteenth
one
to
time
in
have
been
constituted
his
History
any
a
of
"
THE
82
the
of
island
locality
the
Sulu
with
who
the
On
the
from
moving
and
makes
of
They
the
Negritos,
of
MALAY
three
made
anything
to
In
Legaspi
1565
the
reached
Legaspi
China
the
King
In
said:
"The
blow,
the
almost
renounced
Yoke.
Since
islands
Dutch
Memorable
these
they
the
had
not
forgotten
had
ceased
they
lost
to
them.
Oebu
their
trade
with
from
Panay,
formerly
ject
sub-
them
(1(109),
states
art
shook
off
dominion
them,"
tarily."
volun-
De
Morga
that
without
with
haps
per-
Mexico.
of
were
the
and,
ments
reinforce-
relinquished
almost
since
regarding
conquest
Embassies
life
Chinese
he
islands
hardly
until
Islands"
havinjr
civil
at.
Magellan
fooling,
Islands
until
Philippine
inhabitants
been
added
later
the
"these
of
of
men,
years
to
"The
subjected
Spaniards
three
China
that
anil
his
fifty
that
of
touched
island
maintained
and
states
he
islands
have
the
on
proceeded
then
mention
have
islands
we
landed
him
(158fi)
to
the
information
hundred
one
like
negroes
however,
succeeding
in
despite resistance,
habitants,"
in-
OCCUPATION.
expeditions
settlement
no
seasons
"whose
only
the
and
boat-dwellers,
"are
the
of
Laut,
time
island
must,
several
EARLY
The
who
fell
changing
an
is
they
Samal
of
chronicler,
This
of
present
the
passed
the
inland
numerous
the
at
with
place
to
Ethiopia."
of
the
communities,
place
interest
Mindanao
gypsies,"
region
form
says
of
the
which
the
excited
coast
"sea
conditions.
those
the
same
then,
as
for
pearl fisheries,
to-day,
curious
frequent
bow,
the
celebrated
is
.Spaniards.
in
PHILIPPINES.
the
striking
of
war.
the
and
Chinese
over
these
etc.
"
EARLY
which
was
made
the
and
Luzon
Mindoro
of
base
Panay
in
the
vicinity
of
coast
the
of
retained
in
were
small
of
these
of
is also
town
original immigration
of
the
by
high
as
"The
butungim,
term
Hie
time
continued
beach,
the
high
to
seas
or
ftttluHtmy
became
and
its
Inhabitants.
lend
in
their
of
Junks,
"vaittitam,
these
the
the
still
the
in
applied
As
tiraus.
recent
more
cradle
of
Elisee
Iteclus.
tion
populaeases
as
was
reached
New
as
universally
Malay
tlie
lo
the
blood.
viJIiisTi'K,
on
when
as
Chinese
Malay
served
ob-
was
encamping
life
the
their
some
was
of
same
scribe
de-
would
of
number
mariners,
much
to
of
The
others,
natives
boat,
m-
when
the
name
and
time
was
Slavery
these
amongst
"these
people forming
the
in
Ilocos,
still
used
islands.
and
the
centers
descendants
since
thousand."*
seven
maintained
recalls
in
the
by the
the
barangayes
Seleedo
and
who
indigines,
these
inhabitants
the
says,
word
exact
that
Bay,
thousand
few
known
the
country
however,
chieftains,
were
to
various
fifty
over
only
places
crafts
de
were
largest
Tavera
groups
particular
the
raja.
indicate
to
the
rivers,
and
by
lous
popu-
time
lloilo,
sections,
the
used
craft
appear
of
many
which
haramjaij,
therefore
these
of
title
this
Bicol
independent
Hindu
most
Laguna
scanty,
very
their
groups
in
communities
the
crews
Even
of
under
each
and
were
consisted
small
Pampanga
Ilocos.
inhabitants
souls
around
occupation
The
at
of
and
Bay,
the
effected.
was
Archipelago
Manila
83
which
portions
valleys
from
the
about
not
OCCUPATION.
of
Cebu,
of
MALAY
ing
scour-
with
case
the
the
settlers
every
colony."
The
Earth
York,
1892.
"
THE
84
There
it
different
were
created
was
or
war,
in
and
this
the
the
chief's
the
certain
wife,
of
daughter,
or
from
crimes,
by
chief,
was
times
some-
capital
the
as
ishment,
pun-
seduction
member
leading
debt
the
Slavery
such
loan,
the
of
dwelling
wife.
man
freedom
bis
commutation
penalty, by
for
transfer
forfeited
or
security
as
who
service
masters.
might
lands
the
at
bondage
of
absolute
were
perpetual
their
by
One
Prisoners
ways.
in
creditor
the
upon
for
the
of
into
security.
by looking
of
held
and
condition,
the
purchase,
by
were
case
trespassing
or
secured
entered
of
variety
disposed
be
not
of
degrees
a
Others
sometimes
and
in
persons
"chattels.
might
PHILIPPINES.
of
the
community.
Each
resident,
had
barango.y
the
of
the
Im
ra
or
had
violate
his
of
of
ber
mem-
neighbor's
barangay
Land
inheritance,
all
No
one
another.
acquired
independent
confederation
in
for
chief
the
The
judge
families
chief,
in
mutual
enterprise.
some
common
of
land.
the
the
might
and
in
land
some
of
the
n"ja //.
Occasionally
a
gift,
chief
of
members
boundaries
the
purchase,
instances
the
might
nor
upon
by
pass
might
of
unit,
family
allotment
definite
community
landrights,
encroach
perhaps
or
who
by popular
in
was
all criminal
which
called
trials
would
barangayes
defense,
They
for
or
would
office
raja,
and
civil
or
tion
co-opera-
then
election, usually
that
form
was
create
from
one
hereditary.
dato,
acted
disputes.
as
There
"
86
THE
conducted
on
PHILIPPINES.
system
of
to
perhaps,
better
adapted
the
of
people.
bulk
and
the
which
still
are
(an
old-time
points,
which
in
of
the
the
natives
and
the
fashioned
districts
from
well
of
articles
as
gold, silver,
uct
prod-
the
boats, bringing
as
fairs
different
at
neighboring
loom,
of
some
periodical
Malays)
of
draft
light
field
ornament
of
of
weights
Chinese,
held
was,
condition
standard
the
They
use.
the
their
had
that
kind,
in
economic
from
institution
to
resorted
in
the
They
derived
measures
barter
and
copper,
mother-of-pearl,
Some
three
of
of
the
Their
alphabet
which
were
which
their
by
and
the
first
furtherance
letters,
early Sinhalese,
their
making
valuable
books.
records
deemed
them
the
conversion
of
an
of
burned
imfortunately
were
who
missionaries,
the
to
in
ature.
liter-
primitive
seventeen
the
contained
customs,
of
Like
leaf
palm
doubtless
history
had
consisted
vowels.
the
they employed
These,
tribes
Malayan
ment
impediof
the
islanders.
The
been
idolatrous
an
ordered.
There
of
spirits
of
spirits
to
the
.Malayan
whom
were
on
its
be
lives
intent,
Each
ancestors,
termed
of their
of
the
of
who
exerting
descendants.
recognized
affairs
mimber
occasion.
capable
They
all
of
minor
might,
family
life
have
three
were
gods,
or
be
however,
worshipped
anitos, who
a
to
seems
pagans
polytheism.
malevolent
propitiated
over
tlie
deities, by
supreme
lieved
of
religion
were
the
he-
beneficial
influence
Anito
idols, fash-
"
ioned
from
of
MALAY
various
materials,
home.
every
slain
and
that
he
buried
The
these
be
to
from
funeral
of
ceremonies,
sacrificed, and
were
of
the
the
wildest
The
of
reaching
to
hanging
without
ear
The
upper
below
from
in
and
feasts
food
drink
and
with
it
the
was
erable
consid-
deceased.
sometimes
slaves,
dances
war
of
The
and
wore
the
unlike
and
people
shoes,
or
by
the
and
their
It
go
the
wore
bodies
was
cloth
to
women
barefoot,
slippers.
well-to-do
and
necklaces,
went
time,
which
embroidery,
adorned
that
custom
of
Men
It
present
their
apparel
skill.
great
of
the
cept
ex-
texture.
not
at
was
majority
finer
garment
It
laces
hair
similar,
was
loins, supplemented
waist.
with
with
women
Filipino
the
the
their
class
which
at
by
to
calamity.
or
and
left
shirt-like
up-country
made
combs
were
cloth
head-covering.
natives
illness
and
wore
loose
decorated
was
times
Some-
pleading
of
priests performed
men
latter
the
by
worn
of
the
consisted
on
character.
costume
that
alive
spirits despatched
property
the
next
noble.
purpose
animals,
order
attendants
living
some
in
were
the
slaves
deceased
their
the
him
dissipate
portion
these
and
ceremonies
to
customary
that
the
to
for
ancestors
remove
The
At
killed
were
master's
them
pleasing
more
slaves
belief
slaves
in
the
ture
furni-
in
retinue
interred
the
of
the
consequence
proper
Visayans
in
of
of
part
number
man
87
were
certain
a
have
occasions
would
OCCUPATION.
A
with
might
world.
the
EARLY
with
anklets.
hut
the
consid-
"
88
PHILIPPINES.
THE
cred
mark
of
distinction
till the
holes
with
point.
The
latter
wild
at
in
out
of
It
of
these
is from
the
to
tain
cer-
among
several
river,
or
thatch,
timber
upon
built
lake,
leaf
palm
height
domesticated
They
but
Moro,
is
applied
were
supports.
hundred
or
feet
shore
the
upon
and
Legaspi
Their
people
dress
is
resembliug
grass
crafty
and
disposition
of
thus
wrote
"These
four
made
raw
and
ill,they
never
them
OF
years'
the
and
the
mental
acteristics.
char-
people
"Filipino"
name
TUB
NATIVES.
residence
in
natives
Malay
but
they
cotton,
go
of
or
Cebu:
barefooted.
a
kind
They
of
naturally
are
islands,
and
if
back.
.
thing.
every-
cowardly
has
one
of
are
understand
and
race,
the
of
silk.
distrustful,
came
vironment,
en-
political condition,
They
religion,
sense.
of
treacherous
to
clothes,
wear
of
are
stock
"representative"
OPINION
after
1565,
the
tian
Chris-
Malayan
same
and
of
Philippines
physical
distinctive
the
the
life
are
body
great
differences
to
diversified
LEGASPl's
In
of
owing
Archipelago,
in
natives
from
are
They
the
the
of
developed
of
that
people
manner
them
incisors
sea.
descended.
have
and
frequently
was
water
and
as
bamboo
considerable
the
the
the
prevails
still
practice
of
houses,
village
file
to
and
teeth
tribes.
Their
erected
and
gold,
the
perforate
to
They
treated
are
"
LEGASPI'S
people
full
extremely
of
No
favors
person
interest.
of
On
he
these
consider
favor
be
must
and
children,
their
for
doing
them.
rob
and
another,
and
when
fields
open
at
it
seek
not
is
for
in
with
relative
his
time
in
house,
his
for
his
slave
from
When
to
another
one
if
between
At
is
few
him.
there
own
some
food
as
even
the
little
the
parents
times
they
need
or
if
even
sell
sity
neces-
meet,
or
see,
rob
native
finished.
who
Thus
do
or
does
seize
in
basketful
that
of
work
idleness
believe
tives,
relathe
another.
one
further
they
or
another
one
any
their
I
eovetousness.
itself
neighbors,
and
possesses
more,
attraction
presents
be
they
natural
occasion
nightfall they
for
have
robbery
they
Any
will
is
to
sn.
Whenever
one
and
brother.
to
brother,
brothers.
when
89
relative
man,
anything
between
"Privateering
for
by
lend
it
him
served
or
children
own
brother
if
repaid double,
or
or
or
tlmt
is
people give
binds
hand,
provides
and
on
law
unless
relative,
and
will
time
other
the
him
supports
that
another
shelters
need,
days,
No
children,
to
parents
NATIVES.
fickle, untruthful,
vicious,
superstitions.
relative,
THE
OF
OPINION
rice
until
their
surpass
these
natives
...
could
be
display
to
them
and
towns
easily
of
good
but
them
they
for
by
kindness,
subdue
foes,
subdued
will
for
other
by
force
perish
they readily
places,
or
if
of
and
treat
and
arms
we
will
abandon
and
the
men
we
undertake
make
lose
their
war
both
houses
precipitately disperse
on
friends
and
among
"
BO
THE
the
and
mountains
One
.
length
of
them
time
has
them.
been
lots
will
and
The
with
the
least
witnesses
in
of
long
the
for
intimate
close
erred
point
of
in
view
unfavorable
to
islands
gift.
idea
their
belief
fanatical
Papal
the
of
was
minds
who
have
with
it
guage
lan-
their
divine
of
be
must
nothing
upon
several
the
vantage
ad-
over
and
differing,
believe
to
easy
whose
ties
opportunishould
inferior,
the
Furthermore,
Spanish
adverse
cated
eradi-
native
is
much
conquerors
mission
their
natives
incomprehensible
an
the
materially
were
the
easily
enjoyed
residents,
possession
other
When
at.
estimates.
and
agreement
to
had
They
and
King
did
entirely
was
right understanding.
in
That
general
conclusions,
their
to
the
as
Indeed,
arrived
reach
observation
forcibly
character
reserve.
Spanish
of
They
know
native
contact
years,
earlier
have
of
times,
contradictory,
that
in
of
been
ever
in
them."
to
deal
later
of
term
often
this
preach
the
one
such
be
who
priests
some
has
will
no
anything,
which
approaching
subject
the
all of
great
presented
doing
early descriptions
taken
and
in
again
if
even
superstitions,
before
have
we
told
tins
down
captured.
or
some
practices,
if
the
is
hold
settle
to
their
plant
to
of
proof
plundered,
killed,
what
of
wretched
see
them
liccn
has
They
casting
in
it takes
believe
easily
can
neglect
which
town
and
uplands,
fields.
PHILIPPINES.
not
them
considered
by
fall
and
right
in
of
with
created
prejudice.
"
LJiGASPI'S
the
During
the
character
extent,
of
the
in
key
Inferring
under
of
of
the
to
of
weak
their
the
of
and
public,
history
will
afford
of
disposition
this
expresses
whom
idea
(1820).
we
have
now
superstitious, cunning,
but
possibly
attributed
and
in
the
Islands"
the
their
private,
bad
number
great
their
to
nevertheless,
are,
considerable
says:
and
civilization,
to
and
tribes,
bo
may
and, excepting
acts
Corny
ers
writ-
flattering light.
dominion
Philippine
he
doubtless
and
traits
present
fluence
in-
recent
government,
de
has
more
always,
Spanish
capacities,
justice. They
is
Christian
defects
of
want
but
91
European
Filipino
anything
credulous
are
of
the
its
consideration,
"They
yet
of
NATIVES.
but
Tomas
"State
the
people
the
to
Filipinos.
his
under
colony
many
the
of
reflection
of
it in
THE
centuries
respects,
many
depicted
have
OF
four
past
character
in
improved
The
OPINION
ignorance,
administration
hospitable
robberies,
revenge,
of
to
gers
stran-
piracies,
harmless
in
and
their
manners.
"Besides
as
will
distance
be
which
to
and
wavering
for
European
spirit
by
seen
of
unceasing
their
they
have
uncertain
their
rivals
the
from
mother
history,
been
nature
the
(to
one
and
dreadful
often
of
the
the
another),
tunes
misfor-
exposed,
regulations
hostility
and
themselves,
dissensions
and,
country
so
government,
inhabitants
lawsuits
the
to
the
as
well
which
of
the
tended
in-
the
litigious
as
this
the
has
"
THE
92
of
been
have
rise
given
PHILIPPINES.
injury
material
most
the
to
colony."
advancing
and
that
tempered
by
years
frequently
with
the
their
it
the
with
is
condemnation
more
of
redeeming
member
of
mention
the
all
at
Filipinos,
decrease
strictures
their
that
noticeable
id
prevail
opinion
dealing
writers
among
FILIPINO.
THE
of
differences
Hie
A]ili(iiii;li
periods
OF
ESTIMATES
MODEKN
features.
C.
Dean
Worcester,
native
obliged
is
and
to
from
ready
with
I
are
some
his
him
kill
his
last
last
pot
of
to
that
believe
often
they
detected
his
He
for
in
this
performance
feels
no
being
from
of
punished
The
offense.
.
the
he
not
was
sense
the
whole
more
they
what
Filipino
is not
out
with-
able
remarkis
them
of
chagrined
that
carried
out.
creditably
and
get
assthetic
the
be
one
simply
guilt
to
of their
When
moral
for
it
exercise
is
and
lie
frequently
unless
direction.
falsehood
share
opportunity
an
whatever,
in
talent
seems
or
On
They
derived
satisfaction
stranger
fairly intelligent,
are
excuse
servants
...
education.
any
tunity.
oppor-
native
rice.
anxious
most
for
fowl
an
our
Philippine
outset
very
The
us.
.
ever
the
get
can
when
works
lie
he
the
follows:
as
whenever
From
stole
philosopher.
rests
present
writes
Commission,
Philippine
"The
at
stand
under-
cannot
to
his
certainly
mind
has
an
many
"
94
is
fearless
naturally
AN
EFFORT
TO
due
in
some
the
with
which
virtues
of
protect ion
"
and
effects
of
to
its
in
degree
under
which
the
Perhaps
native
habit
is his
due
to
impulse,
cases,
any
by
the
where
sense
excuse
for
lain
the
often
truth.
falsehood
hopeless
vices
of
when
the
selfweak
the
be
rest.
able,
attribut-
of
tion
domina-
is
of
a
than
the
confirmed
to
vicious
lies
Filipino
and
always
peculiarity
Orientals.
for
feriority
inthe
in
and
This
to
race
than
forced
purpose,
other
found
extended,
of
The
is contrary
is
subject
centuries.
rather
wrong.
eon-
This
without
and
close
characteristic
calculation.
of
and
may
for
pinos
Fili-
civilization,
conditions
perversion,
Chinese
of
native
artificial,
(if the
treachery
universal
often
justification
priestly
is
the
have
they
sinister
for
safeguards
the
least, to
mental
or
without
of
disregard
spontaneously,
shared
and
most
allow
cases
acquire
deception,
at
are
position
to
characteristics
referred,
centers
tlie natural
adopt
to
have
over-lords.
occupy
OPINION,
the
long-continued
conquerors
prevarication,
Other
as
regarding
the
large
apt
more
to
in
European
doomed
is
we
failure
to
cities
their
is
much,
so
OF
conclusion
characteristics
exhibit
tact
of
which
to
measure
acquired,
who
nothing
DIFFERENCES
differences
character,
of
"
RECONCILE
the
Perhaps
Filipino
admires
and
others."
in
bravery
or
PHILIPPINES.
THE
the
In
it is used
some
religious
it, and,
to
is
trine,
doc-
perhaps,
confound
"
THE
the
foreigner,
human
only
it
made
for
is
Western
FILIPINO.
the
in
inherent
standards,
since
their
conflicting principles,
other
with
of
lie
for
the
under
have
men
the
The
certainly
of
hole.
he
is
in
The
his
with
deception
where
when
Oriental
the
merely
the
processes
mental
or
condition
Anglo-Saxon
thought
is
resistless
is
and
such
lies
act
with
and
lied,
vidually
indi-
of
bad
this
the
faith
onization
col-
Spanish
manner
with
deli
his
please
inborn
the
It
innate
his
love
bearer.
comprehension
habit
of
eral
lit-
Iterate
is entertained.
harmless.
of
and
processes
forethought
of
hyper-
slow-blooded
conceive
to
design
to
the
inative
imag-
in
speaks
that
apt
difficult
his
in
mental
ebullition
is
of
marred
frequently
desire
Europeans
hy
story
hyperbole
very
no
generally
things exuberantly
precise
is
expression,
behind
all
eonsequenee
European,
point
view-
nation.
above
thinks
the
and
marked
the
less
not
other
any
Oriental
;
and
that
early conquests
been
invariably
the
verdict
frequently
The
is based
will
hide,
have
conquered,
that
his
hy
judge
from
only
of
measured
race
underdog
saving
allowance
reasoning
one
true
collectively.
is
than
of
is
character
European
The
conditions
and
toward
is
former.
such
white
liars"
sake
the
can
The
impartiality.
are
the
fairly
he
cannot
nor,
this
all,
and
understood,
peculiarities,
people
Asiatics
After
raw.
upon
"all
95
oppressor.
thoroughly
Oriental
an
the
or
nature
Until
is
TRUE
Even
animus
is
often
of
Such
to
directness
tle
suba
the
in
speech.
"
96
THE
Laziness
is another
extenuating
is
people
which
of
Filipino by
the
the
to
himself
to
limited
has
Filipino
had
worthy
betterment
with
the
surely
of
for
the
It
energy.
nations
exhibit
in
to-day,
is
see
other
how
hand
is
political
it
the
could
the
mental
with
material
culture,
and
rather
or
come,
ambition
activity
not
but
during
people
and
that
tion.
exer-
and
ening
quick-
fortunately
a
tropical
characteristic
of
ple
peothe
climes,
and
purpose,
and
the
to
however"
not,
provement
imthe
work;
to
may
of
slight
Hitherto
which
possible
"
temperate
Filipino
beyond
is
tribution
con-
ably
reason-
incentive
for
education,
and
vantage
ad-
advancement
awakening
Western
dwellers
The
of
come,
should
for
opportunity
spread
will
social
the
would
been
of
comfort.
objects
of
with
has
sufficient
habitants
in-
commensurate
ambition
material
to
in
effort
rental,
accomplishment
his
possibilities
his
thus
the
not
With
the
to
in
without
any
all
to
encouraged
taxation,
to
exertion
to
natural
been
is
of
energy
lliaf, increased
Church,
native
difficult
not
stimulus
has
his
in
is
indolence
knowledge
increase
an
The
the
The
the
tropica
the
it
again
by
subject.
which
instances.
measurable
it is
entail
here
I re
with
defect
hut
justly charged,
find
PHILIPPINES.
practical.
He
apparently
incapable
when
and
native
is
very
it
with
is
tained
sus-
ment,
environof
these
difficult
them.
susceptible
concern
of
condition,
centuries
otherwise
no
the
surveys
economic
past
be
one
has
On
to
to
the
guidance
"
TRUE
THE
ia
and
always
the
Unlike
his
against
the
Filipino
much
probably
is
he
and
action,
is told.
It
is
be
may
than
of
workman.
but
he
and
has
imitative
needs
"only
native
to
do
borne
thing
in
Filipino
in
the
the
the
regime,
new
with
its
develop unsuspected
Under
live
in
guidance,
a
useful
unwisely,
impulse,
or
however,
or
and
for
ample
may
want
will
he
even
and
it
factory
satis-
is
true,
degree,
has
declares,
ployed
em-
in
order
It must
place opened
to
afforded
be
the
little
conditions
opportunities,
of
high
the
control,
lacking
tice
appren-
who
encouraging
rational
vantage
ad-
responsibility, initiative,
qualities
and
thoughtless, and,
act
of
the
Under
native
civilization
Spanish
he
as
intelligent
demonstrator.
restricted
cultivation
endeavor.
or
the
that
pean
Euro-
precisely
one
as
borer
la-
extreme
an
and
initiative
capable
in
shown,"
the
as
of
originality,
extensively
well
as
mind
for
scope
labor
as
all
if
the
highly
faculty
be
to
lacks
He
the
do
to
tendency,
into
him
from
likely that,
this
converted
and
deed,
In-
pupil,
hands
refrain
to
thought,
more
of
the
his
mentor.
faithful
in
that,
is prone
taken
and
of
pit
to
European
condemnation
fact
even
is
his
docile
the
the
to
master,
in
is
of
estimate
thinks
never
learn.
to
eager,
humble
and
those
of
due
has
he
powers,
ideas
97
.frequently
and
Chinaman,
mental
own
own
willing,
FILIPINO
good
but
influence,
commit
of
serious
be
guilty
grave
native
he
is
is
crime
will
very
likely
offenses
consideration.
of
may
order.
average
manner,
he
of
on
to
on
dom,
Selhis
own
"
98
THE
initiative.
There
composition,
In
fact
of
his
much
of
almost
he
faults
has
of
life, he
lacks
of
spontaneous
cruel
by
dependent
but
He
bar
displays
buffets
which
the
been
were
his
in
his
becoming
the
of
he
and
suffering
to
entirely
is
of
soldier
Oriental
common
at
trait
and
supine
is
European
dislike
good
he
Filipino
the
capacity
His
feat
de-
accepts
victor
is
inferiority
under
this
lie
ily
is read-
He
Sipahi,
man
affairs
quality
of
as
leadership.
tendency
the
cipline
disent.
pres-
of
durance
en-
equally
submission
to
Fate.
Filipino
in
worth
the
Mora,
the
fighting
hardship
Oriental
common
The
Like
such
but
and
resignation,
to
under
the
of
exhibits
courage.
sense
whose
everyday
order.
by
or
is
deferent,
he
moral
bravery,
Unlike
his
upon
is
have
check,
excellent
an
and
those
superiority
to
the
evanescent
ungenerous.
leadership,
clean
placid
and
makes
the
and
is
Although
in
evil.
There
child
lie
servility,
physical
antagonist.
with
best.
wealth.
or
in
depressed
his
the
self-reliance
deficient
to
of
of
his
or
largely
are
and
in
good,
toward
makeup,
of
vice
development.
resourcefulness
is not
fhe
his
extent
and
ingenuity
mental
been
intellect, station,
led
shortcomings
of
in
not
the
to
easily
and
child
little
comparatively
is
stage
the
training
is
but
infant
an
PHILIPPINES.
is
person
derived
extremely
and
aboriginal
tribes.
and
surrounding-;,
from
certainly
sober,
early
never
lie
Hindu
enhanced
has
the
scrupulously
traits
that
influences,
by
domestic
contact
may
and
with
qualities
"
THE
well
developed.
and
displays
He
to
connection
well-to-do
as
he
kind
Filipino
of
capable
humor,
is
of
He
show.
for
his
feast,
is
his
spend
in
the
last
bearing,
remark
the
on
of
is honest
in
cheap
sense
sociable.
fond
very
of
extent
peso
purchase
is
is
seldom
and
he
and
he
no,
extremely
to
itor.
vis-
the
although
and
him,
improvident
will
or
with
in
little,or
and
genial
the
lessness,
reck-
cock-fight,
trinkets
for
wife.
Whilst
the
of
return,
secure
Filipino
moral
rarely steals,
of
mania
and
is
fie
has
jocular
and
desired.
or
kind,
any
host
accepted,
be
dignified
He
passion.
one.
Gambling
of
makes
never
appreciates
and
his
of
would
long
as
that
command
expected,
return
emotion
sirong
the
proverbial.
servants,
guns,
at
almost
traveler
whatever
is grave
rarely displays
of
carriages,
of
is
Everything
stay.
whoso
is
family
house
monly
com-
kinsmen,
the
rents.
pa-
edged
acknowl-
are
hospitality
will
remuneration
any
The
to
horses,
No
is
His
aged
household
poor
of
cheerfully placed
"
nor
traced.
choose
"
is
heads
Filipino
may
possessesrest-
the
be
to
husband,
for
relationship
three,
or
and
respect
extent.
two,
with
and
of
remarkable
remote
ties
99
father
good
regard
the
includes
too
is
great
Indeed,
FILIPINO.
TRUE
obligations
but
unless
money
service, and,
as
he
may
borrow
demand
a
loan,
although
is not
he
in
of
upon
the
keenest.
him.
repudiates
ception
con-
He
thought
any
consideration
never
his
main,
without
is made
or
the
He
of
will
future
the
in-
"
100
THE
it
debtedness,
the
or
His
suspect
gift,
and
this
with
The
future
the
tribes
Whilst
is not
Western
of
the
the
class, the
that
he
the
man,
China-
of
some
ble
tracta-
innate
sion
aver-
intelligent
more
there
is
ern
East-
no
material
than
do
the
for
tian
Chris-
Islands.
the
have
in
general
tribes
the
developed
the
with
the
to
furnish
and
particulars
variance
of
dices,
by religious preju-
applies
ilusirmfa,
at
are
is
civilization
certain
gente
ence
experi-
more
his
favorable
more
foregoing
in
exceptions
of
Indeed,
Philippine
natives,
Christian
or
his
promise
is
He
hampered
presents
to
with
greater
none
restrictions.
that
conversion
has
civilization;
caste
people
gives
either.
and
former,
latter, and
nor
and
than
Western
to
of
outcome
to
apt
concession,
favorably
compares
Hindu,
the
is
man.
development
than
He
payment,
re-
work.
promised
dull.
behind
enforce
to
the
rather
logical
white
the
or
than
he
Filipino
is
motive
may
the
of
performance
ulterior
an
difficult
frequently
gratitude
of
sense
is
PHILIPPINES.
marked
small
upper
ties
quali-
many
typical Filipino
character.
NON-CIIKISTIAN
THE
Of
the
non-Christian
the
Igorots
are
by
enumeration
They
are
provinces
MALAYS.
far
the
places
distributed
of
Malays,
Luzon
most
them
over
in
various
excepting
The
numerous.
in
of
excess
eleven
stages
Moros,
of
of
the
sus
cen-
183,000,
northern
development,
"
102
THE
maintained,
If
form
of
Trial
by
ordeal
of
the
the
to
who
one
of
them
is
given
mastication
The
Sun
evil
is
is
his
of
and
of
one
subdues
wrong
is
them
a
throughout
with
wrong.
the
these
god
great
of
no
spirits, which
One
says,
who
has
''the
of
all conditions
present
They
civilized
believe
in
the
Tgorots,
virtue
personally
he
the
tion
instiga-
into
had
intimate
of
the
conception
in
the
and
of
at
life ! and
saliva
number
enters
in
the
proverb,
mouth."
conception
of
least
in
of
After
dry
unless
wrong
ber
num-
each
their
that
maintains
hands
with
a
goes
of
the
believe
They
do
can
has
man
Igorot
An
will.
his
with
accordance
in
brother.
spirits.
sinless
the
exhibits
the
scalps
chew.
to
the
upon
mass
guilty
is
out
spat
the
one
rice
of
take
criminal,
dry
entire
verdict
When
be
to
of
whose
"A
says,
Moon
is
convicted,
is deemed
which
he
least.
mouthful
this
and
judges
the
to
podung,
in
The
accuser.
theft
property.
The
holes
boring
believed
is
persons
practiced.
in
bleeds
other
or
old
members
penalties
cattle,
in
his
of
of
the
affecting
Most
commonly
and
petty
formed
interested.
is
suspect
from
one
is
court
test, consists
bloody
or
is
payable
fine
judicial body
its
cases
matter
barrios
various
all
quently
fre-
are
authorities.
has
of
composite
the
the
decisions
their
American
barrio
dispose
murder.
town
the
to
Igorot
who
men,
from
appeals
made
Every
PHILIPPINES.
him
tions
rela-
right
of
both
in
and
mind
Igorot
fully
and
accord
right
and
male
and
"
THE
female;
the
believe
they
these
for
the
is
canao
occasion
of
point
as
long
is
an
and
as
as
fields
their
will
village
never
the
and
Igorot
he
This
the
human
of
is
eating
Bassi
by
are
almost
no
from
the
this
in
with
guard
its
day,
work
women
mount
being
had
or
share
greater
arrangement
at
wild,
all
the
far
very
Even
Kegritos
course
which
few
whole
beings
dreads
(hey
only
move
than
more
are
men
It
sugar-cane.
who
Igorots,
with
as
the
deer
idle,
origin
amongst
the
paddy
their
arm3
neighbors.
the
Unlike
A
the
and
of
Filipino.
the
hunters,
and
remains.
rice
the
measure.
bead
deal
continue
to
is
It
great
hog,
perform
that
feast
viands
from
by
men
possible
of
Igorot
the
women
the
whilst
against
of
as
the
but
worst
the
Igorots,
the
defensive
the
is
perform
especial delicacy.
produced
races,
it
in
arduous
and
and
carabao,
an
with
abstemious
labor,
and
is
dog
consume*!
Amongst
dance
consumption
fragment
so
savage,
how
authority,
in
Horse,
etiquette
freely
means
of
the
intoxicant
is
those
faithfulness
matter
no
ceremonial
drink.
eaten,
are
task,
by
for
and
meat
It
them
and
honesty
any
103
cheerfully."
tasks
The
in
of
performance
it is made
MALAYS.
NON-CHRISTIAN
eager
does
cross
not
in
stationary
serious
miles
world
to
are
for
are
is
his
with
peopled
with
to
then
site.
For
evil
him,
communal
apply
touch
old
its
decapitate
to
and
reasons,
from
people.
spirits,
and
fore
there-
boundaries.
the
the
western
civilization
munities
com-
of
"
104
THE
the
live
their
The
case
is
who
has
been
has
been
them.
his
and
dies
which
is
that
The
burial
few,
and
such
their
his
one-half
of
flocks
tied
in
of
all
been
for
nine
each
possessions
the
feast
chair
in
his
man
may
to
When
any
and
of
community
the
house
that
thus
be
in
its
Ills
to
of
body
of
partakes
enemy
men
week
his
the
He
two
clean.
During
and
barrios
habitation
by
perism
pau-
years.
and
detailed
up
rich
as
their
time
edible
are
community.
of
is eaten
the
one
this
they
indigent,
by
in
sanitary
thing
aged,
insane
have
personal
no
most
no
man
hut
belonged.
deceased
see
in
keep
and
he
dangerously
confined
herds
is
The
of
reported
community
person
retain
the
cheerfully supported
are
him
are
There
amongst
crippled
under
not
wants
contented.
perfectly
feed
and
poorly
but
conditions,
the
these
even
tendencies.
sedentary
of
but
provinces,
seacoast
They
PHILIPPINES.
lie
the
may
bounty.
deferred
for
months.
THE
The
"Moro,"
word
simply
ethnologic
a
term,
comprehensive
tribes
We
curious
from
of
the
have
their
of
islands,
for
the
used
sea,
in
the
who
mentioned
haunts
original signification
It
generally
designation
already
old
Moor,
Muhammadan.
is
southern
gypsies
EOS.
or
meant
but
MO
the
who
Johore
at
and
Islam.
Laut,
wandered
the
as
Malayan
to
Samal
an
present
several
adhere
is not
those
long
Straits
ago
of
"
THE
Malacca
of
the
to
their
those
Sulu
They
their
ancestors.
roving
and
fleet
of
recognize
whose
tribute
they
absolutely
make
in
the
and
tapioca
man
of
days
of
each
is
them
week
their
selected
when
body
the
how
matter
of
the
him.
Even
placed
in
family,
and
pay
about
and
They
waters.
and
the
among
find
their
main
edible
Ircpang,
Chinese
their
his
chief,
lives
their
his
or
number
the
dead
Bajau
is
work
to
traders,
dies
to
every
two
or
the
water,
sea,
which
he,
how
or
will
ground.
up
is
the
but
bury
has
been
No
cemetery.
they
possessed
broken
one
the
upon
community,
may
and
capitan Bajau.
or
island
burying
boat
Hajaus,
required
they
away
customary
his
the
the
off
dictate,
barter
particular
that
everything
sea
with
wandering
far
one
to
for
some
as
the
is
consign
upon
but
cloth.
general
never
munity.
com-
move
may
upon
fins
community
Despite
dato
lying
of
boat
the
They
stay.
They
sharks'
and
Shiver;7
of
of
be
to
monsoon,
them.
in
seaweed,
their
home
products
subsistence-
Bajaus
their
inhabits
authority
happen
the
or
life
political organization,
the
may
of
comprises
so
of
coast
manner
or
about
southern
family
dozen
no
during
inclination,
for
numbers
found
are
the
the
Each
have
him
to
traffic
maintain
temporarily
shore
Great
Bajaus,
along
and
half
They
as
named
to-day
Mindanao.
105
Archipelago.
descendants,
islands
MOROS.
engaged,
carry
his
Absolutely
interred
and
the
with
pieces
grave.
"
THE
106
PHILIPPINES.
,
The
Samal
stock
though
water,
built
being
The
Samals
who
the
affect
villages
of
Sulu
of
of
of
Samals
gunboa(s
within
sixty
upon
the
Visayan
such
dominant
ple
peo-
Their
hear
from
less
of
the
chief
in
which,
cupation
oc-
some
made
check
to
them.
Up
raids
annual
and
towns
It, is said
than
whose
pirates
against
looting
slavery.
hulk
the
powerless
they
Islands,
dates
expedition
the
Malay
were
ago
religion.
agriculture.
dreaded
to
ers,
broth-
parts
with
little
years
to
beaches.
different
group.
brought
captives
villages
of
form
fishing,
the
were
till
away
and
Spaniards
the
depredations
are
upon
in
foiind
Tawi
is
were
life
their
matter
They
combine
localities, they
it,
same
boat-dwelling
the
are
Tawi
everywhere
until
in
peninsula,
the
the
over
their
despise
Archipelago.
population
live
the
Samals
Zamboiingit
The
still
sea,
to
from
abandoned
have
degenerates
are
Large
the
1ml
they
over
descended
are
Tiajaus,
the
as
the
Moros
ing
carry-
that
the
twenty-five
last
years
ago.
For
but
the
is
there
of
upwards
Their
around
most
towns
Davao,
The
great
Lake
in
Lanao.
the
Moros
they
the
have
tipon
Malanao,
interior
clustered
of
about
in
extended
the
coasts,
numbering
Mindanao.
the
district
tribe
numerous
chiefly
opposite
are
the
Another
settled
live
Moros
tribe,
thickly
whence
on
the
95,000,
are
Maguindanao,
tabato,
part
the
district
to
the
is
of
Gulf
the
Cotof
coast.
prosperous
and
happy.
All
their
"
THE
needs,
and
possible wants,
or
the
soil
and
beyond
the
desires
full
of
all
order.
ambition,
be
to
appear
his
does
nor
or
energy.
has
fighting proclivities
not
motes,
of
the
been
outlet
any
for
The
but
is
ground
from
Boat
and
owns
boat
repair
great
and
at
least
of
of
part
often
Even
time
where
them
with
the
the
family
Every
able
are
to
Moro
man
make
passes
of
waters
it.
to
every
inland
the
upon
is done
more
aside
and,
sticks
several.
of
most
ca-
method.
occupation
industry,
and
craft.
his
nothing
the
corn,
satisfactory,
hereditary
boat, and
kind
some
important
an
one
is
rice,
is
vegetables by
pointed
weeding,
building
Moros
with
by fishing,
other
apparently
broken
and
sowing
and
domestic
the
raise
They
potatoes,
simple,
of
are
supplemented
people.
sweet
or
very
can
industries
Moro
Agriculture,
mainstay
the
lakes
rivers.
Another
that
of
forged
industry
the
traders
As
his
does
for
scope
luxuries
simple
extend;
not
effort
little
very
few
sea
activity.
Almost
do
any
of
there
with
and
Moro
exercise
curtailed
his
the
The
easily supplied.
are
stomach
afford
the
107
subsistence
yield
environment
Since
MOROS.
manufacture
obtained
are
into
with
member
craft
of
of
the
/m.s'se.s,bolox,
all
war-like
of
the
and
iron
and
spears,
community.
the
Chinese
which
daggers,
and
smith
an
Aside
weapons,
steel
is
from
the
is
repute
From
weapons.
people,
fashioning
and
consequence
are
knives.
honored
ing
construct-
Moros
show
"
108
THE
little
aptitude,
metal
form
of
firing
kiln.
of
elevated
well.
They
frequent
clean
in
do
nor
extent.
with
Kuranic
he
effected
himself
one,
or
returning
and
are
and
parents
or
their
she
closely
drawn.
comfort
in
may
have
wedded
his
consulted
in
affection
toward
accordance
the
amount
Divorce
a
her
thus
woman
received
receive
family
their
send
may
personal
The
ing
find-
man,
wives,
A
life.
Wives
the
to
an
or
families.
all
not
are
means.
to
takes
very
Filipinos,
bride
all
her
display
the
position,
palm
purchased,
support
during
are
the
to
whatever
husband
his
home
her
are
agreement,
back
to
Moros
are
of
with
withstand
The
by mutual
unable
more,
"Wives
of
near,
with
and
domestic
family
with
commensurate
may
the
to
as
are
type
purpose
polygamists,
license.
paying
covered
shocks.
are
and
fastened
are
waterproof
consider
to
seem
quality
erected
their
surroundings
They
same
suitor
earthquake
their
they
and
thread.
often
walls
of
use
Malayan
and
rude
the
their
answer
cool
and
spinning
ordinary
and
who
serviceable
timbers
houses
are
for
The
roofs
These
about
piles
upon
the
little
suits.
pur-
artisans
without
a
the
in
few
ornament,
weave
Chinese
water.
and
leaves.
the
the
mechanical
produced
know
live
the
over,
of
women
they
Moros
rattan,
is
upon
dwelling,
or
articles
The
but
thein
among
into
dependent,
The
are
pottery
cloth,
for
inclination,
or
There
work
PHILIPPINES.
ings
belong-
from
family
kindly
matters.
offspring.
her
tions
relament
treat-
Both
The
"
110
but
often
not
vested
him,
in
presides
but
involving
by
the
the
to
the
with
default
and
data
of
her
as
adultery
that
imposed
the
to
pay.
the
in
adultery
is
girl
A
convicted
of
amount
the
the
theft
in
striking
thus
illustration
their
his
children.
assault
to
pay
addition
may
is
as
posed
dis-
culprit
is
failure
to
the
her
of
act
and
a
upon
the
to
visiting
Murder
victim
a
her
young
penalty
one
bondage
to
the
is
twice
fine, which
substitute
consigned
of
in
man
twice
it
of
killing
in
custom
fine
case
slave
the
wife
alternative
culprit
is
in
In
court.
and
whilst
him
by
her.
a
ily,
fam-
death.
must
The
the
who
by
to
woman
carnal
thief
headmen.
but
upon
and
punishable
are
jection
sub-
her
or
shared
sell
sentenced
discovering
Incest
paramour.
ject
sub-
or
adjudged
to
manner,
justified by
is
fine,
the
is
alternative
husband
adjusted
is mulcted
is
and
upon
same
same
by
woman
right
is
difficulty
concerned.
woman
the
and
decision
composing
the
of
of
subject
husband,
has
usually
the
cupation,
oc-
peace,
paid by herself,
headmen
husband
is
adulterous
is
payment
convicted
great
and
justice.
punished
An
injured
of
chieftains
fine, which
heavy
the
established
makes
bin:
is
community
and
villages
bondmen,
slavery.
to
war
generally
are
of the
disturbs
rarely
more
of
vetoes
Crimes
in
or
respective
to
land
administration
two
their
he
declares
the
at
All
despotic.
lie
to
PHILIPPINES.
THE
sins
of
the
goes
is enslavement,
of
for
the
generally
his
spring,
off-
life, a
fathers
punish-
"
"
flEAIVIflNTKK.
The
of
is
portrait
Nueva
that
Vizcaya,
head-hunting
is
one
still
of
of
practised
Ifugao.
the
an
few
when
Lgorot
districts
favorable
chieftain
in
which
tunity
oppor-
offers.
"
"
THE
able
by
with
the
to
as
and
with
may
wild
man
he
is
those
the
be
and
of
the
of
service
Slaves
all
in
compelled
live
is
often
treated
labor
onerous
done,
the
and
with
accustomed
In
the
their
of
particular,
the
the
over
hard
no
cotisitlorauon.
condition
not
are
where
in
ing
eat-
ing
liberty, far-
They
slave,
greatest
the
the
Moros
and
non-progressive.
and
write
from
esteemed
the
Arabic
dialect.
The
use
female
temporary
with
of
country
bought
conditions,
same
himself.
in
well
received.
exception
as
and
is
Under
bondsman
life
he
is
has
been
to.
general,
is not
the
improvement
great
well
ter
lat-
as
be
may
house
same
the
court,
benefit
the
the
slaves,
merely
is
some
under
as
circumstances
often
in
with
and,
respects
work
such
of
than
the
debt,
slavery
practically
to
for
The
tribe, or
Such
by
venient
incon-
an
form.
often
more
condition
often
resorted
punishment.
mild
blood.
security
as
table
his
at
the
to
of
division
neighboring
but
consideration
and
it
from
Malay
usually
master
considering
takes
woods,
Very
in
Moros
pure
held
sold.
ever
method
captive
condemned
those
as
Moro
usual
hardly
is
uneconomical
Slavery
slave
the
penalty,
the
to
Confinement
court.
Ill
fine, subject
heavy
M0R08.
They
their
nor
Some
know
few
priests,
or
encouraged
alphabet
Kuran
illiterate,superstitious,
are
is
very
in
an
the
have
hut
pand'das,
amongst
of
of
its
to
of
abstract
doctrine
read
learning
them.
expression
object
little
learned
They
a
Malay
tion.
venera-
and
are
"
THE
112
submissive
only slightly
their
^Nevertheless,
civilizing
to
of
in
the
in
(Certainly
of
rest
language
for
the
his
of
righteousness
THE
of
the
rapidly during
the
to
recent
Philippine
426.
Of
with
OF
this
number
of
March
exception
of
the
of
or
those
ing
Accord-
so.
was
enjoyed
while
people.
multiplied
have
2, 1903,
6,987,686
wild
had
people equally
of
population
total
civilization,
of
consisted
the
on
be
belief.
years
the
census,
as
POPULATION.
hundred
past
to
severe
must
Philippines
the
as
of
comes
convinced
equally
religions
Archipelago
degree
647,740,
their
All
it
allowance
anil
own,
as
accustomed
is
vert.)
sub-
to
them
when
with
dition;
tra-
or
disdain.
but
ture
cul-
interests.
opposition
which
some
GROWTH
peoples
The
it,
were
history,
their
with
true,
writing
and
domineering,
natives
rior
supe-
Moros
characterizes
proselyter dealing
with
fanatical
of
arraignment,
make
can
would-be
other
serious
Pi,
reduction
(4)
basis
unquestionably
is
the
all
the
their
Pio
their
fanaticism;
and
and
prove
that
to
father
priests.
Philippines,
(2)
character;
reverend
upon
which
opposition
independent,
haughty,
the
the
is,
it
as
will
opinion
substantial
The
look
their
of
Reverend
in
the
their
(3)
to
Order
their
by (1)
such
The
them.
Jesuit
influenced
influence
t.iieir customs
expressed
1901,
the
to
religion,
for
jealous regard
bar
PHILIPPINES.
the
The
of
the
7,635,able
consider-
remainder,
civilized
foreign
ple,
peo-
birth,
"
114
PHILIPPINES.
THE
and
movement
from
the
wild
The
Relation
King
in
which
In
islands
all
that
at
the
first
the
occupation,
home
rogroiwiori
not
of
Father
that
In
in
the
the
1735
Zimiga
the
the
large
and
islands
nineteenth
conditions,
due
to
of
the
world,
commerce
multiplication
of
the
the
the
the
of
the
of
of
trade
only
but
actual
ret-
of
of
but
people.
population
account
historian,
837,182
population
the
conquest,
the
Franciscan
had
the
of
not
from
opening
tection
pro-
Thus
increase
greatly
their
merchants
Spanish
contained
century
of
discontinuance
the
the
estimates
the
all
trol.
con-
300,000
policy
and
learn
we
Antonio,
the
by
checked,
before
expected,
San
1S00
In
be
to
was
country
countries.
existed
conditions
such
military
prohibited
by
tion
popula-
fifty years
colonies
them,
effected
had
which
Under
other
tributos,
exceed
and
the
to
population
much
development
was
under
actuated
foreign
commercial
Spaniards
figures,
the
not
hundred
with
with
Philippines
trade
did
Spaniards,
trading
the
166,003
total
the
including
two
their
toward
of
territory
Malays,
During
was
the
time,
Each
submitted
total
probability
Muhammadan
at
for
067,612
of
and
approximate
in
querable
uncon-
family.
reported
give,
the
encomiendas.
Encomiendas,
de
1591,
would
to
and
go rots,
in
aside
population,
tribuio
one
souls
four
included
was
represented
reckoned
"hole
mid
Xrgritos
Morns,
family
the
eventually
at
souls.
1,561,251.
improved
of
the
country
marked
In
nomic
eco-
effect
1845
to
in
Fray
"
Manuel
POPULATION.
OF
GROWTH
THE
published
Buzeta
the
from
Philippines,"
entitled
work
notable
and
Historical
which
the
Statistical,
'"(.liMignipliicjil,
of
115
Dictionary
is
following
tracted
ex-
have
"We
the
already
political
tributes,
the
this
in
2,062,805;
"Various
1833
the
1840
year
compared
was
reported
182
souls
1
to
been
that
in
in
the
Buzeta's
more
the
1845
the
at
the
the
doubled.
1812
1817
to
which
five
1.7
of
rate
of
that
years
souls
of
1840
of
gain
the
In
cent,
per
283
five
had
year,
3,488,258."
was
have
doubt,
837,-
Philippines
per
population
No
seen
the
those
years.
the
of
have
that
represents
Manila
3,209,077
we
to
in
and
de
as
that
were
and
the
Quia
appear
epoch
ness
exact-
2,593,287,
The
it would
number
enumeration
in
whose
population
population
fifty-eight
than
the
hundred
one
in
that
so
in
for
1820
population
earlier
proportion
in
3,153,290.
1735,
the
of
increasing
In
has
in
and
have,
we
presents
with
since,
years
so
3,
cent,
per
of
ayuniamiento
2,106,836.
to
vouch, give
population
the
population
2,052,992;
to
which
data
and
as
1815
1818
eannot
we
of
in
the
1,741,034;
was
in
312,251
increasing,
was
souls
of
number
and
of
state
the
presented
souls
excellency,
population
1,933,331;
to
the
of
years
century,
Philippines
to
of his
order
by
Manila,
1808
according
this
of
1,522,221
provinces,
and
published
the
last
the
in
first
the
of
conditions
twenty-five
of
and
century
past
how,
seen
elapsed
of
had
the
as
since
islands
complete
by
THE
116
census
figures
at
that
as
would
the
loss
cattle
of
all
and
by
here
in
equal
the
at
of
and
does
and
favorable
proved
by
by
hundred
and
leaps
together
A
cheered
is
added
Population
no
half
the
way
factor
American
the
eager
and
the
of
here
can
all
in
as
go
these
the
pines.
Philip-
the
mental
upon
aspiring,
then
consideration,
utmost
deep
than
despondency
wisdom
Government
ambitions
up
ditions
con-
opportunities"
enemy
is
Given
commerce,
hopeful,
be
and
ese
Japan-
population,
that
also
it
gains
deadlier
There
melancholia.
of
than
has
If
people.
believe
depends
by increasing
there
and
the
of
attitude
deal
great
the
instances,
realized
be
may
people
illusory.
seem
historical
bounds.
building
of
to
prosperity
scarcely
generations
resources
clusion
con-
Philippine
hope
political conditions,
"the
that
The
not
smallpox
multiplying
few
national
time,
present
of
serious
most
( 'hristian
people.
course
numbers
the
been
industry,
of
says
power
of
race
the
perhaps
visitations
is that
any
in
and,
Barrows
at
than
have
of
ion
the
1897,
in
people
dostruct
dreadful
shows
the
year
war.
homes,
arived
be
exceeded
of
taken
larger population
latter
Doctor
population
and
influences,
to
Up
the
effects
cholera.
been
1003
shown
Since
to
of
of
have
present.
subject
PHILIPPINES.
in
to
of
this
the
meet
tentions
in-
more
race."
"
EARLY
HISTORY.
"
"
EARLY
The
of
Discovery
Dominion
the
HISTORY.
Philippines
The
Chinese
Tlie
"
Internal
"
and
State
to
into
At
the
at
the
of
the
the
The
the
and
Good
discovery
had
"When
was
and
all
the
America
in
the
the
Asia
by
Indian
rights
western
half
been
and
Cape
Following
all
Pacific
the
ward,
east-
the
of
turned
were
tically
prac-
eastern.
way
of
in
bull,
giving
Ocean.
eyes
the
and
had
exploration
adventure,
their
settling
to-day,
in
the
of
papal
two
were
hemispheres,
two
sighted
the
trading
issued
those
navigators
to
of
hope
lands
reached
Balboa
given
Manila
midst
respective
heathen
and
of
Take
the
recognized
Portuguese
Hope
Come
Portugal,
in
the
into
those
nil
and
had
world
as
they
geographers
west.
Sixth
the
of
the
Upon
century
and
their
Portuguese
path
sixteenth
Spain
to
as
Spaniards
to
the
the
In
the
same
tempts
At-
"
Spaniards
British
The
rivalry
their
dividing
1494,
Attacks
The
Moros"
of
disputes
Friars
Natives.
the
Alexander
and
the
powers,
of
Church
of
the
"
Traders"
discoveries.
frequent
of
With
height
Pope
Chinese
of
Dutch
Japan
of
beginning
extensive
to
Christianize
maritime
great
Services
Important
Influx
Contact
Conflict
Tower
"
The
Uprisings
"
Eci-'lesiaKlical
the
"
Colony"
Spanish
Dissensions
"
of
Growth
"
of
Inception
Invasion
ardent
the
world's
toward
fresh
spirits
the
centive
inof
(119)
120
THE
both
nations
the
became
setting
favored
the
owed
had
they
as
In
the
truth,
sailors
the
as
same
were
such
Hernando
a
de
distinguished
under
the
Asia,
and
took
belief
of
oceans
in
gained
a
the
with
the
and
was
wide
determination
project, Magellan,
of
his
name,
was
to
ordered
give
to
him
the
to
he
Later
which
this
confirmed
the
between
seek
he
served
On
which
toward
He
Moluccas,
returned
man
expedition
islands.
to
sailor
Malacca.
the
to
investigations tending
his
of
and
his
noble,
and
field.
in
siege
he
Portuguese
soldier
other
and
Columbus.
existed
globe,
of
tion,
investiga-
navigator,
information
passage
ad-
PHILIPPINES.
expedition
Ternate
that
in
of
captains
scientific
Albuquerque
part
the
discovered
As
himself
famous
accompanied
he
THE
due
native
love
sea
and
and
parts.
sheer
for
Genoa.
Their
English
ilagliallanes
extraordinary
had
OT
mathematician
practical
of
the
of
mainly
gold.
by
they
Portuguese
were
Magellan
DISCOVERY
ocean
Chance
native
for
desire
moved
as
THE
of
by
or
to
actuated
many
age,
it
greed
seldom
were
venture,
and
vast
enough
to
discoveries
.Spanish
zeal
religious
to
instance
owed
formerly
the
strangely
of
course
continent.
and
this
in
success
the
reach
American
Spaniards,
their
should
they
the
follow
to
eager
until
sun
lay beyond
which
PHILIPPINES.
casion
oc-
his
two
great
Europe
sessed
pos-
it.
Whilst
suing
pur-
the
execution
to
the
wars
familiar
in
of
form
Africa,
"
122
THE
death
to
the
by
1520,
the
found
itself
in
broad
expanse
1521,
arrived
south
ratified
it
A
ocean
at
the
of
he
the
by
few
and
tan
in
probably
by
April,
with
and,
island
ancient
of
his
poisoned
the
of
the
March,
and
of
laya.
Ma-
the
of
Mac-
wounded,
was
on
petty
to
Chief,
Island
brilliant
most
off
just
accompanied
died
in
the
continued
he
and
ended,
of
one
savages,
16th
the
to
followed
arrow,
Thus
1521.
ally
new
counting
ac-
across
Magellan
that
affray
headed
Compact
afterwards
now
desertion
with
.Blood
and
fleet,
and
Magellan
treaty
Horn
Limasagua,
of
cipline
dis-
November,
The
the
on
Leyte.
days
the
Ocean.
shipwreck
made
expedition
war
of
of
of
Cape
others, cheerfully
end
where
26th
rounded
Pacific
sails,
the
the
had
and
commander,
the
On
the
three
to
Cebu,
of
expedition
for
the
orders
restored.
was
reduced
PHILIPPINES.
the
27th
skirmish
lives
of
the
age.
On
the
in
Elcano,
all
anchor
September,
command
in
the
of
In
reached
Hope,
thus
time.
In
created
by
token
which
from
Spain
way
the
to
circurtdedit
the
East
had
the
of
the
the
in
consist
Cape
for
earth
his
of
Two
me.
search
started
of
east
three
Philippines,
achievement
royal patent,
representing
expedition,
he
returning
by
Sebastian
"Victoria,"
Magellan's
from
of
Juan
1522,
circumnavigating
Primus
went
the
of
port
before.
had
motto:
of
remained
that
years
6th
of
the
family
globe
more
spice
cano
El-
Good
first
arms,
with
the
tions
expedi-
islands
dur-
"
IXOKPTTON
the
ing
little
beyond
King
of
an
five
soldiers
and
noble
him
such
Miguel
and
in
his
these
all
by
heathens
the
and
the
the
clerical
five
and
King
the
force.
of
Andres
was
friars
of
de
brought
order.
into
division
of
never-ending
conflict
between
the
Ur-
spiritual
This
in
pendence
inde-
his
the
to
the
degree
lie
might,
Spaniard
jection
sub-
authority
the
ing
dur-
Philippines
regime.
INCEPTION
expedition
November,
field,
functionaries
Spanish
THE
The
who
by
committed
was
expedition.
foreshadowed
occupied
priest, and
fitted
experience,
certain
particular
missionaries
of
civil
with
with
expedition
representing
be
pared
pre-
hundred
the
Legaspi,
of
be
to
four
of
wide
task
might
but
Austin
an
as
of
Christianize
Mexico
with
de
became
accordance
of
command
man
the
In
them
Lopez
He
Governor
The
religious
strong
and
object.
manned
Legaspi,
care
that
territory.
expedition
an
the
and
territory
daneta,
to
ordered
delegated
Under
of
subdue
and
birth
was
To
ambition
sailors.
to
of
man
the
that
their
upon
guese,
Portu-
the
cause,
tendencies.
instructions
given
was
was
with
ships
without
proselyting
Mexico
royal
of
rancour
not
Spain
Philippines
up
in
of
and
possessed
the
the
123
they accomplished
lint
encroaching
were
convictions
DOMINION.
Charles,
King
increasing
Philip
in
SPANISH
complained,
Spaniards
of
of
reign
who
the
OF
OF
left
1564,
SPANISH
Navidad
and
in
DOMINION.
in
the
Mexico
following
on
year,
the
on
21st
the
"
124
PHILIPPINES.
THE
of
27th
landed
islands,
subdued
were
the
by
In
1570,
in
point
the
well
was
Dola
of
having
received
of
to
appear
as
have
them.
Bombon,
reducing
the
of
province
The
but
to
and
that
of
the
of
invaders
idea
of
North
than
that
of
the
Maharatas
American
men
probably
combining
for
less
than
mutual
of
island,
subdued
the
be
were
surprise,
found
in
the
political organization
ancient
clans
of
land
Scot-
all
resembling,
for
in
Hindustan,
or
The
chief
one
in the
excite
to
Indians.
any
district
Spaniards
may
at
with
Manila.
hundred
the
confederation
of
lie
to
is
into
the
to
returned
no
out
with-
independence
path.
had
Soliman
chieftains
entered
islands
He
Lakan
Raja
populous
few
some
Raja
These
was
most
and
natives
fighting
was
called.
explanation
the
no
the
his
these
conquer
extensive
more
in
which
with
that
fact
tribes
sufficient
nephew,
proceeded
the
Batangas
ease
able
of
one
at
opposition.
their
then
Island
invaded
landed
chiefs,
treaty
been
local
then
and
Salcedo
Lake
his
the
to
time
without
surrendered
resistance
reinforcements,
probably
the
was
this
to
up
by
it
comparative
Salcedo,
Manila
and
Tondo,
Maynila,
Juan
not
of
neighboring
with
received
Saleetlo
Bay
the
death,
Spaniards.
grandson,
Spaniards.
the
by
pacified
Legaspi,
had
of
some
and
of
which
Luzon,
and
handful
his
despatched
of
This,
Magellan's
of
anniversary
Cebu.
at
ease
the
April,
one
could
defense
that
greatest
ber
num-
to
oppose
thousand,
does
stance,
in-
and
not
the
the
seem
"
OF
INCEPTION
experienced
never
in
fighting,
the
repaired
the
the
to
island
the
de
to
one
his
to
his
wisdom
under
Manila
Pasig
was
erected
houses
first
eral
Governor-Gen-
Negritos
retiring
and
into
and
in
by
been
speedy
de
very
pacification
great
measure
their
in
left
the
Goiti,
the
the
of
name
refused
hands
the
were
of
Rajas
As
of
Tondo
the
submission,
rule,
native
Spain.
simply
before
independence
companied
ac-
of
King
idly
rap-
Macstre
they
fastnesses
the
the
followers.
in
mountain
retaining
by
armed
was
proceeded
occasion
one
expeditions
invariably
the
had
Luzon
Martin
than
their
govern
life
due
subjugating
territory
to
succeeded
humanity.
more
with
conquered
have
asp
capital
and
was
the
and
doubtless
was
of
On
in
The
Leg
the
the
and
died
country,
Salcedo
Gampo.
the
Legaspi's
and
process
caciques
Legaspi,
Lavezarcs.
Philippines
and
ing
Learn-
Luzon,
Manila
built,
was
foreign
1896.
commanding
Philippines,
the
de
in
forces
declared
fort
1571,
of
The
of
the
Spaniards.
of
useful
church
August,
Guido
and
of
with
contests
Rebellion
his
hard
or
possession,
or
in
was
of
Colony.
the
In
Tagalog
success
constructed,
for
the
until
of
of
it
Spaniards
opposition,
acquisition,
unless
125
the
Indeed,
serious
any
their
Philippines,
enemies,
DOMINION.
entertained.
been
have
to
SPANISH
the
which
vaders
in-
they
to-day.
Shortly
after
made
Legaspi's occupation
a
weak
effort
to
wrest
of
Cebu
the
the
tuguese
Por-
possession
"
128
PHILIPPINES.
THE
from
but
him,
from
disturbed
not
when
by
formidable
that
Ma
of
band
invasion
by
Sea
and
From
of
Luzon
by
idea
with
Ma
fleet, of
board
on
four
this
vessels
had
been
appear
to
the
have
Chinese
resistance
any
took
refuge
been
carried
a
in
body
fled under
the
arrived
of
the
The
who
at
the
of
the
attack,
fresh
Chinese
proceeded
for
but
in
the
landed
to
burn
The
the
the
the
Chinese
Salcedo
and
nese
Chiguard
van-
newed
re-
had
the
charge
picked
men,
him.
hundred
city
have
arrival
wore
the
that
defenders
whom
meanwhile
fifteen
city
opportune
reinforcements
the
until
probably
later
to
of
not
the
they
Spaniards
was
of
before
that
sailors.
The
it
the
days
committed
was
and
Manila
several
would
troops
Two
and
men
them.
impression
with
Manila
defense
but
of
junks, having
war
gale.
fort, which
November,
Bay
confines
to
conquest
conceived
In
after
the
offered
army.
an
by
China
Empire.
easy
and
the
surprised,
assault
by
small
of
destroyed
was
in
landed
was
within
the
himself.
fighting
been
the
men
well-equipped
force
were
of
appeared
the
of
towns
them
powerful
infested
white
thousand
of
portion
hundred
sixty
1574,
occurred.
of
learned
he
Hung
Chinese
yours
coast
displacing
of
Li
1574,
few
for
the
traders
until
commander
had
plundered
Chinese
the
of
who
were
INVASION.
the
was
corsair*
Spaniards
interference
CHINESE
Hung
the
foreign
THE
Li
time
before
storming
the
"
"
Chinks*.
The
which
i
Chinese
bamboo
quarter
is
Mestizos.
in
floated
showing
Bmom'io.
to
market
on
the
the
mam
canal.
"
"
THE
fort.
The
latter
and
Here
the
the
inflicted
Li
Ma
Hung
Manila,
He
the
natives
he
offered
houses
For
to
he
and
in
months
the
but
at
two
hundred
and
hundred
well-armed
upon
length
Li
hopelessness
his
where.
elsetill
which
the
the
take
to
he
for
debarked.
and
The
Chinese,
Spaniards,
pecting
ex-
erected
slip
behind,
and
fight, fled
that
collected
and
from
with
laid
held
took
river
his
leaving
these
teen
six-
but
it.
to
with
the
his
of
no
the
portunity
op-
This
of
part
further
It
are
an
fleet.
major
mountains.
refugees
For
realizing
advantage
the
the
and
siege
out,
of
artillery, came
these, having
to
force
men-at-arms
natives,
of
out
undisturbed,
were
having
situation,
his
believed
by
Hung
necessitated
for
retreat
coast
up
and
vessel
settlement
manoeuvre
troops
their
the
Agno,
fifty Spanish
Ma
of
to
great
settlement
invaders
Salcedo,
Chinese
time
some
with
pagoda.
some
the
the
peace
time,
attempt
make
opposition,
no
left
up
along
his
took
in
the
northward
of
for
curred
oc-
them.
upon
to
mouth
fighting
repulsed
them
hand
enclosure.
balance
abandoned
now
distance
short
loss
sailed
at
the
were
determined
but
arrived
in
followed
heavy
the
into
as-
of
hand-to-hand
Chinese
Salcedo
slaughter.
and
result
Chinese
shower
broke
stockade
The
of
cover
length
the
than
more
desperate
with
127
culverins.
under
at
most
.Eventually
no
few
furicmsly
grenades
INVASION.
was
with
strengthened
saiilted
CHINESE
is
centive
inally
gener-
descended
"
THE
128
the
large part
in
of
Pan
PHILIPPINES,
Chi
numerous
the
the
have
inception
colony
the
with
one
in
officers,often
of
Order
was
and
with
the
regard
to
the
and
code
excellent
These
they
were
been
different.
and
it
remained
of
to
observed,
The
entire
ill-adapted
so
of
to
the
of
the
was
the
Philippine
conditions
to
the
last.
must
of
all
their
ing
vacillat-
Government
be
cult
diffi-
conducive
less
political
of
Mexico
system
the
one
of
work
would
it
affairs
termed
laws,
applied
tins
Spanish
and
of
destroyed
newly-acquired
colony
the
to
the
growth
in
prosperity
Spanish
of
condition'
generation
The
Add
and
scenes
friars
retarded
Philippines
the
infrequently
not
policy
imagine
the
another
natives.
ill-advised
to
to
of
worse,
with
influence
of
stantly
con-
were
ecclesiastical
disgraceful
antagonism
those
and
tended
con-
selves.
them-
among
authority
civil
in
culminating
toward
and, what
the
of
Supreme
the
last
rule
Spanish
perpetually
the
respective
between
jealous
The
Orders,
and
another
dispute
the
dissension
Governor-General,
religious
Questions
acts.
ince
prov-
tration
adminis-
orderly
internal
the
began
The
and
the
of
characterized
always
Philippines.
Court,
the
DISSENSIONS.
the
with
of
which
of
rots
gasman.
INTERNAL
Almost
no-Igo
and
mercial
com-
country.
governed
an
"le Indias.
Leyes
Islands,
and
been
have
justice
by
was
had
very
some
cumber-
conditions,
and,
Corruption
entered
indeed,
into
"
ECCLESIASTICAL
branch
ever}'
the
and, although
to
the
prevent
they
the
not
were
of
with
but
obtained
the
the
during
the
and
of
by
turers,
adven-
little
check
officials.
failures
difficulties
natural
measures
islands
the
and
shortcomings
problem,
devised
dishonesty
tht;
early date,
an
avoided
frequently
contending
which
authorities
exploitation
upon
129
from
government
home
were
placed
was
the
of
POWER.
of
These
a
of
ment
govern-
mental
experi-
an
results
of
the
system
tenure
of
the
islands
entire
by Spain.
Civilians
and
of
regardless
the
and
pleasure
their
labor.
Slavery
and
uprisings,
that
in
he
which
the
Spanish
constantly
twenty
all
of
led
weakness
lay
to
of
Spaniards,
by
the
frequent
to
after
less
fruits
opposed
was
at
of
death
the
pacific
than
state
them.
in
the
Government.
to
natives
the
ECCLESIASTICAL
chief
paid
made
it
of
or
Spanish
the
abuses
in
The
classes
terests
in-
own
natives,
them
years
were
THE
Philippines
consideration
the
from
other
left
OF
the
maltreated
and
islands
their
writs.
royal
prohibiting
that
so
GROWTH
the
and
practiced by
decree
the
Perhaps
law
of
rights
extorted
These
governor.
Legaspi
and
was
royal
the
encomevderos
their
of
of
prohibitions
alcaldes
consulted
missionaries
them;
POWER.
in
the
friars
the
undue
and
Valuable
their
power
Spanish
deference
their
and
interests
concessions
in
rule
the
by
were
islands
"
was
of
ever
the
the
on
until
tenure
officials
other
grievances
of
Legaspi's
of
Jesuits,
and
members
the
of
islands.
quarrels
The
From
them
of
secular
poor,
no
than
but
from
in
to
Orders
devotees
short
while
entering
the
by
representation
their
between
sensions
dis-
but
them,
only
the
to
They
for
to
and
them
the
received
they
exempted
Pope
and
had
take
until
places
their
invariably
their
keep
became
monastic
to
temporarily,
provided
be
and
poverty
condition
allowance
the
Recoletos
minimize
to
territory
communities.
sufficient
Franciscans,
all, the
had
coming
in-
the
being opposed
turn
the
frequent.
hut
could
the
and
(he
in
prevent
the
of
with
difficulty, in
sought
was
latter
necessity,
native
more
that
the
to
already
vowed
were
clergy
the
in
nevertheless
friars
life.
less
or
dividing
were
last
and,
which
It
hard
and
came
friars
first
their
tion.
considera-
who
However,
Order
others
by
the
strove
more
each
country,
received
Order,
were
Dominicans,
and
Madrid,
at
to
affairs
state
good-will
redress
Augustin
Orders.
with
in
seldom
them
they
other
succeeded,
the
permitted
their
ready
support
Governors-General
upon
expedition,
Philippines,
the
with
against
Members
of
the
were
influence
office
depended
met
complaints
they
increasing
of
had
always
government;
with
the
arid
increase
national
interfere
in
PHILIPPINES.
THE
130
arrived
maintenance
in
was
ordinary
recipients
of
fort,
com-
tions
dona-
large bequests,
become
rich
so
landed
"
ECCLESIASTICAL
In
1601,
the
wealth
notorious,
the
King
proprietors.
become
Auditor
make
to
refused
friars, however,
and
the
him
usual
with
the
all
Pope
the
to
the
The
subject
them
prevented
looking
local
persuading
their
Christian
for
other
later
the
dying
from
in
King
to
obliging
houses
from
administration
time
was
their
little
will
their
to
the
the
the
to
from
cease
the
to
domestic
of
then
decrease
the
vice
ser-
learning
natives
fees
and
sacrament;
perceptible
repeated
property
pretext
thing
anyests.
inter-
mandates
to
enter
Neither
to
general
as
was
seldom
front
friars
charging
of
abuses.
there
of
the
tive
respecand
Orders
solid
the
litigation.
response
women
under
much
In
men
doctrine;
well-known
and
as
ordered
of
order
of
their
settled,
various
heeded
were
A3
amenable
were
of
never
invasion
the
authority
they
opposing
an
municate
excom-
disapproval
superiors
the
authorities.
the
complaints
clergy;
like
decrees
Royal
the
from
to
combatted
the
to
was
between
formation,
in-
any
dropped.
disputes
numerous
The
Auditor
the
was
the
the
investigation.
had
that
point
differences
the
them
by
The
the
successfully
except
of
cause
matter
maintained
They
control
no
ceased
ing
hav-
property.
threatened
that
friars
Orders.
of
he
movements
the
1653
bishops.
to
unless
friars
commissioned
give
to
the
of
their
on
Archbishop
ecclesiastics,the
Tn
of
report
131
POWER.
from
at
nor
in
any
these
practices.
"
THE
132
The
of
the
conflicts
constant
Church
State
and
plunged
It
his
duties
depend
of
fearlessly
and
their
circumstances
and
in
Spaniard
afterwards
Manila
his
sanctuary
de
Corcueva,
the
occasion
for
and
churches
the
of the
Finally
under
a
the
the
violent
The
strong
populace
Archbishop
to
of
fine
coalition
and
of
seri-
STATE.
century
female
and
The
ernor,
Gov-
dragged
This
closed
his
to
the
enlisting
In
and
in
ernor
Gov-
all
side.
Governor
preach
waa
the
view
slave
be
to
between
latter
upon
trivial
most
executed.
with
them
most
the
him
dispute
the
pain
the
convent.
caused
upheld
Jesuits
by
in
city, doubtless
of
the
forbidden
place
So
between
seventeenth
publicly
Archbishop.
sympathy
instance
and
asylum
the
murdered
sought
Hurtado
from
of
was
considered
they
AND
or
time.
any
involved
CHURCH
middle
the
at
from
never
influence
what
arose
perform
people,
the
differences
soinel.iines
OF
Toward
that
often
power
of
archy.
an-
might
clerical
him
against
prerogatives
civil
the
in
at
upon
to
He
obedience
ecclesiastics
the
were
the
impartially.
and
exerted
be
viceroy
to
indeed,
bordering
for
officials,when
to
jealous
condition
and
loyalty
and,
government,
a
representatives
the
perpetual impediment
impossible
was
subordinate
be
it into
upon
liable
between
were
administration
times
to
PHILIPPINES.
this
were
public
any
excommunication.
clerics
was
formed
"
THE
134
of
term
of
the
office
then
led
refusal
continued
order
where
of
he
died
of
The
-to
the
of
With
1678
the
the
inflict
of
of
Governor's
offense,
the
penance
but
the
He
years.
the
to
of
tender
office
by
Salcedo
the
representatives
if
unsatisfactory,
their
have
came
own
in
way
properly
Juan
afresh,
out
Archbishop.
the
term
the
upon
Nargas
office, Fernando
of
dungeon,
predecessor,
they
broke
of
public
seized
was
for
the
of
approval
Mexico.
to
of
of
in
vengeance
troubles
the
the
within
Church.
the
banishment
his
old
festival
brought
into
cast
with
not
or
assumption
the
and
in
them
Governor
He
simple,
the
whether
the
havior,
be-
functionaries
Governor.
peace
by
province
with
He
good
by ordering
the
like
with
The
privation
Oficlo
allowing
the
prisoner consigned
preserve
matters,
the
Sa.n
Church
method
in
the
successor,
contrived
all
ship
comply
of
indiscretion
extreme
The
Manila.
Poblete.
Inquisition
suffered
board
on
mercies
of
the
from
event
ill-fated
affairs.
appointments
promise
of
Church,
the
against
Church
him
This
it.
the
of
power
King,
by
of
to
between
this
at
civil
in
to
upon
death
the
joy
his
expel
friction
the
celebration
full
relating
interference
the
Archbishop
return
until
exhibited
the
to
to
but
in
of
Governor
allowed
was
(Poblete)
decrees
royal
the
contested
(1663-1608),
Archbishop
persistent
certain
PHILIPPINES.
was
de
de
in
Nargaa
culminated
and
the
Upon
cleric
former
protected
Bustamente,
piration
ex-
sought
in
to
expiation
by
his
from
cessor
suc-
the
Archbishop.
"
CONFLICT
OF
CHURCH
Governor-General
serious
but
branch
every
issued
it
Chinese
that
who
the
mob
cut
down.
the
with
Meanwhile
father's
any
ever
and
in
of
the
of
kind
in
of
punished
relief
for
son,
he
where
until
the
attack
Orders,
upon
lowered
of
their
the
friars,
faced
boldly
he
denied
shot
was
palace,
an
the
and
he
was
dragged
was
his
to
siiffering was
him.
lie
died
in
day.
same
Bustamente's
the
the
fire
of
enlist
to
Governor
agony
turn
ensued,
riot
guards
it missed
being
assistance,
in
alleviation
water
even
evening
but
gun,
the
ers
follow-
of
crucifixes
The
rioters.
his
each
in
who
sought
The
grievances
and
mob
upraised
nothing
permitted,
the
Governor.
Dying
jail, where
led
ported
sup-
attempted
imprisoned.
of
cluded
in-
was
Court,
friars
ruption.
cor-
which
other
Prelate
Priests
the
had
when
with
course
Archbishop
the
the
Jesus,
the
headed
stable
said
of
before
arms
the
is
of
palace
of
Supreme
was
residents.
except
the
the
against
former
the
which
The
of
warrants
and
and
was
take
to
foot
on
lection
col-
It
seamed
set
royal
the
moneys.
was
was
the
in
daring, step
ecclesiastics, who
judge
public
officials
Executive.
of
reforms
government
civilian
the
the
of
arrest
of
conspiracy
high
against
the
discovered
having
institute
to
135
management
extremely
of
A
by
the
disposition
righteous,
in
in
determined
and
STATE.
Bustamcnte,
irregularities
treasury,
AND
he
murders
who
and
lay
had
thrown
for
and
into
hours
expired.
other
to
come
No
his
the
without
one
crimes
was
com-
"
136
mitted
on
of
affair,
the
this
the
nine
permitted
was
after
years,
The
strife
with
of
succeeding
died
brought
As
head
de
the
of
Busfor
position
promoted
was
in
to
them
at
is
the
See
the
clergy,
fell
complete
in
of
be
no
that
were
of
short,
the
of
(he
chief
about
of
adopted
frequently
the
the
for
was
Philippine
impartial,
time
clearly
and
and
of
their
fundamental
the
in
characterized
by
There
and
Madrid,
of
execution
the
was
it.
to
intentions
legislators
tor
fac-
colony
applied
the
but
lish
estab-
classes,laymen
good
the
fairly.
performance
of
that
of
nor
all
authorities
blame
student
the
of
maladministration
doubt
to
shame
and
grief
reliable
Spaniards
government
terms
said
arc
apportion
to
of the
But
whom
ecclesiastical
chronicles
woefully
the
during
conflicts.
and
wholly
motives
measures
civil
command
duty.
the
system
the
and
fact
the
continued,
RESPONSIBLE.
difficult
never
records
of
MEASUliES
extremely
data
of
these
in
State
peace,
three
consequence
between
is
and
of
Governors,
upon
history
the
the
Fernando
retain
Church
intervals
UNWISE
can
of
to
he
which
between
brief
only
have
the
death
instigator
Mexico.
in
The
the
chief
assumed
Archbishop,
upon
and
tamente
the
Indeed,
occasion.
Government
the
it
PHILIPPINES.
THE
manitarian
hu-
but
their
signs
de-
utmost
unwisdom.
"
SERVICES
The
by
condemnation
of
IMPORTANT
What
the
would
them
labored
hard
zeal
for
and
in
the
and
is
his
from
fellows.
the
rioters
in
in
the
the
upon
his
hand
of
solitary
;
braving
reckless
of
amongst
savages,
We
days
much
friar
for
with
forgive
the
sake
the
of
the
cast
of
century
and
but
memory
look
wilderness
tho
and
for
shack
their
priest
of
missal
dangers,
inhabiting
pampered
the
howling
unfamiliar
thought
most
disgust
back
crucifix
the
bravery
of
mob
ligious
re-
of
natural
a
age
cour-
story
to
their
evangelization
thousand
no
and
The
with
with
they
admitted
characteristic
life, cheerfully
his
can
be
must
penetrating
mission
and
misapplied,
considered
to
they
that
devotion
well
were
out
with-
conversion
sometimes
turn
tained
at-
That
indisputable;
was
Philippine
fervent
the
priests leading
it
Manila,
and
them,
testimony
we
of
for
they
which
been
achieved.
questioned.
When
history
upon
what
has
to
religion
touching
picture
due
wonderful
he
self-abnegation
of
of
of
cannot
Taal
if
sincere,
pursuit
of
is
THE
progress
been
natives
promotion
duties
padre
mainly
they displayed
that
of
tempered
he
services.
OF
effectively
the
by
the
inestimable
have
not
of
moved
were
is
and
civilization
should
friars
degree
islands
137
FRIARS.
SEEVICES
noticeable
in
TY1E
the
their
of
recognition
THE
in
OF
his
of
fare.
wel-
later
pioneer
prototype.
It
must
not
be
supposed
that, although
the
priests
"
THE
138
in
the
On
the
of
and
capital
lot
the
of
or
of
under
the
He
white
and
climate
an
credit
were
not
and
danger:
on
in
priest
in
and
found
time
the
of
their
institutions
of
the
The
their
cause
friars
severities
the
stress
their
The
trials
in
greatly
never
full
to
lack
a.
ing
understand-
of
time
than
invading
an
frock
of
most
fore-
been
More
friar's
has
one
enemy,
been
ever
eruptions, earthquakes,
found
being
have
in
always
them
charitable
members
of
fire
always
Numerous
owe
is
flocks
have
Volcanic
have
posts.
their
they
the
front.
epidemics
and
was
encouragement.
to
seeing
them.
contrary,
and
decency.
his
it
was
stretch.
of
to
those
not
and
with
deserted
fallen
has
at
there
sionary,
mis-
from
of
greatest
that
before
never
the
the
volunteers
was
relief
to
class
eager
friars
months
environment,
the
what
The
the
and
diet
of
ready
of
to
weeks
entirely strange
the
of
for
the
allowance
His
civilization, often
from
or
ohliged
demands
the
more
years,
field, was
ease.
devoid
displayed,
charge.
supply
to
off
man
his
of
was
scarcely differing
under
cut
was
he
ously,
luxuri-
one
majority
the
into
conditions
was
For
ability
coming
sufficient
barely
the
to
natives
the
comforts.
even
after
friar
of
life
lived
parishes
richer
average
the
less, according
live
the
the
contrary,
pleasure,
PHILIPPINES.
to
made
and
the
steadfast
educational
Orders,
notable
at
and
tain
cer-
contributions
science.
frequently
of the
protected
encomenderos
the
and
natives
the
civil
against
power.
"
SERVICES
In
the
earlier
amicable
days
with
the
the
aid
Some
writers
been
of
of
The
of
power
the
its
of
force
and
though
adapt
make
such
began
desire
to
had
become
been
to
the
the
but
the
supported
like
man
Fore-
life in
for
War
put
had
always
ignorance,
had
in
in
the
he
was
quite
conditions.
for
basis
before,
festations
maniwas
of
order
anachronism.
an
fail.
to
There
new
the
much
sundry
independence.
to
of the
owed
existed
itself
ing
wan-
them,
began
formed
never
friar
only
end
an
enlightenment
had
the
the
the
rapidly
was
among
changed
that
of
education
willing,
have
Suez.
good
exhibit
for
He
himself
of
which
as
old-time
had
number
morality
im-
to
allowance
small
religious unity
the
he
with
for
the
several,
familiar
to
superstitious
for
place
things.
of
priests,
now
abling
en-
without
doubt
no
who,
growing
the
of
no
the
spirit,
fluence
in-
in
upon
Those
east
friars
the
spread
and
which
led
the
to
national
factor
is neither
elass
are
celibates
With
and
Political
a
the
pec
most
their
pretend
of
cases
Spanish-American
control.
influence
of
ex
voluntary
natives
is
comparatively
before
their
There
the
of
be
and
country
they
probability.
nor
tropics, might
frailties
the
which
Younghusband,
arid
body
in
indictment
evidence
chief
the
on
force.
priest*,
justified
sweeping
hold
to
universal.
is
the
was
expatiate unnecessarily
the
almost
charge
parishioners,
commanding
of
by
natives
139
generally
were
their
Spaniards
of
FRIARS.
THE
they
with
terms
the
OF
Even
unable
The
to
very
"
140
forces
that
The
we
their
the
of
story
of
the
which
the
close
trade
He
in
General
where
Spanish
sixteenth
well
was
despatched
by
the
way.
this
ambassador,
A
JJautista
fellow
build
A
secured
priests
a
to
church
near
Portuguese
for
many
his
of
treaty
new
sail
hands
suite
Japan,
to
the
and
was
and
nobles
upon
and
despatched,
Pautista
included
was
for
indefinitely
chants,
mer-
down
proselyting
commerce
the
Philippines,
went
Pedro
permission
remain
for
to
Governor-
effected
of
Fray
and
the
Japanese
purpose
for.
ambassador
embassy
was
all
Emperor
maintained
long
an
an
expedition
the
provided
priests.
with
ship
occasion
of
party
of
Japan.
the
and
treaty
second
for
sent
set
admire
illustration
of
century
received
representatives
but
and
Luzon,
severely
JAPAN.
had
people
turn
accompanied
on
the
commercial
conversion
CHRISTIANIZE
into
prosecution
striking
ation.
cre-
them
must
we
the
in
own
how
matter
no
finds
TO
with
relations
Manila.
the
of
led
acts,
attempted
whose
Japan,
but
displayed
ATTEMPTS
At
often
friars
his
of
were
resultant
courage
convictions,
the
the
judgment,
condemn
splendid
likn
against
of
of
errors
may
the
operated
fanaticism
serious
in
PHILIPPINES.
THE
was
pointed
ap-
three
other
entered
himself
in
tinctly
dis-
was
Japan
into
and
and
his
to
Osaka.
settlement
years
of
at
traders
Nagasaki,
had
where
been
they
tablished
es-
had
"
142
of
Numbers
in
landing
issue
to
who
all
might
of
forfeiture
the
missionaries
convey
Governor
deterred
Not
Orders
the
the
to
to
into
them
Following
for
Manila
would-be
of
sailed
at
wrecked
was
Manila
for
interposed
missionary
after
and
the
and
and
subscribed
was
another
party
occasion
this
On
had
than
ever
the
vessel
distance
from
but
at
but
before
from
that
authority
the
the
same
to
it could
time
further
Thus
direction.
friars
Japan
proceed
with
sail
strictly
against
Philippine
Christianizing
physically impossible
landed
Ilocos.
and
endeavor
smuggle
stake.
shipping
prepared
in
of
heads
thus
were
number
of
and
enterprise
of
to
large premium
friars
Japan.
purpose,
power
project
of
coast
next
same
decline
the
before, embarked,
the
forty years'
the
was
his
paid
at
greater
interfered
Governor
the
it
the
to
was
had
priest
Archbishop
$10,000
purpose
upon
large junk
the
of
disaster
time
to
death
martyrs
one
and
vessels
priests
met
thirty-six priests,
country
of
number
Ten
the
death
and
vessel
a
this
the
difficulties
these
carry
afterwards
shortly
of
penalty
to
was
prohibition.
Japan.
Emperor
which
and
killed
were
in
Japan,
by
bought
crew
owners
their
added
she
priests
ship
to
the
length
carry
the
they
more
or
years
that
imposing
any
led
This
come.
At
edict
an
twenty
despite
discovered.
forced
for
succeeded
traders
of
guise
and
Japan,
continued,
whenever
upon
the
in
priests
in
influx
the
in
PHILIPPINES.
THE
only
doned
abanwhen
it.
"
DUTCH
ATTACKS
UPON
THE
COLONY.
DUTCH
ATTACKS
UPON
THE
COLONY.
the
sixteenth
century
Spain
During
and
Dutch
of
secured
rich
in
attack
to
Moluccas.
the
Dutch
and
of
the
the
Dutchmen
Spaniards
had
iards
Span-
fitted
in
images
and
carried
out
the
to
him
several
and
relics
exhorted
prevailing
days
procession
the
the
populace
In
this
the
superstitious
in
previous
exposed
through
did
cupation
oc-
armament.
an
which
the
much
against
the
battle
public
view
city.
The
to
to
ings
fail-
Saint
aid
promised
and
The
meanwhile
dream
weak
Japanese
and
prepare
of
the
enemy.
booty.
and
were
vessels
the
and
to
losses
recent
unusually
Chinese
to
pretend
to
to
(1609-
entrance
several
were
passed
For
in
of
Silva
the
owing
of
advantage
appeared
holy
the
the
time
off
immense
enabled
age
enemy.
clergy
occasionally
de
Juan
that
path
an
took
the
of
withstand
months
were
Governor
of
the
ish
Span-
settlements
absence
the
secured
and
Mark
eastern
the
hand,
anchored
to
in
lay
several
The
for
to
Dutch
collision.
the
and
time
Philippines
condition
no
traders
the
happened
It
forces
in
wait
other
from
squadron
by shipwreck
and
the
Governorship
Bay.
naval
in
mies,
ene-
"
During
Manila
On
prize.
in
lowing
fol-
the
bitter
about
waters
lay
of
were
Mexico,
Philippines
the
expeditions
ldlfi)
the
from
galleons
treasure
half
constantly
They
Spain.
first
Holland
were
infested
privateers
possessions
and
fleets
their
the
and
143
to
dispel
dread.
"
144
THE
iSilvn
De
the
the
the
The
and
person
force
the
of
of
line
The
of
of
the
Dutch
their
ships
value
of
In
and
the
in
held
Chinese
of
the
and
it
about
to
the
conducted
on
did
not
boarded
and
Chinese
gained
with
their
until
formed
wares,
Justed
for
six
defeated,
three
of
to
the
of
into
were
before
of
driven
out
was
the
by
later.
TRADERS.
of
Chinese
their
junks,
from
commerce
Chinese
their
of
the
the
the
for
them
sufficient
it
hands
the
years
measures
by
but
Formosa,
encouraged
save
made
Philippines
development
board
and
the
they
dealings
pillaged
Saint
on
merchandise
CHINESE
the
Legaspi
this
precaution
and
fell
twenty
passed protective
been
to
large
which
that
fight,
island
OF
view
islands
to
into
in
with
fought
was
from
1642
INFLUX
fallen
captured.
was
Spaniards
upon
who
With
decisive
Spaniards,
eight ships
destroyed,
the
settlement
the
upon
command
together
completely
were
were
1626
Dutch,
the
available
fierce
$300,000
neglected,
the
Hondo
Playa
After
day.
hours,
have
took
the
of
event
must
thousand,
upon
everything
battle.
Battle
Mark's
all
one
natives,
the
Governor
embarked
number
in
Manila
Dutch,
hands.
risk
to
fight, and
impending
their
determined
had
victory by
PHILIPPINES
traders
benefit.
vious
Pre-
traders
and
had
that
even
being occasionally
In
natives.
confidence
to
come
the
of
the
close
time
the
ashore
sixteenth
"
INFLUX
they
century
As
the
large
each.
which
nondo.
for
provided
market
the
them.
in
In
middle
the
Chinese
who
The
settlers.
was
of
With
traders
view
to
of
thousands,
followed.
it
cepcion
Spaniards
about
ten
thought
of
the
to
order
of
of
slaughter
to
this
but
all
had
pretext
for
original
the
they
themselves
that
of
probably
in
the
de
intention
who
would
lence.
violery
artil-
turning
restrained
were
fore
be-
Chinese
act
an
Juan
Chinese,
large
danger
number,
of
formed.
the
killed
were
Dutch
of
been
enemy,
to
the
of Manila
midst
incited
of
the
internal
great
iards
Span-
invasion
their
opinion
the
the
residents
ties
no
the
been
loss
the
in
the
Mongols
thousand,
the
of
were
quarter.
In
had
was
Parian,
from
expected
made
the
center
centnry
Formosa
whom
Parian
the
Bi-
outgrown
by
threatened
disposing
was
upon
the
presence
with
of
the
This
that
the
arrival
of
sixteenth
wrested
Mongols
the
the
by
by
of
celebrated
demolished
apprehension
increased
body
of
had
above
room
larger
the
was
was
I860.
alarmed
were
This
had
much
large
section
Chinese
cupied.
oc-
Manila
with
the
in
was
they
in
dwelling
and
which
place,
land
Alcayceria.
the
This
the
them
15S0
when
another
Government
the
in
145
merchants
with
shops
on,
Alcayceria,
or
Chinese
opened
Later
for
rent
called
of
was
TliADERS.
provided
was
square
It
the
of
Government
building,
a
CHINESE
paying
were
numbers
the
grew,
OF
assault
la
Con-
of
the
numbered
by
the
inevitably
"
PHILIPPINES.
THE
146
for,
ensue,
and
the
as
of
commerce
have
not
historian
the
Chinese
In
subsisted."*
which
conducted
was
industries
these
addition
by them,
of
"without
says,
Manila
to
could
the
trade
foreign
all the
in
trade
dominions
almost
were
the
the
ical
mechan-
hands
of
the
Chinese.
In
1G03
It
that
led
that
tlie
this
of
from
the
occasion
arrived
for
as
no
the
they
and
of
one
Spanish
General
"Historia
the
threatening
hundred
14
Vols.
Manila,
of
Chinese
in
the
1788.
"!e
artillery
Philippines
Of
led
by
Juan
Conirix'ion
1638
at
their
looked
themselves,
raise
to
the
picked
an
tifications
for-
frightened
houses
de
hauled,
over-
carry
to
city.
haste.
were
Manila
burning
troops
in
in
menace
Philipinas.
Dela
to
the
tions
prepara-
feverish
Finally
by
On
from
proceeded
city.
hostilities
began
suburbs
and
were,
the
with
whom
mandarins
two
departure
Chinese
cited
ex-
incursion.
ordered
were
as
with
ambassadors
and
had
periodical nightmare
their
cause
appear
colony
when
as
The
it would
Rung's
arms
preparations
outside
Chinese
Ma
pushed
natives
constantly.
doubt
was
After
were
but
curred.
oc-
true
Spaniards
reached
was
drilled,
these
the
Philippines
defense
were
weapons
Li
China.
and
upon
of
crisis
the
of
Emperor
time
in
Troops
of
Chinese
the
Mongol
invasion
Chinese
the
the
learn
to
affair,
of
growth
apprehensions
fear
this
appalling
rapid
of
uprising
impossible
seems
to
the
the
serious
in
the
body
ex-governor-
la
c-siinuites
Conriipcion.
the
number
33,000.
"
INFLUX
which
with
his
Chinese
proceeded
They
scattered.
It
Chinese
and
in
only
had
lost
In
it
who
time
and
as
killed
of
the
of
of
were
the
to
so
*The
York,
1639,
and
Orientals
the
large
their
clude
ex-
date
the
signified
thousand
tion
inten-
enforced
was
residents,
and
for
excluded.
the
invaders,
British
of
numbers
where
to
by
expulsion
great
and
evaded
or
joined
Chinese
them
retained
Spaniards
the
were
country.
"Except
says:
Western
only
had
natives
the
Before
rigidly
provinces
Foreman*
score
of
two
consequence
in
control
do
order
were
the
In
occurred,
expel
was
baptized,
The
so.
1763
sand
thou-
eighteen
of
to
decree
became
newcomers
In
long
utterly
uprising.
Chinese.
this
against upwards
a
of
outbreaks
resolved
non-Christian
do
and
and
miles,
thousands
after
was
execution
to
city,
the
lives.
their
number,
victory,
one
finally repulsed
for
this
similar
1660,
1755
its
in
this
were
upwards
slain
quelled
all
of
they
that
hardly
the
to
147
them,
by
pursued
said
were
again
were
which
were
is
Elated
lay siege
to
in
struggle ensued,
fled.
life.
TRADERS.
against
sent
was
escaped
and
CHINESE
OF
Asiatics,
merchants
neither
compete
Philippine
the
in
the
them.
and
Islands.
The
may
Foreman,
be
F.
R.
sire
de-
nor
this
at
cannot
remained
tact, energy,
Chinese
John
who
Archipelago.
They
the
and
Europeans
Chinese
knowledge,
with
successfully,
few
day
considered
G.
New
1899.
148
THE
boon
to the
and
scarce,
to
the
the
other
useful
juice
from
sugar-cane
iron.
tbc
things,
introduced
They
vertical
with
sugar-mills
people
of
them,
of
try,
indus-
saccharine
wrought
the
colony
first
and
crushers
stone
who
amongst
of
working
the
barrassed.
em-
trade,
extraction
into
more
the
taught
the
and
kinds
much
notions
They
all
be
would
trade
really
first
work.
of
import
are
their
many
labor
and
Chinese
natives
them, living
and
export
fruitful
and
without
commodities
The
gave
for
colony,
dearer,
much
PHILIPPINES.
iron
boiling-pans."
The
shows
that
the
last
Chinese,
tbc
and
the
natives
them.
Spanish
From
the
1763,
year
hundred
have
time
and
fifty
tolerated,
although
by
despise
the
the
regarded
race,
to
of
history
colonists
as
learned
from
years
come
unwel-
an
example
time, especially
to
feeling against
them
ways
al-
were
has
since
run
very
high.
the
During
Chinese
Christianity
made
with
and
in
the
at
few
some
form
them
native
have
contracts
Chinamen,
recognition
public
married
of
status
of
Many
have
and
Government
Important
the
century
improved.
much
was
adopted
nineteenth
of
the
have
women.
times
have
been
received
decorations
and
titles.
Their
of
enactment
many
by
the
have
steadily
exclusion
law
numbers
wily
the
ways
of
Oriental.
evading
That
in
which
the
increased
the
have
influx
the
since
eighteenth
been
has
tury,
cen-
devised
continued
"
150
THE
the
in
for
lacked
of
armed.
from
in
and
force
of
part
and
men,
desirable
depredations
of
coast
of
which
of
dered
plun-
before
any
principal
who
captives
were
sometimes
were
particularly
as
not
Spaniards
were
Some
succeeded
never,
of
the
that
at
great
to
in
garrison
All
the
of
the
made
tacked
at-
were
tained
main-
was
these
ures
meas-
and
scourge,
that
hand.
upper
nominal
task
tions
expedi-
gunboats
subdued
however,
all
the
They
suppress
getting
chiefs
them.
expense.
introduction
remit
to
Countless
sea.
ment
Govern-
essayed
governor
by
sequence,
con-
reduced
the
constrained
of
in
were
so
The
some
depopulated
poverty,
against
at
the
Visayas,
marauders.
ineffectual
until
the
inhabitants
once
and
Mindanao
proved
in
opment
devel-
traffic.
inter-island
their
these
the
impeded
almost
succeeding
land
on
in
of
despatched
were
Moros
who
The
regarded
were
than
suppressing
was
was
towns,
again
these
severe
abject
more
Each
taxes.
it
all
condition
was
of
of
and
especially
were
islands
coast
spot.
seriously
towns
and
to
Archipelago
sea
the
were
they
prizes.
These
the
the
lation
popu-
Muhammadans,
Among
priests
and
at
consisted
slavery.
by heredity,
ships
upon
were
reach
booty
into
white
effects
could
their
carried
and
the
junks,
war
burned,
punitive
of
They
from
of
portion
incursions
their
their
man
freebooters
No
the
swooped,
piratical expeditions.
to
men
sea-faring
well
free
of
organization
never
were
PHILIPPINES.
the
the
The
iards.
Span-
submission
"
"
is
This
with
an
port-like
of
hai'd
of
one
eye
to
defense,
windows
fighting
churches
tlie
us
may
thick
and
in
that
the
Tagiilog
originally
were
be
walls.
imm
seen
It
the
the
was
IjuiIi
high
scene
Rebellion.
"
"
BRITISH
THE
while
conducted
were
twenty
of
years
1762
It
Admiral
under
command
of
anchored
in
ashore
to
refused.
demand
about
siege
the
first
by
assault
was
and
of
the
given
at
this
week
five
in
city
and
by
the
time.
of
three
the
with
was
time
the
at
eighty
pieces
three
numbered
soldiers,
European
the
the
upon
the
defenders
beaten
the
terms
the
through
troops
following
who
of
with
back
was
this
inforced
re-
whom
tions
posi-
with
loss
province.
entered
day
ing
Dur-
British
the
and
were
troops,
upon
British
Archbishop,
the
commenced.
were
dispersed
vessels
city
native
columns
the
British
attack
They
By
sent
were
city, which
force
from
thousand
made.
in
squadron
Manila
hundred
year
Sipahis.
of
of October
up
British
landed
natives
5th
the
the
bombardment
and
of
soldiers
fifteen
were
the
the
to
Draper
officers
of
and
that
British
two
surrender
thousand
The
and
hundred
seamen,
Troops
the
six
General
garrison
artillery, whilst
and
an
the
entire
of
thousand
with
Bay
of
September
troops.
Manila
The
consisted
of
the
pines.
Philip-
despatched
was
in
Cornish,
last
France
against
war
fleet
arrived
the
the
of
paigns
cam-
MANILA.
declared
British
Philippines.
TAKE
several
during
occupancy
BBITISH
England
and
Spain,
Mindanao
Spanish
THE
In
in
151
and
independence,
actual
retaining
MANILA.
TAKE
the
On
walls
Manila
was
acting-Governor
capitulation
the
"
Archipelago
entire
of four
the
named
fled
and
raised
guerilla
which
to
the
of
in
was
some
of
and
the
he
affected
Simon
and
de
carried
on
islands,
the
than
more
in
was
In
the
the
unchecked.
of
administration
of
of
ness
lawless-
provinces
effects
year
condition
necessarily
before
years
where
and
evacuated
something
Luzon
rampant
native
1764.
of
period
day
Court,
in
Bulacan,
natives
British
disturbance.
was
Supreme
Archbishop.
the
occupancy,
extreme
the
of
the
the
The
upon.
Salazar, escaped
among
until
indemnity
an
Governor-General,
British
of
Province
troops
the
judge
and
agreed
was
action
war
During
of
Anda
the
ignore
Anda
de
himself
proclaimed
to
dollars
capitulation
Simon
boat
surrendered
was
of
millions
before
PHILIPPINES.
THE
152
It
violent
this
turbance
dishad
government
subsided.
The
most
notable
Ilocos
Sur
under
Silan,
sacked
made
Silan
the
manifesto
which
he
was
Captain-General
was
His
conveying
the
to
King
have
friars
declared
of
the
Alcalde.
Silan
his
acknowledgment
of
England,
appointed
him
of
city
held
were
and
sent
the
Alcalde
at
district
Vigan
for
Jesus
and
and
the
British
de
was
ransom
issued
that
to
himself
Manila
sovereignty
Governor
Nazareth
of
messenger
of
in
pillaged.
was
Vigan
that
of
rising
Diego
one
neighborhood
headquarters
his
in
The
the
was
leadership
the
surrounding
the
and
affairs
Christian.
native
and
taken
these
of
of
seems
Mayor.
"
164
THE
ber
of
and
riots
PHILIPPINES.
rebellions
in
different
of
the
of
the
parts
isbiid.
UPRISINGS
The
period
entire
Archipelago
and
of
for
the
of
of
There
the
for
service
military
without
the
friars
and
of
These
a
led
similar
into
the
to
1622
seems
native
the
natives
of
the
and
before
in
1744
in
that
to
by
the
lie
to
1896.
island
of
the
same
tyranny
the
powers
be
priest
unburied
confined
had
until
is
of
of
at
his
ordered
it
tide
of
broke
burned
eral
sev-
damage
A
island
the
of
Bohol
They
subdued.
were
provinces.
rising
inflicted
otherwise
himself
natives
the
of
movements
in
missionaries.
they
occasioned
to
caused
outbreak
pulsory
com-
tration
maladministhe
gradually
Ta^alog
churches
rising
ernment
Gov-
conduct
the
in
the
and
the
minor
the
to
and
many
in
resistance
towns
been
through
for
taxation
officials
minor
tion
conscrip-
lal"or
Church
exactions;
character
rebellion
In
their
Spanish
causes
the
be
may
encomiendas;
turbances.
dis-
these
to
important
; enforced
to
causes
led
most
remuneration
contributions
different
in
numerous
that
of
system
movements
gravity
were
discontent
the
occupation
less
or
Amongst
mentioned
Spanish
more
of
NATIVES.
by revolutionary
islands.
spirit
the
THE
marked
was
uprisings
parts
OF
upon
serious
more
said
to
priest
who
magistrate
have
rogated
ab-
and
It
pleasure.
the
body
decomposed.
of
The
"
brother
the
of
latter,
the
in
priest
THE
OF
UPRISINGS
man
named
and
raised
revenge
NATIVES.
155
killed
Dagohoy,
of
standard
the
revolt.
A
number
large
and
rebel,
thirty-five
found
Leyte
when
it
became
reinforce
before
troops
service
of
local
the
at
decided
to
press
rebels
killed
priest
before
they
been
with
the
murdered
panga
of
an
they
and
and
order
insurgents
and
Albay
killed
Butuan.
to
cut
formed
broke
timber
for
the
three
bodies
the
The
churches
only
leader
rose
had
their
natives
revolt
for
; in
Mas-
priest
was
assassinated
was
lost
into
provinces
officer;
1660
was
was
the
natives
Spaniard
result
other
Europeans
In
Pangasinan
the
Spanish
several
to
Samar
people,
own
extended
of
outbreak
until
his
the
1649
several
This
not
and
Sumoroy.
bvirned
of
Zamboanga
and
named
hills.
some
In
in
Cebu;
the
1649
reason.
Island
Caraga
by
of
riots
same
bate
to
and
difficulty
betrayed
The
in
took
native
Cebu
vessels
In
The
1622,
of
natives
Arsenal.
in
forty
with
restored.
under
pardon.
Governor
be
uprising
a
the
Governor
serious
crushed,
for
Cavite
dered
surren-
insurrection
an
against
troops
full
for
Government
followers
could
peace
Governor-General
into
receiving
necessary
the
his
and
scene
the
send
to
the
joined
independence
time
necessary
of
the
was
its
which
Dagohoy
condition
on
to
it
Finally
natives
maintained
during
years,
frequently
them.
band
the
disaffected
of
as
lives
of
the
in
Pamresult
Government.
The
aggregating
upwards
"
THE
156
of
thousand
ten
"King"
rebel
armed
and
enabled
followers.
of
armed
at
all
In
1823
named
officer
and
the
other
several
outbreaks,
and
Island
was
killed
in
What
in
A
in
Arsenal
to
as
this
signal
failed.
For
and
from
and
several
the
by
capital
and
Cebu
the
of
it is
of
scenes
Governor
prisoners
Creole
the
1827
were
the
Cavite
affair.
_N
said,
egros
the
to
the
on
but
three
native
country.
the
native
They
took
through
for
the
The
other
ernor's
Gov-
mutinous
in
troops
their
by
plicated
im-
was
possession
the
of
the
plices
accom-
affair
priests
and
laymen
victims
had
for
plan
soldiers
this
native
occurred
misunderstanding
some
uprising
clergy
The
Insurrection
supported
be
to
alleged complicity
Burgos
island
State
of
portion
Manila,
the
routed
were
seize
to
rising due,
the
as
expecting
in
account.
is known
1872.
and
troops
headed
In
1844
of
employment
private
in
the
uprising
troops,
the
long
Ma-
thousand
forty
of
attempted
of
recruits.
hanged.
Government.
towns
the
until
insurgents
leaders
native
of
violent
forced
The
Novales,
subvert
with
detachments
their
body
hand
formidable
this
vessels.
and
points
field
for
of
body
every
the
several
sent
from
take
to
Against
Spaniards
flotilla
in
came
declared
with
him
of
leadership
the
province
furnished
Reinforcements
was
under
men
Ilocos
Malong.
chief
PHILIPPINES.
were
Doctor
operation
co-
soon
Joseph
were
executed
were
banished
made
themselves
"
UPRISINGS
odious
the
to
of
which
their
would
the
the
native
Cavite
the
required
to
to
NATIVES.
of
enactments
have
appears
THE
clergy by
Spanish
incumbencies
There
the
OF
monastic
be
outbreak
demanding
the
Council
friars
to
the
of
retire
forcement
en-
Trent,
from
life.
evidence
with
157
that
a
view
the
to
friars
gated
insti-
inculpating
priests.
"
"
THE
PASSING
OF
SPANISH
DOMINION.
"
"
162
THE
had
Freemasonry
about
The
to
ten
Roman
been
Catholic
and
Insular
lodges
and
izations,
of
the
those
exiled,
of
radical
more
mostly
the
the
Their
lose.
from
its
the
inciting
In
severe
tyrants,
the
who
civil
power,
In
order
masons
Free-
friars,
the
1896
the
in
people
their
but
the
and
the
mined,
deter-
lives
pines
Philipfound
to
It
Rebellion
ably
prob-
Katipunan
members.
Tagal
each
Tagals,
were
redeem
fifty thonsund
in
1896
to
reverse
often
the
was
and
the
movement.
measures
the
of
and
1895
of
societies,
nothing
"to
was
the
insurrection
Out
working
had
who
and
executed,
independent
the
pin
or-
antagonism
Cavite
this
all
political
extra
those
the
of
most
body.
purpose
factor
of
backbone
of
men,
about.
numbered
of
of
republic."
communistic
opposed
predecessors, culminating
ranks
desperate
to
of
outbreak.
into
the
of
members
The
in
turned
Masonic
its
than
Katipunan.
soon
number
grew
KATIPUNAN.
majority
pines
Philip-
everywhere
THK
account
Cavite
Freemasons
incurred
The
on
memkn's
were
thus
priests.
the
to
OF
is
the
to
the
Church
HIKTII
The
introduced
before
years
societies,
secret
PHILIPPINES.
acted
caused
the
authorities
the
suppress
effect:
in
to
that
adopted
the
capacity
of
the
deportation
The
detectives
of
most
with
Katipunan,
intended.
the
great
cisely
pre-
friars,
for
the
numbers
suspects.
Without
entertaining
the
sentiment
of
patriotism
"
PATRIOT
THE
the
in
broader
attachment
strong
be
native
whoever
has
and
163
evinced
always
short
penalty,
no
than
severe
"The
the
exile
was
and
deported
spot,
there
time
by
Such
to
of
from
his
the
Kizal
him
of
all
education,
*The
the
hero
Inhabitants
some
of
the
and
not
of
be
of
the
the
after
for
the
Philippines.
pines,
Philip-
the
His
boy
had
N.
year
father,
anxious
and
acquiring
F.
death,
friars.
about
able
facilities
lawless
ultimately
born
was
especially
could
Province.
Laguna
possible
dence,'
resi-
exile
system
and
of
was
means,
the
pardon
patriot
machinations
in
law.
'forced
of
this
deportation,
Calamba,
of
PHILIPPINES.
of
Mercado
indefinite
one."
victim
Eizul,
was
of
Filipino
afford
THE
suffered
result
at
OF
notable
persecution
Jose
some
PATRIOT
most
who
bribing
unhealthy
an
termed
money
family
process
death
as
expense,
and
for
without
the
or
probably
cost
that
was
authorities
home
and
own
involved
without
THE
1865,
his
the
to
euphoniously
heavy
personal
from
torn
distant
punishment,
obtained
The
be
arbitrary authority,
caused
always
to
at
in
priests
denounced
to
reside
to
sometimes
either
best-founded
the
the
against
be
some
and
greatest
natives
liable
filibuster,
York,
soil
displeased them,
matters,
Tagal
more
says:
of
complaint
as
the
PHILIPPINES.
village.
Sawyer'"'
and
THE
the
to
could
death,
as
sense,
OF
to
eral
lib-
displayed
Sawyer.
New
1000.
"
164
THE
unusual
of
Jesuits
of
of
and
talent
the
Manila.
at
of
from
socialistic
the
at
land
time.
deeply
from
at
the
Government.
exhibition
of
of
which
unattractive
in
Spanish
the
class
Upon
of
the
and
which
publication
was
return
of
their
doubtless
these
to
the
works,
up
to
the
bored
har-
Spanish
act
was
an
he
years
came
beof
the
from
to
support
he
Germany
me
books
practices
political
in
posed.
ex-
novel
written
were
widely
read
odium
in
further
in
depicted
were
worst
lished
pub-
tangere,"
amongst
them.
islands, shortly
Rizal
then,
view.
another
The
ance
deliver-
prosperity
in
"Noli
and
have
to
freedom
Philippines
held
its
ready
in
native
Xeither
was
stay
by
his
of
early
its
of
concern,
future
object
and
of
voluntary
his
man
Ger-
institutions
against
he
lines.
were
those
appear
upon
followed
was
similar
his
the
that
light
This
somewhat
that
entitled
priests
on
in
Rizal's
romance
the
But
friars, and
Doctor
an
the
having
During
last
depended
movement
any
his
he
something
friars.
Eizal
degree
various
at
problem
the
versity
Uni-
Later
constant
the
loyalty.
Philippines
domination
Rizal's
thoughts
convinced
firmly
and
condition
does
Indeed,
the
imbibing
of
time,
secured
pervaded
upon
treasonable
any
the
of
thraldom
later
any
Paris
unhappy
subject
pondered
nor
that
The
the
was
he
ideas
the
to
Philosophy.
without
not
instruction
sent
he
and
in
the
was
which
studies
universities,
the
He
Medicine
his
prosecuted
under
application
Madrid,
Doctor
PHILIPPINES.
after
excited
the
the
"
THE
enmity
of
title
PATRIOT
of
the
the
Dominican
in
of
the
of
of
their
friars, and
At
depended
and
Europe,
chief
families
the
of
Calamba
1893
Kong
with
He
Rizal
the
took
to
his
to
that
return
some
he
to
such
his
and
the
notice
rented
from
in
Hong
would
have
the
at
(lie
is
It
the
discovered
that
seditious
Consul,
hardly
he
the
probable
would
have
less
and
that
aa
that
tured
ven-
probable
tionary
revolu-
luggage
his
the
confidence
with
capital
However,
of
Spanish
in
profession.
assurance
he
included
charge
his
immediately
was
Custom
House
proclamations
ficers
of-
amongst
effects.
Uiznl
of
they
the
guarantee
openly
had
to
without
following
Philippines
safety.
land
upon
of
the
literature.
arrested
returned
residence
his
up
through
personal
without
holdings
safety
his
relatives
evicted
received
have
Governor-Genera],
might
the
intention
to
appears
lie
He
his
were
from
that
country.
absence
of
order.
religious
In
his
during
compensation
or
the
cipal
prin-
"expulsion
Rizal
to
most
estates."
their
patent
leaving
upon
of
and
The
the
was
confiscation
self
him-
society,
Freemasons.
program
which
disposition
secret
the
allied
also
similar
were
it became
length
lands
He
Filipino.,"
which
disputing
certain
to
of
166
by
town.
patriots
members
article
the
native
"Liga
the
body
Order
his
other
founded
PHILIPPINES.
ecclesiastical
they occupied
with
THE
OF
was
"enforced
tried
and
residence"
sentenced
at
to
an
Dapitan,
indefinite
on
the
term
north
"
166
of
shore
Mindanao
the
His
Rebellion
broke
a
their
memories
yet
not
time
eould
masses
His
the
in
Spain
In
view
Rizal
the
at
of
carried
Blanco
Minister
of
recited
Dr.
to
place
the
been
the
Jose
four
years
of
which
we
in
the
are
secret
the
been
now
the
Rizal.
excited
shipped
was
he
of
Cuba.
in
is, in
the
deploring,
societies
which
and
similar
for
the
His
exile
have
real
terest
in-
Peninsula
conduct
in
as
during
has
Dapitan
because
extravagant
neither
strain
Government
opinion,
my
in
the
the
to
with
you
that
note
Governor-
War
benevolence,
with
to
from
to
disposal
has
and
he
were
leaves
he
associated
way
who
in
pardon
had
was
of
juncture
of
recommend
and
that
letters
They
doctor
exemplary,
upon
over
and
Minister
Rizal,
at
hold
influence
it is well
events
the
"I
his
exile
possible opportunity.
Colonies.
that:
his
there
as
authorities
had
Aguinaldo
this
at
the
as
and
great
to
Rizal
and
view,
whose
capital
succeeding
to
of
name
Emilio
as
the
proceeded
relaxed,
public
earliest
army
worthy
no
of
himself
volunteer
than
commendatory
General
and
countrymen,
been
the
apprehension
to
his
the
have
presence
the
go
tor.
doc-
array
an
he
this
Filipino
no
and
to
chance, just
affections.
into
come
this
at
and
tioned
peti-
permitted
Ere
rather
he
1896,
as
unfortunate
with
strenghtened,
be
granted,
out.
power
July,
Government
was
arriving, by
become
In
"
to
the
serve
request
Manila,
had
Island.
Governor-General
and
Cuba
to
nor
PHILIPPINES.
THE
in
been
the
he
more
is
in
attempts
conspiracy
formed."
"
THE
PATRIOT
THE
OF
PHILIPPINES.
167
.
Had
he
Rizal
wished,
Singapore
his
as
have
might
left
at
steamer
fellow-patriot Rojas
and
companion
the
did.
his
Upon
and
confined
had
been
arrival
in
the
Spain.
the
jurisdiction.
of
the
of
head
the
of
under
was
Rizal
the
on
martial
character,
his
the
physically
was
active
the
part
charges
Rizal
The
in
the
The
close
was
at
was
country
he
rel"ellion,it
have
been
carried
of
was
The
the
and
had
him
is
been
years
to
have
difficult
who
out
virtually
and
the
that
it
taken
to
any
how
see
less,
Neverthe-
sentenced
on
ducted
con-
eloquence.
substantiated.
and
mony
testi-
flimsiest
by Rizal,
five
for
court-martial
ability
upon
convicted
was
execution
year
that
impossible
could
the
at
the
rebellion.
refuted
with
fact
for
before
prosecution
defense
prisoner
and
and
amply
was
own
Considering
recalled
Polavieja
Government
audition
the
by
and
prevented
law.
of
charges
Insular
humanity
have
been
party.
hastily brought
was
adduced
state
Insular
whose
in
closely
the
to
least
Rizal, had
ecclesiastical
the
Rizal,
over
at
relentless
authorities
1890
Blanco,
would
of
the
handed
was
Charges
his
by
to
year
time
justice
murder
judicial
behest
the
this
By
him
cabled
of
close
prisoner,
state
sense
and
arrested
was
Montjuieh.
of
against
friars,
At
guarded
the
fortress
formulated
enemies,
and
the
Rizal
Barcelona,
at
to
last
be
day
shot.
of
the
1896.
death
of
Rizal
was
one
of
several
similar
acts
"
168
in
which
better
a
PHILIPPINES.
THE
the
of
their
of
profound
more
THE
In
August,
burst
Tagal
the
bad
Of
the
the
but
former
of
circumstances
operations
several
months
Meanwhile
the
most
In
of
took
place
the
rebels
the
established
Cavite,
important
center
of
the
November
Blanco
the
his
force, which
to
operations,
ten
but
headway
the
had
meantime
he
had
good
which
been
the
which
first
few
rebellion.
of
use
the
in
the
became
rebellion.
and
from
the
brought
was
his
headquarters
received
thousand,
these
around
the
of
their
and
confine
the
during
making
were
to
city,
inception
command.
Under
forced
of
up
In
of
troops
Manila
in
were
was
defense
his
at
of
Governor-
European
province
to
his
General
They
respite.
Imus,
the
the
doubtful.
was
tent
discon-
of
outbreak
the
Blanco,
hundred
latter
following
of
hundred
seven
skirmishes
fire
auxiliaries
the
the
to
time
General
fifteen
only
loyalty
REBELLION.
the
native
than
Filipinos
smouldering
At
created
Burgos.
I.
the
flame.
thousand
six
Rebellion,
General,
and
TAG
1896,
into
Doctor
the
get
themselves
affair
the
upon
to
upon
The
vengeance.
of
hatred
brought
impression
execution
the
even
Iheir
and
judgment,
harvest
copious
allowed
priests
he
recalled
made
prisons
Spain
European
began
to
before
against
of
any
the
Manila
ditions
adtingent
con-
extend
siderable
con-
rection.
insur-
were
"
THE
170
Manila.
of
in
and
had
contrived
sent
against
the
the
him.
was
of
following
the
rebellion
Pangasinan,
spread
Zambales,
General
account
of
health
failing
Primo
General
In
in
1.
the
Expulsion
of
of
townships
as
and
Insular
2.
the
the
Parliamentary
toleration
hers,
"1.
and
and
4.
friars
in
Insular
Restitution
to
default
them
in
up
the
of
to
of
and
retired
on
taken
was
proclamation
as
and
restitution
the
follows
friars
held
equally
scow,
the
to
have
propriated,
ap-
them,
by
between
as
Peninsular
priests.
to
religious
administrative
Equality
chiefs
demands
which
concede
all
had
circulated
freedom
of
economic
Cuba,
to
of
the
press,
with
common
between
pay
lar
Peninsu-
servants.
townships,
public
has
autonomy.
and
all
finding
laws
sects,
treatment
civil
she
as
us,
representation,
of
two
Tarlac,
place
incumbencies
secular
must
his
friars
lands
episcopal
Spain
and
south.
provinces
Ecija,
their
the
dividing
well
the
Polavieja
rebels
forth
set
was
the
the
lie Rivera.
July, 1897,
which
force
Spanish
of
over
Nueva
Meanwhile
few
Eulacan
from
army
junction
the
of
joined by Aguinaldo
rebel
Ilocos.
by
the
half-
and
Pampanga
now
the
Immediately
of
of
Cavite
body
withstand
Tie
remnant
area
raised
provinces
to
in
operations
had
Llaneras
thousand
with
the
During
named
caste
PHILIPPINES.
lauds
or
such
auction
appropriated
the
to
owners;
in
original
the
small
owners,
State
lots
by
of
or,
is to
a
the
put
value
"
THE
within
the
reach
the
years,
banish
to
the
as
Abolition
5.
all
of
same
of
the
citizens,
and
legal
whether
Peninsular
or
the
Penal
The
that,
to
the
December
chiefs,
of
the
that
the
The
of
that
their
the
and
surrender,
latter
at
least
Pedro
insurgent
three
over
and
of,
or
have
and
Pedro
A.
The
dispute.
was
have
must
it
with
the
have
only
were
highly
been
porting
pur-
claimed
persistently
seems
bad
from,
extract
general amnesty
and
The
anything
always
or
signed,
was
Spaniards
copy
insurgents
reforms
that
the
consideration
monetary
conceded.
in
Spaniards
The
compact.
to
Aguinaldo
published
never
literal
the
rebels,
remain
In
resort
Captain-General.
charging
matter,
be
with
Emilio
the
agreement
whilst
to
the
for
ernor
Govany
named
Biac-na-bato
the
the
to
Eilipino,
between
mination.
ter-
make
to
extending
de
of
to
decided
representing
this
in
Pado
attorney
as
insurgents,
faith
well
as
indefinitely.
out
Rivera
1897,
14,
failed
hold
pourparlers
months
terms
civic
clear
negotiations
open
After
Paterno,
persons,
prospect
more
rebels
employed
lie
Paterno,
it
least
at
General
diplomacy,
other
measures
all
the
without
on
the
if
could
dilemma
four
for
under
made
day
even
they
chiefs.
unjust
equality
Insular
dragged
Each
this
all
as
powers
Code.
conflict
headway,
authorities'
Well
Filipinos;
four
lands.
State
Government
as
within
payable
present
against
as
171
REBELLION.
TAGAL
one
tained
mainditions
con-
ble
proba-
promised
"
172
to
THE
them.
this
It
have
treaty
hypothesis
of
part
the
the
The
compact,
of
leaders
embarked
many
executions
States
in
23d
fleet
defenses
of
of-date
land
and
succeeded
to
which
other
April,
as
of
amount
leaders
insurgent
of
followed
the
those
who
surrender
STATES.
haste
known
was
and
In
1898.
feverish
in
were
as
were
with
to
be
to
a
of
useless.
withstand
at
the
Hongkong.
deficient
their
mounted
ment
compleout-
were
Material
the
United
tions
prepara-
lamentably
rust.
and
the
Manila
short
were
and
instalment,
total
Spain
lacking
was
the
UNITED
such
defective
Rivera
thirty-four
place.
batteries
encrusted
be
27th
persecution
between
city
and
guns
mines
proved
in
of the
The
state.
the
on
One
the
rebellion
THE
of
made
American
their
ing
keep-
and
and
that
took
declared
were
The
the
WITH
the
on
broken
in
arms
of
wholesale
part
was
all
was
taken
War
the
their
to
concerned
Hongkong,
one-fifth
WAB
their
up
Aguinaldo
about
received.
ever
of
divulge
having
equally
for
promised,
money
and
gave
1897,
representing
likely
most
advantage
not
Spaniards,
were
The
Governor-General
the
to
of
originals
it secret.
insurgents
December,
had
the
the
dared
they
that
details
that
clause
which
and
be
to
the
that
light.
the
seen
inserted
followers,
of
never
leaders
fact
singular
appears
cunningly
rebel
is
PHILIPPINES.
for
hand
torpedoes
on
August!,
who
Governor-General,
issued
structing
con-
had
bom-
"
WAR
bastic
WITH
as
declared
by foreigners
citizens
sought
shall
they
of
wives'
your
the
that
property
for
provision
of
any
and
covetousness
will
suffice
bringing
The
Montojo,
of
of
them
the
fleet
squadron
the
vessels
no
was
doubt
have
been
shelled
they
would
most
and
either
for
but
Cavite
possession
that
out
the
of
assuredly
was
of
the
of
but
have
they
o'clock
or
been
every
Manila
and
evacuated
but
and
might
in
were
disabled.
of
arsenal
tho
Admiral
under
surrender
Spaniards
Manila,
three
at
point
destroyed
the
progress."
the
eleven
by
of
found
bravery,
utmost
terminated
ex-
first, and
Spaniards,
demand
refusal,
took
Americans
is
The
Cavite.
who
Bay
round
ranged
patriotism
and
the
petrate
per-
instead
Manila
May
wickedness
America
civilization
of
not
people
the
entered
as
shall
they
and
North
cost
appropriate
or
valor
abase
the
at
accumulated
has
!
gressors
ag-
fathers,
your
their
of
morning
Dewey's
with
life
outmatched,
their
Admiral
There
natives
displayed
completely
met
the
of
peninsula
one
and
Spanish
honor,
your
punish
of
passions
No
of
"The
inspired by
because
the
on
lustful
age.
crimes
American
o'clock
the
the
to
to
old
your
cipline."
dis-
nor
apprehensions
tombs
industry
your
cences,"
excres-
"manned
he
to
declaration
daughters'
and
the
social
instruction
the
the
llieir
gratify
not
the
squadron
assuring
profane
not
"ali
lull
to
this
with
shall
of
neither
possessing
lie
characterized
he
their
173
STATES.
which
composition
ami
UNITED
in
proclamation
Americans
the
THE
that
massacred
the
forts.
easily
case
by
"
THE
174
the
bodies
insurgents, large
in
on
to
hold
of
PHILIPPINES
all
operations
with
the
into
falling
in
was
the
him
from
now
landed
Aguinaldo
laid
blockaded
until
arrival
the
of
sorties
from
the
American
communication.
were
almost
were
taken
and
deputies
the
the
18th
a
collected
and
conclude
Upon
the
Upon
providing
Washington.
formed
This
for
a
the
the
12th
the
treaty
night
numbers
June
two-
of
the
rebels,
summoned
called
was
istered
admin-
body
maintained
of
peace
of
the
order,
August,
appointment
of
side
out-
of
what
island,
from
Spaniards
A^guinaldo
Government.
of
off
large
middle
forcements,
rein-
repel' all
the
possession
month
congress
taxes.
Protocol
the
that
large portion
to
in
of
the
By
with
to
city
and
and
months,
provinces
defeated
in
was
Revolutionary
a
and
to
the
everywhere
Luzon
the
on
In
troops
American
the
three
the
and
arms
generals
cut
other
rebel
contrived
force
to
prisoner.
of
thirds
For
with
with
whilst
ployed
em-
Dewey
he,
thousand
port.
and
from
Admiral
supplied
the
Manila
American
usefully
and
Manila,
succeeding
the
be
might
and
Aguinaldo'
case
Spaniards
insurgents,
to
in
enemies.
thirty
siege
squadron
the
Hongkong
With
ammunition.
their
Aguinaldo
controlling
brought
leaders,
of
of
city
troops
rebels
the
tusk
preventing
hands
that
Ik'Jicving
the
difficult
the
neither
Throughout
least
in
had
overpower
them.
lay
hemmed
whom
Dewey
to
nor
the
not
commanders
had
Admiral
capital
the
conflict
for
sides,
of
was
same
1898,
of
missioners
com-
signed
date
the
"
"
Thiw
".ostium'
two
typirail
sire'
of
thp
better
full-blooded
class.
Tagals*
The
portraits
in
the
a.rt."
universal
those
of
school-teachers.
"Goog
"
WAR
made
Spaniards
lines
the
of
forces
sea
the
the
of
of
included
Previous
the
to
commander
would
Liter
days
into, by
the
jurisdiction
whilst
control
of
the
convened
Paterno
and
the
was
Ocampo
elected
were
respectively.
Congress
every
imposed
able-bodied
the
the
the
President
elected
One
compulsory
Filipino
over
retained
tricts
disunder
temporary
and
Pedro
Deputies
first
the
decrees
age
A.
Legardo
and
military
ital
cap-
Congress
September.
Vice-President
the
entered
was
remained
the
and
of
fell.
Manila
Government.
for
of
the
surrcmnding
government,
15th
troops
and
Americans
island
Malolos
insurgent
on
the
ican
Amer-
his
city,
after
pelago.
Archi-
the
that
the
Revolutionary
selected
there
capital
and
of
rest
tion
capitula-
the
force
which
Manila
the
Aguinaldo
of
of
terms
over
of
provisional agreement
before
Philippine
enter
in
continued
was
cruiser
Aguinaldo
to
rhetorical
the
the
upon
permitted
prohibition
few
attack
upon
eral
Gen-
articles
of
instructed
be
not
The
surrender
attack
between
German
co-operation
and
Jaudenes,
aboard
land
surrendered
negotiated
were
ing
fight-
combined
the
Manila
fighting.
the
the
American
fierce
vigorous
General
fled
of
with
made
mid-day
and
cessation
the
Americans,
army,
having
hours
day
175
the
upon
some
the
capitulation
Greene
Augusti
and
STATES.
force
following
About
of
terms
in
the
insurgent
city.
the
city
On
UNITED
attack
an
without
ensued.
and
THE
WITH
of
service
of
tary
Secrethis
upon
eighteen.
"
176
THE
Aguinaldo
the
their
The
that
its
of
cession
the
The
and
ratified
Spain
their
by
agreed
Archipelago
in
Article
000,000.
abandonment
and
the
property
affect
law
the
to
the
in
civil
rights
the
of
Article
Peninsula
or
has
the
ceded
applies
same
in,
in
every
9
montlis
the
holders
of
the
abandoned
or
rights
that
resident
and
way
of
or
or
sort
any
ments,
establish-
other
any
acquire goods,
territories,
properties
of
and
viduals
indi-
whatsoever."
"Spanish
in
to
no
custom
private
legal right
any
in
by
corporations,
"the
that
shall
goods
or
pine
Philip-
receiving $20,-
accorded
the
of which
Spain
abandons,
go
from,
those
away
later.
stipulated
nationality
recites
and
to
few
States
Treaty
rights
respective
1898,
declares
the
States
December,
of
cities, public
collectively -which
or
United
ecclesiastical
or
of
day
the
cession
provinces,
be
follow
or
the
by
of
peaceful
wonld
United
consideration
and
gress
Con-
this
peace,
the
Paris
at
10th
to
of
PARIS.
governments
cede
to
of
treaty
between
the
on
of
Philippines
OF
signed
commissioners
allowance
an
States.
peace
was
simo
Generalis-
confidently expected
the
TREATY
of
treaty
Spain
and
of
United
THE
and
proceedings
pending
the
to
of
position
members
independence
provision
the
$25,000
expenses.
indicate
that
in
of
salary
for
$50,000
retained
was
with
PHILIPPINES.
subjects
born
in
territories, the
or
cedes,
territories
and
may
the
eignty
sover-
remain
still
hold,
"
TREATY
THE
in
either
right
sell, or
to
produce.
is
which
of
been
as
the
to
lands
stolen
from
its
or
follow
to
laws
with
whom
ing
affect-
have
to
of
the
the
the
had
United
action
the
ultimate
the
disposition
of
of
the
had
the
as
firmly
had
enemy
arch-
many
years
powerful
no
American
ernment
Gov-
intimation
of
authorities
in
had
lands
Their
for
the
for
them
given
owners.
of
friars'
Treaty
protested
struggled
States,
the
were
natives
support
with
anger
of
terms
friars
rightful
they
and
Americans
which
their
grief
the
The
ever.
the
appeared
right
the
as
estate,
the
the
the
Apparently
to
real
the
have
learned
Filipinos
entrenched
title
also
comprehend
to
Paris.
of,
well
as
foreigners."
easy
the
rights
professions, subject
or
all other
It
shall
177
PARIS.
property
dispose
They
trades,
their
their
case,
OF
yet
as
been
given.
The
with
the
turn
they
had
no
of
they
Government
1897,
struggle
in
their
There
to
and
it must
ground
for
had
received
($400,000)
as
had
been
that
they anticipated
no
suppose
doubt
was
that
assured
they might
to
from
the
of
for
and
had
the
American
who
speak
the
look
that
discontent.
husbanded
someone,
authorized
had
Government,
Hongkong
that
confessed
condition
operations supporting
is
be
their
carefully
disgusted
thoroughly
were
events,
little
which
money
in
leaders
insurgent
been
Junta
for
Spanish
surrender
the
expended
the
had
reason
American
Patrmtica
the
future
invasion.
they
for
The
in
independence
"
THE
178
of
the
Philippines
the
wresting
of
the
action
the
in
the
of
should
be
not
of
of
the
have
that
at
the
did
hardly
not
this
of
been
arms
and
it
leaders
done
it is
could
to
That
the
of
had
ican
Amer-
lack
for
naval
victory,
after
the
the
rival
ar-
ary
revolution-
in
the
tion
reduc-
holding
the
island
already
the
Plulippim'hi
visit
the
people
that
both
the
been
the
they
their
idea.
sacrificed
it
But
and
fifty
of
the
the
continued
"
lay
to
contest
thousand
can
justice
of
manded
dethe
Had
and
Agiiinaldo
authority
country
ernment
Gov-
rebellion.
Filipino
induced
rule
the
recognition
that
with
American
policy
probable
to
the
either
in
of
continuance
substantial
have
submit
possession
well
that
and
Government.
they
is
to
entertain
the
companions
been
than
and
prompt
services
have
questioned
be
the
by
to
independence
would
friars,
in
them
order.
misfortune
greater
of
assistance
afterwards
granted
time
valuable
in
rendered
Even
America,
tenants
lieu-
vessel;
unable
the
from
and
maintaining
To
of
estimated.
lightly
city
his
that
quite
advantage
afforded
and
employing
months
Bay,
reinforcements
forces
and
take
to
troops
Admiral
services
three
Manila
in
in
The
campaign.
lay
by
war
and
arms;
insurgents during
fleet
Agiiinaldo
American
an
with
ensuing
expoctatirma
strengthened
bringing
in
success
The
Spain.
were
in
them
supplying
from
Manila
to
the
islands
American
follow.
to
Filipinos
Dewey's
in
PHILIPPINES.
down
his
their
American
for
contest
in
which
lives
"
is
"
THE
their
to
not
Congress
is
Islands
have
this
and
been
without
but
former,
ill-advised
Filipinos
is
impossible
immediate
of
the
to
outbreak.
undue
is
of
The
little
the
in
attacking
or
few
parts
was
that
the
the
the
able
"The
Philippine
tamely
time3
at
and
arrival
the
surgent
in-
of
the
that
1899,
the
of
opposition
It
began.
responsibility
but
aggravation,
for
the
accused
insurrectos
difficulties.
armed
of
Imperalism
American
side
the
for
war
jungle,
overwhelming
broke
Aguinaldo
the
of
guerilla
mountains,
1902,
and
extreme
maintained
of
the
other
the
tion
ques-
consequence.
subjugation
under
the
to
as
self-government
Government
Each
precipitancy
charges
February,
States
determine
to
Philippine
States."
armed
hopeless
there
by submitting
of
until
not
United
the
for
the
time
the
and
of
the
friction, bordering
between
was
of
United
the
serious
from
it
is
addressing
President,
advocates
mode
to
rupture,
troops
truth
the
by
that
and
"Mr.
incapacity
made
been
open
upon
and
179
Hoar,
people
the
resistance
had
said:
the
establish
debate,
There
the
which
by
PARIS.
Senator
subject,
degradation
which
in
the
on
could
their
OF
discredit.
mode
one
TREATY
back
recently
Islands
has
The
on
at
the
only
capture
and
large
to
in
of
though
al-
ferent
dif-
Philippine
mission
Com-
the
11th,
September
existing
ceased
and
resistance,
remained
certify
troops
retreating
pressed,
the
Archipelago,
plished
accom-
native
years,
numbers.
bodies
to
The
when
of
was
and
insurrection
a
condition
of
of
"
180
PHILIPPINES.
THE
and
general
therein."
complete
At
outline
which
the
system
We
shall
taking
of
been
gain
and
present,
the
idea
of
the
of
extent
the
in
iards.
Span-
the
task
Government
American
islands,
the
sketch
to
under
some
the
to
established
well
be
administration
thereby
over
the
to
up
it may
point
presented
was
upon
this
has
peace
ment
achieve-
its
difficulties
be
to
yet
overcome.
THE
The
of
FORM
SPANISH
OF
head
supreme
of
commission
was
who
justice
and
its
upon
any
hand,
unless
these
the
tenure
malfeasance
the
For
officers
of
years
many
executive
ment
govern-
influence
considerable
will
of
of
remove
any
the
of
the
the
to
civil
governor-general
suppress
officials.
was
three
de-spotis
will,
at
On
the
in
exercised
priests,
likely
was
with
official
islands.
were
powers
office
endeavored
invested
was
from
person
with
the
might
He
he
over
with
the
any
civil
actions.
expel
of
exercised
decide
administer
of
The
exercise
to
and
examine,
to
part
administration
him
appointed."
formed
always
powers.
if
governor-general.
company
governor-general
The
so
in
be
may
judiciary
the
the
"hear,
to
justice,
criminal
Spanish
suit, and
criminal
civil, or
the
authorized
Legaspi
judicial functions,
and
of
Philippines
the
ADMINISTHATION.
to
the
be
the
The
years,
and
other
ance
accord-
eral's
governor-gencut
short,
dishonesty
term
with
of
a
and
and
office
salary
"
182
THE
takes
no
the
There
is
of
the
of
account
more
until
PHILIPPINES.
next
in
rule
restraint
their
for
act
exercising
taxes
which
their
by
alcaldes,
of
amounted
much
sought
the
appointment.
who
relinquish
and
projects
found
an
of
Royal
and
in
up
this
salary
$3,000
Governorship."
additional
tribute.
source
Silver
of
the
to
for
The
the
of
alcalde
1840,
of
for
that:
Brigadier
their
alcaldes
scarce
inas
paid
were
in
of
much
as
office
in
tives
na-
however,
fee
pursue
being
salary
sum,
grade
profit
the
them.
nearly
stated,
medium
the
it
high prices
to
operations
with
the
tives'
na-
never
forced
with
to
Mazorca
candidates
are
it
and
annual
the
was
the
made
Nevertheless
after
of
dt; comerclo"
upon
From
like
not,
indulgence
carried
the
greater
fruits
transactions
and
usually
was
the
wrath
had
"indnllo
monopoly
upwards.
salary.
"There
the
alcaldes
alcalde
entire
the
the
all
the
to
restriction
deducted
were
dulto,
eral
sev-
the
because
They
This
virtual
and
year
right
but
of
office
$300
as
conduct
The
them.
upon
trading.
natives,
to
to
only
they enjoyed
of
to
the
inhuman
the
predecessors,
privilege
of
that
kmivkidge
succeeded
were
placed
was
intended
occurs."
thing
victims
deer
were
ALCALDES.
less
was
toil,but
or
they
tributes.
encomenderos
whose
if
same
tlir
fell
encomenderos
THE
The
the
sntisfnotion
miserable
than
when
year,
some
the
them
the
hopes
often
collection
in
the
in-
"
THE
terior
the
natives
in
grain,
accepted
at
an
value
made
These
the
honest.
knowledge,
fit
are
of
say
hands
the
and
Tomas
thing
sailor,
or
an
alcalde,
of
his
In
on
in
the
of
part
hands
the
of
Alcaldes-
The
capacity
the
of
of
out
this
of
ores,
for
Judge.
who
The
was
trading
but
the
ministration
ad-
remained
situations
of
order
an
made
Judge
sions."
pas-
exercised
libretto
issued
forces
his
to
ecutive
ex-
times
some-
condition
the
but
future
The
protest
the
provinces
anomalous
Alcalde-Mayor
capacity
May
functions.
material
Governor.
of
sons
per-
into
but
officials
or
lackey,
of
guide
any
quite
counsellor
any
rule
is
transformed
prohibited
civil
be
all
Captain
Government
any
of
furnished
opera.
or
the
to
Governor's
without
Decree
judicial
arising
in
province,
Royal
or
and
understanding,
and
have
barber,
Administrator,
1844
the
and
had
It
deserter, suddenly
populous
rude
see
trusted,
en-
training,
no
ernment
gov-
were
order
admissible.
to
of
necessary;
common
central
brutal,
"In
are
low
be-
difference.
Comyn
islands
services
the
justice
de
these
alcalde
much
to
often
alcaldes:
in
the
functions
of
make
to
very
the
of
ignorant,
the
special
or
profit
1810
Province
This
accounting
administration
In
to
of
in
generally
were
Chief
and
whose
to
men,
following
produce.
personal
and
never
obliged
arbitrary appraisement
actual
authority
other
or
183
frequently
were
payment
the
ALCALDES.
might
a
comic
in
his
himself
supported
the
"
184
and
Governor,
the
back
matter
the
upon
only
was
to
of
the
1886,
Alcaldes
arid
check
the
to
the
them
force,
it
and
persons
suspect,
within
the
was
and
the
the
duty
by
tion
restric-
tary,
Secre-
to
act
aa
to
offender,
of
his
and
control
cause
with
the
of
but
before
and
he
the
seizure.
police magistrate.
arrest
He
the
of
of
of
was
duties
could
he
the
move
re-
police
suspicious
bound
was
the
direction
constabulary.
chief
of
expected
was
charged
was
A3
law-breakers,
days
he
authorities,
his
pleasure.
dis-
Governor
was
performance
proper
discretion.
of
representative
the
edicts
local
at
three
powers
and
order
or
the
styled
was
duty
was
He
municipal
petty
his
effected
Each
who
of
GOVERNORS.
enforce.
for
visit
and
duties.
; whose
Guard
responsible
was
Governors
Governor
of
Civil
reform
PROVINCIAL
and
Judge.
superior.
Provincial
publish
the
possession
could
important
most
his
upon
in
he
assistant,
Governor-General
the
the
judicial
an
whose
maintenance
of
to
with
THE
The
whom
Civil
report
titulary proceeding
official
of
referred
for
and
circumloeu
upon
central
authority
Governor
much-needed
provided
was
the
composite
appointment
of
central
the
to
Alcalde-Mayor
this
complainants
In
the
of
result
put
the
to
taken
was
The
actions
The
list of
appeal
an
Manila.
in
authority
"
PHILIPPINES.
THE
to
bring
judicial authority
The
He
Governor
could
had
dispose
"
THE
of
minor
and
eases
and
$60,
PROVINCIAL
in
offender
impoae
might
default
of
undergo
to
GOVERNORS.
185
fine
he
payment
imprisonment
not
exceed
to
order
might
exceed
not
to
for
the
the
thirty
days.
The
Governor
and
mines
responsible
was
telegraph;
;
public
and
and
the
collection
of
taxes
permitted
to
ice
serv-
forests
lands, woods,
works,
postal
prisons
and
lic
pub-
and
agriculture
industry.
The
in
Governor
the
and
municipal
his
allowed
Mayores
these
mainly
Governors
their
took
greatly
the
their
the
of
Governor
tersigned
coun-
word
not
was
the
A lcal.de
emoluments
any
s-
yond
be-
the
of
the
some
their
that
of
Loss
the
the
in
death
but
of
scope
the
of
influential
Few
the
first
pended
de-
conformity
might
personage
action
office,
and
downfall
of
tion,
administra-
his
friars
office
or
In
of
it
betterment
peaceful
retention
goodwill
was
qualities.
circumstances.
found
ministry,
negative
interest
by
Governor
Alcalde-Mayor,
indeed,
restricted
wishes.
desire
of
and,
perhaps
upon
change
the
Provincial
the
over
active
an
Governor
and
with
nor
the
account
on
provinces,
place,
or
conditions
improvement
great
prefixed
which
percentages
enjoyed,
be
stipulated salary.
Under
was
the
provincial'
to
The
signature.
formerly
his
was
of
any
who
hand
any
His
required
were
Secretary,
his
to
have
funds.
public
accounts
by
of
disposition
"Intervine."
not
was
of
follow
a
to
patron,
make
"
186
THE
place
for
term
of
that
favorite.
his
schemes
to
would
his
of
his
and
been
has
and
bridges
down,
it
so
money
out
selling
the
each
of
against
to
way
there
the
was
cholera
time
of
have
year
that
was
in
1882
refused
by
of
that
the
the
central
the
roads
for
broke
bridge
made
even
There
"Caja
need,
in
was
da
by
but
by
Com-
the
this
ple
peofound
misappropriated.
1887
his
moneys
community
ferry.
and
tricts
dis-
whilst
contributed
the
told
$300,000
by
the
termed
tax
Province,
been
epidemic
stress
such
Government
of
fund,
and
Batangas
must
to
sinking
says
Banan,
local
Manila
Foreman
the
establish
to
the
by
ince,
prov-
least, have
officials
If
of
his
in
at
and
cessor.
suc-
control
no
All
provincial
and
his
by
on
purposes,
misfortune
municipality
a
other
that
assurance
within
pigeon-holed.
the
right
munidad,"
aid
of
remained,
the
works
Manila,
to
to
were
witnessing
derived.
were
remitted
estimates
of
raised
public
upon
they
He
large part
in
earnestly
province.
had
revenues
expected
his
carried
he
be
the
to
as
very
the
be
said,
diverted
and
plans
of
even
would
public
which
government
himself
or
should,
however,
were,
up
of
expended
hardly
satisfaction
been
which
from
the
work
disposition
could
devote
efforts,
interrupted
the
it
uncertainty
improvement
have
As
its
the
seldom
such
life
would
for
fruition
With
official
Governor
PHILIPPINES.
parish
him
paid
that
into
of
priest
although
this
fund
financial
during
the
year.
"
To
which
served
Dak
and
decent
from
was
be
transacted
in
I first visited
Calamba
in
for
and
1880,
had
headmen
to
Antique
Province,
Either
some
their
therefore
walls
of
until
1887,
per
foof,
and
all
any
In
in
the
wet
of
in
season
prahu
the
them
or
in
years.
for
ing
thatch-
half
all but
the
was
stone
it continued
a
tion
por-
restored.
the
are
villages, quite
for
only
back
in
times
because
too
to
travelers
at
sixty
conveyance
simply
of
authorized
certainly
many
capital
of
So
buffalo
highways
This
away.
serve
on
of
headmen
expense
while
connecting
season
pa^enger
wet
be
to
of
the
Government
roads
Philippine
kind
journey
the
cent,
ruin
rotted
building
the
to
the
lieu
fifteen
during
or
shore)
commenced
was
structure.
utter
horseback,
on
the
from
the
to
the
went
had
Bay
Buenavista,
pity's sake,
there
knowledge
my
Hall
unfinished
when
to
finished
remainder
the
this
twenty
half
do
house.
in
Town
for
the
saved
"As
the
into
business
sugar-store
de
convenience,
half
of
in
been
Governor's
Lagnna
years
Jose
left
one
own
over
San
and
style
the
had
villages
some
official
the
(on
meet
In
In
municipal
fourteen
Tribunal.
good
the
which
of
hut
by, lapsed
gone
and
Hall
often
others,
all, and
at
'Tribunal'
Town
was
dilapidation.
Tribunal
no
whilst
generations
of
slate
"The
of
purpose
leaves,
palm
187
wayfarers,
for
buildings
wretched
Foreman
double
the
Bungalow
bamboo
to
further
quote
GOVERNORS.
PROVINCIAL
THE
pass
time,
any
of
cent,
per
bad
on
for
state
with
have
made
the
highroad
safety.
a
sea
near
"
the
become
had
coast
the
reduced
highways
in
annum
their
fifteen
those
who
"The
$120,000
"As
salary
to
of
and
a
matter
Governors
were
Of
preferred
class
and
and
retically
theo-
were
ments.
improve-
the
only
cash
the
local
in
road-making
redemption
of
the
Chief
of
sum
in
mending
fact
but
tax
to
the
staff
by
their
employment
of
press
to
the
swell
of
corresponding
and
District
Manila
labor
chiefs
and
local
for
classes
central
misery
forty-eight
subordinates.
laboring
the
Works
Public
Provincial
urged
often
the
by
of
non-technical
eighty-two
of
Inspector
aided
$G,500,
encourage
improvements,
the
for
provided
a
labor
payment.
obligation
showed
1888
ceptions)
ex-
days'
labor
employed
be
in
by
This
the
certain
fifteen
needy
most
days.
used
to
Archipelago.
whole
technical
not
be
to
the
for
Budget
repairs
(with
labor
the
to
public roads,
of
prohibiting
State
the
redeemed
supposed
much
expended
owners
resident
or
redeem
of
vehicles
that
so
clods
persons.
give
to
or
paid by
with
sun
baked
the
dust
existed
adult,
thousands
"It
for
the
season
preservation
law
male
had
give
the
non-official
by
"Every
the
adamized
mac-
serviceable
over
to
property
curious
traffic
less
or
more
money
although
course
dry
of
want
only
the
the
Private
pass.
and
per
In
and
roads
tbern
time
and
for
mended
could
track
drainage,
buffalo.
by
transport
mud
and
stone
to
PHILIPPINES.
THE
188
to
pay
coffers,
gardless
re-
discomfort
"
Tuk
One
the
in
of
scholars
Hie
municipal,
and
native
Young
(irimary
teachers
Idea.
school?
who
oi
ore
Manila,
wit!;
instructing
English.
"
"
MUNICIPAL
and
loss
of
trade
disposal
of
the
There
was
some
and
laborers'
use.
of
wood
for
How
the
other
laborers'
the
and
centres
whom
there
From
the
namely,
and
his
other
and
in
The
was
were
the
of
The
and
towns
headman
was
the
local
armed
municipal
and
the
for
each
unit.
popular
of
called
bolos
of
due
of
The
was
or
lances,
firearms.
to
vincial
Pro-
the
in
of
their
taxes.
effected
hamlet,
barangay
la-
r.uadril-
affairs
payment
taxes
barangay,
and
order,
and
carried
responsible
Governor,"
chiefly against
with
the
vote.
chosen
were
police
condition
of
headmen,
or
constables,
or
centers
collection
of
log
delay."
maintenance
town,
were
for
immediate
the
the
of
body
Gobernadorcillos
respective
pair
re-
Woods
"Petty
or
important
Governor
of
officials
the
generally
more
the
necessitated
by
alguaciles,
For
protection
there
leros, who
but
the
officers.
the
cut
months*
elected
local
petty
lieutenants,
for
?
have
many
Gobernadorcillo,
minor
drones,
the
body
this
alone
To
by
for
hands
principales,
its
twelve,
were
ment,
pay-
OFFICIALS.
had
township
without
Inspection
MUNICIPAL
Each
away
would
service
of
cost
implements
rotted
had
public
the
the
transportation
the
find
with
and
for
found
the
at
sufficient.
defray
to
be
could
which
communications
Forests
and
carts,
bridge
which
pay
alone
not
could
labor
But
was
these
189
interior.
from
must
one
buffaloes
the
Governor
if
; or,
in
fund
no
materials
OFFICIALS.
by
which
consisted
of
"
THE
190
from
forty
For
the
the
headman
The
held
of
the
office
and
both
be
of
the
on
liable
that
The
excuse
the
in
his
but
when
referred
to
town,
aspect
they
were
Peace,
who
was
their
the
but
His
be
of
it could
goods
were
returns,
into
prison.
disputes
assumed
directly responsible
the
legal
Justice
to
tendant
at-
quency
delin-
petty
local
the
for
his
in
cast
these
the
duties.
of
admitted
shortage
as
penalties
desired,
would
of
taxation
account
and
disposed
Gohernadorcillo
arising
up
failing, he
recourse
of
headsman.
make
to
deal
collection.
from
on
was
sdcopes
recognized
was
seldom
his
of
exempt
duties
was
of
part
sold
be
to
No
methods
and
sdcopes.
great
performance
its
failure,
avoided.
and
Chief
hereditary,
nature
upon
the
were
the
of
taxes
proper
in
termed
were
responsible
for
was
unpleasant
who
Barangay
remuneration
not
the
permitted
asaiatant,
The
and
of
was
was
son
his
aa
fiftyfamilies,
to
payment
latitude
PHILIPPINES.
of
the
Provincial
Judge.
The
salary
of
which,
duties,
himself
The
on
by
office
that
natives
so
that
carried
very
incurred
he
illegal
without
Under
fell
he
account
from
Gobernadorcillo
course,
which
his
of
was
regard
the
forced
any
the
title of
frequently
the
actual
penses
ex-
to
of
recoup
townspeople.
and
"Captain,"
sought
profit
month,
per
performance
from
it the
to
of
often
exactions
with
short
in
was
$2
was
that
by
wealthy
might
be
rived
de-
it.
this
system
of
administration
five
or
six
"
MUNICIPAL
furnish
would
Spaniards
European
attached
civil
servants
all
offices
to
therefore
was
looked
his
upon
reform
of
this
should
the
have
been
in
of
excess
term
of
cases
they paid
the
corruption
be
pervading
Governments
of
'caidas.'
would
the
So
for
value
1884)
salary
of
the
in
and
of
its
universal
most
ments
emoluthe
was
that
it
came
Foreman
chief
Luzon
judge,
who
Provincial
Island
much
lates
re-
persons,
different
so
in
the
appointment,
other
the
for
that
course.
and
that
quently
Fre-
salaries
provincial
funds
accumulations
administration
table
tened
fas-
works.
fact
for
of
who
for
on
fees
the
and
"*
literally
employed
call
the
the
proportion
General,
the
much
*Caidas,
term
at
(before
so
their
despite
matter
"met
discussed
openly
basis
as
of
nephew
with
annually.
patron
he
Spain
large premium
regarded
that
the
this
in
results
parasites
public
of
The
improvement
to
aggregate
considerable
to
to
the
to
Spaniard,
immediate
the
the
plunder.
pilfered
applied
office,and
remitted
or
and
retired
its
of
country
officials
far
number
but
the
for
any
of
one
system
circumstance.
than
field
effect
The
that
less
a
salariea
extreme,
from
as
The
small.
the
no
not
fact,
In
the
upon
benefit
did
increase
to
in
of
complement
province.
very
native
191
entire
were
position
1886
respect.
was
of
no
official,the
Every
the
economical
derived
taxpayers
OFFICIALS.
by
"droppings."
the
Spanish
Tills
officials
was
to
the
denote
expressive
what
we
"rake-offs."
"
192
THE
The
the
a
office
of
taint.
fact,
the
equal
to
down
and
sum
every
writes:
for
in
Finally
he
with
draft
If
us
hope
The
the
that
it
is
he
when
made
alleged cruelty
himself
by peculation
his
at
wit's
ends
clandestinely.
Captain
army
with
an
man
Fore-
office."
fur
was
an
which
to
over
purchase
to
he
left, but
lacks
anything
only
in
understatement
than
the
an
lady
quite recently
Captain
story
$30,000
of
never
turned."
re-
truth
let
of
the
involved.
sum
Worse,
the
the
$35,000,
Europe.
on
send
to
the
individual
same
enriched
that
and
the
pay
chased
purister
min-
great
been
ill-gotten gains
resolved
Hongkong
of
of
notoriety
colony
his
remit
to
has
have
to
have
term
who
practically
himself,
to
the
to
extent
an
bribes
his
refers
Spanish
to
of
General
such
wife
undertaking
year
is
said
the
reported
world-wide
another
to
from
accept
an
"A
himself
how
was
commonly
was
undoubtedly
he
"Wejder
says:
honest
what
to
from
free
not
was
referring
appointment
too
paid
Governor-General
Sawyer,
proven
price
PHILIPPINES.
however,
civil
shameful
departments
venality
court
supreme
to
the
of
Audencia
of
the
the
ized
character-
administration
judicial
branch
of
was
from
the
the
peace.
AUDENCIA.
established
was
president,
Governor-General;
of
that
provincial justice
THE
The
corruption
that
three
office
in
1584.
being
auditors,
or
filled
associate
It
by
sisted
con-
the
jus-
"
PHILIPPINES,
THE
194
sirable
In
influence.
curtailed
From
time
to
and
composition
not
that
power.
time
there
have
of
1844
instituted
status
of
in
each
category
and
next,
for
had
office
for
royal
jurisdiction
instance
devolved
continued
first
of
to
and
took
cases
arising
came
under
upon
exercise
instance,
such,
and
made
their
was
held
tho
alcaldes-
matters.
All
the
Some
exercising
of
first
of
Courts
the
criminal
the
of
nary
ordi-
governors
territories, except
jurisdiction
ity
author-
judge
functions.
all
tions
func-
composite
an
required.
was
their
of
vided
prounless
had
thereafter
similar
of
eligible
It
or
the
to
were
by
alcalde.
an
and
service
alcalde
the
functions
cognizance
the
years'
year9,
judicial
of
alcaldes
promotion
performed
and
the
ores,
the
justice.
1860
governors
within
for
be
ten
of
been
to
time
qualification
decree
restricted
was
for
separated,
were
mayores
it is
qualification
Three
of
post
similar
had
the
that
might
law
which
the
decree
royal
highest grade
the
person
which
the
By
in
From
the
to
practiced
required
of
appointment
no
which
alcaldes-may
classes.
was
members
that
he
three
into
the
reform
officials.
divided
were
Audencia
provinces.
these
in
changes
EF.FOKMS.
noticed
of
judges
or-
govern
erably
consid-
consider.
already
have
been
the
INADEQUATE
We
decree
royal
year
functions
to
necessary
that
functions
and
such
ecclesiastical
civil
a3
au-
"
THE
thorities,
They
other
or
involved
in
the
of
purpose
judicial
given
first
1870
the
The
peace.
or
academic
title,or
persons
the
the
entire
and
down
rule,
the
observed
forms
by
in
litigation indefinitely,
of
lawsuits,
periods,
and
to
Among
other
the
the
of
ignorance
the
proper
of
of
judges
mode
of
of
given
to
and
or
stances
circum-
to
the
the
codes
if
greatly
terized
charac-
were
calculated
to
the
to
confinement
impartial
civil
of
literally,
not
These
in
and
Spaniards,
closely,
add
eignty,
sover-
prolong
expense
for
and
long
speedy
justice.
which
causes
troubles
justice
Spanish
were
Spain.
prevent
of
administration
the
including
keep prisoners
to
of
court
professional,
of
proceedings
many
position
courts
followed
law,
was
were
some
end
judicial system,
criminal
the
of
judges
district
appointment.
the
to
into
district
"whose
the
justice
district
judges
had
those
warranted"
As
of
for
Each
municipal
wno
to
the
provinces
of
judicial
positions
lawyers,
the
districts.
each
which
pesetas.
divided
each
and
in
administration
audencia,
an
audencias.
SYSTEM.
municipal
and
instance,
the
of
the
cases
1,000
JUDICIAL
decree
royal
195
and
civil
all
exceeded
THE
SYSTEM.
special courts,
judgment
gave
interest
JUDICIAL
and
the
h'rst
calculated
were
of
expenses
all
atcaUU-s-mayores,
instance,
procedure,
as
of
these
the
to
ment
aug-
litigants
and
law
officials
of
and
were
was
many
the
ap-
"
THE
196
pointed
as
of
and
judicial
forth.
had
the
and
clerks,
fees
deal
great
in
connection
at
hand
of
with
and
courts
of
the
for
experience
alcaldes'
courts
to
on
goes
think
that
say
that
the
Audcncia
honor
is
the
were
the
the
and
whose
of
of
these
taken
always
and
the
reach
ties
opportunithe
courts
and
the
was
abogado,
in
juez,
that
showing
but
words.
empty
from
were,
corruption
courts
the
to
Yamcns,
other
were
"was
compares
alcaldes'
each
dignity
records
and,
redress
Escribano,
with
result
dishonest
Chinese
point
gants
liti-
the
earliest
times
of
the
as
Manila.
The
.
"bad
fiscal, vied
them
of
none
the
The
exceptional,
were
and
official
as
entirely beyond
Sawyer,
culminating
of
auditor,
be
to
those
to
had
upon
for
appeal
fiscales
obstructions
by
to
set
judges,
extortion,
legal
Filipino.
average
and
courts
pay.
and
an
as
instance
the
to
many
made
already
compensation
resorted
always
expensive
so
of
almost
separation
as
municipal
able
the
the
remuneration
corruption
unscrupulous,
to
for
and
willing
were
and
additional
such
and
first
secretaries,
all,being dependent
at
of
salaries,
small
after
functions
judges
I ho
for
or
reasons,
until
executive
Again.
very
political
for
proficiency,
but
reason
any
rule
PHILIPPINES.
of
one
long-continued
and
courts
their
only equaled
and
Foreman
which
which
it
under
any
safe
their
each
other
to
methods
tortuous
tardiness
cite
under
came
is
by
their
assert
civilized
The
infamy."
of
personal
government
not
procedure
action.
of
instances
could
of
venality
yer
Saw-
deferred
observation
have
in
the
tice
jusand
occurred
world.
"
TAlilll.NKSS
THE
In
Direct
and
the
of the
and
left
the
1896
the
islands
Scotch
identify
cited
Juan
de
like
he
the
la
Cruz
waa
been
and
judge
ten
never
prisoner
released
lie
been
was
if
the
in
mitted,
com-
he
his
could
arrest.
have
may
awaiting
when
dead.
was
after
tried.
ing
await-
witnesses
not
asked
years
judge
prisoners
crime
tho
time
prisoner,
have
may
by
another
many
the
at
had
who
went,
as
least,
at
one,
engineer,
Philippines
was
and
the
the
of
some
tinued
con-
year
down
set
was
Meanwhile
after
So
Juan
judges
inspect
to
guilt.
court.
still
and
came
Juan
year
tho
and
state
his
to
depositions taken,
Year
in
jail.
forthcoming,
before
away
nearer.
came
trial."
his
In
no
after
year
their
"Judges
came
Audencia
had
passed
Cavite
in
strongly
brought
not
was
prison.
trial
and
arrested
waa
not
waa
pointed
years
in
lodged
him
examined
prisoner
Filipino,
and
against
were
months
but
Cruz,
circumstances
Witnesses
the
la
murder
of
evidence
although
but
de
I'Mi.tCKSfil-W.
LEG
OF
Juan
charge
l.KGAL
TARDINESS
1888,
Upon
OF
died
judgment,
rebela
or
occupied
Cavite.
In
of
1884,
committed
from
band
Englishman
an
number
several
in
Sawyer,
"Year
prison;
pirates
the
and
after
judges
raided
the
of
province
murders.
captured
were
in
of
plantation
of
Twenty-six
lodged
year
came,
in
jail.
passed,
stayed
and
Tayabas
still
To
their
quote
they
their
mained
re-
term,
"
PHILIPPINES.
THE
19S
and
promoted,
were
In
sentenced.
never
this
.
of
some
others
I
was
of
them
died
in
prison
prisoners
adviser
legal
was
of
one
litigant
into
and
suspense
it
given
bad
was
the
was
supposed
If
always
the
case.
had
case
Civil
into
Code
hard
be
criminal
Criminal
under
the
Laws
the
Roman
Law,
the
or
the
suit
in
the
that
Indies,
the
in
or
Novisima
the
ried
wor-
horrible
it
question
the
in
found
to
was
issue
at
whole
given
to
was
sentence
affair.
under
it
convert
apparently
flaw
licitors,
so-
often
judgment
when
could
of
as
the
reopen
often
and
Code
of
be
judgment
defect
and
was
way
case,
the
to
tried
been
might
kept
the
gent,
Re-
day."
process
When
when
settled,
lie concocted
birth
get. it executed
then,
Queen
money,
and
years.
to
Even
his
health,
for
doubt
under
or
of
of
was
procurators,
sluggish
fleeced
was
to
the
than
calamities
worst
notaries,
and
state
as
win
could
the
Between
man.
the
civil,
or
the
the
King's
criminal,
leas
of
trial
ago
by
young
the
year
sentence
no
Whoever
barristers,
courts,
the
retained,
Philippines
befall
of
the
No
years
"
says
but
pardoned
were
occasion
Foreman
ders;
mur-
still
few
the
the
prison,
in
advanced.
...
on
of
date
sentence.
further
pronounced.
surviving
were
Laguimanoc,
died
Laguimanoc,
no
men
...
visited
again
prisoners
nine
their
the
had
prisoners
awaiting
were
later
the
visited
after
years
these
still
1889
five
was
but
went,
settled
could
be
discovered,
the
Siete
Partidas,
Mecopilacion,
or
"
de
nanzas
mentions
Foreman
Company
and
uncertainties
civil
courts.
"The
doubt
Jurado
bail.
He
they
of
the
after
Mr.
I
$4,000
for
his
court
this
Jurado
firm,
goods
firm's
Bank
had
to
firm
The
which
case
time
on
parole
given
they
all
were
went
accidentally
at
met
to
his
in
favor
and
to
on
fight
his
by
Jurado
sued
for
coffers
of
sum
eral
sev-
were
cash
was
the
premises,
each
brother
case.
sentences
Years
party.
appeal
his
really
but
Several
of
fraction
open
Bank
house.
quashed
Spain
him
and
stored
forced
arrested,
nominally
was
were
the
from
and
Bank
the
ond
sec-
Goods
year.
only
was
by judicial warrant,
transported
on
of
post
was
liquidation
damages.
released
seized
were
His
worth.
documents.
official
deteriorated
into
manager
of the
the
the
for
shortly
but
worth
during
sealed
prisoner
in
on
certain
Telegraphs,
for
years,
of
his
original
Bank
Bank
delays
1884.
the
course
from
litigation, and
actually
due
the
advances
exchange
genuineness
circumstances
once
of
year
dismissed
arrived
their
these
in
imprisoned,
was
pending
of
the
was
Chief
as
firm
Shanghai
...
to
Mr.
the
by
the
in
make
to
In
acceptance.
reason
agreed
Jurado
litigation
upon
entered
was
had
Bank
imported
be
to
attendant
Suit
and
illustration
an
as
of
case
Hongkong
the
versus
and
celebrated
the
Corporation,
Banking
the
reopened."
be
could
case
which
forth, by
so
Orde-
Orders,
Eoyal
and
(Jobierno,
buen
199
PROCESSES,
fueros, Decrees,
Antiguos
the
LEGAL
OF
TARDINESS
to
Madrid.
In
1891
(a lawyer)
in
"
200
the
the
judgment
the
Manila,
made
his
refusal
the
safes.
retained
especially
went
Q.
Madrid
to
C.
the
the
offices
good
solicited.
For
that
the
by itself, or
by
charter
own
Manila
at
Happily
It
it may
appears
was
to
dilemma.
Bank
could
proxy,
now
that
Bank
the
Half
to
dozen
be
after
finally settled
all
out
of
the
who
British
times
Madrid
futile
side
or
to
were
placed
in
tended
con-
appear
under
its
established
in
the
over
reopened
regarded
vise
ad-
to
appealed
that
be
Bank
heard,
ground
right
no
the
on
other
be
not
lawyer,
was
The
on
had
be
was
in
the
legal
all, etc.
supposed
was
Minister
time
open
week.
Hongkong
Ambassador
our
long
it
from
Prime
of
a
awkward
most
case
The
Later
case.
Manila
to
over
Bank.
the
push
on
On
to
for
Spanish
slaught
on-
Bank.
there
vain
in
called
proceedings
the
reputed
to
sent
was
of
another
Court
sent
in
and
again
was
of the
was
labored
stage
one
funds
claim
fortnight
and
The
mechanic
man
when
pending
the
in
given
Bank.
up
so
This
At
,
do
to
the
on
'be
the
me
$935,000,
to
that,
yet
deliver
to
manager
after
waa
case
was
would
sum
years
told
amounted
then
that
Still
brother
The
Bank
for
thence.
the
Madrid.
in
street
against
PHILIPPINES.
THE
as
case
again.
closed
litigation
ever."
for-
this
court.
"
"
AMERICAN
The
Central
ADMINISTRATION.
Government
and
Justice
"
Service
System"
of
Communication"
Means
"
"Sources
of
"Bonded
Indebtedness"
Islands
"
Revenue"
Model
"
Administration
The
of
Census
etc.
of
the
American
the
Commerce
Health,
Navigation,
Proclamation
of
Education
Foreign
The
vincial
Pro-
Authority
Legislative
Governments"
Municipal
Civil
Filipinos
and
Manila
"
Philippine
Census
ods
Meth-
"
Followed"
Great
Novel
of
Scope
"The
of
self-government.
wc
-must
follow,
to
"The
In
ia
is
continued
at
it
the
of
the
to
science
which
duty
mighty
it
but
pay,
trust
rather
ia
of
policy
conduct
to
poor
the
mitted
com-
will
we
be
period
that
of
by
it
for
of
the
ernment
Gov-
their
this
in
will
Spanish
condition
basis
American
rule
our
hoped
McKinley
and
set
characterize
economic
President
Philippines
of
best
the
and
but
will
the
to
to
and
political
in
path
to
sentiments
standard
high
Even
train
the
is
but
exploit,
to
to
recreant
not
noble
toward
haa
Agents-
right,"
expression
The
Census
ua.
these
gave
educate,
to
be
or
not
ours,
This
question
what
are
civilize,
to
of
Census.
Philippines
develop,
do
Experiences
the
ever
people.
platform
the
pelago,
Archi-
do
ao.
the
sovereignty
the
islands
forded
af-
of
acquirement
( 203
204
THE
enlightened
independence
if
time,
of
that
have
reformation
been
had
The
it is
have
have
they
their
been
and
tion.
administrathat
unquestionable
with
beneficent
state
already
has
American
long
the
to
country
content
every
their
of
course
which
under
it
Furthermore,
liberty
the
advancement
upon
would
in
is
secured
Filipinos
not,
brought
and
bestowed
of
the
they would
ever,
There
government.
upon
believe
to
reason
ideas
PHILIPPINES.
action
less
much
than
pinos
Fili-
the
that
gree
de-
which
experienced.
most
by
that
have
freedom
with
good
for
the
that
and
quixotic theory"
the
"brown
the
white
brother"
is
the
upon
of
more
ing
exercis-
of
the
an
"impossible
scheme
pines
Philip-
of
placing
with
political equality
upon
the
tion
asser-
Filipinos
policy
that
; and
ernment
Gov-
the
upon
capable
are
is founded
Filipinos
American
the
to
they
effect;
the
rests
granted
than
man
of
observers
foreign
they
extensive
indictment
severe
ill-advised
and
bound
result
to
disastrously.
Whether
at
of
these
benevolent
that
we
will
they
worst
mis
should
dealings
be
with
or
against
us.
One
that
the
the
present
time
errors
judgment.
of
natives
is
should
conditions
of
outcome
thousand
that
times
be
dispute,
display
American
in
our
accusation
an
should
beyond
Filipinos
the
over-indulgence
than
unfairness,
tell, but
can
been
Better
convicted
thing
alone
have
to
prove
the
oppression,
if
are
of
established
and
that
ineptness
guidance
and
is,
under
con-
"
INSULAR
trol
their
ADMINISTRATION.
for
incapacity
205
will
self-government
be
lutely
abso-
proved.
the
By
into
effect
came
March
Commission
Let
the
us
from
what
States.
be
Tafl
The
President,
time
weni
Islands
Philippine
by
McKinloy,
the
tration
adminis-
civil
dates.
done
been
in
which
Paris,
United
which
has
inhabitants
these
the
for
five
of
years
and
islands
American
:*
rule
"Peace
has
been
period
during
subject
to
THE
the
little
and
and
the
extending
in
1900.
This
Elihu
Root,
The
as
(No.
of
the
304,
Bureau
in
paper,
of
of
are
-eighth
Insular
War,
organizing
ing
perfect-
instructions
from
dated
has
rrsnmc
April 7,
been
of
Congress),
Affairs,
efforts
first
prepared
was
toward
document
which
statements
Fifty
under
not
for
The
directed
work
Secretary
following
was
administration
preparation
were
contained
state
any
Archipelago
government.
this
at
Spain."
military
civil
in
AND
Commission
President
report
of
term
accomplished
Taft
of
than
area
the
GOVERNMENT
establishing
the
centuries
and
islands,
larger
sovereignty
the
was
the
to
over
the
CENTRAL
During
restored
and
degree
greater
the
territory
see
the
appointed
1900,
of
of
of
of
Treaty
7, 1899,
was
March,
their
the
possession
in
of
terms
by
eharacter-
ument
Doc-
Senate
printed
dated
Hon.
from
1004.
"
206
PHILIPPINES.
THE
ized
by
eminent
authorities
of
example
of
rights,
distribution
checks
in
judicial,
and
It
of
system
meeting
It
was
masterly
of
adapted
and
to
field.
the
This
after
which,
is
moving
wonder
with
especially for,
it.
The
of
first
the
the
to
upon
as
will
the
and
the
the
Commission
follows:
of
the
law,
work
in
the
has
period,
as
excite
to
the
the
of
time
being,
the
action
of
the
rules
raising
in
the
the
executive
upon
were
powers
viously
pre-
To
conferred
were
the
tion
separa-
government,
authority.
this
of
given
was
denned
of
machinery
legislative authority
making
for
the
process
judicial
was
world,
of
acquainted
powers
by
"Exercise
include
effect
of
the
the
created
courts
scope
for
perience
ex-
are
military
legislative
Commission,
The
the
governing
who
functions
continued,
was
powers;
the
in
the
innumerable.
civic
effectively
in
nation
constructive
all
ministrative,
ad-
Philippines
brief
of
step
various
centred
latter
for
and
admiration
the
of
amazingly
smoothly
and
of
people
Charta"
code
statutes
the
effective
groundwork
an
so
of
self-governing
the
made,
activities
up
beheld
ever
solving problems
summing
"Magna
furnished
the
visions,
pro-
constitution,
ready
all
and
wants
was
laws
covering
and
civilization
fect
per-
guarding
administrative
powers,
balances,
document."
single
of
nearly
most
jurisprudence,
law,
organic
"the
as
ferred
trans-
sion.
Commis-
conferred
instructions
legislative authority
and
of
orders, having
revenue
by taxes,
"
INSULAR
and
of
expenditure
establishment
the
of
islands;
efficient
an
and
other
military
governor
rules
orders
or
From
the
mission
been
have
in
interest
before
which
have
views.
have
been
have
passed
the
the
was
the
1901
effected
the
appointed
Commission
transfer
islands.
over
The
its
to
bills
express
for
voted
upon,
of
of
and
statutes.
the
inception,
one
ments
amend-
and
effect
every
of
and
follows:
to
all
Hon.
and
Governor,
as
committees
called
and
extension
created
general
mission
Com-
which
ceived
re-
Congress.
authority
were
the
of
the
Corahave
of
by
and
force
statutes,
further
by
executive
of
was
approval
the
enactments
and
debated
the
2133
of
Matters
been
following
year
by
character."
their
afforded
had
the
legislative opportunities
publicly
enacted
In
been
which
provide
to
discussed
have
ment
establish-
for
nature
bills.
been
Ordinary
have
During
of
natives
amendment
when
form
lishment
estab-
governments,
legislative sessions
and
secure
and
and
competent
public,
the
civil
to
system
the
throughout
organization
legislative
the
been
printed
of
now
outset
public
their
of
islands
departmental
of
is
the
organization
and
matters
appropriation
system
the
the
courts;
municipal
all
of
educational
service
the
funds
establishment
civil
207
imposts
public
an
the
of
of
and
duties,
and
customs,
ADMINISTRATION.
civil
the
government
pacified
the
William
H.
executive
separate
assigned
of
Commission
to
Department
members
of
the
inces
provTaft
partments
deof
In-
"
208
THE
Dean
terior,
C.
Worcester;
Luke
and
Police,
and
Justice, Henry
E.
the
three
de
the
Tavera,
The
Benito
The
Department
weather,
The
the
of
lands
public
light-houses,
the
bureaus
of
storage
and
The
the
public
of
libraries
of
public
and
rights,
copy-
laboratories,
Police
insular
and
treasury,
banking.
directs
the
insular
tor,
audicold-
revenue,
banking,
coinage
and
justice.
Public
Instruction
instruction, public
museums,
prisons,
Justice
internal
other
works,
except
gineering
en-
survey,
constabulary,
Finance
of
embrace-!
transportation,
public
corporations,
bureau
fisheries,
and
geodetic
of
insular
Department
bureaus
and
coast
immigration,
the
bureaus
patents
and
ice-plant, banks,
and
currency,
the
and
customs
controls
inter-island
of
Department
are
corps.
and
all
Pardo
H.
agriculture,
construction
and
bership
mem-
government
Interior
ethnology,
buildings,
the
Luzuriaga.
the
o'f Commerce
inland
and
T.
appoi'tionmenl
the
marine-hospital
of
struction,
In-
President,
to
service, government
Department
The
dose
of
following
post-offices, telegraphs,
than
and
forestry, mining,
public
bureaus
Finance
Public
the
added
were
duties
quarantine
the
of
namely,
T.egarda
in
and
Filipinos
administrative
health,
of
Department
Commission,
distributed
of
of
Alosos.
distinguished
of
Idc
Commerce
Department
time, by appointment
same
of
Department
Wright;
C.
Bernard
At
PHILIPPINES.
includes
charities,
statistics, public
rec-
"
230
the
Pursuing
of
for
The
the
the
the
to
the
thirty-four
Christian
of
is
Manila
provincial
The
popular
and
The
of
of
council,
chosen
to
those
held
certain
who
(b)
peso
money),
or
The
real
own
is
now
or
who
those
each
the
annual
to
the
fifty
of
cents
of
taxes
is
13,
those
500
pesos
American
thirty
and
tended
ex-
1898,
Crown;
value
posed
com-
pality,
munici-
franchise
August
to
is
municipal
of
Spanish
to
equivalent
and
The
the
property
who
by
suffrage regulations.
electors
prior
under
pay
elected
are
municipality
years.
(")
charter.
or
more
write
lish
Eng-
Spanish.
municipal
closely
resembles
whilst
the
expenses
who
city
GOVERNMENTS.
qualified
two
offices
and
pesos;
for
serve
to
llu:
by
the
to
the
special
liberal
president, vice-president
that
officials
MUNICIPAL
administration
America.
applied
the
palities
munici-
in
been
under
under
AND
PROVINCIAL
has
municipal
exercised
vote,
into
provinces, except
incorporated
and
political unit,
townships
system
general
governments.
is divided
the
to
the
present
(ho
islands
similar
very
Up
of
territory
entire
instructions
passed
provincial
of
made
was
the
in
Commission
organization
municipality
down
laid
policy
President,
the
act
(a
PHILIPPINES.
THE
Federal
in
the
of
government
that
of
the
city
Government
latter
case,
the
of
pays
in
the
city
of
Manila
but
Washington,
one-half
former
of
the
the
con-
"
PROVINCIAL
of
tributioii
than
of
the
General
three-tenths.
three
members
of
the
of
with
is
Special
needs
districts
with
charged
of
making
as
it
of
the
such
municipal
before
acted
being
the
aggregation
of
officers
the
namely,
and
first three
of
the
form
the
buildings,
It is the
is
of
duty
year
the
governing
each
to
responsible
for
administrations,
in
the
and
provincial
of
the
towns
proper
he
provinces
may
consists
that
(except
in
supervisor
of
in
conduct
The
functions
collection
to
remove
of
tary
secre-
these,
and
municipal
his
bined),
com-
; of
the
governor
some
are
supervisor,
board.
the
istrative
admin-
larger
roads, bridges,
of
for
government
include
supervision
the
of
former
providing
treasurer,
construction
and
Board
the
to
prosecuting- attorney
the
and
matters
Christian
and
treasurer
provincial government
taxes,
twice
province
governor,
fiscal,or
the
citizens,
Municipal
law
provincial
each
of
its
submitted
thirty-four
The
offices
and
municipalities
the
for
Advisory
upon.
several
organized.
cases
be
The
important
general provincial
divisions,
five
Ail
for
investigating
the
to
the
by
Commission)
of
duty
necessary.
Advisory
au
city.
municipality
legislation must
Under
were
the
the
the
suggestions
deem
may
of
approval
(appointed
of
consent
pino)
Fili-
the
also
member
one
the
eleven
the
Board
body
of
be
with
Governor,
more
consists
must
is
no
Board
whom
of
There
consisting
Governor,
each
the
Commission.
Board,
is
Municipal
(one
by
211
Government
The
appointed
of
GOVERNMENTS.
any
of
public
officers.
make
province.
the
the
visits
He
municipal
municipal
"
THE
212
officer
all
for
the
The
works
counsel
the
the
supervision
for
the
is
governor
of
The
law
filled
are
the
this
Americans
time
be
238
It
wisdom
to
people
twelve
the
of
is
and
the
of
thousand
posed
com-
in
civil
the
to
and
fiscal
sion.
Commis-
Philippine
of
governors
elected
offices
the
supervisor
subject
duly
are
the
the
"
Filipinos.
filled
are
by
86
much
in
of
the
natives
structure
to
to
Commission.
Spaniards.
of
local
to
ment
govern-
accustomed,
in
the
the
Commission
form
the
capable
and
the
the
were
share
Filipino
municipal
under
part
working
and
provincial
possible
honest,
system
and
provincial
very
greater
promise
The
as
which
them
giving
of
nearly
as
the
branches
on
convention
secretary
the
of
provincial
municipalities
of
acta
natives,
conform
administrative
retain
all
that
similar
was
of
public
each
for
The
are
positions
all
gineer,
en-
fiscal
and
treasurer
provincial
noticed
governments
by
the
of
provinces
and
will
of
by appointment
remaining
It
biennially
that
civil
The
board
by Americans)
Christian
The
them.
the
to
of
of
province.
positions
and
At
the
of
the
counsellors
tilled
(usually
service
elected
the
province.
and
in
be
execution
governing
municipalities
town
accounts
must
the
with
the
the
who
collects
treasurer
to
audita
and
supervisor,
charged
and
due
those
treasurer,
is
provincial
remits
taxes,
official.
as
The
cause.
municipal
PHILIPPINES.
whilst
administration
officials.
satisfaction
Amongst
municipal
of
the
upwards
officials
there
"
ADMINISTRATION
have
been
and
no
of
case
The
against
with
consistently
Philippine
which
the
the
large
very
the
shall
who
is
an
of
the
guet,
five
body
U.
Paragua,
though
be
S.
of
filled
for
the
municipal
possible
to
and
approximates,
that
which
whom
will
be
assimilated
it
and
posed
well-dis-
ure
meas-
the
which
as
are
they
closely
Christian
as
vincial
pro-
provinces
under
the
to
Ben-
any
all
these
however,
in
urer.
treas-
it would
extend
to
system
obtains
and
by
Consequently
The
torney,
at-
namely,
part
in
governor,
Vizcaya,
most
present,
schools,
Nueva
positions
by appointment.
governed,
are
the
the
to
secretary,
provinces,
for
self-government.
and
of
in
ends
these
allowed
Army,
tbe
justice
to
is
the
to
Moros,
of
impracticable,
of
the
consists
"Mindoro,
inhabited
are
applied
and
part,"
ia
possible,
as
system
remaining
Bontoc,
Lepanto
baa
province
of
engineer, superintendent
The
office
of
far
as
discretion
That
officer
misconduct
Moro
policy
and
of
of
oath
"customs
take
measure
legislative:council.
the
general
Datos,
Moros
the
preserve
the
213
president.
to
Islands,
of
authority
of
of
designed
JUSTICE.
instances
violation
administration
especially
few
remarkably
established
been
OF
rapidly
as
inces,
provas
ditions
con-
established
by
justify.
ADM
complete
legislative
IN
IS
TEAT
I ON
judicial system
enactment
OF
JUSTICE.
has
throughout
been
the
Archipelago.
"
214
New
of
codes
be
criminal
with
enacted,
and
of
pertain
church
individuals
the
of
purpose
of
the
fifteen
of
first
these
There
the
which
whom
the
auxiliary
There
consists
which
are
registration,
court
and
of
is
the
authority
tributed
dis-
are
is
of
the
the
a
peace
made
in
registrars
of
to
each
Supreme
of
for
appeal
that
of
the
and
peace
municipality.
each
deeds
Manila.
three
the
of
appeals,
customs
the
in
islands
justice
is
fill vacancies.
to
is
to
of
members,
Provision
into
there
assigned
is vested
seven
of
divided
district
the
to
judges
court
justice
of
judge
of
There
States.
for
government
each
in
additional
supreme
United
inal
crim-
courts."
is
four
Filipinos.
are
private
to
the
Archipelago
appellate jurisdiction
Court,
the
the
and
three
are
The
from
of
instance.
districts
and
ercise
ex-
judicial districts,
of
court
of
powers
giving
union
the
on
prosecutions
control
to
the
compromise
extortion,
branch
territory
and
codes
existing
Spain,
the
such
use
and
follows
as
The
to
or
the
of
judges,
control
to
blackmail
judicial
of
shortly
procedure
restrictions
rigid
the
right
executive
The
the
by
prosecution,
'"simplifying
sovereignty
state,
discretion
of
will
procedure
provisions
the
to
and
effect
those
and
of
law
the
eliminating
which
an
PHILIPPINES.
THE
for
court
each
of
of
land
the
provinces.
The
attorney-general
general
Filipino,
divided
between
the
and
two
is
an
their
American,
assistants
the
about
solicitor-
equally
nationalities.
"
"
district,
From
hearing
the
Ktcreotnaplt
betorti
prisoner
Copyright,
justice
by
guarded
by
of
Underwood
the
in
peace
native
country
constabulary.
Underwood,
N"*
Y"k
"
"
SERVICE
CIVIL
The
of
natives
to
the
with
the
in
central
a
all
provinces,
It
the
the
was
hill
civil-service
the
secure
solely
one,
the
the
on
by
of
ground
successful
service
and
by
the
head
of
reach
and
selection
any
of
the
the
within
merit,
efficient
in
system
promotion
competitive
the
offices
Commission
the
provide
to
elective
and
act-
of
purpose
technical
come
to
With
Manila.
special
positions
government
civil-service
the
of
scope
the
and
professional knowledge,
appointed
at
requiring
and
that
acquiring
been
have
tensively
ex-
services
essential,
in
government
few
Filipinos
not
was
it
first
the
municipal
them
by
numbers
of
exception
and
United
the
by
employ
English
made
large
positions
the
of
Philippines
From
to
provincial
progress
knowledge
States
Commission.
knowledge
the
in
United
practicable
the
in
where
the
Service
found
been
has
made
United
the
of
marines
given
honorably
to
next,
and
is
preference
and
are
throughout
Civil
States
chief
islands,
the
Examinations
also
and
The
and
positions solely
government
soldiers, sailors,
discharged
States.
to
selection
the
for
provides
merit.
of
basis
the
civilians
of
promotion
on
bill
service
civil
215
SYSTEM.
and
of
passing
which
would
officials
civilian
would
permit
examination,
discharge
important
of
enter
to
his
department
any
duties
of
the
government.
The
and
of
Annals
Social
the
Science,
American
May,
Academy
1902,
contained
of
Political
the
lowing
fol-
comment:
"
THE
21G
"It
is hard
to
could
than
be
merit
that
here
this
the
opinion
from
Manila
In
States
of
that
Whilst
of
world
Philippine
The
to
that
her
service
working
of
adoption
in
occasion
reform
Indian
here
repeat
that
much
inas-
cutta
Cal-
from
came
unreasonable
nor
consummation
come
may
free
from
it
to
the
might
that
in
practices
more
truth
such
of
department
pertain
equal
prediction
the
it
the
tices
prac-
been
part
those
Islands.
Philippine
no
United
than
have
be
may
corrupt
administrations
most
to-day
is true
were
and
spoil
the
civil
its
to
impossible
no
more
it that
with
ago
in
the
led
foregoing
is
to
this
years
the
the
there
common
this
beget
remembered
former
perfect
Government
branches
of
plete
com-
Washington."
to
support
affirmed
its
of
improper
it is not
that
expect
on
beginnings
London,
to-
be
not
to
sure
successful
which
our
inefficiency
methods
the
was
India
may
be
the
upon
of
remnants
established
it
expressed
the
as
she
the
will
competitive
in
It
with
It
and
commission
England.
to
tried
action
is
way
by
establishment
the
pines
Philip-
better
any
Philippines
home.
home,
at
the
from
before
possessions
system
flow
at
first
the
the
established
reflex
contrasted
when
corruption
England
in
system
results
The
of
in
puth
provisions
home
at
system
its
upon
Commission.
Government
of
government
our
excellent
Philippine
good
how
see
started
the
by
PHILIPPINES,
stated
of the
prevalent
ten
ized
civil-
than
in
Islands.
following
table
shows
the
distribution
of
"
CIVIL
the
Scouts,
Philippine
the
of
of
various
the
217
however,
not,
hody
which
States,
the
of
employees
Members
United
does
It
positions.
government
SYSTEM.
SERVICE
the
nor
is
ment
establish-
the
unskilled
numerous
departments
Philippine
on
include
Commission
...
of
Justices
the
Supreme
Court
Judges
of
the
Courts
Judges
of
the
Court
of
Customs
Judges
of
the
Court
of
Laud
Instance
First
of
16
...
Justices
Civil
the
of
Service
and
General
the
Officials
Provincial
Municipal
I 'residents
Municipal
Counselors
Municipal
Secret,*)
Philippines
Total
1,777
80
rios-Trcasurers
School
Teachers
English
1,000
1,000
Total
Municipal
Government..
Jus-
1,898
of
Teachers
Auxiliary
(Mayors)
Total
Municipal
registration
Provinces
of
Governors
Other
of
Peace
Appeals..
Police
Constabulary
345
345
"
218
THE
The
duty
and
for
the
facilities
and
the
Americans
work
About
about
maintains
schools.
secondary
conducts
number
is
also
for
the
merchant
other
FILIPINOS
of
provision
for
Filipinos
in
its
to
terms
the
afforded
knowledge
their
year,
various
the
which
people
time
upon
may
their
in
for
will
nila
Maand
daily.
useful
continuous
number
to
with
be
sent
period
of
four
advanced
colleges
for
and
acquiring
themselves
This
of
to
are
receive
and
facilities
return.
the
adults
accordance
Filipinos
they
be
schools
10,000
In
schools
widest
for
certain
remain
to
cluding
in-
school.
officers
made
of
100
and
STATES.
States.
than
partment
de-
the
government
to
as
Commission
education
which
in
UNITED
United
each
during
THE
in
and
school, primarily
facilities
recorded
parting
im-
institutions,
Night
is
the
fewer
instruction
be
the
not
America
years,
IN
enactment
the
educating
afford
centers
in
schools
nautical
marine.
attendance
average
An
of
1,000
latter
agricultural
an
well-equipped
purpose
and
primary
addition,
and
palities),
munici-
present
technological
school
a
the
inter-island
and
of
trade
In
by
former
At
2,000
general
department
the
the
lo
children.
the
natives
teachers,
English
of
classes
instructing
by
on
3,500
as
of
knowledge
by
instances
some
is carried
engaged
are
There
in
educational
providing
is assumed
Filipinos
instruction.
public
38
of
expense
(augmented
government
of
riHLIPPINES.
will
any
and
privilege
is
"
OF
EDUCATION
extended
will
suhniit
years
the
civil
the
government
its
at
the
the
in
expense
is
will
of
"that
and
the
have
the
of
States,
but
conditions
the
return
dissemination
for
under
time
spent
otherwise
obligations.
or
of
these
of
information
beneficial
most
of
term
serve
length
it
enjoy
examination
appointment
United
free
is
who
educational
competitive
least
at
219
those
the
upon
the
expected
islands
them
and
for
benefaction
It
that
of
the
to
service,
FILIPINOS.
condition
completion
the
upon
four
the
upon
THE
and
people
to
by
far-reaching
effect."
It
is
impossible
without
colonial
has
that
the
involved
in
has
the
expended
only
educational
have
been
in
The
the
same
system
of
education,
necessarily
ment
Govern-
of
and
sums
tributed
con-
provinces
of
account
Education
the
to
amount
and
Philippines.
Bureau
addition
all
abroad.
risks
the
municipalities
of
tively
compara-
American
in
the
the
educated
the
clusion
con-
some
trouble-
most
is
the
pursue
pesos
purposes.
on
of
year
different
expenditures
received
policy
to
fiscal
have
one
liberal
2,4;i8,185
by
404,731
who
determined
last
population
who
is
the
been
native
those
that
However,
experience
number
particularly
sanguine
The
of
small
this
to
qualification.
governments
element
In
subscribe
to
the
in
for
Spanish
1894
was
pesos.
complete
which,
avoids
by maintaining
the
has
currency
fluctuations
fixed
which
been
medium
were
lished,
estab-
of
such
change,
ex-
"
220
THE
detriment
grave
in
value
and
bronze
coins
the
There
piece.
is
States
this
for
of
the
an
of
the
Philippines
of
the
silver
islands
effected
was
ever-changing
of
rate
of
the
several
Posv.al
the
to
the
the
and
rency
cur-
ations
fluctu-
trade
influences
of
of
ever-changing
an
of
facilities.
the
islands.
the
United
with
money
and
The
been
mail
extended
is
orders
are
rate
has
which
of
entirely
postage
part
every
between
the
The
regularity.
proved
than
more
to
carried
and
promptness
districts
There
COMMUNICATION.
has
System
offices
outlying
The
OF
Archipelago,
issuance
the
nomination
de-
exchange.
MEANS
The
as
the
the
regime
and
serve
re-
paper
McKinley.
varying
well
gold
bearing
subject
as
United
preserving
in
pesos,
Rizal,
the
by
of
market,
currency
1.
Spanish
bullion
These
distinctive
was
one-peso
the
to
to
ten
Jose
the
During
Rve-centavos
certificates
and
of
vignettes respectively
of
ceniavo.
have
five
the
purpose
silver
of
two,
Washington.
the
islands
The
of
ranges
to
value
ratio
the
consisting
currency
one-half
convertible
maintained
parity.
coin
silver
and
system
piece
and
The
days.
decimal
nickel
one
in
currency
is
also
fixed
former
ten-centavo
of
coins
have
the
upon
from
in
trade
to
is based
coinage
PHILIPPINES.
200
is
great
laek
boon
to
banking
post-offices in
the
same
as
in
States.
extensive
telegraph
and
telephone
systems
"
222
PHILIPPINES.
THE
In
perity.
promise
the
be
to
hands
the
a
source
of
the
of
profit
his
in
and
is
the
step
in
and
that
important
the
for
thought
that
purchase
of
the
and
tenant
the
results
the
lands
the
in
the
local
of
centres
the
friars
in
islands
and
year,
with
and
the
division
and
the
Church
the
Roman
of
and
we
agrarian
Philippines
the
will
have
obstacles
of
use
of
in
the
hope
thereof,
were
rian
agra-
of
of
the
ernment
gov-
friars
facilitate
greatly
number
of
from
land
the
that
of
question
the
Orders
belonging
part
of
year
the
in
the
to
Philippine
decade
friars
the
in
the
completely
removed
from
government
with
which
good
coming
and
the
out
between
improvement
been
to
terial
ma-
political question
Americans,
control
to
proceeds
reasonably
may
and
tend
the
for
of
rapidly diminishing
the
of
prophesy
cannot
growing
adjustment
the
Church
church,
among
is
the
insular
The
adjustment.
the
the
elimination
but
cannot
be
but
to
the
but
question
satisfactory
will
islands
relations
entirely
us
disturbance
landlordism
from
to
the
of
cannot
way
important
rid
There
questions.
and
will
adjustment
their
negotiations
most
We
provincial governments.
that
of
political
these
people
which
Church,
benefit
of
the
readjustment
Catholic
says:
form
of
Taft,
Governor
matter,
1!)03,
year
rehabilitation
the
Roman
this
to
report
"It
the
both
to
lands
State.
Referring
to
these
Commission
to
the
islands
and
ing
assum-
confronted."
"
INVESTIGATION
I'xtensive
islands
and
been
been
of
mass
forests
in
timber
and
fields
coal
their
have
and
The
by
stations
rinderpest
of
the
number
sold
to
disease
to
draft
the
years
ago
restore
to
important
and
the
profitable
agricultural college
notable
scientific
work
under
in
on
the
the
than
view
hiseel
was
to
of
ducing
pro-
tions
condi-
alleviate
earlier
the
of
years
imported
cost.
ment
move-
which
some
bids
blight,
formerly
Negros
native
is
which
enterprise.
of
to
ing
carry-
the
to
industry,
commercial
education
of
means
chiefly carabao,
what
island
farms
of
to
the
less
coffee
islands
by
government
at
collapsed
the
order
animals,
farmers
scientific
purpose
with
during
the
of
diseases.
especially adapted
rehabilitate
to
ten
of
cattle
the
In
results
laboratories,
serum
for
partment
de-
resource
model
taken,
breeding
occupation,
the
chief
and
other
Philippines.
from
American
were
and
in
favorable
In
corps
steps
and
animals
losses
heavy
and
operation
experiments
farm
great
in
laws
the
of
mineral
striking utilitarian
Experimental
is
The
and
is
competent
stamp
farm
wealth
enacted.
establishments
has
reports.
enormous
which
niosl.
established,
out
information
government
been
the
bureaus,
appropriate
surveyed
have
quarantine
on
an
agriculture,
assistants.
stock
contain
been
produced
been
of
of
resources
valuable
form
223
vegetable growth.
have
inhabitants,
been
have
to
development
of
of the
the
the
the
by
extremely
prove
valuable
to
conducted
published
The
of
investigation
has
RESOURCES.
OF
fair
very
The
doing
farmers
to
agriculture
"
PHILIPPINES.
THE
22-1
tariff
The
of
submission
the
regulations
and
importers
of
draft
the
With
view
islands
placed
those
which
those
of
the
duties
shall
shall
government
exported
the
During
the
per
cent.,
in
1903.
have
favor
the
first
to
of
the
five
customer
of
in
1899
tration
adminis-
increased
to
period
a
balance
of
passage
the
etc., enabled
displace
of
they
event
the
the
United
Philippine
150
$66,000,000
depression
that
leaving
customs,
to
hemp
upon
the
Philippines
during
The
for
Philippine
American
agricultural
islands.
tonnage
treasury
the
in
cles
arti-
on
States.
the
$33,000,000,
provides
also
duties
islands
$25,000,000
to
that
act
United
Suites
Philippine
years
of
immediately
chief
the
the
and
than
cent,
per
further
export
United
advanced
relating
States
the
Despite
000,000
of
have
An
25
into
United
also
the
refund
commerce
from
the
islands;
to
of
Philippines
to
products
other
were
the
the
the
in
the
regime,
States.
and
Philippines,
fact,
Spanish
imports
on
remitted
of
the
reduction
tariff
from
in
United
tne
collected
be
benefit
in
of
luxuries)
upon
during
for
the
coining
as
the
of
development
figures, lower,
allows
Dingley
all
rapid
(except
low
force
from
dues
duties
at
in
Congress
States
the
prevailed
of
and
and
to
COMMERCE.
to
import
been
the
legislation
Manila
of
exporters
FOREIGN
that
proposed
the
the
after
only
States.
United
or
adopted
were
the
from
of
ports
ex-
$12,trade
of
act
the
in
gress
Con-
United
Kingdom
Islands,
"
NAVIGATION,
SOURCES
The
chief
from
is
internal
;
all
on
of
total
of
Harbor
been
the
of
the
and
under
for
$6,000,000
increase
greatly
to
enable
to
discharge
the
during
the
in
An
medium
from
the
at
all
efficient
carried
An
gulfs
have
States
of
appropriation
is
shelter
seasons
that
of
upon
heavy
designed
of
whereas
ships frequently
coastguard
at
extensive
United
Manila
opportunity
out
and
and
the
lighterage,
bay, incurring
favorable
of
accommodation
of
monsoons,
the
awaiting
cargoes
$37,516,076.
harbors
of
five
aggregated
points,
harbor
the
vessels,
without
days
the
penditures
ex-
first
revenue
other
Survey.
June
the
the
been
officers
Geodetic
the
that
and
have
important
more
completed
Coast
the
expenditures
Iloilo, and
Cebu,
tax
ending
year
During
occupation
and
stated
$15,326,125,
improvements
surveys
fiscal
$14,262,503.
$49,915,944,
be
land
whole
industrial
an
arts
may
the
to
American
Manila,
and
the
self-supporting.
for
amounted
to
years
nearly
is
of
cent,
per
including
It
etc.
revenue
1903,
30,
80
receipts,
customs
are
trades, professions,
service
The
revenue
revenue,
registration taxes;
postal
EEVENOE.
approximately
derived
tax
OF
sources
which
ETC.
HEALTH,
lay
port,
service
and
breakwater,
the
docks,
formerly,
for
demurrage,
to
to
several
whilst
unload.
has
been
estab-
"
226
PHILIPPINES.
THE
with
Hshed,
purchased
ones
the
of
matter
encountered
the
health
when
active
of
opposition,
for
and
the
and
vigor
compulsory
the
islands,
death
factor
in
health
to
cope
with
tested
by
the
cholera
wide
the
of
energetic
of
board
the
fact
of
excess
serious
the
this
its
have
established
the
At
maintained.
sanatarium
has
and
been
recuperation
of
an
civilians
affected
of
efficient
in
and
means
and
by prompt
in
be
less
than
of
judged
the
from
in
dispensaries,
auxiliaries,
appropriate
by
over
considerably
were
Benguet,
established
out
towns
Hospitals,
their
of
severely
operations
may
great
board
was
the
the
occasion
pesos.
and
wards,
is
of
expenditures
1,000,000
the
eradicated
was
the
to
important
knowledge
any
with
Owing
broke
Nevertheless,
attack
on
detention
been
or
magnitude
health
that
aid,
of
which
of
Manila
of
an
emergencies
Many
ures
meas-
applied
be
ability
epidemic,
plague.
action
The
year.
The
1902.
the
checking
natives,
health
to
cases
many
results.
ceased
has
of
States.
smallpox, formerly
rate.
medical
without
were
in
area
in
been
remarkable
most
United
the
the
have
provinces
vaccination,
of
scourge
of
improvement
the
of
of
condition
and
part
In
difficult
the
the
to
the
new
government
and
by
indifference
upon
different
the
presented
transferred
spite, however,
In
the
serious
most
are
government.
sanitation,
the
problems
islands
Philippine
and
of
one
many
the
the
by
of which
fifteen
vessels,
seventeen
the
quarantine
the
ice
serv-
highlands,
for
government
soldiers,
As
so-
"
journ
those
in
time
Manila
is
commercial
of
elevated,
the
Pasig
them
to
by
of
has
remedied
in
which
widened
have
fine
by
of
represented
city.
will
The
of
electric
antiquated
department
maintained
transformed
into
ample
supply
of
which
miles
by
first-class
up-to-date
wholly
fire
adequate
ings
build-
native
huts,
Spanish
days.
solved
the
widely- straggling
power
the
deficiency
has
operates
and
and
of
proved.
im-
entirely
an
of
tern.
pat-
and
market
marts
the
been
latest
The
in
were
bridges
was
of
the
addition
the
Manila
forty-five
of
have
increased
aggregations
light
of
an
of
Modern
trading
corporation
The
and
installation
transportation
supply
been
rule
the
system
The
paved.
bridge
has
the
rains,
improved
double
the
the
road
of
heavy
extension.
displaced
problem
be
and
formerly
accommodation.
sewage
electric
will
that
upon
which
and
been
Its
based
during
supply
course
have
great
government
streets,
Spanish
destitute
system,
with
States,
islands.
is
The
water
Tinder
been
good
believed,
is
central
the
of
graded,
The
An
of
seat
submerged
the
United
it
administration
frequently
the
to
equally
institution.
Washington.
across
results
money,
centre
municipal
made
and
the
(.:ffc(.'ti:d
by
city
transfer
following
saving
produces
Benguet
at
this
railroad
the
pality.
munici-
to
inadequate
Spaniards
has
department,
apparatus.
The
fire
been
with
city
an
is
"
PHILIPPINES.
THE
excellently policed by
of
Americans.
and
The
botanical
finances
utmost
the
debt
disposed
United
and
as
the
in
of
of
the
of
by
States
of
the
the
islands
been
land
improved
aside
set
the
for
Under
and
$20,000,000.
islands,
the
table
Character
of
This
of
rates
received
premiums
the
tions
obliga-
present
the
was
by
payment
The
so
Crown
Spanish
the:
has,
been
$40,000,000.
purchase
and
debt
appear,
the
with
managed
funded
may
was
Philippine
following
been
The
statement
islands
of
have
economy.
profit.
them
upon
the
of
source
paid
have
supervision
INDEBTEDNESS.
skill
paradoxical
a
the
garden.
The
far
of
plot
BONDED
the
under
public parks
and
enlarged,
natives
interest
shown
are
Loan.
Interest.
Premium.
First
issue
Second
certificates,
one-year
issue
$3,000,000
$120,000
certificates,
one-year
$3,000,-
000
120,000
Bonds
for
the
purchase
of
friar
280,000
Distributing
the
its
of
net
funded
of
cent,
the
the
debt
the
islands.
is reduced
charge
is
customs
No
of
period
charge
interest
of
premium
redemption
interest
The
67,200
lands,
$7,000,000
over
$75,390
$224,410,
ten
3.1
the
upon
a
friar
years,
to
receipts,
other
the
per
530,370
lands
the
net
for
government
of
the
principal
in
about
the
nual
an-
cent.
rate
country
bonds
2.25
per
revenue
world
can
"
230
PHILIPPINES.
TUB
The
act
an
taking
of
of
greatest
the
respect
one
the
undertaken
was
in
approved
whenever
and
the
have
been
of
work
of
gress
Con"that
provided
shall
have
complete
and
than
more
act
an
which
1902,
general
established
in
was
The
with
insurrection
existing
condition
1,
1903
achievement.
accordance
July
of
and
importance
extraordinary
an
Census
Philippine
ceased
shall
peace
therein
the
dent,
Presi-
....
being
upon
of
the
Philippine
relating
name,
age,
Commission;
such
in
the
English
information,
and
and
and
The
forth
in
"That
of
and
of
two
years
census,
complete
the
United
peace
States
after
in
of
of
native
or
eign
for-
dialect
or
guage,
lan-
ownership
and
such
island,
civil
each
division,
deem
may
OF
far
so
as
sary."
neces-
CENSUS,
the
census
was
set
words:
following
the
the
OBJECT
political object
chief
other
or
said
inhabitants,
each
commission
such
POLITICAL
make,
statistics,
for
separately
sus
cen-
enquiries
attendance,
social
municipality,
President
the
native
school
industrial
homes,
province
Spanish,
by
its
and
tribe, whether
or
in
in
take
all
order
taken
census
of
report
race,
literacy
or
other
full
shall
be
to
shall
population
sex,
born,
of
Islands
practicable,
as
thereof,
Philippine
the
to
satisfied
case
with
shall
the
completion
such
of
continued
tion
publica-
of
condition
recognition
have
and
the
in
general
authority
the
terri-
"
"
].\l
Thin
or
i*
and
pii-uu-u
for
abaca,
one
of
(Jcpit'fs
sliipiue.ni
the
many
various
lln'
insular
propn
at
icsael*
rat
Ci:bu.
thai
I-
ion
til
Jn
plv
between
the
Manila
hemp,
background
the
capita!
porta.
"
"
CENSUS
said
of
tory
OF
PHILIPPINE
THE
islands
non-Christian
other
inhabited
not
satisfied
being
election
for
of
assembly
the
Islands,
the
which
conferred
of
said
islands
of
and
the
Philippine
of
consist
be
to
the
less
not
shall
as
be
50,
vested
nearly
the
the
convened
heretofore
in
Mores,
in
Said
said
that
other
or
Commission
shall
assembly
100,
Commission
practicable
as
all
legislature
than
more
pine
Philip-
Philippine
have
Philippine
nor
by
in
eral
gen-
popular
power
by
Assembly.
than
to
Commission
the
"
apportioned
provinces
shall
inhabited
not
houses
two
as
legislative
Philippine
tribes,
consisting
known
mission
Com-
call, a
delegates
assembly
the
said
shall
territory
be
said
all
non-Christian
said
shall
the
on
of
or
President
direct
Commission
of
Moros,
shall
choice
people
organized,
part
the
After
Assembly.
and
thereof
call, and
to
by
the
tribes,
.
upon
231
ISLANDS.
bers,
mem-
among
according
to
population."
The
little
were
oven
such
as
reliable.
highly
would
on
object
conscription.
with
unpopular
misinformed
the
that
agents
the
experience
account
of
However,
the
the
the
from
was
similar
to
They
the
form
basis
It
American
or
for
therefore,
who
obstructed
to
was
be
pected
ex-
Government
difficulties,if
Commission
and
complete
were,
masses,
recently disturbed
the
being
enumerators.
of
ment
Govern-
Spanish
enumerations,
mere
far
very
main
and
under
than
more
were
Their
taxation
and
effected
censuses
state
boldly
not
of
greater,
the
try.
coun-
essayed
the
"
232
THE
task, voluntarily
increasing
the
elioosing
outcome
was
home
It
and
the
MODEL
also
was
Hia
in
the
document
the
of
in
matter
the
the
in
autonomy
actual
Philippine
government.
Kinlcy
has
President
in
accordance
justification
Commission
with
of
with
self-government
to
of
the
public
like
ox
the
aim
tended
and
of
people
of
partial
of
the
the
the
self-
of
Mc-
President
and
the
to
government.
science
late
7,
autonomy
electors
the
Mo-
April
followed
by
Commission
instructions, gradually
the
factor
of
of
qualified
learning
his
iatory
concil-
President
provincial
the
and
way,
people
complete
sincerely adopted
Roosevelt;
government,
of
policy
place
to
potent
style
lias
Islands
are
dence
confi-
right
instructions
municipal
The
the
the
policy
his
matter
the
quoting:
the
experience
of
ready
in
to
for
worth
Philippine
Islands
been
effective
most
in
been
pessimists
occasion, simple,
pattern
with
the
of
predictions
this
it is well
of
and
Commission
unquestionably
Philippine
people
By
is
announced
the
1900,
the
appealed
accordance
Kinley,
The
accomplishment.
always
upon
As
Filipinos
"In
has
when
which
the
PROCLAMATION.
logical, was
result.
also
though
islands.
Taft
proclamation
and
the
thorough
Filipinos
the
of
in
its
for
triumph
Governor
in
for
refutation
complete
arduous,
erately
delib-
and
magnitude,
its
most
effective, method
moat
at
PHILIPPINES.
to
islands,
tend
ex-
was
"
234
THE
The
proclamation
same
"census
as
and
day,"
in
simultaneously
AMEMCAN
had
It
tain,
of
method
and
had
Its
people.
Bureau
force,
with
defined
lack
of
was
overcome
serious
very
provincial
diagrams
of
the
distance
of
area
of
of
municipal
the
"such
other
"
barrio
the
by
Congress
merators
enu-
division
of
equally
from
the
and,
Under
the
as
statistics
first
in
of
the
palities
munici-
mate
approxi-
authority
add
of
or
the
possible,
might,
to
ships
town-
barrio
main
if
the
difficulty
respective
and
the
the
This
their
sired
de-
clearly-
into
presidents
decided
the
and
the
maps.
information"
Commission
visors,
super-
encountered
government
municipality.
of
collect
to
the
to
Here
location
relative
each
Oriental
an
corps
these
was
municipal
any
addition
districts.
the
showing
hensive
comprethan
to
the
and
obstacle
or
most
districts, having
by requiring
return
to
seat
required
enumerators'
and
in
Chris-
American
enumerators,
limits,
geographical
the
efficient
intelligence
supervisors'
well-defined
the
applied
special
also
It
into
country
is
required,
sufficient
statistics.
the
specially appointed
special agents,
began
Archipelago.
adopt
which
been
operation
work
with
more
ever
the
dealing
to
much
2, 1903,
FOLLOWED.
in
taking,
which
the
METHODS
peoples,
census
extant,
of
part
determined,
civilized
or
(late
that
upon
every
March
appointed
CENSUS
been
method
PHILIPPINES.
be
to
to
lect
col-
deemed
the
data
schools, agri-
"
NOVEL
EXPERIENCE
culture, manufactures,
that
the
of
the
Census
The
of
of
tribes
Mindanao
of
officers
of
the
in
it
army.
the
taking
Americans,
were
progressed
attacked
waa
opposition
no
accepted
the
total
to
American
and
advisable
the
with
census,
the
far
wild
employ
gaged
en-
persons
whom
of
and
men
118
native
40
The
Three
and
as
to
of
Chinese.
of
of
other
7,627,
native
the
that
presidents
number
was
hut,
significant
as
the
toward
The
suioorhly.
ladrones,
by
thought
census
employed
were
was
and
this
as
the
Moros
Census
Japanese
women,
and
the
7,642
ing,
bank-
States.
provinces
Amongst
and
of
wide
as
United
graph,
tele-
fishing, mining,
inquiry
municipalities
possible.
as
the
235
AGENTS,
insurance,
almost
was
of
governors
couneilinen
of
extent
Philippines
Twelfth
railroad?,
transportation,
express
so
CENSUS
OF
work
where
every-
enumerators
were
this
exception,
and
the
attitude
Government
fact
of
there
be
may
the
masses
represented
as
by
Commission.
NOVEL
The
EXPERIENCE
the
said:
count
one
wild
"The
and
tribes.
hundred,
The
of
many
The
Igorots
beyond
CENSUS
AGENTS.
the
are
Supervisor
ten;
after
and
beyond
system
to
slow
very
that
them
adopted
of
to
it is
agents
census
instructive, especially
pvehensilile figure
into.
of
experience
interesting
OF
in
which
by
me
was
and
is
to
do
tens
many
they
with
Vizeaya
move,
hundred
one
dealing
Nueva
so
was
an
never
send
not
up
to
incomenter
enumer-
"
236
THE
ators
and
wanted,
we
and
family.
notches
bundle
to
women,
one
the
Mores
for
of
considerable
in
order
to
of
the
the
when
spoke
of
intention
of
had
at
that
and
cut
readily
Another
opened
said
dress
all
report
his
he
like
them
hair.
the
had
white
make
to
the
from
Moro
give
to
him
in
not
even
every
his
taining
obtax
and
somewhat;
leave
all
people,
that
ened
brightwanted
we
folks
and
wear
shoes
the
tions
ques-
He
that
on
of
seemed
objections.
feared
and
minor
it
any
not
were
people
the
of
putting
up
the
Reassured
information
we
of
purpose
to
of
"
that
of
to
basis
off their
gave
him
customs
and
wanted
we
to
once
he
One
him
that
necessary
was
with
from
the
stated
absolutely
Americans
the
them
make
to
the
character
found
up
told
this
the
the
that
for
of
the
found
He
reasoned
nothing
At
people.
one
together
on,
suspicions.
refused
I
last
data
so
diplomacy
their
get
At
and
by
for
district
Iligan
of
district
could
bundle
communicative.
whatever.
but
his
the
overcome
objections.
in
but
people
settlement."
amount
information
way,
the
each
bringing
one
pigs
stick
by
and
and
men,
chickens,
Kennon
"a
on
the
anything
sultans
the
represent
people,
cultivated
sticks
what
sample
animals
rattan
on
name
Major
the
houses,
by
and
of
Tgorots
their
measure
owned
counted
the
count
to
and
land
They
making
with
get them
the
them
advise
to
animals,
domestic
given
ahead
days
some
PHILIPPINES.
Filipinos;
this
and
hats
point,
he
desired."
district
says:
"The
"
has
Moro
the
of
of
asking
excellent
some
value
time
the
of
hour
Again,
own
difficulty was
the
his
of
volumes
large
brought
valuable
whole
the
making
and
far
in
Chinese
The
the
in
all
Practically
of
some
Census
form,
of
the
lloros
Moro
no
will
This
each
asking
man
the
islands
the
but
includes
the
of
the
has
total
people
the
Philippine
census
of
number
of
are
number
been
and
the
of
presentation
Some
figure,
of
tables
a
and
conceptions.
mis-
by natives,
accurate
by
actual
statistical
inhabitants.
out
It
of
and
errors
contributed
and
four
information
new
the
in
pages.*
2,500
many
to
complete
gives
census
of
publication
the
their
of
excess
the
contained
about
corrected
estimate
Spanish
CENSUS.
are
deal
addition
strikingly brought
The
THE
census
articles, mostly
islands
by
OF
great
In
pertinent
up
stances."
circiim
overcome
the
and
nature
analytical text,
take
house.
instance,
aggregating
light
to
ing
obtain-
questions
any
SCOPE
results
the
or
neighbor.
GREAT
The
The
all ; for
possibly
of
name
Moro's
one
under
name
them.
frequently
necessary
at
answer
tell his
at
the
of
some
wouldn't
time
of
one
questions,
would
them,
our
not
of
appreciation
qualities, but
necessary
to
237
CENSUS.
THE
certainly
is
most
answers
full
OF
SCOPE
GREAT
the
as
facts
follows:
of
Moros
the
number
was
of
greatly exaggerated.
41,000
are
engaged
area
under
Islands.
for
in
the
latter.
agriculture
cultivation
Washington,
is
1905.
"
THE
238
small
of
compared
ability
the
the
The
climate
and
of
in
except
of
the
public
few
with
the
The
banks,
telegraph
lines,
rather
than
The
On
in
the
same
other
the
great
material,
with
the
excellent
The
direction.
their
need
and
in
said
relating
the
industrial
political
makes
for
it
insurance,
the
of
of
try.
indus-
railways.
water
very
and
portation.
trans-
dustries
in-
manufactures
in
investment
improvement
need
mechanical
to
Philippines
pers
pau-
expected
for
extent
papers,
news-
of
and
facilities
ponderance
pre-
of
forms
improvements,
the
great
show
roads
twelve
but
number
these
of
hospitals,
number
express,
opportunities
of
of
concerning
limited
report
of
the
small
of
schedule
exhibits
the
great
shown
The
and
be
may
are
and
Surgeonconclusion.
absence
small
data
existence
hand,
prospect,
the
ered
consid-
statement
the
same
volumes,
1,6
is salubrious
existence
comparatively
criminals.
the
the
4,019
churches,
of
the
to
entire
cities
large
of
and
the
the
Islands
reports
point
are
libraries,
and
the
but
be
may
support
Philippine
and
standard
Spanish,
write
population
the
Army
facts
Conspicuous
and
the
Applying
"
statistics
healthful,
General
whole.
civilized
educated.
that
the
to
speak, read,
to
of
cent,
per
PHILIPPINES.
that
apparent
now
is
that
moral,
commensurate
condition.
"
COMMERCE.
"
"
242
THE
Manila
to
traders,
with
await
and
wares
to
Mexico
In
return
the
periodical
they
sale
thus
certain
Royal
or
Insular
Government
deficit
made
but
in
the
without
up
the
available
disposal
the
was
of
been
at
could
first
hundred
many
merchandise
was
from
$750,000.
It
regulation,
for
two
but
the
limited
the
extent
of
always
have
been
the
being
realized
value
this
in
it
this
ihe
traffic
to
ing
reach-
under
stantly
con-
islands
engage
productions
the
manner
were
with
one
for
of
nominally
upon
the
which
time, ultimately
of
at
shipments
cash,
amount
shipped
royal
called
for
The
permitted
such
placed
return
in
commerce
buying
the
annual
remained
to
after
merchants
their
restrictions
centuries
were
to
always
The
merchants
be
time
evaded.
The
of
ventures.
might
increased
of
transactions
not
of
profit, the
that
Real
furnished
was
was
$500,000
these
on
years
there
vessel,
$250,000,
exceed
cent,
per
the
value
to
legally
not
the
maintenance
could
corporation
limited
Treasury.
MEXICO.
in
The
Consulado.
shipped
were
[.hose
accommodated,
close
fact
WITH
space
bad
shipment
Chinese
subsidy.
TRAFFIC
The
the
which
revenues,
The
yearly
ally
of
Chinese
termed
for
matter
the
Royal
was
Theoretic
as
the
money,
Allowance,
administration.
balanced,
of
of
sum
of
acquired
account,
on
calls
bartered.
were
manufactures
the
"to
the
whom
for
Situado,
PHILIPPINES.
was
Mexico.
in
of
trade
to
China,
"
TRAFFIC
and
India,
Persia,
and
and
traders
who
Tims
the
Naos
channel
for
the
sole
source
and
the
of
the
of
of
Spain's
galleons
naval
enemies,
losses
heavy
private
of
their
the
throe
years
years
elapsed
the
at
arrival
between
that
Philippines
were
urgent
placed
detriment
their
of
of
it
The
merchants
to
imports
Chinese
their
the
to
merchants.
one
that
to
of
the
the
The
of
two
or
that
five
nao
and
of
the
eenth
eight-
Spain
plained
com-
seriously
from
country
As
the
dearth
in
was
fabrics.
trade
of
southern
Mexico
representations
upon
for
once
Early
of
and
voyages
consequent
misery,
tailing
en-
Philippines
The
departure
nest.
trade
the
happened
prizes
Dutch,
Treasury
coin.
the
to
fell
interrupted
the
great
the
by
their
the
the
century
and
of
and
time,
of
English
depriving
the
infrequently
them
Royal
also
injury
of
sometimes
caused
currency
the
sole
derangement
not
many
supplies
were
from
Government
any
serious
tin;
and
the
but
the
that
and
upon
necessary
of
use
tempest
besides
shippers,
galleons
the
and
the
only
deal,
only
Archipelago,
caused
sailings
the
were
not
were
followed
Shipwreck
disposed
the
for
It
These,
islands.
the
to
of
pines,
Philip-
Spain.
they might
Acapulco
money
icw
to
the
to
to
trade
regular
brought
which
them
de
people.
Colony.
to
in
brought
243
Archipelago,
allowed
only
were
be
them
the
merchandise
of
they
of
produce
MEXICO.
might
as
transhipping
the
kinds
WITH
paired
imthe
of
consequence
King
islands
restrictions
to
operation
the
of
great
these
"
THE
244
and
impediments
of
the
of
exports
the
produce
were
the
in
line
this
At
non-Christian
the
don
marked
Archipelago.
native
of
expulsion
caused
1755
in
Chinese
PHILIPPINES.
period
sugar,
merce
com-
the
only
wax,
cacao,
sapanwood.
and
made
the
and
company
the
and
Philippines
looked
promising,
chiefly
to
from
the
latter
had
the
the
the
named
created
The
by
the
still carried
was
galleons.
charter
A
"Real
was
much
This
Compauia
authorized
by
failure,
owing
venture
Royal
secure
terms
the
as
corporation
de
Caracas"
certain
of
not
was
in
the
and
success,
State
the
1753.
undertaking
FUlphias."
charter
of
the
which
Spain
medium
the
was
privileges.
]Sfew
and
pretentious
de-
to
practical monopoly
through
on
Spaniards
with
Philippines
surrendered
more
with
Guipuzrcana,
enjoyed
the
project
commercial
charter
Royal
of
countrymen.
time
"Campania
between
trade
their
with
tion
inten-
the
produce
favorable
as
every
The
the
of
of
with
the
own
imports.
met
traders
same
company
it
inability
made
About
staple
but
Chinese
in
trade
the
monopolizing
centrate
con-
their
shop
formed
was
to
in
the
closed
order
tempt
at-
an
merchants
islands
the
of
Chinese
the
Spanish
trade
official
Chinaman,
of
the
by
entire
An
hands.
of
banishment
the
Following
was
ENTERPRISES.
COMMERCIAL
EARLY
dated
This
was
company
March
the
the
was
10th,
"
EARLY
with
1785,
shares
for
residents
up
in
of
Peninsula.
new
company
The
devoted
itself
between
the
islands
the
time
that
or,
first
have
the
By
had
the
between
allowed
was
islands
free
by
goods
All
of
in
prohibition
removed
was
the
The
againsl
company's
had
company
vessels
incorporation
flag free
of
and
the
within
of
vessels
foreign
and
to
entering
ing
carry-
traffic
Manila
the
call
years
them
with
at
of
were
ing
preexistand
China,
merchants
Chinese
of
ports.
eign-built
for-
acquiring
the
under
of
Spain
to
The
privilege
two
the
tected
pro-
Japan,
company.
direct
ships
of
further
importation
permit
to
cepting
ex-
Acapulco,
produce
was
India,
the
and
the
trade
of
Archipelago.
the
China,
de
country,
Manila
the
to
of
favor
enterprise
Compania
mother
the
company
against
productions
the
privilege
against
Europe
restrictions
India,
The
prohibition
waa
extremely
the
"Real
import
to
duty.
of
from
abrogated
and
between
passed
as
the
exclusive
Philippines
such
it
the
enjoyed
It
results.
its charter
of
commerce
attempted,
been
had
inception,
its
trade
Asia.
considering
different
terms
Flliplnas"
and
of
of
and
traffic
taken
was
inter-colonial
Europe
and.
conditions
should
and
such
scribed
sub-
reserved
were
development
and
indeed, permitted,
favorable
the
the
to
the
32,000
Third
remainder
the
avoided
in
the
shares
;i,000
and
Manila,
the
Charles
King
shares;
4,000
245
$8,000,000,
of
capital
each.
$250
for
and
paid-up
of
ENTERPRISES.
COMMERCIAL
date
the
of
its
Spanish
fees.
"
246
THE
The
could
company
needed
for
their
fitting
its
out
consideration
the
ships
all
free,
all
and
its
of
for
material
for
supplies
in
it is difficult
to
otherwise
of
The
how
see
than
in
this
exclusive
operated
tended
occupation,
of
and
introduction
no
be
right
loans
steamships
tors,
cultiva-
as
chief
was
of
labor,
the
trived
con-
try,
coun-
inducement
an
sums
wore
tion
propor-
received.
which
a
the
company
highly
traffic, which
was
tors
fac-
have
considerable
the
by
enforce
Vast
smuggling
contraband
general
agricultural
development
return
lected.
neg-
The
could
make
of
and
the
to
company
under
the
of
its
lucrative
of
one
conditions
to
not
instituted
was
for
portunities
op-
of
irresponsible
the
great
management.
cultivation.
or
ject,
ob-
The
secure
feature
to
the
direction,
little
which
fixed
by making
extension
this
were
to
to
Lacking
this
concern
course
the
with
incapables,
considerable
very
any
expended
for
proved
its failure.
the
of
Philippines,
and
Campania
by
exerted
become
sions
conces-
develop
prosperous.
advances
the
in
and
advantages
and
positions
has
which
support
afforded
was
making
special
profits.
net
characterized
of
and
expend,
to
never
great,
were
extravagance
ileal
its
"graft"
important
methods
and
was
Influence
system
to
extraordinary
corporation
magnitude
charter
undertook
cent,
per
Despite
and
its
agriculture,
four
trading
of
company
Philippine
the
duty
enter,
use.
In
to
PHILIPPINES.
very
lucrative
before
difficult
to
"
OPENED
In
Vompania.
low
the
obi)
an
the
and
in
the
charter
THE
COLONY
the
"Real
Com
Notwithstanding
its
had
islands.
and
its
It
of
under
removal
which
to
up
In
the
to
open
the
of
the
prejudicial
to
the
Real
the
its
holders
sharebenefit
ture
agricul-
to
factor
in
distinctly
It
the
dates
led
also
the
restrictions
had
Philippines
port
the
world,
gered
stag-
of
Manila
thrown
was
marking
epoch
an
in
Philippines.
have
authorities
reluctance
the
impetus
crippling
the
the
utmost
period.
the
of
the
country,
entertained
of
WOKLD.
time.
trade
Spanish
suspicious
trade
revoke
of
the
which
the
to
Although
potent
this
of
1834
year
history
The
the
this
in
was
prise,
enter-
THE
money
great,
gave
from
the
to
the
lost
Archipelago,
commencement
way
vain.
ever,
how-
the
ending
in
capital
Filipinos."
tie
OF
disastrous
and
the
la
For
not,
of
TEADE
resulted
commerce,
prosperity
THE
had
operations
could
necessary
pan
lived
not
corporation
the
found
at
were
the
increasing
This
Real
collapse.
weaknesses
was
TO
its
was
it
OPENED
defunct
to
1830
of
Campania
the
inherent
the
affairs
threaten
by
247
of
profits
$12,500,000.
the
WORLD.
company's
averted
of
amount
THE
the
seriously
to
was
correct
to
OF
the;
1S25
as
this
time
in
TRADE
seriously impaired
suppress,
so
THE
TO
opening
the
of
that
that
last
the
interests
displayed
foreign
the
to
up
opinion
to
admit
to
and
always
of
port,
merchants
officials
many
of
aliens
Colony.
vious
Pre-
presence
the
permission
to
estab-
"
THE
248
lish
mercantile
and
from
the
of
the
Philippines
the
majority
found
the
of
of
was
FUlpiiw-i,
of
of
prospect
any
native
of
the
the
in
Real
its
to
and
merchants
in
capital
the
is
commerce
business
Spanish
no
failure
the
and
their
it
foundation,
permanent
Spanish
beginnings
after
nor,
its
the
Yet
the
that
ment
establish-
the
Archipelago.
enterprise
attempt
an
against
In
foreigners
1857
as
laws
the
owes
outsiders.
excluding
late
as
in
and
There
sources.
and
old
foreigners
foreign capital
issued
secured,
seldom
was
difficulty,by
was
enforce
to
Manila
great
interior,
made
in
decree
lioyal
1844
was
house
without
never
PHILIPPINES.
same
islands,
de
Compania
from
there
coming
Sp:iin.
trade
Foreign
The
by (Spanish
foreign
ships
but
ships
small
ridiculous
The
in
ballast,
the
parcel
of
commerce
only
custom
ports
of
The
1834
entry
currency
double
were
of
rate
the
islands
located.
in
from
in
latter
its
Manila,
After
that
on
those
landed
exacted.
was
abolished
were
charges
tonnage
one
goods
on
These
1800.
ment
commence-
where
year
the
other
created.
were
of
the
condition
incident
silver
if
and
centered
was
disorganized
to
The
carried
imposed
cargoes
the
was
house
those
extra
charges
port
until
with
lations.
regu-
merchandise
on
vessels.
laden
burdensome
by
double
were
brought
such
duties
import
by foreign ships
on
hampered
was
islands
and
basis.
has
subject
The
always
to
banking
the
been
in
fluctuations
facilities
were
"
THE
250
Fifty
in
REVIEW
years
not
was
the
half
last
of
the
ago
the
Suez
in
of
and
century,
Canal
in
great
has
given
reliable
indications
development
in
of
commerce
the
is rendered
years
of
tracing
the
to
seem
of
period
*T"e
nuil
of
instructive
of
business
articles
relations
of
tbe
is
for
pertinent
to
in
any
the
way
the
to
shipment
tran-
traffic.
shipments
for
; then
another
and
"Historical
tlie
o"
merchant,
Involve
tion"
occupa-
Commerce
of
prepared
D.
Bureau
Philippines,
the
review
American
1004,
the
of
tination
des-
free
a'
these
Washington,
of
and
Oriental
Summary
by
ness
incomplete-
impossibility
and
December,
trade
the
publication
valuable
of
issued
fifty
Possessions";
Spanish
Affairs,
mense
im-
of
past
source
China
Monthly
summaries
report
by
the
Insular
monthly
the
years
summary
the
the
by
"British
under
Islands,
Philippine
Bureau
of
trade
in
contained
the
is
following
analysis
the
to
of
review*
dnrinjr
which
to
islands
infancy,
its
ultimate
several
the
in
future.
and
opening
possibility
difficult
credited
years
tiie
the
of
still
clearing-house
been
of
the
their
18i"i5, for
have
uf
Hongkong,
and
produce
During
since
trade
whilst
records
to
through
Following
and
somewhat
shipments
port
the
Philippines
Spanish
its
calculations.
1870,
strides,
and
especially
made
known
hardly
were
Europe,
mercantile
has
the
COMMERCE.
Philippines
centres
factor
PHILIPPINE
OF
commercial
the
PHILIPPINES.
subject.
or
the
C.
the
by
The
series
Includes
tailed
de-
supplemented
It
is
shipper,
trade,
or
highly
whose
tries,
indus-
Archipelago.
"
PHILIPPINE
finally, during
they
A
in
again
noticeable
the
variation
in
obtained
During
high
the
The
under
former
five
in
loss
half
1902;
is
of
established,
That
it
the
industrial
have
American
disorders
evidenced
been
and
by
ary
station-
entirely
In
the
half
1904
in
1901;
nearly
five
millions
and
the
the
energies
of
greatly
stimulated
in
the
in
increase
in
of
prosperity,
is
the
of
case
of
the
ippines
Phil-
contemporary
of
insurrectionary
Imman
beyond
balance
reformation.
people
spite
1903;
economy
of
process
in
practical equilibrium
criterion
a
years
millions
industrial
in
five
past
Whilst
safe
the
Two
was:
in
Both
greatly,
whose
large
reached
been
nation
misfortunes
the
has
increased
1905.
occupation,
sovereignty.
about
of
country
and
condition
islands
indication
the
administration.
and
is not
undeveloped
the
an
generally
otherwise,
Spanish
millions
in
1855
and
general
trade
of
in
In
years.
balance
one
averaged
exception
remained
douiiled.
million
millions
of
have
half
six
of
American
reached
was
an
balance
years.
tins
fifteen
adverse
and
millions
trade
and
nearly
apparently
than
18S0
exports
being
1900;
trade
the
and
imports
the
remaining
prevailing
subverted
with
in
have
occasional
timi
tion,
occupa-
trade.
recent
to
with
period
Spanish
exports
until
tormina
mark
water
the
proportions,
the
to
this
for
the
the
up
is that
and,
of
Chinese
amounted
five
251
years
as
imports
trade
to
six
figure
the
export
import
List,
fact
of
excess
or
the
COMMERCE.
control,
exports.
is
These,
"
252
THE
during
averaged
be
not
the
last
the
Yet
period
1900-1904
millions
became
and
The
about
period
trade
in
islands
has
double
what
it
was
of
presence
producing
the
heaviest
the
the
upon
potent
found
of
factor
the
in
predecessor.
there
the
of
upon
works
A
ordinary
a
and
large
much
average
the
in
The
factor
the
At
time
from
were
in
pelago,
Archi-
the
expended
was
Another
is
for
liberal
of
of
fifty to
imports
improvements
proportion
chasing
pur-
important
supplies
more
export
the
manufacture.
exceptional
the
masses.
part
most
ance
bal-
connection
in
the
soldiers
the
and
five-year
to
by
question.
foreign
item
conducted
public
for
pay
articles
in
an
American
whose
said
increase
an
been
balances,
import
lions,
mil-
the
the
denoted
has
in
of
This,
ago.
of
result
half
throughout
is
inclinations
army
thousand
seventy
and
prosperity
and
twenty
islands.
wages
naturally imply
power
and
During
of
decade
enhanced
the
scale
of
reversal
seek.
increased
largely
figures, would
in
the
question
average
quinquennial
the
recent
to
they
productiveness
of
the
that
exports
average
can
during
this
at
rule,
and
fact
American
power
far
is not
the
stimulated
of
explanation
of
twenty-seven
the
to
dollars
stationary
these
Spanish
appreciably
view
the
purchasing
of
with
in
testify
increased
in
virtually
1880.
of
increased
following,
remained
since
have
to
of
years
millions
twenty
assumed
years,
had
recorded
five
scant
PHILIPPINES.
to
ment
govern-
scale
as
than
these
was
be
gards
re-
its
imports
"
THE
in
were
the
carried
placed
properly
Tt
of
is
nor
it desirable
the
make
standard
of
the
permanent
and
Asia
have
that
would
naturally
shipments,
the
until
have
of
about
the
twelve
the
Of
maintained
the
Spain
thirty
millions
of
and
is
it for
remarkable
which
pean
Euro-
expand
to
in
import,
Canal,
in
the
gained
ental
Orilead
The
years.
many
about
thirteen
total; Europe
the
Europe
figuring
a
Suez
time,
averages
million
conferring
increase
that
from
trade
the
ances
bal-
which
rule,
America
decided
would
country.
It
in
and
large
the
without
with
ance,
bal-
proceeds
Spanish
calculated
been
marks
Oriental
present.
and
and
Europe
than
sources
of
prevail,
islands
the
11)00.
opening
traffic,which,
over
chief
values,
equal
in
production
the
upon
the
insignificantly
coincidence
in
of
years
been
approximately
almost
living
benefit
credits
smaller
increase
utterly disappeared
any
be
again
export
showing
closing
have
to
seem
of
to
creditable
more
will
should.
they
of
relative
heavy
years
improvements
permanent
raise
the
investments
larger
in
account.
former
that
and
would
conclusions
credit
that
in
exports
with
ultimate
the
to
253
investments,
permanent
to
probable
is not
favor
of
nature
analysis
an
TRADE.
IMPORT
United
lions
mil-
contributes
States
tically
prac-
balance.
European
have
been
countries,
the
responsible
United
for
the
Kingdom
bulk
of
the
"
254
THE
inward
shipments.
The
fifty years.
of
the
In
islands
Canal
but
The
record
uniform,
the
credit
lost
as
applied
an
and
seven
be
five
and
of
imports
list, rarely
From
that
and
increase,
her
1891
two
The
one
the
the
of
total
18S0
1904
to
neighborhood
of
aggregate
ports
im-
the
meantime.
whilst
to
they
second
to
protection
live
to
in
the
show
of
the
millions,
in
Kingdom
to
tariff
of
and
ceeded
ex-
ing
Durports
im-
the
of
average
an
to
material
1804.
administration
back
pean
Euro-
prior
million
one
began
dropped
trade
of
half
date, however,
century,
dollars
the
exceeded
but
from
seldom
previous
annual
one
with
Germany
growth,
gradual
million
has
in
from
term
American
have
strikingly
millions.
import
shown
during
of
Spain
millions
the
United
is
receives
grew
the
period
of
about
of
credits.
Kingdom
in
the
shipments
those
the
under
ments
ship-
United
amounted
date
her
increase.
four
Spain,
of
the
British
Hongkong
although
in
of
the
to
Britain
remained
quadrupled
imports
moderate,
the
annually,
have
1885.
in
have
millions
The
of
average
shipments
her
the
the
but
sternly,
the
Great
to
period
half,
in
sight
to
during
the
portion
some
the
opening
increase
flint
possible
The
far
by
half
period
her.
to
been
Philippines
apparent
showing
for
the
to
due
no
prc-Suez
has
pro-Suez
was
it is
may
In
the
brought
trade,
of
former
regular importer
most
has
PHILIPPINES.
to
average
and
the
small
Philippines
beginnings,
reached
value
Since
1900.
of
German
three-quarter
that
ments
ship-
millions.
"
"
mking
dice
le
towards
to
the
inter-istand
the
river.
dty
Onlv
schooners,
from
the
vessel?
can
lighthouse
of
come
light
at
draft,
up
to
tht-
audi
these
"
"
THE
The
for
figures
millions
two
for
the
The
American
of
place
and
are
the
the
of
general
about
two-thirds
thirty
million
the
leading
to
five
with
whence
of
the
the
rice
two
millions,
tion
excep-
shipments
accounted
have
of
also
extent
is
at
it
other
seems
of
total
was
lead
largest
has
staple
item
in
The
of
factors,
and
dollars;
been
the
and
Since
1900
of
foreign
due
to
the
natives.
large
food
of
food
imports
during
but
to
not
such
agricultural depression
war,
account
that
In
cotton
items
comparison,
sequence
true
the
of
from
greater.
more.
in
represent
decade
million
rather
from
imports
the
even
six
for
the
under
goods
during
and
period
average
preponderance
present.
natural
and
Although
the
In
textiles, chiefly
the
rice,
decade
as
the
for
taken
This
importations
iron.
and
period
American
Spanish
the
under
come
food-stuffs,
classes
and
good?,
import
clothing,
proportion
fibers
was
and
three
the
purchases.
which
into
than
countries
of
steel
period
food-stuffs
the
more
merly
for-
islands,
amounted
it
Philippine
dollars,
1894
to
Rice
of
these
cotton
to
other
headings
of
1900-1904
latter
1900
times.
the
leaped
In
Indies,
items
manufactures
in
all
with
has
1904
French
chief
1885
trade
former
they
heavy.
very
The
in
that
exceeding
in
of
excess
although
years,
insignificant
years.
in
averaged
five
past
import
recent
millions,
of
have
in
255
TRADE,
France
comparatively
were
an
IMPORT
the
the
ravages
for
this
of
derpest,
rin-
condition.
Philippines
ought
"
THE
256
to
produce
of
food
its
is
that
other
branches
they
would
In
in
the
cheap
Unless
the
of
An
the
periods
in
cost
much
hut
offset
$20
and
gold
$200
with
millions.
rice.
the
much
States
labor
in
the
grain.
is
soon
Philippines
is
development
of
in
In
of
this
hundred
recent
the
years
tive
compara-
class
thousand
of
ments
ship-
dollars
half
Nearly
of
of
this
to
total
A
of
aid
of
labor
scientific
times
fields
In
methods
will
Filipino
board,
ten
rice
similar
at
but
he
as
appliances,
is
the
Philippines,
does
as
his
field
100.000
produces
much
one
for
cost
the
one
half
than
more
cultivate
a
about
would
Louisiana
annum.
per
and
year
receives
Chinese
paddy,
of
practical monopoly
economical
pounds
He
has
tlie
of
cost
hoard
a
buy
origin.
difference.
1,500
of
two
the
yielding
the
of
steel.
value
eight
adoption
the
and
iron
from
of
as
the.
ployed
em-
to
cultivation
increase
large
average
United
"The
ns
of
American
The
culture
of
indicative
as
is the
the
of
excess
is of
as
fact,
imports
rose
industry
scale
high
raise
to
than
low-priced
of
than
to
extinction.*
improvement,
of
possible
economical
more
system
rice
important
and
is
Asia
of
scientific
more
danger
it
of
profit
present
methods
siderable
con-
themselves
rice,
the
primitive
production
with
case,
indication
an
greater
growing
islands,
inaugurated,
in
from
the
importing
apply
with
article
staple
It is quite
can
agriculture
any
and
wages
the
laborers
derive
product.
of
of
of
conditions.
Filipino
many
the
necessarily
not
economic
fact
the
population,
quantity
unfavorable
of
larger proportion
of
PHILIPPINES.
hectare,
labor
hand
ceives
re-
pounds
Filipino
hundred
of
and,
times
work.
"
EXPORT
THE
the
flour
and
imports,
TRADE.
the
same
257
be
may
of
said
raw
cotton.
There
still
are
islands
into
entered,
extensive
which
the
Philippines
the
fact
that
The
extending
imports
from
Spain
than
those
former
over
long
in
enjoyed
not
its
in
way
the
countries.
What
of
promise
market
face
an
after
imposed
has
the
view
the
to
mutual
export
depended
Neither
their
rich
facilities
have
ever
Paris
solely
mineral
for
been
later,
relations
ican
Amerspace
where
had
of
the
other
of
this
restrictions
permit
two
gives
with
with
the
it
make
to
trade
trade
vantages
ad-
by
short
of
relations
EXPORT
of
has
will
of
but
accomplished
lapse
advantage
trade
almost
the
of
commercial
THE
The
the
of
years
field
and
extension
when
view
hand,
new
been
to
fostered
established
already
Treaty
of
favors
the
enormous
1909,
by
of
in
States
were
of
other
ments
ship-
tion.
competi-
1894
ten
the
yet
of
open
comparatively
tariff
any
in
and
On
fruit
equal
in
the
not
in
culmination
period
competitors.
borne
has
United
America
the
were
enterprise has,
has
of
of
growth
the
achieved
over
time,
the
been
the
although
but
has
s3iglil.lv
greater
trade
distinctly gratifying
is
it
the
shipper
from
manufactures
the
of
American
only tentatively,
or
of
of
fields
of
adjustment
re-
particular
countries.
TRADE.
the
upon
Philippines
its
hitherto
agricultural products.
of
resources
cultivating
has
the
the
mechanical
islands
nor
tries
indus-
encouraged.
"
258
THE
the
During
made
with
copra,
places.
equal
total
In
of
enjoyed
its
the
five
day?
of
little
for
short
of
the
In
minor
and
exports
being
exports
with
during
the
makes
an
of
the
been
an
highest
figure
is
Copra
promising,
The
and
in
of
during
the
value
of
value
of
of
the
American
its
the
with
and
lions,
mil-
millions
millions,
and
of
of
two
it has
has
which
reached
million
of
the
lesser
millions
exports,
the
lars.
dolmost
Philippines.
is of
is
the
two
one
trade
period
shipments
of
nearly
articles
copra
chief
Coffee,
list
youngest,
export
half
about
period.
1889,
into
three
eighteen
the
from
the
the
development
the
in
reached
try.
indus-
fallen
petition,
com-
favored
the
barely
and
generally
year
virtually disappeared
beet
total.
average
fifty
sugar
of
has
of
of
export
of
sugar
for
millions
average
conditions
twenty-seven
has
trade
steady increase,
the
exports
nine
pressure
the
of
Thereafter
average
hemp
has
total
the
period
of
two-thirds
Tobacco
millions.
under
with
total
in
twenty
American
place,
in
hemp,
nearly
sugar
the
averaged
monopolistic
the
and
in
From
the
1885
leading
half
millions.
ten
years
hemp
natural
than
more
been
coffee,
the
articles,
two
prosperity,
decline
to
whilst
its
these
until
fifteen
tobacco,
maintaining
averaged
greatest
have
exports
sugar,
two
Canal
millions
continues
of
first
which
the
period
by
hemp,
quantities, represented
opening
to
of
pro-Suez
exports,
this
the
fifty years
past
practically
up
and
PHILIPPINES.
recent
passed
years,
tobacco
closely approach-
"
MANILA
ing
which
at
are
exports,
in
the
future
the
Archipelago,
in
represented
become
to
of
products
not
present
258
considerable
list
the
shipments,
only by unimportant
or
the
of
Many
sugar.
HEMP.
of
likely
are
factors
its
in
trade.
HEMP.
MANILA
Manila
hemp
products
of
since
long
it
countries
remains
Another
the
the
the
of
of
its
the
of
lay
raise
to
its
native
supply.
of
method
of
for
hemp
character
the
was
commerce
made,
source
it
can
attempts
feature
and
plant
of
been
essentially primitive
of
fiber
other
numerous
exclusive
for
combination
article
have
exceptional
demand
of
no
staple
although
foreign
land
is
been
and
century,
in
has
which
to
the
place amongst
The
account
on
qualifies
It
unique
Philippines.
the
established
peculiar
claim.
occupies
industry
the
tion
cultiva-
the
extracting
iilior.
fiber
Maguey
in
hemp
a
is
lower
has
been
fields, hut
many
and
price,
so
maintained
at
Under
conditions
these
exceptionally
valuable
abundance
nature,
of
hemp
of
labor
exports
and
of
the
as
of
the
it
islands
need
natural
commodity,
with
of
quality
it
would
lies
the
petition.
com-
in
from
produced
rudimentary
be
inferred
show
in
latter
fear
not
monopoly
most
might
Manila
of
advantage
chief
high grade
capital,
the
its
long
rival
active
an
that
an
the
lay
out-
the
uniformity
"
260
free
from
vicissitudes
the
of
Such
inference
Fifty
years
outgo
is
it has
been
The
the
thousand
twenty
six
limes
attained
doubt
due
by
marked
of
independent
an
in
off
falling
exceptionally
At
end
the
of
around
The
years.
the
fifties
of
of
years
there
labor
is
by
times
in
with
of
trade
the
the
to
the
with
of
which
and
since
the
the
but
is
ers,
bindThe
fiber.
the
last
American
cupation
oc-
slightness
doubtless
some
be
and
the
reaction, however,
pursued
record
dition
con-
of
be
to
could
new
tensive
ex-
disorganized
industry
ten
the
it
then
they
expected,
been
the
and
until
During
generally
and
disturbance.
1901,
by
creased
in-
and
automatic
for
have
industry,
nature
of
continiied
might
as
and
for
following
Canal,
demand
remarkable,
case
in
the
to
was,
great
had
hemp
the
Suez
the
-Spanish rvijhne.
the
are
tirely
en-
The
yearly,
for
agriculture
to
of
trend
upward
figures
conditions
of
tons
figure
opening
impetus
steady growth.
accounted
exports
thousand
that
introduction
gave
that
season.
twenty-five
to
fluctuate
dry
show
influences.
is
the
time
tables
and
instance,
labor.
amount
present
transitory
market
for
18S)0,
not
by exceptional
and
ment
invest-
skilled
did
the
constant
local
to
and
large,
as
the
to
figures.
exports
At
the
of
the
by
hemp
exposed
upon
exercise
out
tons.
irregularities
no
the
is borne
ago
industries
dependent
and
large capital
an
of
and
competition
severe
to
PHILIPPINES.
THE
the
plained
ex-
parative
com-
even
sets
average
"
262
PHILIPPINES.
THE
Previous
to
derived
his
this
time
incurring
profit of
the
the
is of
from
America
the
British
Great
the
Britain,
and
and
sorry
spectacle
hope
for
future
in
the
of
general
has
suffered
five
years.
with
of
market
decadence
In
had
earlier
no
the
the
with
fiber
the
ports
im-
from
came
received
the
imports
to
in
same
considerable,
in-
are
altogether
cease
in
than
the
to
other
no
the
quality.
distinction
Philippine
the
conditions
past
have
about
one
sugar
of
losing struggle
bring
to
discrediting
during
local
presents
little encouragement
With
in
influences
times,
of
Philippines
world
Adverse
the
half
from
supply
the
world
terribly
competitor,
were
in
inferiority
in
the
1885
INDUSTRY.
revival.
throughout
sugar
of
America
expected
decay,
of
markets
Manila
In
States
indirect
SUGAR
of
the
the
years.
industry
sugar
and
Canal.
1901
its
be
may
THE
The
of
these
few
Suez
as
Great
inception probably
United
late
as
its
of
nearly
the
to
present
next
feature
1892
from
largely
purchases
in
had
transhipment
""f the
proportion
the
of
cost
considerable
article
At
fiber
long standing,
that
source.
manufacturer
This
market;
greater
within
the
opening
made
of
the
middleman.
trade
dating
American
of
supplies
Britain,
hemp
the
cane
twentycombined
serious
state
industry.
when
and
universal,
the
cane
of
tropical
when
wasteful
the
Philippine
countries
methods
of
product
found
traction
ex-
"
SUGAR
THE
market
ready
in
met
the
sank,
of
it
the
of
between
the
from
the
of
points
had
From
the
late
had
about
began
in
years
the
to
sugar
a
were
the
industry,
was
unprofitable.
exports
Spanish
fluctuated
rule,
but
and
this
of
1885.
time
of
the
throughout
never
again
Suez
exports
teen
fif-
the
the
ments
ship-
sugar
constant
at
deemed
be
with
the
Germany
beet
The
greatest
the
at
followed
ating
culmin-
1880,
three
ing
succeed-
depression
ruling
and
the
in
prices
prices
remaining
reached
was
annually.
sugar
after
the
tons.
industry.
sugar
production
reaction
the
Canal
may
commenced.
crisis
(he
competition
of
ably
prob-
In
prices fairly
immediately
when
of
hut
country
the
with
output
fall
and
early eighties
Philippine
her
doubling
of
the
already
bad
was
fifty thousand
to
destructive
the
product
Prices
the
trade
opening
opening
pound,
perous
pros-
the
increase.
forty
to
of
era
Meanwhile,
nearly
from
sixties
cents
golden
beet
the
quadrupled,
three
The
marked
very
of
disadvantage,
this
ranged
sugar
distance
great
preceding
years
exports
the
showed
immediately
The
only moderate,
was
demand.
mitigated
Canal
the
of
account
conditions
when
stimulus
the
industry
but
extraction.
not
in
the
any
Philippine
1870,
this
to
response
on
the
and
1855
under
in
economy
period
and
petition
com-
waa
improvement
any
done
killing
sugars
production,
have
must
greatest
by
of
process
as
The
bounty-fed
European
Philippines
primitive
263
profitable prices.
at
with
INDUSTRY.
years
figures
and
of
that
"
264
THE
prevailed
previous
these
last
hundred
period
in
in
three
of
highly
and
to
the
years
with
and
which
the
its
hold
its
the
beet
finds
In
the
has
product
tending
to
greater
degree,
as
might
of
subject
the
Philippines
countries.
of
of
and
product,
the
ancient
the
methods,
of
stress
behind
stone-mill,
of
the
the
escaped
following
1885,
but
all
with
sugar
extinction
is
turbed
dis-
1885,
of
inventions,
In
this
in
other
trade,
in
the
been
respect
extraction
the
in
cane
low-grade
its
of
with
during
less
tropical
its
of
also
features
explainable
to
advantage
has
weight
predominant
Philippine
has
since
kettle, with
open
product,
industry
an
cane
sugar
fifteen
during
production.
of
production
over-
difficult,
scientific
methods,
cent,
per
That
of
lagged
old
still
the
people,
have
are
had
expected
for
that
only
tivity
ac-
access
bjt
low-grade
world
of
of
more
the
economy
be
yearly
of
also
improved
The
only forty
juice,
but
Oriental
the
not
exports,
exports,
competition
industries
sugar
fostering "bounties,
hands
keen
small
prices
in
and
dustry
in-
existence:
stimulus
low
it
the
surfeited
yet
of
methods
primitive
the
two
prices, great
the
increase
industry
of
its
but
fair
under
not
nominal
own.
of
period
of
prices,
period
markets
ing
durof
average
experience
stages
pnjlilable
rapid growth,
world's
with
the
consecutive
days
an
trade
tons.
summarized
pre-Suez
annual
approximated
years
have
The
1880.
to
thousand
We
PHILIPPINES.
the
dustry.
in-
its antiquated
the
mainly
period
upon
"
THE
the
that
ground
of
margin
cheapness
islands
in
the
than
more
and
hundred
in
There
to
a
be
of
value
of
the
The
for
up-to-date
an
upon
the
well
as
and
the
1855
the
receipts
extension
of
ultimately
States
that
the
ports
ex-
year
to
back
thirty
find
one
anal-
an
increased
at
of
the
and
wages
ducer
pro-
secure
prices.
But
nothing
of
the
industry
reorganization
reinstate
can
would
enabling
of
rate
of
adoption
the
extraction
thus
pete
com-
products
cane
that
present
basis
could
sugar
and
beet
scientific
under
Philippine
output,
important
most
following
with
to
ing
totter-
the
trade
sugar
islands.
sugar,
States
go
industry
methods
of
the
must
wo
doubt
no
complete
in
any
wore
the
amounted
the
satisfactory profit
short
the
1896
of
collapse
is demonstrable
It
meet
visited
production.
economic
the
have
occupation
the
with
countries.
modern
afflictions-
American
production,
successfully
double
of
small
to
of
small
following-
the
and
tons,
seems
conditions
of
not
history
of
that
cause
During
period
agous
Other
to
have
the
The
possible.
immediately
thousand
years
made
"
sufficient
sugar
265
labor
of
famine
years
industry.
of
still
profit
pestilence,
war,
INDUSTRY.
SUGAR
for
as
United
Australia
of
suddenly
In
have
hemp,
was
from
been
the
the
in
that
imports
one
United
years
many
gradually
sugar
dropped
Philippines
large purchaser,
production
1890
the
For
Kingdom.
Philippine
ceased.
of
customers
hundred
its
country
fell
of
but
the
and
off
and
United
thirty
"
266
THE
thousand
half
and
the
of
The
the
all
the
effect
of
and
market
the
Dutch
East
Coincident
with
few
the
to
exports
died
her
the
United
trade
which
With
has
been
the
a
as
taste
marked
it
forced
to
appears
recent
for
look
to
found
sugar
there
that
of
the
article
to
output.
after
tually
vir-
now
the
by
the
of
stantly
con-
beet
of
cent,
per
customers
China
be
and
market,
new
It
no
and
is
people
recent
Japan
this
said
has
that
in
he
that
shown
Be
years.
doubt
upon
producer
Philippine
Oriental
to
by
two
home.
during
seems
for
ninety
the
nearer
development
best
years.
for
among
of
its
but
has
consumption
depended,
have
may,
of
in
disappearance
trade
his
and
represented
has
The
custom,
increased,
accounted
British
imports
the
whom
is
he
transferred
American
diminished
This
lost
superior
of
chase
pur-
quasi-protec-
duty,
was
Kingdom
to
product
the
their
withdrawal
away.
sugar
with
Indies,
increasing
product,
trade
As
quality.
to
import
American
this
years
low
list
whereas
terms,
enjoyed
Mc-
free
able
low-grade
the
had
the
the
was
according
that
which
the
equal
taxed
comparatively
ment
ship-
article.
importer
was
the
was
upon
domestic
upon
been
Philippines,
tion
sugar
American
previously
immediate
dispansion
the
upon
markets
than
more
year.
placed
bounty
forty thousand,
to
year
are
sudden
which
consequence
had
figures
this
of
Act,
in
previous
subsequent
cause
put
the
former
any
Kinley
and
in
tons
PHILIPPINES.
the
the
that
ports
im-
past
"
THE
decade
have
increased
the
to
SUGAR
to
American
spasmodic
purchaser
have
a
been
Philippine
States
is
better
for
the
be
may
the
equal
meet
cane
Convention,
from
the
the
beet
with
be
that
undergone
cost
offset
of
the
a
the
by
bounty
labor
his
cruder
output,
by improvements
labor,
field
fair
market
in
change
hut
out
within
recent
in
basis
cheaper
a
was
ing
remov-
upon
Despite
cane.
in
true
industry
product
manufacturer
the
i3
tions
direc-
new
European
beet
enhances
article
there
which,
the
has
the
the
sugar
with
can
the
years
this
the
vantage
disadprocess
production.
The
in
in
tropical producer,
Philippines
of
the
derived
is
United
and
trade
the
It
the
of
grade
the
gradually
and
markets
the
Thus
extended.
Brussels
placed
favor.
which
The
latter
of
competition
methods,
can
and
feature
has
Britain
these
of
been
1885
tons
most
China.
to
since
that
only
Hongkong
to
that
siderable
con-
made
been
believe
Japan.
advantages
system,
of
Great
belief
the
by
from
held
hopeful
created
has
the
and
sugar,
exports
transit
trade
to
only
was
thirty-five thousand
to
in
and
suited
ground
field
China
to
about
reason
been
sugar
its
shifting
is
have
shipments
the
1S85,
at
There
China
have
Japan
ous
Previ-
extent.
Philippine
to
constant
year.
surprising
of
Prom
1890.
267
occupation
shipments
sinee
INDUSTRY.
great
Spanish
under
need
times,
heavy
of
is
the
industry
capital.
indebtedness
at
present,
Producers
at
exorbitant
are
as
it
was
ing
staggerrates
of
"
268
and
interest
the
absolutely
paying
basis,
The
basic
tariff
confidence
for
the
would
and
machinery,
Aside
from
be
of
his
with
successfully
needs
able
of
That
deduction
of
of
eorporation,
establish
form
from
land
is
for
passed
set
profitable
by
despite
into
at
less
sugar
be
than
the
acquired
the
be
may
most
ing
pressto
could
mise.*
sur-
not
to
seems
United
the
be
may
traced
which
still
in
tains
re-
recommendations
urgent
seventy
proval.
ap-
favored
the
Congress,
the
nearly
may
of
that
clique
reasonable
falling
that
general
impossible
fact
sugar
more
appears
themselves
to
duction.
pro-
impairment
the
of
it is
the
same
safeguarding
demesne
limit
harmful
this
act
original
Commission
plea
public
the
land
who
legislative action
from
of
influence
its
the
proposed
fair
miserly
the
the
the
improved
Congress,
in
in
possible
it
with
met
this, one
oppose
profit
economic
representatives
Philippines,
competition
The
has
the
create
of
to
of
of
influence
powerful
United
make
producer,
plan
the
install
fearful
the
long
and
system
further
capitalist, restore
wages,
American
this
interests,
trust,
tbe
introduce
the
How
higher
pay
quite unnecessarily
to
the
is
assured
an
money-lender,
to
by
sugar
it
encourage
the
planter
afford
upon
assistance.
situation
Philippine
to
of
the
tion
reorganiza-
industry
outside
of
requirement
market,
the
put
without
remote
the
effecting
to
necessary
is
This
world
the
of
prospect
concessions
States.
be
PHILIPPINES.
THE
Under
concessions.
millions
of
hands
by
of
an
quantity
acres
of
speculators,
individual,
necessary
or
to
plantation.
"
270
THE
in
which
the
would
be
of
one
PHILIPPINES.
revival
of
god-send
the
to
and
once
is
thousands.
affairs
wasted.
conscientious
industry
prosperous
of
tens
Philippine
many
rhetoric
prompt
this
This
which
on
What
is
Congressional
is
gressional
Con-
wanted
ia
legislation.
TOBACCO.
Tor
hundred
one
means
employed
was
consideration
its
for
inception
revenues
and
In
the
1785
thirty-nine
to
abolition
thousand
in
The
to
and
half
1882
afford
reliable
in
of
warehouses
movements,
creating
year
to
year.
taker
of
the
other
and
and
the
or
wide
has
The
product.
her
of
the
consignments
of
tration.
adminis-
lar
irregu-
production
in
of
in
been
the
to
ment,
govern-
the
from
largest
Kingdom
to
have
the
response
exports
Philippine
seem
its
sales
stored
in
United
of
too
are
released
exigencies
to
tobacco
was
always
asset.
increased
annual
fluctuations
Spain
purchaser
the
output
Insular
time
expenses
the
owed
fiscal
the
at
exports
of
The
the
it had
of
the
without
amounted
1844
and
tobacco
data
in
source
proceeds
conditions.
government
1873,
dollars;
half
figures
market
this
meet
Every
monopoly
important,
an
from
tin;
to
The
was
production
deficiency
millions,
official
trade
only
became
tobacco
Philippines.
producer.
revenue
the
chronic
soon
sufficient
were
the
1781
stimulate
to
the
to
and
two
in
monopoly
government
from
years
the
was
leaf
down
been
to
inter-
"
"
"'f,[.;AN".lXG
"
on
shall
of
description
the
Agriculture."
invent
shown
Abaca.
process
A
fortune
th"
illu
strati
jriven
in
the
await?
substitute
satisfactory
in
i*
tor
the
the
chapter
man
crude
win;
trivance
con-
on.
"
"
271
TOBACCO.
and
mittent
named
the
shipments
year
British
manufactured
tobacco
about
distribution
in
that
in
leaf.
of
the
of
years
entire
declined
and
United
quantities
In
for
the
1882
long
few
of
years
the
three-quarter
the
figures
of
an
pine
Philip-
the
has
been
the
and
period,
in
practically
but
before
also
ceeding
suc-
trade
the
The
1875.
considerable
took
abolished
was
with
the
during
sultant
re-
following
preceding
twenty
important
Philippines.
free
duction
pro-
the
1900
of
she
the
to
the
best
leaf
and
twenty-six
American
tobacco
age
aver-
an
in
-Hungary
purchased,
rule
with
pounds
Austria
in
increase
1892,
slight decline,
millions
factor
In
to
During
decade
past
in
amounted
millions.
shown
an
and
pounds,
monopoly,
the
showed
exports
million
have
about
In
years.
the
leaf
thirteen
since
year
of
was
immediately
transitory period
the
1885
nearly
system
trade.
and
In
Regie
heavily,
disturbance
a
than
period.
monopoly
economic
wider
years
Australia
years
much
received
expired
and
Kingdom
of
The
Indies
imported
of
value.
monopoly
the
of
exports
in
quantity
existence
In
China
rapidly
the
the
its
export.
1855
been
East
during
consumer
closing
the
British
direction
long period
where
last
The
dollars
small
very
The
cigars.
for
has
case
Spain,
took
vogue,
largest
this
the
China.
million
one
in
mid
have
take
to
the
From
quantity.
began
Indies
East
averaged
in
irregular
recent
has
come
be-
trade
of
through
her
"
THE
272
PHILIPPINES.
four
monopoly,
state
succeeding
in
but
in
one
and
the
to
exports
one-third
half
between
years
the
1904
and
that
has
shipments,
been
not
have
from
able
short
were
might
aside
States,
millions,
four
country
As
and
pounds,
and
two
millions.
United
million
to
been
few
ticipated,
an-
mental
experi-
the
use
of
pine
Philip-
product.*
There
has
tobacco
since
accepted
a
to
have
been
have
free
into
come
is
that
estimated
and
smoke,
exports
quite
the
tobacco
be
will
of
reason
admitted
in
the
the
seems
tion
consumpand
cigarette
and
population
the
the
case,
with
leaf
believe
to
free
total
put
out-
stationary
increases
enormous
their
of
the
duty
that,
in
finding
arc
This,
however,
rather
than
free
tion
produc-
deterioration
has
continued
Philippine
though
even
different
and
United
who
very
leaf.
of
began
the
to
iwmtunerH.
tobacco
Philippine
removal
the
supervision,
of
experienced
be
American
amongst
is
there
the
of
establishment
the
removal
quality
is
of
half
been
islanders,
the
than
consistent
with
the
Tbere
eigar
among
such
has
tobacco.
Coincident
the
If
manufactured
and
use
more
weed.
are
The
he
not
domestic
six-sevenths
consume
the
of
by
general
must
contrary,
in
conditions.
manufactiired
production
the
On
tion,
distribu-
the
This
that
increase
great
of
days.
indication
an
in
change
exports
monopoly
as
under
in
the
stationary figure.
at
in
much
of
quantity,
or
it
been
not
Slates,
great
extensive
an
accustomed
from
is
an
market
to
those
culty
diffi-
ties
quali-
exhibited
argument
for
otherwise.
"
THE
274
disorders
tionary
four
millions,
much
as
in
as
In
result
future
he
to
seems
chief
ached
appro
half
nearly
to
unfavorable
two-thirds
of
matic
cli-
these
ments
ship-
France.
to
prevail
which
1904
exceptionally
than
the
figures
in
again
of
industry
copra
whence
the
1903
More
made
were
districts
decline
to
conditions.
The
the
derived.
is
supply
PHILIPPINES.
in
pnrticiihirly suited
is
in
the
and
Philippines,
for
store
tho
to
ditions
con-
bright
it.
COFFEE.
The
coffee
play
to
ago
of
exports
Philippines
the
important
an
in
part
ceased
years
trade
the
of
the
isliSIKlS.
In
of
about
1855
the
bean
until
steadily
sixteen
pounds,
exceeded
thirteen
followed
by
effects.
From
pest
and
It
has
been
equal
the
to
for
chief
the
together
to
for
product
of
have
not
of
United
a
to
the
half
is
the
sustained
this
Philippine
points
and
amount.
it
prices
estimate.
have
United
China-Hongkong
of
cipitously,
pre-
that
best
article
the
insect
tive
destruc-
in
coffee
the
in
declined
output
but
but
an
ruinously
Philippine
considerable
by
insignificant
Java,
ments
ship-
millions,
with
time
the
1889
visited
were
Kingdom,
the
In
blight
present
claimed
with
trace
leaf
that
at
consumers
Spain,
hard
it
and
with
maximum,
1884.
plantations
the
year
in
increased
exports
their
pounds
qiiarter
the
reached
they
million
that
and
shipped,
were
and
million
one
ia
tained
ob-
The
been
States,
trade
consumption.
"
The
a
revival
of
American
suggested
plan
has
other
of
soil
hand
are
the
of
danger
the
safeguards
fifteen
against
in
coffee
offer
better
of
benefit
of
could
the
writing
of
their
be
"A
convinced
cigars,
district
free
no
which
fee
cof-
been
the
vided,
pro-
generous
all
attract
the
fields
of
scientific
long,
meantime
and
overtook
have
doubtless
the
Philippines
for
the
ment
invest-
and
of
longer
from
tliu
of
that
Philippine
and
In
admission
at
Mr.
who
Kentucky,
of
agrees
sugar
and
the
of
its
ought
Hill,
of
duty
on
represents
other
him.
the
results,
(August
to
have
be
mitted
ad-
Connecticut,
tobacco
and
tobacco-growing
Opposition
products
time
effects
Congress
the
with
of
the
report
of
Mr.
At
probable
press
tlie
members
but
products
of
for
Taft.
members
removal
Shirley,
of
islands,
following
the
ports.
our
oppose
the
idea
some
visit
Secretory
in
majority
duty
the
of
still
conceived
wisely
more
than
is
party
gathered
:
been
guidance
experience
free
will
the
the
ever-present
When
ere
hazardous
have
the
the
1005)
been
be
will
Philippines
under
of
less
disaster
ago.
will
in
On
money.*
Congress
lti,
and
Niirliiiif;
may
but
ability
suit-
maturity
the
calamities
culture
capital,
necessary
the
perity
pros-
capital
the
is
there
such
of
known
of
for
nection
con-
article.
production.
outlays
years
they probably
as
profits
meantime
of
the
with
in
record
and
waiting
recurrence
coffee
on
considerations.
large
of
mooted,
past
the
to
requires
plantations
the
adverse
years
heen
Philippine
industry
climate
the
the
favor
serious
In
trees.
for
the
and
twelve
or
its
by
plantation
ten
trade
in
enjoyed
lias
import, duty
free
with
The
industry
the
has
to
also
the
been
"
276
THE
The
chief
and
cheap
The
PHILIPPINES.
industrial
need*
expeditious
projected railway
and
the
with
its
of
resources
bids
accept
railroad
in
roads
the
the
and
The
of
four
United
will
be
exempt
bonds
covering
and
for
the
but
entire
at
first
of
cost
of
and
thereafter,
years
on
must
years,
interest
years
or
cent,
per
thirty
fifty
guarantee
nearly
one
first
of
Philippines.
taxation,
of
the
thirty
the
to
citizens
be
or
from
cent,
for
for.
miles
1,233
must
one-half
will
of
authorized
of
States
during
cent,
per
lie looked
been
Bidders
the
Government
ment
require-
development
may
construction
per
this
supply
has
of
one-half
PEGBLEM.
islands.
earnings
gross
one
the
Government
the
to
pay
Archipelago
is
transportation.
rapid
Government
for
corporations
The
will
system
TRANSPORTATION
Insular
Philippines
the
of inland
means
inception
the
THE
The
of
the
rate
mortgage
construction
equipment.*
There
That
owned
been
the
statements
coming
admission
of
supported
Means
"The
Mr.
purpose.
session
of
all
by
section
the
by
de
of
of
Payne,
at
of
bill
the
in
several
de
pinos
Fili-
Manila,
who
Ohio,
says
held
that
for
to
have
meetings
providing
chairman
islands.
Tranvias
producers,
will
products
the
in
Tondo,
Grosvenor,
Congress
la
insular
visitors
Philippine
Mr.
roads
two
Compania
the
questioned
tliis
later
the
from
by
overcome
operation
by
runs
for
in
are
the
at
the
free
be
introduced
and
of
the
and
Ways
Committee."
routes
of
the
proposed
railroads
are
given
In
chapter.
"
THE
Malabon,
miles.
in
in
the
The
the
province
other
is under
Railway
the
control
to
it
562,089
The
Mex.,
value
roadbed,
Mex.,
and
the
in
1894,
disturbances,
1902
1,104,372
of
of
and
this
$397,699.
"The
exchange
States
traffic
The
considerably
United
of
165,760
distance
derived
was
business
since
value
the
of
American
of
the
the
losses
subsequent
the
with
tures
expendi-
of
$373,703
the
During
carried
a
over
gross
road
gregate
ag-
revenue
freight
9,706,855
a
same
an
gross
of
tons
company
gross
profit
of
was
suffered
miles, affording
aggregate
an
from
total
$115,800
Railway
the
$12,300,000.
land,
construction
of
and
were
Mex.
enterprise
gross
passengers
23,591,024
$683,206;
carried
of
of
income
gross
leaving
is
has
promising
was
including
during
$1,238,235,
was
capitalization
year,
it
was
$20,931
-Manila
property
The
$864,532,
on
although
is
of
grade
and
of
it
low
very
income
buildings
Dagupan
traffic.
growing
during
and
1902
year
operation
profit
The
destruction
its
property,
rolling stock,
is confined
the
of
121.79
Dagupan
former
and
gross
of
and
During
4.35
Dagupan,
to
Manila
cost
entire
equipment.
from
of
distance
The
The
indicating
opened
the
passengers,
leaving
of
Manila
traffic.
passenger
Mexican.*
$33,034
of
277
distance
Limited.
exclusively
$53,965
from
Pangasinun,
Company,
carried
Rizal,
of
running
of
province
miles,
PROBLEM.
TRANSPORTATION
was
miles,
of
revenue
has
increased
occupation.
Mexican
dollar
Is
fifty
cents
eurreucy.
"
278
THE
The
existing
Cabanatuan,
of
miles.
the
later
close
The
work
mines
of
cliffs
that
furnish
timber,
not
the
at
fine
abound.
and
and
fruits
of
seat
the
to
will
he
civilians,
the
Government,
and
of
in
covered
of
with
Many
Temperate
Zone
Although
commercial
in
sanatorium
other
in
pine.
stated
it will
the
as
mineral
Benguet."
be
established
and
the
review
it may
conditions,
Baguio
in
cultivated
relevant
precisely
forests
most
Limestone
and
are
the
is found
Coal
mountains
of
the
up
sulphur
vegetables
in
of
of
charge
gold.
lime.
with
is
Baguio,
to
Philippines,
and
of
not
twenty-seven
open
the
copper
crowned
are
latter
road
of
in
"will
Hot
The
fore
be-
former
Pangasinan,
in
quality
the
municipality
officer
road
aggregate
the
distance
the
canyon.
successfully
eoldiers
of
yield
river
industrial
district
Benguet
springs
Benguet,
the
mining
Bued
of
the
in
for
electric
from
about
franchises
and
An
province
report
states
promising
are
of
of
1905,
1906.
line
will
completion
year
Ecija;
Antipolo,
to
the
tion
sta-
Bulacan,
existing
granting
the
of
Nueva
branches
two
the
the
in
province
miles.
of
of
of
the
on
to
Bigaa,
province
terminus
construction
Pozorubio,
in the
point
March,
of
process
province
act
requires
than
the
These
The
roads
the
authorized
from
one
in
Manila
the
been
line
province.
these
the
from
north
65.87
lines
in
tlie other
mile
haa
"
the
Eizal
of
additional
two
on
and
road'
Manila-Dagupan
construct
to
PHILIPPINES.
become
words,
and
passing
for
the
the
that
invalid
summer
Simla
Philippines.
"
THE
One
TRANSPORTATION
of
the
first
it
had
works
the
upon
been
of
system
the
ascertaining precisely
been
expended
in
the
in
of
these
and
in
which
one
are
termed
one
side
be
the
Roads
and
and
which
on
the
Insular
provinces
facilities
foreign ports
and
have
recent
of
calls
have
In
fourteen
at
Manila
of
Where
been
addition
to
the
regular
the
of
What
from
connecting
Insular
within
ernment.
Gov-
one
will
ince
provbe
structed
con-
board,
one
for
cent,
per
necessity
loaned
to
the
increased
to
steamship
on
the
between
quite equal
readily
for
money
has
to
amount.
traffic
ocean
those
the
has
large aggregate
for
task
running
provincial
one-eighth
tinue
con-
communication
primarily
Government
a
to
tremendous
entirely
the
by
of
responded
years.
vessels
in
charge
ernments
gov-
supplied
amply
those
or
is levied.
land
the
is,
benefit
tax
assessable
The
local
millions
destructive.
island,
lie
repaired
purpose
existed
sole
of
proposed
of
so
that
way
high-
means
no
conspicuous
are
an
which
of
are
rains
of
is
ministration,
ad-
provincial
is
avenues
roads,
another
will
provinces,
been
ordinary
insular
to
it is
It
the
several
and
province
has
the
of
but
and
indeed
military
is
central
bridges.
which
paucity
the
every
and
country
much,
direction,
roads
the
There
bow
ernment
Gov-
peace,
improvement
by
until
work
good
with
this
of
islands.
the
by
under
inaugurated
the
279
undertaken
establishment
was
have
PROBLEM.
army
companies
schedules.
Manila
and
requirements
demands
of
transports,
make
This
the
ical
periodservice
"
is
supplemented
few
in
trade
the
fact,
afloat
in
is
and
total
whilst
fourteen
Mindanao
An
of
were
rarely
two
and
Manila,
vessels
seen
1902
year
American
of
register,
twelve
flew
the
in
and
register
be
the
During
neglected
Manila
63
no
traffic
has
the
for
to
to
means
of
been
the
in
coastwise
of
port
ex-
trade
fifteen
of
its
tons
smaller
Archipelago
in
the
which
though
al-
commerce,
number
interisland
The
196.
the
traffic,
occupation
available
from
local
of
number
factors
petty
American
subports
maritime
in
this
of
waters
This
administration.
steamers
are
ried
car-
foreign
to
extension
in
175
considered
engaged
the
been
increasing.
American
There
over.
islands
constantly
and
Zamboanga,
has
the
engaged
vessels
navigating
hardly
of
the
1902
Luzon
Luzon.
since
so
during
sailing
increased
it is
noticeably
were
1,409
and
Sulu
commerce
opening
the
trade
There
Cagayan,
Manila,
are
Jolo,
interisland
1834,
been
islands
Cebu
Appari,
since
in
the
of
Cebu,
extensive
on
has
the
bottoms;
is
visited
sailing
ports
open
Iloilo, Panay
and
In
the
colors.
The
craft
American
States
United
fifty steamships
seventeen
American
has
the
of
feature
of
scarcity
and
steamers
tramp
noticeable
Harbor.
but
of
trade
the
of
flag
of
number
Manila
hundred
this
by
sailing ships.
shipping
can
PHILIPPINES.
THE
280
traffic
Insular
ports
has
been
Government
and
encourage
of
foster
the
Archipelago.
the
past
one
of
the
least
invit-
"
"
AGRICULTURE.
"
"
AGRICULTURE.*
Musa
Textalis:
Method
Tobacco"
"
Proposed
its
and
of
Expense
chief
the
soil
and
of
volcanic
is
of
are
food
found
in
grain,
with
and
potatoes
cultivation.
been
States
reduced
to
their
this
or
vegetables
are
and
number1
succeeding
approximate
of
dred
hun-
three
or
the
and
no
crops
range
aid,
domestic
fruit
trees
while
corn,
bounteously
of
pay
re-
from
plants
have
chapters
equivalents
of
variety
Tropical
great.
other
in
The
commercial
little
There
values
Money
is
matter.
generous
About
Archipelago,
plants
abundantly
wide.
either
the
organic
yielding
he.
to
decomposed
of
mainly
growths.
very
of
plants
producing
yield
is
agricultural
continue
decayed
by
subtropical
products
fiber
consists
Oil-
Philippines
its
probably
fertile, readily
.and
tropical
will
Cocoa-
Plantation.
the
been
"
Methods
Cocoanut
in
has
enriched
extremely
value
they
islands
the
wealth
conquest
so
rock,
vegetable
of
The
Cocoanut
Improved
in
Cane
"
Capital
"
and
Under
Profit
and
Fiber
for
Depression
Industry
source
Spanish
products,
The
the
Cotton
Copra
"
"Estimated
since
Present
in
Involved
Channel
Derivatives
Possibilities
The
It
for
Remedy
Palm
nut
Profits
Fiber"
Promising
Culture
"
and
Slaguey
Not
of
"
Expenses
"
Sugar
Conditions
Hemp
Extraction"
Cultivation
Hemp
Manila
of
in
all
United
currency.
(285)
THE
286
which
oil and
dyes,
gums,
PHILIPPINES.
medicinal
extracts
bo
may
derived.
The
tobacco,
is
products
chief
and
copra
foremost
of
and
hardly
the
yields
abaca.
member
the
trade.
in
established
is
textalis
musa
the
habitat,
have
been
it
fiber
Luzon,
anes,
Large
of
wild
and
the
of
and,
provinces.
grows
islands.
the
principal
productive
Cavite
it
Ambos
sections
to
The
The
island
also
are
less
output
and
Luzon
extent,
is
safe
Bataan
from
La
in
clusion
con-
mercial
com-
cultivation
of
Albay,
of
Catandu-
in
Philippines.
the
adjacent
Sorsogon.
are
large
the
in
produced
Camarines
in
of
of
plant
under
district
abaca
in
Archipelago.
province
dependent
cessful
Unsuc-
part
is
the
is
only
produce
to
in
matter
the
it
made
than
quantities
provinces
be
greater
and
but
abaca
cultivate
elsewhere
including
is tho
to
world,
cannot
however,
several
the
As
[glands.
the
over
as
misnomer,
is found
Philippine
made
of
parts
that
known
locally
is
family,
plant
fiber, whereas
bast
The
fiber.
that
in
the
is
efforts, extending
There,
from
distinguishable
hemp
named
first
banana
hemp"
true
different
the
of
"Manila
fact,
sugar,
HEMP.
term
of
century,
MANILA
"
It
thoroughly
natural
the
banana.
is
its
these
edible
The
structural
of
hemp,
are
importance.
TEXTALIS
is
soil
and
rice,
textalis
musa
is
the
commercial
MUSA
The
of
Other
Laguna
and
the
and
JJalangas
islands
of
"
CONDITIONS
and
Panay,
also
are
The
or
of
fiber
that
has
remarkable
tlio
production
fields
extensive
only
of
the
of
growth
the
the
land, subject
high humidity,
good,
It
for
is
to
be
sheltered
is
peculiarly
not
subject
to
free
to
will
from
drought;
of
if
ket
mar-
place
to
methods
of
ment.
improve-
any
expansion,
suitable
the
for
the
to
under
vation.
culti-
in
In
excess
of
little
to
wind
be
soil.
or
tending,
and
of
must
swampy
accidents.
stature
tile
fer-
climate
drainage
thrive
low
textalis
musa
rainfall,
liability
its
ported.
ex-
CULTURE,
raise, requires
from
1825
was
gave
great
The
not
none
preciated
ap-
foreign
brought
necessary.
plant
easy
liberal
the
areas
been
culture
the
should
Abaca
is
of
OF
successful
to
little
large
have
plant
Previous
primitive
the
capable
the
and
cultivator
but
years
known
practically
of
sixty
past
become
and
CONDITIONS
For
strength, lightness,
petty
of
natives
tensile
undergone
is
the
by
the
development
have
fraction
abaca
southeastern
used
world.
small
the
industry
The
of
within
have
plantations,
producers
the
and
been
commercial
was
With
the
northern
only
it is
durability
by
the
quantities
undoubtedly
but
its
and
length,
the
Komblon,
Mindanao.
centuries,
so
in
287
Maabate,
Considerable
Bohol.
produced
portions
for
Marinduque,
Samar,
Leyte,
CULTURE.
OF
sun.
and
It
is
environ-
"
288
PHILIPPINES.
THE
ment
it
protect
station
from
fire
cannot
and
moist
the
No
make
effort
the
been
the
has
of
it
tions;
inunda-
made
develop, by
to
of
the
be
to
and
plant
for
promising,
are
which
growth,
of
susceptible
has
and
intelligent investigation
proved
juicy
ita
insects.
vegetable
of
from
practically exempt
direction
valuable
has
is
qualities
this
in
subject
it
ita
hurricanes;
against
heen
desirable
possibilities
every
and
predatory
of
scientific
almost
effect
headway
stem
attacks
cultivation,
the
the
upon
leaves
from
more
periment,
ex-
less
or
improvement.
plantation
the
former
plants
arc
order
to
force
create
not
planting
and
furnish
of
the
dense
is
The
small
have
the
during
the
deep
In
September-November.
February,
and
December,
sufficiently strong
to
the
injure,
best
and
of
this
not
may
that
time
of
in
break
roots
for
May-July
August,
heat
soil.
for
they
months
herbage
to
feeding
The
yards
planted,
and
that
The
the
selected
trees
rainy
of
are
shade
plants.
young
of
away
leaves,
and
this
three
to
field, or
requisite
shadow,
rob
the
in
winds.
high
should
purpose
will
standing
After
amount
washing
prevent
three
continuous.
two
certain
In
about
in
earlier.
from
rows,
suckers.
or
reached
months
with
to
seed
practically
in
way,
left
is
six
is
out
between,
Trees
the
set
are
each
apart
left
latter
the
harvesting
stage,
from
maturity
case
in
years
started
is
January,
the
perhaps
sun
kill,
is
the
"
PHILIPPINES.
THE
290
render
the
the
at
of
thorough
is not
is
reduces
strength,
is
This
is
feature
machine
have
difficult
present
from
twenty
hemp
machine.
heavy
and
rough
be
easily
*
seems
and
ground
machine,
"The
to
be
have
to
the
generally
practicable,
carried
honor
to
subjected
As
material.
by
of
of
must
to
too
waste
cut
the
fiber.
in
are
knife,
very
the
up
that
so
it
apparatus
done
is
mountain
be
be
quality
being
work
such
economy
transport
upon
said
plants
the
fiber.
devise
not
good
the
4o
of
on
very
sides,
light enough
to
men.*
two
having
fallen
of
ual
man-
ingenuity.
is
hours
economical
more
the
be
must
few
to
than
stalks
of
present
should
of
rection.
cor-
invention
American
necessary
The
a
it
cent,
for
quality
extraction
per
less
no
within
leaf-sheaths
than
thirty
to
is
of
laborer.
calls
the
"attempts
but
the
the
with
for
method
Portability
found
futile
achievement
an
in
uniform
contrivance,
The
is
out
many
that
industry
and
weight,
the
to
the
of
fiber
the
consideration
lies
the
portion
increases
dispense
turn
been
also
used
When
output.
discolors
remedy
will
and
mechanical
it
the
the
which
process
There
but
of
Perhaps
a
This
important
an
the
knives
commonly
are
considerable
retained.
juicy pulp
which
in
by using
serrated
as
easier, they
quality
produced
til"ei- is
nution
dimi-
ponding
corres
edge, but,
operation
its
brat
smooth
expense
process
The
weight.
with
however,
practically
to
young
solved
American
the
question
engineer,
"
METHOD
After
for
in
packed
of
hours
which
there
and
"colored,"
The
the
assigns
the
extract
the
makes
have
but
been
it
has
will
Lindsay
It
form
of
pounds
hour
of
In
fibre
in
The
North
labor
essential
it
two
Brigadier-
has
offer
always
requirement
operation
was
General
was
less
been
a
made
lacking
every
system
pounds
U.
Carter,
ent
pres-
sixty
out
existing
H.
for
the
to
transpired,
economical
its
S.
A.,
1905.
May,
several
the
than
machines
complicated
test,
upon
in
in
Mr.
by
forty-four
W.
solution
property
quality,
the
about
planter
turning
uniform
strip
liericir,
has
to
of
Under
men.
can
American
of
appears
the
but
capable
hemp
worker
day."
appeared
but
of
claim
similar
which
white
hemp
average
being
rent
cur-
invented
improvements;
as
the
his
miichinc
that
capitalist,
it
over
the
time
the
Under
Doubtless
the
system
to
to
represents
receives
This
control
many
first-class
the
by
share.
he
ground
intervals
at
at
in
planter
of
produce
(be
fications.
classi-
vogue
the
of
planter
sufficient
reported
in
and
drawbacks.
undergo
is
is
plants
sufficiently profitable
Lindsay.
these
section
The
"second,"
in
system
labor, and
the
his
serious
Eilwuril
Robert
his
to
of
exercise
cannot
an
value
labor
this
tend
for
delivery
local
to
of
loosely
district.
gradations
One-half
pay
is
sun
market,
"current,"
cultivator
and
fiber.
operator's
he
Its
raise
to
the
to
nearest
hemp
are
Under
native
each
to
which
on
each
in
several
districts.
the
to
''beneficiary" system
hemp
exposed
is
carried
recognized
with
291
sufficientlydried,
several
are
principal grades
and
fiber
when
and,
bundles
EXTRACTION.
the
extraction,
few
OF
device,
hand
lem,
prob-
that
or
else
some
that
labor.
"
THE
292
and
its
When
few
dollars
and
of
he
the
rush
injuring
all
with
most
of
article
the
upon
and
of
offered
EXPENSES
least
of
AND
of
with
plants
the
an
result
sarily
unneces-
However,
scale
large
culture,
cocoanut
the
PROFITS
need
unready
on
field
risky
by
the
market.
cultivation
profitable
extracting
putting
and
of
cutting
urgent
extraction,
possible exception
capital
is in
sacrifice
plantation
aaid, hemp
is
the
often
process
the
in
cultivator
will
low-grade
when
carelessness
native
the
prevent
cannot
and
plants
fiber.
a
He
produce.
immature
PHILIPPINES.
for
the
Philippines
INVOLVED
is,
the
ment
invest-
to-day.
IN
HEMP
to
outlay
CULTIVATION.
Foreman
income
gives
in
Perhaps
the
the
always
to
of
cost
monopolistic
labor,
to
be
may
make
in
of
of
for
industry
an
abaca
prices
enhancement
cover
and
interest.
allowance
any
because
character
adjusted
be
which
unnecessary
increased
of
cultivation
hemp
it is
figures relating
some
in
can
of
cost
production.
The
be
labor
of
calculated
shoots
$1.50
at
from
at
plant-setting
25
however,
laying
live
out
of
plants,
instead
of
to
the
paying
counted
for
shoots
on
at
plants;
cents
capitalist
plantation,
be
50
to
Province
Albay
1,000
per
cents
in
the
the
and
will
per
the
time
labor.
of
of
cost
$5
full
In
of
quently,
Fre-
100.
contract
basis
may
for
for
the
100
growth,
case
this
"
is
it
done
is
293
CULTIVATION.
HEMP
make
to
customary
advances
the
to
contractor.
following
The
conservative
above,
profit,
expenses,
Albay,
but
the
of
corporation
the
fiber
the
of
it
with
or
and
cost
be
assumed
that
and
conscqiiently
at
ties
faciliwould
scale
larger,
in
of
those
capital
the
this,
investment,
upon
may
made
plantation
based
are
size
upon
less
at
qualification
operating
individual
operating
produce
of
figures
half
or
the
to
statement
etc.,
as
plantation
for
is, subject
greater
profit.
Plantation
land
two
over
ready
No
of
to
within
(3.472
abaca
(equivalent
3,472
acres
80
Invested
1,000
pisosones
Store
for
Bale
Plot
4
of
and
Unrecoverable
Total
land
piculs
and
land
horses
of
1,000
press
the
in
10
therefore
purchase.
pisoson
picuh
yielding
output
assumed
cent
per
of
of
of
from
10,000
tion
propor-
Segunda,
Colorado:
cent.
per
10
total
acres,
Each
cwts.,
Corriente,
cent.
per
bales,
5,000
of
annum
3.60
or
date
land.
per
tons),
and
shoots
fallow
no
acre
p'ir
624.50
p-iculs,making
10
3,472
or
from
year
producing
acres)
of
one
needed
ploughing
with
planted
years
cut
pisosones,
1,000
for
two
abaca,
per
with
ample
hides
200
prising
$50,000.00
pisoson
space.
]"er
day
to
capital
3,000.00
2,500.00
700.00
ground
sun-drying
300.00
vehicles
advances
Invested
of
and
store
$50
at
for
shed
Capital.
200
men
at
say
?5
each
1,000.00
557,500.00
"
294
THE
PHILIPPINES.
Wobkinq
Salaries
Expenses.
Manager
European
Native
$1,800.00
bookkeepers
iit
storekeepers
$750
eaeh
$15
and
at
1,500.00
$10
per
month
8
Plantation
Native
Labor
at
ST1;
per
bale
at
ot
hemp
laborers,
say
rattans
Waste
iu
Stolen
by
store
Maintenance,
Fire
per
of
Keep
of
Office
horses
various
to
at
Loading
Insurance
(Manila
Manila
Manila
2%
at
the
200.00
province.
.
cents
at
at
at
1%
125.00
cent,
15
say
cent,
sale
on
159.00
cent.)
per
..
dis-
value
hale,
per
$32,200
on
landing,
including
cents
541,25
month,
per
37.50
month
working
150.00
1,250.00
pirul
per
per
plus,
per
etc..
bale
per
value
stationery,
postage,
commission
etc.,
Total
Shed,
90.00
about
12%
Manila
half
and
Press,
1,000.00
at
selling
for
press-value
at
annum
expenses
cents
storage
say,
of
110.00
per
Manila
broker's
cbnrging,
183.50
etc
rattan,
Bale,
telegrams,
at
468.T5
1,000
per
kinds
expenses,
Freight
14
200.00
Store,
traveling
Manager's
Taxes
and
100;
per
cents
plus
$5,500
on
four
cents
9%
cents
mats,
192.00
200.00
on
cent,
at
87%
900.00
month
annum
per
insurance
month
per
per
depreciation,
or
cent,
per
$4
bales
5,000
bale
per
split
at
pressing
mats
$10
at
overseers
messengers
for
800.00
$9,75"00
expenses
Rcttjbns.
Sale
Half
to
from
the
of
the
the
above
planter
laborer;
output
;
the
other
therefore:
of
10,000
half
5,000
is
longs
be-
piculs
purchased
picula
sold
thus:
"
"
The
famous
tbaca
on
inlusti'i^s.
"
the
h\
Manila
outskirts
laborious
Walk.
Uoi'i!
"
rope
of
the
Id
is
thus
capital,
-time
made
lik"
most
from
other
proci'r-.
"
"
HEMP
4,000
pieals
(Corriente)
iSegunda)
at
at
; 500
$3.8714
at
500
$4.25;
piculs
plculs
{Colorada)
53.12ya
Gain
In
$20,750.00
price
bought
5,000
on
75
at
laborers'
picvls,
cents
per
picnl
per
bale
share
under
Manila
price
market
Manila
CULTIVATION.
firms
pay
Total
3,750.00
50
cents
for
2,500.00
pressing
receipts
$27,000.00
Outcome.
Sale
In
Deduct
Manila
Net
In
expenses
profit
to
sinamay,
cloth
is made
from
sometimes
beautiful
very
manufactured
profit
will
other
cent,
per
in
hemp
exporter,
small
net
importer,
work
Before
and
fine
is
possibly
Just
called
from
carrier,
see
the
ns
ard
stand-
of
in
the
is
special
combined
silk.
lupis
methods
shall
apple-leaf
pineof
economies
we
as
and
hemp
accepted
American
extensive
known
fiber,
material
generally
long
is
The
admixture
an
quantities
cultivation.
doubtless
industries.
with
cloth.
hemp
of
diaphanous
in
Thirty
of
mixture
of
hemp
consumed
is
fabrics
these
entirely
a
amount
especially
of
of
quantity
large
..$17,247.00
capital)*
enormous
used
product
fiber,
A
the
total
on
manufactures,
extensively
most
cent,
annually,
exported
domestic
in
9,753.01)
(125 per
addition
is
that
$27,000.00
working
ization
organ-
this
and
planter,
In
one
corporation.
"
THE
296
of
quality
to
PHILIPPINES.
which
hemp,
the
than
extract
is
much
is
Maguey
of
fibers
in
the
produced
world's
thousand
million
of
Philippine
with
used
both
of
and
for
mines,
be
trade,
to
and
markets
of
some
the
number
ably,
consider-
small,
very
sequent
sub-
the
There
dustry
inis
expand.
the
at
profitable prices.
It
and
of
fiher
in
Europe
America
in
cables,
is every
this
Oriental
machines
the
the
for
to
might
of
for
ropes
hammocks,
America
believe
be
manufacture
Philippines
Central
fiber
countries
making
the
reason
the
in
weavings
with
compete
of
In
to
production,
for
tons,
ton.
of
exports
increased
is still
that
extent
hundred
dollars
the
tendency
lines, nets,
there
nine
have
of
several
the
1901
than
trade
South
increased
able
less
the
and
ropes
In
nine
at
alone.
the
to
item
eighty
valued
on
nearly
not
about
States
United
figures
for
North
With
but
extensively
ship's
the
large
1891
the
of
aggivgatu
is
fiber,
hundred
market
In
is cultivated
those
exhibits
is
fibers.
profit.
although
The
family
agave
fiber
the
to
plant.
maguey
one
years
ready
of
to
about
at
and
the
raw
amounted
valued
by
Islands,
he
maguey
century
americava
agave
might
or
entered
dollars,
The
applied
output
tons
FIBER.
name
americana,
agave
it
the
cult
diffi-
more
grades.
commercial
MAGUEY
and
finer
etc.
should
in
that
opened
the
able
desirup
in
countries.
have
for
several
years
been
"
COTTON
used
in
extensively
West
Indies
for
fiber
coarser
it in
the
size
of
these
some
of
The
by
principle
hundred
thousand
their
and
being fermented,
and
but
in
The
At
time
one
in
At
the
from
the
to
revive
the
favor
the
of
tobacco,
Ilocos, solely
of
the
is
by
traction
ex-
ceration,
ma-
The
one
is
that
without
them
saving
siderable
con-
fabric
roughest
create
is
is
Ilocos
and
with
view
produced
description,
export
Korte.
tivated
cul-
extensively
quality
weaving
with
an
of
considerable
met
and
Archipelago,
the
cloth
was
quantities.
this
Government
have
in
The
the
day,
was
good
of
industry
of
district
in
exported
spinning
demands.
to
clean
thus
to
fiber
Cotton
on
looms
quantities
province.
instigation
in
which
from
parts
long staple
it, and
neglected
doubt
no
FIBEE.
productive
most
like
scraping.
upwards
various
sufficient
trade.
made
in
is grown
not
labor.
COTTON
Cotton
and
macerated,
or
that
method
scraped
from
nearly
so
adapted
be
machines,
leaves
is
is
present
the
fiber
producing
leaves
rubbing
of
substance
time
the
could
maguey.
pulpy
of
machines
essential
though
the
and
sisal
americana,
texture
followed
the
plant,
agave
and
America
of
extraction
This
than
297
Central
Mexico,
the
sisalana.
agave
FIBER.
trade
subsequent
wa3
efforts
only partial
is at
to
from
the
cess.
suc-
present
meeting
ried
car-
local
home-made
weavers
being
women.
"
298
THE
"
is
It
impossible
produce
but
the
are
favorable
be
expected
of
supplying
is
in
cotton,
and
in
ton
cot-
be
probably
insignificant figure
an
the
much
that
so
the
the
to
of
proportion
greater
are
industry
least
at
to
conditions
general
develop,
to
suitable
Philippines
the
cultivation,
time
would
of
imported.
its
to
local
extent
consumption
tons
localities
of
growth
what-
to
domestic
that
and
amount
There
the
the
hundred
one
estimate,
beside
ascertain
to
into
enters
fiber,
high
PHILIPPINES.
may
extent
the
tic
domes-
demand.
In
several
is
and
for
grown
is derived
from
the
"rengue"
islands
and
from
of
market.
qualities,
be
must
handled
is not
until
of
to
can
about
produce
to
of
in
the
in
the
and
range
and
London
the
able
commend-
thousand
commercial
by
yard,
highly
fifty pounds
"pina"
of
leaves
it, the
dustry
in-
importance
economical
more
machinery.
thirty
the
which
Europe
fabrics
cents
twenty
effected
be
the
$150
assume
SUGAK.
CANE
After
of
apple
pine-
fiber
called
both
several
has
about
as
likely
extraction
agency
but
in
popular
prices
fiber
Pineapple
the
large quantities
in
brings
fine
fabrics
seventy-five
to
fiber
the
Philippines
The
used
current
twenty-five
ton
leaves.
becoming
The
the
exceptionally
the
are
are
America..
of
provinces
years
Philippines
of
prosperity,
fell
upon
evil
the
sugar
days,
and
try
indussince
"
CANE
1896
it has
very
existence.
When
misfortunes
of
wonder
to
conflict
that
they
the
in
the
of
cholera, famine,
disasters
the
and
amounted
quarters
of
the
Ik
followed
of
the
Negros
where
the
than
Sugar
production
enterprise
available
hundred
*
equals
than
in
the
land
hacienda,
acres
plcul
three-
free;
of
The
of
in
mission
Ad-
(1)
States
the
first
it
the
natural
the
capital
upon
is
is
would
conditions
manufacture
requires
prosecution
start
which
more
in
nomical
eco-
elsewhere.
successful
to
of
establishment
interest
of
tions,
sec-
many
Archipelago
United
present
pays
process
the
desiderata
Under
of
of
weight
in
out
realization
other
things.
rinderpest,
this
production.
and
factor,
fluctuations
threefold:
are
the
to
luck
Occidental.
Negros
industry
methods
by
of
course
in
better
war,
piculs,*
capital; (3)
of
all-essential
crop
sustain
to
the
Under
million
product
improved
then
entire
two
the
investment
the
the
heart
is
killing competition
crushed
was
produced
was
needs
most
locusts.
only
of
(2)
and
it
years,
continual
by
sugar;
1901
to
the
came
cane
recent
had
its
accumulated
the
heartily
followed
industry
in
have
them
First
product,
price
The
wish
to
deserve.
beet
them
for
struggle
bitter
considers
one
of
any
and
in
planters during
the
that
the
of
engaged
been
299
SUGAR.
would
137Vj
must
be
greater
any
other
small
its
agricultural
Philippines.
be
for
outlay
In
purchased,
plantation.
and
order
one
This,
pounds.
"
300
in
would
Negros,
it
whether
200
300
to
of
tons
buildings
draft
animals
nearly
the
price
of
initial
of
$1.50
In
Negros,
modern
the
the
than
In
worked
tenant,
plan
the
better
of
to
secure
work
advances
the
to
Ac
is
done,
the
as
than
that
to
The
rule.
is the
mill
in
of
general
extraction
prevails,
for
and
field
the
the
from
hands
weeks
might
that
fact
the
wages
greatest
is,
are
the
Visayas
this
inseparable
several
and
that
the
Tn
system.
is
plantations
inquilinas,
required
pay
thing
(lie sugar
but
arrangement
obliged
of
labor
almost
.sections.
other
sldcma
day
operation
much.
percentage
provinces
the
making
often
stroke
of
about
Elsewhere
superior
"beneficiary,"
or
the
cattle
is
was
as
such
that,
so
sugar
islands.
greater
northern
upon
order
much
average
the
of
Negros
not
the
antiquated
in
giving
in
of
and
ture
manufac-
years
in
are
would
which
the
recent
about
be
doubled,
into
twice
now
is
there
have
picvl
mills
European
but
too,
process,
use,
it is
refining plant
Negros
in
producing
ago,
years
exclusively,
in
of
establishing
capital,
enters
increased
has
cost
ten
that
advances
probably
Wages
everything
sugar
would
purchase
make
of
to
necessary
to
to
to
from
yield
he
and
working
much.
as
would
expenses
the
from
would
machinery;
plantation
half
the
whilst
install
The
aside
be
It
cane.
$70, according
to
and
not,
implements
one-hundred-acre
$25,000,
$35
or
and
and
laborers.
to
from
cost
cleared
was
erect
is
PHILIPPINES.
THE
the
bo
tice
prac-
it.
In
planter
before
caution
is
"
for
higher ground
former
the
or
PHILIPPINES.
THE
302
destruction-
between
the
of
The
sowing.
protected
and
of
means
the
benefit
leaves
of
the
The
the
methods
topping
according
the
to
planter
farmer
are
fighting
the
perhaps
or
here
and
and
remedy
lights
lure
which
locusts
have
the
to
and
the
found
been
destructive
less
of
family
of
the
o'clock
The
of
It is
the
beetles
with
larger
torches.
night
moth
possible
used
to
ful
care-
the
their
that
acetyline
strong
effectively
dark,
more
white
leaf.
or
until
by night
in
the
sunset
small
vidual
indi-
the
bane
The
until
carefully,
of
is
laborers
ing,
hill-
pLmting,
worm
work
from
upon
be
might
for
seed
the
or
serves.
hired
the
on
eggs
and
moon
the
originate
its
native
measures
sows
from
again
if the
The
lays
by
the
intelligence
daybreak
carry
which
rarely
is
according
more
tobacco
from
plantations
worms
by
conducted
other
elsewhere.
as
pest
growers,
this
ploughing,
or
The
later
rain
monopoly
now,
followed
energy
out
months
two
are
simply
of
arc
cultivator.
the
"he
planting
trans-
Providence."
to
ordinary
and
but
plant,
and
and
but
which
and
whether
carefully irrigated
heat
the
these
Cagayan,
rest
of
days
injury
to
to
shelters,
take
to
of
Governor
excessive
bamboo
the
compelled
was
be
plantations
In
Europeans.
should
against
upon
weeks
in
prepared
are
land
low
or
six
beds
portable
done, except
from
place
beds
according
high
in
set
the
to
Seed
crops.
November,
be
to
are
takes
after
the
and
July
plants
inundated
frequently
are
fields
tobacco, although
growing
in
India
to
death.
"
the
If
is much
Hardly
more
ten
majority
is
and
each
After
made
build
hands
the
of
these
contains
four
by
of
the
first
class
the
should
clean
of
the
and
third
centimeters
in
leaves, twenty-four
class
the
tains
second
somewhat
fourth.
six,
or
class;
twelve,
exceed
twenty,
the
and
bundle
of
if
the
goes
to
the
number
to
the
are
of
quality
nized
recog-
somewhat
The
leaves
centimeters
those
the
the
to
in
second
former;
of
low-grade
more,
it
first
good.
Ten
therefore,
is
forty-live
women
together.
grades
is
centimeters
shorter
If
demand
equal
length
tied
classification
also
are
Five
sound;
of
by
bale, which,
be
and
thirty-nine,
those
six
when
class
and
length,
the
tion
fermenta-
each.
and
leaves.
but
buyers,
required
allow
leaves
ten
In
expense.
sorted
bundle
to
usually
added.
own
to
then
of
is
large curing
his
piled
are
go
thousand
elastic, especially
at
its
drying
addition,
one
are
loses
Sometimes
are
in
bundles
it
posts.
and,
They
into
used
on
The
until
erected
small
leaves
it
house
mat
hands
rolled
are
Forty
into
up
roof
Government
place.
talte
is
points
drying,
to
and
the
to
shed
ing
cur-
sheds.
until
sun
the
bamboo
different
planter
the
of
cultivators.
curing
use
it in
nipa
of
generality
to
of
days
at
leaf
hang
than
walls
sheds
them
Where
more
monopoly
of
then
completed.
movable
the
the
expose
nothing
with
cent,
per
color
green
so
that
haphazard,
is
planting
of
process
class
long
trie
first
leaves
of
third
tive
defec-
are
and
the
fifth
character
same
class
it
length
is
impaired
class;
put
in
leaves
and
if
as
eon-
the
ceeds
ex-
they
fourth.
"
THE
304
The
buyers
fermentation
than
that
pounds)
each
shipped
to
NOT
Hon.
and
hired
Gonzaga,
in
the
business,
The
show
of
low
at
$50.
Labor
with
growth,
Next,
the
say
and
gold,
in
and
and
and
work
for
ing
plough-
the
former
would
be
plants during
cutting
shed.
land
high
men
the
ably
prob-
hectare
removing
of
drying
of
tending
for
caring
the
One
Four
topping,
to the
Gonzaga's
for
an
hectares
required
shoots.
be
leaves
that
figures, but
least, and
be
field
hectare
one
methods.
at
with
run
hundred
these
and
cost
on
supposed
one
would
the
on
be
is interested
who
plantation
may
same
the
would
fermenting,
$75
are
CAPITAL.
based
of
$100
at
forty days
hilling,
there
Mr.
the
and
transplanting
for
300
they
figures
over
animals
bed
to
it
and
scale
is valued
seed
needed
are
(about,
Cagayan,
some
is
economy
much,
and
the
and
some
land
gives
estimate
the
upon
of
apply
land,
of
FOE
Governor
would
acres)
not
they
whence
Aparri,
to
classification
quintals
CHANNEL
G.
operation
would
three
carried
PROMISING
labor.
(2.471
of
them
re-sort
bought;
were
of
process
Manila.
which
returns
bales
in
and
higher
they
final
color,
attaining
which
upon
repacked
(hen
of
through
the
improve
object
the
leaf
the
put
to
with
PHILIPPINES.
After
worms.
and
ferring
trans-
that,
ing,
sort-
baling.
estimate
he
of
the
concludes
cost
that
of
this
the
labor
is
operation
"
FOR
CHANNEL
the
on
loss
basis
present
of about
The
industries
that
lands
best
leaves, which
fifty
of
On
this
of
it
of
bales
third,
fourth
the
an
an
the
It
would
tomed
unaccus-
there
is
rarely,
class,
and
twenty
tobacco
first
the
fifteen
and
matter
the
On
of
bales
the
other
in
which
easy
of
ten
current,
output
to
average
if
lhat
is
much
fifty bales.
produces
be
the
the
basis
labor,
the
adjustment.
however,
three
second, eight
nineteen
in
very
of
give thirty-seven
adds,
"
of
it should
bales
result
capitalists
Like
complains
for
hectare
would
lie
as
that
price
time
the
hands.
however,
he
the
in
been
hardly
says,
would
possible.
are
increase
he
production
admits,
returns
agricultural
has
305
$8.80.
Governor
better
of
CAPITAL.
is
to
tivated
cul-
secure
five
of
the
fourth
superior,
five
the
of
fifth.
be:
Income.
Proceeds
from
toliaceo
leaves
from
one
hectare
of
land:
first
$21.38
bales,
bales,
second
bales,
tbird
10
bales,
fourtli
class,
superior
10.00
19
bales,
fourtli
class,
current
14.25
bales,
fifth
Total
This
working
class
22.50
class
16.00
class
1.25
class
85.33
receipts
only
about
capital,
and
is
ll1/^
makes
per
no
cent,
allowance
return
for
on
the
interest
"
the
on
sunk
money
which
the
In
of
was
yan
class,
bales,
Fifth,
8
40.
growing
31.1
in
do
the
not
50
bales,
crop
crop
of
crop
of
cent.,
per
in
in
50
hales,
50
bales,
of
crop
in
or,
of
crop
In
capital
and
of
attributed
the
1883,
a
50
of
crop
bales,
50
23
de
in
and
the
venture
was
large
experience
of
It
entered
into
measure
local
failure,
to
trade
bad
but
of
the
Spain
Filipinos,"
of
purpose
established
manipulation
a
the
the
abolition
in
de
for
in
the
formed
gold,
tobacco.
factories
tobacco
Tabacos
of
investment
after
was
company
General
of
year
$15,000,000
and
the
cultivation
dealing
in
invite
to
seem
direct
monopoly,
The
of
of
hands.
22
operations, including
lack
Caga-
hands.
plantations
be
of
cent., or,
per
cent., or,
per
styled "Co-mpahia
with
province
hands.
34
bales,
15
figures
the
in
or,
11.7
ordinary,
Philippines.
of
cent.,
per
bales,
bales,
capital
in
cent., or,
superior,
Fourth,
The
different
hands.
10
bales,
in
cent., or,
per
per
6.5
Fourth,
50
the
1.2
3.1
Third,
bales,
the
hectare.
per
of
mals,
ani-
hands.
22
hales,
in
draft
hands.
24
Second,
bale,
$350
proportion
produced
follows
about
to
the
1003
tobacco
as
First
amount
of
and
land, buildings,
in
would
crop
classes
PHILIPPINES.
THE
806
largo
extensive
other
result
management
duce.
promay
and
conditions.
"
PRESENT
The
of
estimates
do
in
at
The
entirely.
and
service,
When
the
each
with
come,
afterwards
labor
the
is
who
and
curing
and
the
from
his
of
has
clear
patch
forming
a
good
follows
leaf
in
payable
fails
to
suffered
the
next
he
in
all
tobacco
from
industry,
the
series
TOR
per
the
of
method
receipts
of
account
thinks
ever
If
; if
almost
bad
he
one
or
Filipino,
cent,
interest,
succeeding
becomes
to
economical,
nor
crop
deeply
more
PRESENT
like
no
probability ultimately
REMEDY
wife
attend
the
Chinese,
If
crop.
days.
emergencies.
fifty
at
expectations
PROPOSED
The
loan,
the
to
the
in
his
to
and
proceeds
the
and
few
field
takes
for
aid
such
animals,
bors
neigh-
transplanting,
highly
is
He
fund
six
considers
or
spends
in
leaves
it
into
carabao,
course,
profit.
recourse
for
meet
and
has
from
Of
most
al-
vicinity.
or
and
the
the
cut
land,
he
year
traders
of
farmer
sinking
lie
also
the
five
After
care
tobacco
invested
money
the
in
done
kind.
in
dustry
in-
labor
children
is
results, but
native
others
and
work
sorting.
crude
give
must
for
leaves
children,
the
the
paid
cultivator
and
folk
the
impressed
is
arrives
vator,
culti-
of
free
implements
women
native
part
family
ploughing
and
small
secures
helps
their
their
transplanting,
This
whole
culations
cal-
foregoing
greater
He
grower
for
time
the
present.
the
the
to
hands
whose
307
in
expense
apply
not
rests
DEPRESSION.
loses
his
volved
in-
land.
DEPRESSION.
every
calamities,
which
other,
have
has
be-
"
THE
308
fallen
the
is
if
the
The
what
he
would
a
of
could
to
means
the
the
of
in
the
order
agencies
with
expanded
the
lack
cultivation
of
tobacco
for
the
the
rice
of
it
although
rice
may
to
could
be
to
after
the
ince.
prov-
could
gage
en-
be
to
of
cereals;
and
animals,
fieldsf
imported
be
work
bank
intends
he
ennnot
the
and
Couzaga
exportation
of
in
tion
exporta-
of
against droughts,
Governor
the
inhabitants
the
supply
to
for
rice*
the
this
branches
of
irrigating
profit,
fThe
by
the
For
importation
of
American
Panama
the
work
the
Diuilifit'KK
Asia.
for
America
to
as
destroy
and
as
well
as
and
agents
The
both
companies.
have
erate
mod-
cent.
per
credits
its
article,
and
needed
provide
in
the
should
and
articles
to
of
at
industry,
tobacco
pany
com-
would
company
eight
or
of
Europe
tobacco
In
six
but
bank,"
trading
perienced
ex-
ment
establish-
mortgage
commercial
bank
into
on
payment
price
markets
and
the
of
monopoly
of
in
is the
The
farmers
say
thoroughly
idea
scope.
tion
introduc-
profitable field,
of
develop
present
Gonzaga
the
"agricultural
an
interest,
the
improve
piirpose
the
assure
be
Governor's
wide
engage
involve
hands
the
calls
very
to
rate
in
necessarily
money
other
might
men.
with
the
what
the
Mr.
depression.
would
were
and
years,
which
operations
which
bank
critical
in
capital
of
"lend
of
one
remedy
of
in recent
Philippines
situation
suggests
PHILIPPINES
used
bringing
intimate
that
estabiislied
tlie
In
Arcliipelafw
opening
of
the
("anal.
niggardly
somewhat
terms
In
of
favor
the
of
Philippine
irrigation
Land
Act
are
companies.
"
THE
810
and
mother
and
followed
the
in
herb.
The
mouth.
method,
the
With
little
it is
the
secretion
practice
end
claimed
danger
all
puffing
smoke
Luzon
lighted
cigar
happily
of
nicotine
of
burning
cigar
practice
is
smoking
of
in
the
also
Anglo-Indians
which
and
enjoyable
of
Negritos
Some
by
also
children,
fashion, holding
their
this
their
by
smoking
along,, each
sauntering
divine
curious
PHILIPPINES.
more
avoided.
mouth
the
is overcome."
THE
COCOANUT
The
It
of
all
to
food
nutritious
the
fiber
from
many
whilst
products
of
The
its
The
nuts
are
soil
nuts,
or
alluvial,
after
has
shoots,
or
they
be
The
is cut
Aside
portant
im-
most
cocoanut
oil
the
Archipelago,
and
well
plantation
planted
in
and
should
ground.
sprouted,
and
coir.
adapted
sedementary,
have
into
commercial
The
ploughed
been
should
of
beverage.
thatch.
particularly
site
yields
distilled.
tree.
copra,
The
used,
that
the
adapted
nut
trunk
for
serve
areas
cultivation.
is
the
and
throughout
grows
well-watered,
in
are
extensive
are
Seed
set
latter
cocoanut
there
he
the
liquor
from
economy
healthful
tropical
are
utilities, valuable
other
derived
arc
all
domestic
The
milk
leaves
of
products
its
purposes,
and
these
the
into
purposes.
the
the
DERIVATIVES.
useful
most
spirituous
sap
answers
lumber,
of
and
ITS
and
people,
variety
great
From
largely
enters
Oriental
AND
is the
palm
cocoanut
growths.
to
PALM
and
are
manured.
straight
rows
"
"
h'AIIMIM!
The
indiwnonsabV
to
his
sihows
illustration
which
with
IN
the
i.ln'
if
ground
I'linibso.
I'lllLll'HlNBh.
TUB
who
is
broken
roughly
guided
plough
wooden
(nimitivp
by
a.
string
and
the
attached
nose.
"
"
COPRA
about
nine
and
meters
twenty-five
begin
bear
to
the
When
in
in
has
the
is
derived
on
trade
in
the
the
of
from
the
and
have
It
raw
in
twenty-five
cocoanut
the
cut
attaching
in
constantly
had
an
of
is
month
in
every
is
at
not
least
present
but
the
light
one
Filipino
used
dairy
is
for
house
the
is
tons
ing
extend-
demand
local
is
in
purpose.
year.
of
export
consumption
kept
the
burning
country,
It
of
ing
turn-
now
article
an
The
output
and
ter,
but-
five, large
or
average
1900,
are
margarin,
increasing
thousand
seventy
Philippines,
At
which
tropics.
four,
the
"vegeta-
as
than
the
is
in
used
vegetable compounds
Marseilles
a
which
animal
to
point
of
oil
oil
fusion
quality
these
from
nut,
of
made
expansion.
"butters,"
One
tons
large.
in
other
higher
is
compounds
material.
upwards
Coeoaimt
night
be
may
extensively
now
and
desirable
of
factories
very
ladders.
from
rapid
its
the
dietetic
rapidly, creating
from
are
crops
mention
of
is
such
much
manufacture
out
reach
OIL.
and
copra
objections
very
the
COCOANUT
meat
"coeoline,"
free
for
will
shoulders
luird,
Commerce
dried
oil.
preparation
line,"
and
or
will
tree9
earlier
The
cutters,
AND
chapter
infant
Copra
The
year,
year.
hundred
one
hectare.
seventh
become
COPKA
the
the
extension
tree
about
climbing.
it for
In
the
to
fifteenth
the
with
gathered
trees
311
OIL.
allowing
apart,
fruit
in
maturity
COCOANUT
AND
is
made
is
all
and
in
"
THE
312
thousands
the
of
homes
by
into
in
the
for
out-of-the-way
barrios.
medicinal
the
the
of
adopting
be
feasible
the
the
in
industry
of
buyers,
suggested
freight
which
press-cake,
This
manufacture.
in
Europe
prices
full
oil,
pay
aa
incidental
in
oil
the
buyer
and
the
on
the
leave
is
no
carrying
The
ou
copra
endeavors
to
influence
to
The
it.
most
sented
pre-
market
for
the
of
the
the
brings
basis
of
residue
of
is
used
such
to
good
the
pay
its
yield
press-cake
profit
generous
demand
only
is
resultant
a
way
would
afford
can
of
the
expressed,
and
the
in
however,
is
been
food,
that
costs
wrhich
has
ent
pres-
by-product
valuable
copra,
in
contrived
finding
oil
expense
scale.
against
cake,
copra
There
the
cattle
confidence
manufacturer.
cake
the
of
value
with
the
after
that
of
the
which
question,
the
is
have
rates
problem
the
by
copra
in
factor
important
to
the
profit
obstacle
every
said
are
discriminatory
the
raise
of
Under
corporation
fairly large
upon
hair
that
difficulties
used
economy
the
at
reform,
of
ease
course,
of
is
as
copra.
part
several
are
the
women
urged
the
street
largely
and
natives,
manufacturer
There
grower.
the
enters
industrial
of
answers
also
It
the
by
larger
the
to
accrues
the
the
instead
exported
is
frequently
have
conditions
the
of
Students
be
trade
and
purposes
Philippines
should
of
processes
which
process
oil
culinary
dressing.
rude
Cocoanut
requirements.
luminant
to
PHILIPPINES.
for
the
to
of
will
the
press-
islands.
"
314
THE
W.
S.
the
mill
of
Lyon,
has
the
expressed
Philippine
the
of
cheapness
well
PHILIPPINES.
labor,
with
equipped
and
with
facilities
other
or
of
oil
with
item
of
quintals
husks,
He
bristle
and
commission,
price,
the
balance
of
cost
profit
net
could
trees
$55.
the
five
half
selling
ton,
per
the
freight
cover
hectare.
Deduct
for
soil,
removal
the
and
$7,
have
we
hectare.
per
about
of
$2,000
of
grove
scientifically handled
be
to
compensate
from
mating
Esti-
thousand
at
gold
per
saving
and
ten
cent
$80
GJ
output
the
manufacture
at
of
competition
fiber
every
per
field
conditions.
spinning
20
to
$50
outlay
be
profit might
of
husks
the
power,
have
about
the
With
and
of
adding
fertilizers
thousand
ten
of
cost
we
show
from
fiber
the
and
selling price,
of
the
enter
to
such
and
feeding
to
in
on
under
alone
residue
islands
goes
ji
draulic-crushing,
hy-
machinery,
hopefully
these
quintals
rating
by employing
eating, rasping,
the
may
in
sixteen
of
one
copra-buyers."
fiber
only
deeorti
culture,
Agri-
ing
"notwithstand-
steam-boiling
manufacture
the
in
that
uses,
it is
convert
to
that
opinion
of
Bureau
expected
to
pay
in
machinery
four
thousand
the
and
for
the
enhanced
plant
in
one
year.
Mr.
Lyon
thinks
the
that
"present
of
copra
some
of
undertaking
magnitude.
{estimated
at
the
The
278,000
to
conditions
coeoanut
cultivation
ers
growa
upon
production
present
picuh
sent
pre-
in
1902)
is
IMPROVED
of
assurance
of
of
the
The
ultimate
of
the
by
for
the
is
$54
January
each
of
ton
is
is
are
will
products
21.00
in
profit
The
call
would
which
the
simple
tree
difficult
likely
the
represents
the
less
ton,
per
profitable operation
for
to
and
is
the
probably
occur
be
of
is
crop
subject
plantation
at
in
favor
greater
the
eocoannt.
least
trade
of
or
such
of
more
teed.
guaranfew
eases
dis-
numerous
demand
and
the
The
neither
features
the
by
practically
The
enlarging,
the
are
are
circumvent.
in
afforded
comparatively
to
enemies
its
continually
to
returns
cultivation
accidents,
is
for
were,
oils
agricultural enterprise
no
The
prices
jobbing
5-20
than
product
market
extent.
Philippines
or
The
refined
manufacture.
in
There
process
the
value
average
Marseilles
the
creased
in-
ippines
Phil-
the
in
The
ton.
be
$90.00
plant
acres
nor
of
eoap
of
a
assured
in
copra
nut,"
would
market
output.
the
of
cake
cost
300
local
English
difference
such
manufacture
fats
Press
of
the
for
tion
erec-
copra
Residual
The
of
the
of
1903,
Butter
the
of
per
3,
the
warrant
enterprise
an
cerhiiniy
grades
gold
plant
such
most
best
to
prospects
of
modern
high-class
sufficient
supply
S15
METHODS.
for
changes
the
the
as
industry
planter.
"
316
THE
PHILIPPINES.
EXPENSE
ESTIMATED
PROFIT
AND
COCOANUT
IN
PLANTATION.
The
following
the
upon
conditions
culture
in
third
of
is
for
guide
different
the
of
basis
to
different
for
like
calculation,
the
on
systematic
as
figures
The
the
valued
grades,
in
provinces
about.
at
for
hectare
unimproved
United
$12.50
and
first, second
and
$25,
the
qucsrion
class, respectively.
it
Formerly
thousand
in
to
the
that
Plantations
five
the
upon
the
trees
thus
has
been
paid
apiece
at
the
years.
planter
each
planted
for
of
end
After
of
to
remains
them
at
a
that
five
hundred
the
tenant,
apportions
whom
plants
him.
in
rate
The
the
of
stipulated
time
more
it is
at
ient
conven-
larger,
or
the
upon
assigned
present,
computation.
hectares,
The
tenants,
section
of
about
trees
at
is, however,
units
worked
system.
between
thousand
twenty
and
out
plant
to
whereas,
It
area.
of
laid
three
former
the
use
practice
hectare,
place
to
most
the
was
to
customary
seven
district.
lands
three
per
the
lie
and
Laguna
to
accepted
those
chapters,
eocoanut
of
five
be
sometimes
these
La
approach
may
same
of
is based
profit
currency.
The
$5
the
in
others
States
district
nearest
It
and
vary
localities
the
and
outlay
planters, although
prospective
are
the
prevails.
districts
of
in
where
Tayabas,
all
estimate
the
are
ficiary,"
"bene-
or
the
estate
the
title
tenant
erally
gen-
trees
half
to
until
twenty-five
he
cents
period, generally
full
ownership
of
"
COCOANUT
the
The
owner
and
animals,
of
the
until
the
the
may
grow
crops
the
In
of
could
be
Omitting
of
trees
20
5
be
of
hectares
enrabao
fi.OOO
Interest
Taxes
lit
10
at
nt
look
Total
the
nuts
crop
goes
to
it.
If
one-third
tends
now
then
with
plantation
the
hut,
is
of
effected
such
planted
it
conditions
and
that
outlay
of
plenty
implements,
hectares
half
labor
hired
with
farm
Under
eight
land
land
at
upon
with
do
it
more
area.
twenty
five
tares
hec-
thousand
$500
$25
250
$10
2,500
to
are
follows:
as
per
prise
enter-
harvesting
industry,
after
per
cent,
thousand
trees
Investment
50
In vestment
on
of
three-eighths
of
Purchase
the
the
?50
at
seeds
of
receives
profitably.
labor,
charge.
transportation
the
first-class
will
of
labor-saving
lie
plant-
proprietor.
and
efficientlythan
If
for
cases
to
could
man
meanwhile,
without
made.
tenant
grove
between
stage
one-fifth
pares
pre-
the
the
spaces
fruitful
is
operating
operated
In
animals
the
the
unknown
animals
the
in
tenant
tends
and
hearing.
the
both
of
draft
one
seed
state
produced,
plan
quite
the
the
work;
remuneration
as
expense
The
of
fresh
output.
the
the
agreement
tenant
is
for
land.
the
seed, implements,
the
landowner's
the
beginning
in
eopra
is
into
new
sold
plants
of
proprietor
the
furnishes
come
the
he
land
necessary
using
in
trees
latter
With
the
land,
the
rows,
at
is vested
plantation
317
PLANTATION.
1
ut
per
25
cent
cents
for
seven
years.
500
15
02G
.$2,000
"
THE
316
The
which
the
as
the
of
grove
for
eight
and
the
current
deducting
local
will
the
fifteenth
of
output
thousand
the
of
sixty
grade
ninety,
plantation
having
of
nuts
will
up
a
thus
the
second
per
annum,
not
more
make
so
prietor
pro-
equal
an
will
each
nuts,
the
or
yearly
fifty
$4,500.
the
whilst
yield
and
and
of
from
class
sold
annual
an
hundred
value
gross
two
the
fifteen
bringing
four
to
of
thereafter
of
year
Thus,
are
of
and
only enjoyed
are
lands
income
tenants,
plantation
year
taken
thousand,
investment
harvests
of
returns
in
third
total
nuts,
These
Trees
six
be
these
per
the
enth
elev-
the
crop
If
of
an
of
growth.
afford
$10
his
on
give
annual
an
from
$2,000
In
amount.
of
shares
derive
of
income
will
but
maturity
annual
full
nuts.
price
one-fifth
will
yield
of
preceding
thousand
full
tree, may
per
year,
slowly,
the
average
trees
seventh
increase
calculation
years
the
when
fifty nuts
the
fifty
the
will
The
thousand
five
hundred
tree
is
in
years,
is reached.
basis
during
harvested
more
which
fair
at
seven
plants
year,
be
production
the
for
steadily,
of
will
first crop
after
PHILIPPINES.
best
give
lands.
age
aver-
an
uplands
than
of
half
the
that
quantity.
It
is
upon
the
yield
of
with
the
methods
provinces
possible
not
results
meat
of
copra
and
employed
the
of
calculation
because
varies
nuts
conditions
in
close
production,
thousand
one
per
locality
under
to
growth
manufacture.
consideration,
however,
four
the
greatly
and
the
In
the
piculs
"
COCOANUT
(a picul
is
yield
basis
local
tenants'
one-third
$7,200,
and
the
cost
have
of
$4
per
from
first
land
class
picul.'!,
having
picul.
the
Deduct
total
the
of
receipts
of
income
gross
transportation
before
returns
animals,
and
that
to
manufactured
will
roads
be
be
and
brought
is
in
amounts
the
profit
net
all copra
present
may
of
of
hundred
eight
shares
we
sand
thou-
one
per
for
$4,800
planter.
The
of
hectares
twenty
value
pounds)
estimate.
thousand
one
present
137%
to
conservative
this
Upon
will
equivalent
is
nuts
313
PLANTATION.
down
much
as
article.
reduced
with
minimized
fortunate
to
enough
the
to
be
the
coast
this
the
tapped by
of
item
an
the
system
districts
the
riage
car-
price
is
of
pack
of
the
extension
for
At
on
expense
one-fourth
shortly
these
determined.
the
However,
of
out
come
be
can
instances
some
as
must
that
railroad.
"
"
"
VIII.
AGRICULTURE.
(continued.)
Method
of
Rice"
Coffee
Culture
Cacao
Cultivation
Statement
and
of
Sixteen
The
Filipino
Coffee
Methods
the
cultivation
last
place
the
is
production
and
the
for
revival
that
of
regards
as
The
Jose
the
and
the
to
the
to
-..-.
"..*-
it
the
is
of
since
but
off
until
of
the
than
of
the
Cavite,
quantity
In
at
of
part
Katangas,
more
the
nent
promi-
greater
center
an
hopedpossible
both
production,
quantity.
planter
influence
and
of
growing
account
fallen
of
pelago
Archi-
part
Philippines,
Mindanao.
industry
quality
whose
for
systematic
attained
The
from
the
to
early
considerable
prominent
Luz,
the
provinces
a
came
the
gradually
the
be
most
impetus
of
nominal.
will
Benguet
Field
Its
it had
eighties
whilst
grade
The
"
introduced
in
has
in
was
Nfpa
Agriculture
Laborer
missionaries.
exports
merely
Tayabas,
inferior
the
output
it
present
ucts,
Prodand
Philippine
been
commenced
In
in
Bamboo
of
as
have
to
was
Expenses
Minor
"
Islands.
Spanish
century.
1889
the
appears
by
of
Cacao
Teosinte"
Considered
in
of
"
Detailed
Estimate
Zacate,
Primitive
Americans
Coffee
Beoguet
Possibilities-"
Hectares
"
"
Its
Plantation
Maize,
The
of
"
of
Indigo,
Promise
and
Cacao
Income
Palm
The
"
of
his
in
Batangas
example
the
son,
Don
was
gave
berry.
We
Hon.
Simeon
great
debted
in-
are
Luz,
(323)
THE
the
As
of
details
OF
preparation
to
seed
the
of
sufficient
reached
for
coffee
to
the
regulate
this
The
product.
the
and
the
than
with
in
and
The
madre
de
will
September,
in
the
shirk
of
before
the
the
tages
advan-
avoided
is
trees
dense
shade
is
profits
from
the
time
and
cacao
to
amount
three
October,
of
of
and
fruition
less
of
laying
one
"by
may
to
the
fertility
twelve
coffee,
crops
that
average
from
about
for
According
plantation
cost
it
opinion
years."
yield
for
caring
the
The
plant gives
order
in
cultivators
the
of
cost
care,
hectare.
protecting
be.
two
vogue,
vening
inter-
questionable
expresses
or
good
per
labor,
in
methods
one
in
piculs
Luz
modern
advanced
will,
the
Mr.
adopting
methods
would
offset
but
year,
weeds
shade
the
removed
two
usually elapse
years
plantation
be
of
growth,
have
deterioration
checking
of
it otherwise
Six
has
in
the
cureless
lar
regu-
trees
out
them
consequent
neglect
trouble
of
at
requisite
time
to
Many
with
set
tion
planta-
sown
young
the
are
some
is
afford
to
time
and
the
district.
Lipa
of
cacao
the
which
shade.
precaution
de
year
From
pruned
are
the
establishment
height
spaces.
trees
the
of
most
OULTl
madre
plants,
in
culture
COI-'FKK
After
intervals.
for
Batangas,
coffee
METHOD
the
the
of
Governor
present
following
PHILIPPINES.
to
out
including
twenty
one
tare
hec-
material
$1)0.
"
in
between
November,
August
but
and
per-
"
MBTHOB
should
this
haps
The
of
draws
the
of
the
the
to
his
of
the
to
the
utmost
handles,
in
the
and
the
of
weight
berries
in
inflicted
damage
the
Of
Unfortunately
he
great
as
regard
without
with
remuneration
produce
secure
holds
so
fruit.
the
plantation.
receives
vester
har-
process.
The
for
method
usual
them
until
have
they
of
of
one
the
sometimes
hard
become
The
of
is
caring
culture
a
twelve
matter
thirty
enough
and
of
cost
coffee
and
for
lie
to
for
fifty
a
per
twenty
of
hectare.
piculs
fact, the
and
fair
The
of
actual
varies
with
average
should
crop
berries
figures
per
are
berries
the
sorting
cost
one
of
they
while.
mean-
picul
weeding
the
is
run
hectare,
more
is
ing.
reform-
in
rot
The
need
before
to
tion
ac-
This
fifty days
cents.
it.
to
the
The
apt
are
plantation
devoted
year
to
resist
wasteful.
airing, sifting,
about
that
then
bilaran,
cleaning.
industry
and
tedious
in
to
berries
and
called
enough
is used
the
the
pile
to
enclosure,
which
of
both
is
they ferment,
hard
become
features
is
whilst
cement
pestle
the
It
in
drying
of
hours
twenty-four
spread
to
followed
is to
possible
as
$5
unless
one-fifth
inducement
of
method,
est
high-
the
and
hook
gathering
coffee-picker
form
with
the
as
reached,
whilst
injury
works
care,
down
but,
be
cannot
tree
vest.
har-
continuous
one
foot
his
this
course
the
them
with
as
picked by hand,
is
325
CULTURE.
COFFEE
considered
be
berry
brunches
them
OF
degree
perhaps
from
but,
as
generally
"
THE
323
from
six
to
This
ten.
failure
in
PHILIPPINES.
due
is
reduce
to
shiftlessness,
to
the
as
ing,
weed-
inefficient
.-hade,
hibited
ex-
etc.
The
coffee
gas
secured
prices
in
in
1899
the
"Manila
market
ranged
from
of
unscientific
for
$12.50
Batan-
$17.50
to
per
picul.
It
is
significant
methods
in
trees
the
that
of
damage
damage
seeking
could
believe
remedy
cause
plantations.
and
fear
of
of
the
total
the
all
the
Lipa
it
of
1880,
that
the
to
observed
was
the
evil
and
crop
he
plants throughout
all
the
not
fee
cof-
tions
plantasaw
year
of
death
the
did
surprise
That
the
"this
of
all
that
or
bothered
great
attacked.
were
more
one
no
since
Luz,
destruction
complete
in
Mr.
that
an
done
the
coffee
the
planters
had
quote
for
of
almost
territory
which
comprises."
this
years
trunks.
achievement
later
The
quickly
the
But
province
coffee
After
two
all,
loss
To
year.
the
and
small, however,
so
industries
to
culture
haphazard
destroyed
known
coffee
and
the
which
worms
been
every
was
about
the
had
1889
inception
less
all
characterize
that
Philippines
the
budding
of
leaves.
the
lands
put
of
hopes
their
for
trees
Thoroughly
revival
them
of
disappeared
worms
the
under
the
from
sprang
shattered, however,
of
coffee
branches
new
revivification
upon
the
the
planters
were
with
blight appeared
discern
raged
industry,
the
denuded
simultaneously
the
and
plough
the
and
owners
and
spairing
deof
planted
"
THE
PROMISE
and
rice,
sugar,
the
of
adapted
is of
product
with
the
for
figures,
is
is
the
In
the
The
the
upon
or
gold
plantations
and
cared
is
caring
figure
an
now
for
for
by
growers
average
in
the
to
coffee
profit
of
of
they
impossible
on
sex
the
are
years
that
should
suitable
but
it
far
so
the
net
ten
labor
As
cost
entirely
hacienda,
to
required
been
odd
at
occupied,
of
making
or
mated
esti-
usually
civilized
coffee
the
coffee
planted
and
is
cents
these
otherwise
the
loss,
of
women,
not
estimate
for
have
province
by
able
profit-
most
five
kind
plantation,
and
labor
laborer.
were
who
five
the
obstacle
depend
from
the
upon
is
climate
obtaining
of
cost
; the
and
only
a
will
average
mostly
when
moments
it
will
and
age
labor
profitable
the
"the
of
experts
Americans.
cultivation
The
purposes
and
the
ably
favor-
supply,
; and
Pack,
of
question
of
province
the
years
difficulty
day, depending
the
and
the
plant
highly
at
of
coffee
individual.
ranch,
berry,
Governor
is
industry
the
the
Europeans
making
admirably
opinion
in
many
for
one
coffee.
are
of
the
excess
for
of
of
way
labor.
in
so
words
the
in
Benguet
remain
to
Benguet
appeared
greatly
in
sand
thou-
quality, comparing
Java
never
delightful
in
and
in
COFFEE.
growth
exceptional
an
has
demand
in
successful
Mocha
blight
likely
conditions
the
to
remains
BEHOUET
OF
327
hectare
one
plantations
PROMISE
natural
COFFEE.
BENGUET
Hardly
corn.
former
THE
The
OF
owner
trees
as
to
after
twenty-
"
THE
five
six
feet
It
in
to-day
should
the
make
of
profit
about
invested.
Allowance
bad
and
years
deduction
to
fifth
of
a
without
labor
material
does
of
In
any
be
than
more
confidently
the
of
source
Planters
of
also
blight.
likeliest
the
This
137
would
Mi
the
field
give
that
the
which
of
this
looking
once
to
measures
Meanwhile
for
the
approximately
in
since
of
is
plan,
should
tion
transportathe
railroad.
conducting
coffee
in
result
will
against
lienguet
production
$12
periments
ex-
and
Lipa,
be
to
the
instate
re-
chief
district.
for
Bureau
from
one-
price
wages
prosperous
this
duction
pro-
share
formerly
was
of
The
the
opening
of
erally
gen-
greatly,
in
kind
is
least
at
on
Agriculture
special
preventive
and
worms
of
industry
are
of
follow
believed
wealth
system
reduction
the
fair
it
outlay.
done
is
by
Bureau
a
But
enhancement
offset
with
it is
work
will
Insular
calculation
recent
which
cost
The
the
the
case
the
affect
not
large part
of
for
probably
is
increase
capital
made
be
augmented
be
might
crop
wo\ild
the
on
improved
an
picul
per
methods
contingency.
under
cavan*
$12
at
cent,
cent,
at
pounds."
however,
per
that
that
the
per
market
gold
present
must,
cover
in
coffee
sixteen
twenty
conceded
with
under
grower
the
$7.50
to
be
may
sixty-seven
that,
appear
Manila,
$6
about
trees
soils
coffee
from
at
weigh
would
These
year.
This
apart.
Benguet
which
eaeh
gold
cents
PHILIPPINES.
the
inroads
to
seems
of
to
the
the
$15
covery
disof
offer
berry.
a
picul
pounds.
"
330
THE
and
berry
allow
The
it and
high
too
to
entire
and
has
has
and
probably
its power
The
of
price
added
for
for
It
is
the
its
product,
certain
of the
will
be
intervening
the
solution
to
find
but
have
supply
increased
doing
all
in
industry amongst,
would
the
with
high
scale
these
be
of
the
values
of
for
superior
of
would
since
Manila
should
in
selling
practice
and
lines
problem
importation
and
wages,
with
tations
quo1899.
production,
the
rail
before
labor
in
we
individiial,
higher
and
be
during
or
much
higher
by
connected
the
when
the
to
should
Manila,
presumably
of
provinces
picul
company,
returns,
for
equivalent
Manila
large
possible
payment
is
per
in
secure
greater
in
it
Company
to
coffee
wo\ihl
of
$1
well
fairly
economies
permit
is
the
where
These
Government
the
by
limited
Tabacalera
that
These
grade.
the
to
market.
Spain,
io
with
compare
which
taken
somewhat
carriage
certain
market
open
guet
of
upon
been
plantation,
Batangas
almost
operating
the
which
figures
due
the
picul,
cost
ready
prices.
encourage
by
on
per
lent
excel-
of
province.
paid
$15
to
and
the
coffee
Eenguet
Insular
foster
to
found
fancy
been
mate
esti-
an
is
highlands
shipped
decline
The
natives
have
and
have
we
explanation.
heretofore
measure
production.
$12
always
commanded
in
bean,
without
haa
doubtless
will
dried
in
difference
cent,
per
Benguet
Company
always
the
the
the
output
Tabacahrra
fifty
accept
of
product
quality
The
the
for
between
weight
PHILIPPINES.
Ben-
and
in
are
not
the
print,
be
ficult
dif-
field-hands.
"
the
Rice,
the
Philippines,
grown
more
which
in
that
For
many
hut
export,
since
and
quantities,
rice
the
to
The
carried
which
the
cultivators
probably
most
in
in
into
ground
several
Philippines,
but
macan,
former
is
The
white
grain predominates,
large proportion
eighty
and
one,
will
but
grains.
of
sometimes
paga
On
seed
the
mainly
of
for
the
provinces
rice
natives
"
has
sulted
re-
have
erally
gen-
by
account
the
ting
put-
and
produces
hand,
more
upland
which
ill
ways
one
more
than
the
contains
returns
for
as
in
the
heads,
or
paga,
quality
crop
in
general
two
Mac-art
high
as
raised
grain
paga
grain.
seldom
of
thousands
of
the
whilst
run
other
of
finer
in
cavans
due
many
better
rice,
much
red
ican
Amer-
depended
under
come
rice.
off
large
produce.
lowland
or
of
of
purchases
been
the
to
species
they
in
has
In
for
gain,
in
period
abandonment
higher-priced
are
namely,
the
their
the
years
fields.
"
positive
turned
There
their
and
article
imported
increase
which
of
average
in
so
of
occupation
important
been
large
the
creditably.
rinderpest,
preparation
:i
has
industry
most
an
is
pelago.
Archi-
pleasure
recent
upon
the
greatest
during
carabao,
it
it
of
people,
of
to-day
(lie
particularly
occupation.
foreign
is
was
1876
Oriental
himself
rice
natives
agricultural
finds
acquits
the
province
culture
years
of
most
earliest
rice
he
of
food
every
'Filipino
which
of
is
in
the
and
the
in
less
was
Islands,
it
as
or
It
the
article
staple
of
one
an
on
seed,
Imndred
than
one
to
forty
crop
is
"
fields
generally
rice
under
four
the
to
and
The
the
five
or
ten
roots
order
shoots
have
fifteen
inches
they
and
is
treated
the
soil
is
it
forms
until
flooded
plough
thickly
reached
sown
height
pulled
are
the
by
up
manner
muddy
irrigation
is
it is then
develops;
In
land
The
row
har-
mass.
artificial
to.
a3
with
up
result
inflorescence
same
worked
resorted
be
until
in
this
accomplish
sometimes
must
the
and
water
the
water
to
with
land
low-
for
transplanted,
bed,
under
of
beds
seed
mashed
inches
paddy-field
seed
The
three.
upland
whilst
lowlands,
thoroughly
When
from
the
give
are
broadcast.
of
from
harvested
rarely
kept
allowed
dry.
to
The
and
field
upland
harrowings
then
each
of
prepared
the
during
it.
upon
of
small
instrument.
needed
is
to
by
early
In
holes
About
sow
ploughings
The
rains.
four
which
made
are
of
into
with
unhulled
land
of
is
ing
sow-
grains
pvcul
one
seed
localities
or
hectare
several
some
three
by dropping
number
bamboo
rice
is
directly
sown
is effected
PHILIPPINES.
THE
332
of
either
character.
Lowland
of
the
rainy
later.
to
lie
The
is
rice
It
in
cut
field
process
carried
use
out
flails
of
and
May
harvested
at
tin; commencement
about
with
sickles, bundled,
until
dry.
separating
in
;
in
sown
season,
is
the
is
various
others
resort
the
ways.
to
months
and
allowed
from
grain
Some
their
four
feet.
the
small
The
straw
vators
culti-
grain
"
333
RICE.
is
pounded
then
shallow
through
twelve
La
Cavite,
Bulacan,
Sur
producing
district
chief
(the
contains
Pangasinan
gros.
The
north.
of
cavans
grain
is from
return
The
as
during
of
hectares,
land
that
the
is
ratio
of
there
forty
and
In
$3
at
the
and
rate
one
be
to
Santa
Nein
the
eighty
uplands
land
of
$1.50
per
cavan
of
seed
the
the
thousand
balance
made
to
de
are
of
of
rice
the
to
and
estate
in
produce
the
province
same
San
is
area
seventy-five,
The
at
this
of
the
at
thousand
cavans
In
is
insurgents
eighteen
yields
one.
Cruz
the
of
third
plantations
provinces
some
at
one.
perhaps
notable
the
hundred
one
third
another
could
arc
Malabon
yields
which
upland,
lands
returns
thirteen
of
One
fifty to
remainder
and
Archipelago
the
contains
upwards
choice
seed
It
1896.
cultivation.
of
in
headquarters
the
rice
one
rice
in
the
sixty grains.
to
under
Camarinea
Panay),
best
seed
part),
Luzon),
province
of
farm
which
of
the
this
one
rice
famous
Cavite
for
forty
Snest
Imus,
of
macan
Pampanga,
(southern
southern
(Island
rice,
pelago
Archi-
the
Batangas,
of
Islands, Capiz
Visayan
in
Ecija,
Laguna,
from
cleaning
sections
Zambales
ber
num-
charge
for
Nueva
portion),
(northern
which
cavan
per
however,
are,
Luzon
Pangasinan,
are
Tarlac
cents
rice
principal
The
in
finally aifted
and
mortar
There
mills
fourteen
to
wooden
baskets.
threshing
of
in
in
Francisco
de
Malabon.
is
prepared
hectare,
per
and
hectare
under
for
are
tract
con-
ing
harvestallowed.
"
THE
334
the
Or,
cutting
former
whichthe
The
with
has
annum
per
the
on
such
might
produce
CACAO
is
but
highly
in
The
in
and
in
the
there
find
elsewhere,
first
class, if
Many
sections
to
and
the
for
not
ready
the
of
the
for
falls
short
of
industry
surplus
market
for
in
the
is
domestic
United
the
the
the
States
to
best.
very
plant,
it
as
by manufacturers
to
sumed
con-
exportation,
the
of
late
choco-
expand,
Archipelago
of
the
seed
cacao
is
present
at
All
supply.
is
yield
it
all
at
plant
the
the
demand
pelago
Archi-
it raised
where
quite equal
cultivation
is
cultivation
it is admitted
of
the
throughout
the
is
ities,
facil-
POSSIBILITIES.
Philippine
Should
to, until
adapted
the
islands
requirements.
will
of
with
large operation
localities
the
excess
from
produced
be
few
intelligent
quality
considerably
and
that
railroad
and
ITS
widespread
only
tions.
condi-
better, results,
even
profitable occupation
excellent
product
or
ever,
how-
arc,
quite probable
AND
found
extensively.
ought
good,
as
cent,
per
favorable
available,
be
soon
which
to
They
machinery,
CULTIVATION
Cacao
modern
will
as
is
it
thirty
exceptionally
Nevertheless,
vary
farina
about
of
bundles,
culture
Cavite
of
rate
latter,four
capital engaged.
under
capital,
rice
net
the
at
thousand
the
The
made
been
worked
ample
and
of
returns
for
per
conditions.
differing
reference
cents
yield two,
and
cost
contracted
be
may
toST1/;
25cents
from
PHILIPPINES.
are
and
perfectly
with
im-
"
methods
proved
quality
of
The
the
plant
cacao
is of
is
of
Turkish
in
it
forest
is
worked
the
general
it
great
depth
is
it
left
being
to
but
varieties
substituted
the
the
criollo
"
the
better
qualities
commercial
value.
advantage
disease,
and
and
in
which
On
point
to
which
the
bitter,
of
compatibility
to
other
abaca
will
The
porary
tem-
and
give
hand,
environment.
roots
furnish
two
are
the
pelago
Archi-
former
The
is
fifth
or
There
yield, vigor,
to
for
and
in
is
It
banana
they
forastero.
combine
Drainage
stalks
cultivation
the
trees,
fourth
nitrogen.
is less
flavor,
in
general
in
eacao
the
the
out,
ground,
land
profit.
until
grubbed
is
The
place.
where
with
maintained
upon
of
districts
in
heavy
shade
takes
ditions,
con-
the
field.
fruiting
the
set
possible
possible.
as
planting
fertilizer, rich
useful
the
before
be
may
when
year,
cured
necessary
custom
shade
has
but
the
tions
Planta-
that
course,
everything
shelter,
temporary
grow
of
small
from
best
the
dug
are
the
clearings enjoy
as
in
mountains.
or
the
atmosphere
sheltered
around
to
soil
of
the
standing
remains
ditches
hills
ment
environ-
planted
be
and
being understood,
of
in
it should
by high
forest
cleared
and
thrives
draught
from
wind
prevailing
and
bath,
free
sot
Cacao
character
the
of
growth
physical
and
importance,
next
consideration.
valleys
climate
superior
enhanced.
be
successful
the
to
suitable
least
a
both
may
essential
prime
present
product
the
335
CULTIVATION.
CACAO
easily
more
it
higher
forastero
freedom
has
from
In
gen-
"
336
THE
the
eral, then,
in
but
certain
be
A
which
for
ready
in
being
in
and
when
they
twelve
feet,
the
fruit
depends
easily
torn
the
slightest
bark.
be
This
gathered
and
makes
borers,
careful
is
dry
the
should
delicate
and
season,
with
or
laborer
The
the
aid
be
five-inch
and
of
the
offers
it
is
is
tree
only
sary
neces-
the
to
The
operation.
the
of
the
at
fruit
pods
mencement
com-
continues
should
extension
allowed
to
directly
injury
secured
generally
months.
two
by hand,
that
avoid
to
ten
pods
and
six
out.
from
wood
so
fully
care-
to
strong
character,
pruning
crop
during
Never
to
are
Its
The
control
receptacles
of
too
wind.
lings,
seed-
planted
setting
heavy
none
to
three
branches.
spongy
extremely
abundant
ripen
high
from
of
crop
stems
resistance
of
to
by
the
height
main
from
soft
very
to
most
off
its
and
trunk
to
min,
ver-
arc
shoots
for
and
and
seeds
The
of
account
resort
tubes,
ready
seed
depositing
care
The
for
be
grows
bears
and
from
is of
will
plant
cacao
close
shaded
watered
months,
under
soil.
nursery.
insects
always
bamboo
or
the
on
will
free, light
in
predatory
pots,
criollo
prevail,
hazardous
very
kept
latter,
conditions
from
or
transplanting.
small
set
The
be
may
where
consists
planter
the
to
profit.
which
is
given
cultivation
numerous
careful
he
stake,"
"at
field,
of
its
greater
done
the
of
to
with
presence
singly
Mindanao,
method,
in
directly
until
districts
is
former
the
should
raised
Planting
The
preference
favorable
perfectly
may
PHILIPPINES.
to
be
ters.
cut-
climb
"
THE
333
It
is, however,
as
The
amount
the
limit
of
land
such
tract
undoubtedly
be
The
yield
in
The
one-fourth
the
twenty-five
at
No
per
the
but
would
that
of
cost
made
the
be
p.re
third
and
given,
for
receipts
the
to
from
operation
capital
fourth
the
side
until
but
years,
proposition
the
cacao
the
open
catties,
or
no
given
hands
of
increase
order
in
to
rive
ar-
localities.
many
the
on
the
supervise
for
given
arc
to
the
farm
further
in
is
sumption
as-
erty.
prop-
INCOME.
account
crops
of
it
product
are
management,
AND
but
little
labor
necessary
would
owner
of
cost
two
with
labor
for
EXPENSES
Charges
The
the
at
wages
probably
cent,
is
the
as
in
fixed
unskilled
over
present
allowance
for
prices
of
cacao
tree
Congress
kilo, which
of
is
upon
determined,
per
tree
of
price
cents
for
advance
Visayas,
be
grade
per
based
entry.
The
best
estimate
conservative
cultivation.
land
low.
the
for
Act
by
cannot
forty-eight
at
figure
market.
at
prescribed
cepted
ac-
planters.
is
hectares,
be
may
by prospective
single public
and
correct,
sixteen
current
farm,
calculated
is
guide
of
of
procuring
would
substantially
reliable
size
the
PHILIPPINES.
no
current
trees
the
begin
sufficient
expenses
to
ond,
sec-
expenses
contemplates
defray
the
of
bear.
"
EXPENSES
ESTIMATE
INCOME
AND
OF
EXPENSES
OF
INCOME
AND
IIECTAEES
OF
FIRST
330
CACAO.
SIXTEEN
OF
CACAO.
YEAR.
account:
Capital
Clearing
$15
at
Four
brush
average
and
timber
land,
hectare
per
mrabaih
$340.00
barrows,
plows,
cultivators,
etc.
carts,
550.00
and
Breaking
land,
preparing
$5
at
per
hectare
80.00
Opening
main
drainage
at
canals,
$6
per
06.00
hectare
Tool
house
and
Purchase
at
Seed
planting
and
2
cents
shoots,
abaca
10,000
200.00
each
rearing,
purchase,
trees,
caeao
200.00
store-room
at
and
Contingent
12,000
planting
and
each
cents
360.00
174.00
incidental
""$2,000.00
Interest
$200.00
investment
on
Depreciation
tools,
on
(20
cent,
per
buildings,
of
and
mals
ani150.00
cost)
$350.00
YEAR.
THIRD
Interest
$200.00
investment
on
J)c]ii'i'i.'i;U.io!i us
100.00
above
$350.00
Interest
Depredation
Building
capacity
$200.00
investment
on
as
of
drying
20,000
150.00
above
house
and
sweat
boxes,
450.00
kilos
"
"
Total
capital
invested
"
$800.00
$3,500.00
"
THE
Income
PHILIPPINES.
account:
From
11,680
each,
kilos
3,500
300
trees,
cacao
at
48
cacao
grams
$1,680.00
cents
account:
Expense
Fixed
interest
and
investment
Taxes
1^
cent,
per
basis
depreciation
of
on
$350.00
on
$250
one-third
tion
valua-
hectare
per
pruning,
Cultivating,
charges
$3,500
of
00.00
at
etc.,
$5.50
per
88.00
hectare
at
Fertilizing,
Harvesting,
10
06.00
hectare
per
curing,
at
cacao,
$0
cents
kilos
3,500
packing,
kilo
per
350.00
86.00
Contingent
$1,030.00
Credit
Income
$650.00
balance
11,680
From
each,
cacao
at
trees,
cacao
equals
5,840
kilos
500
at
grams
48
$2,808.20
cents
account:
Expense
Fixed
depreciation
and
interest
charges
as
$350.00
above
Taxes
as
Cultivating,
Fertilizing,
etc.,
at
$8
etc.,
Harvesting,
eents
60.00
above
per
kilo
as
88.00
above
per
5,840
128.00
hectare
kilos
cacao,
at
10
584.00
93.20
Contingent
$1,303.20
Credit
balance
$1,500.00
"
EXPENSES
Income
INCOME
AND
OF
341
CACAO.
account:
From
11,(180
cacao
each,
equals
cacao
account
Expense
Fixed
as
kilos,
8,700
at
grams
48
54,204.80
cents
churffps
$3.10.
above
lis
etc.,
160.00
hectare
i"er
kilos,
8,780
of
etc.,
88.00
above
as
.$10
at
Fertilizing,
10
at
cents
876.00
kilo
per
"X)
60.00
above
Cultivating,
Harvest,
750
at
interest
Taxes
trees,
170.80
Contingent
$1,701.80
"
Credit
$2,500.00
balance
YEAB.
EIGHTH
account
Income
From
11,680
kilo
at
trees,
48
at
eacn,
$5,006.00
cents
Expense
account
Fixed
interest
Taxes
as
cUiirjiOH
"s
(350.00
above
60.00
above
etc.,
Cultivation,
Fertilizing,
Harvest,
'"
$12.50
at
11,680
etc.,
88.00
above
as
per
kilos,
200.00
hectare
at
10
cents
per
1,108.00
kilo
240.00
Contingent
$2,106.00
Credit
Income
account
From
11,680
equals
$3,500.00
balance
trees,
14,600
at
kilos
catties
each,
at
(1.25
48
kilo),
cents
.
$7,008.00
"
THE
342
account
Expense
and
interest
Fixed
PHILIPPINES.
depreciation
charges
as
$350.00
abovfe
at
Taxes,
1^4
of
tion
cent,
per
$500
Cultivation,
per
etc.,
Fertilizing,
120.00
88.00
240.00
hectare
per
kilos,
14,000
etc.,
Harvesting,
vaiu-
above
as
$15
at
one-third
on
hectare
10
at
cents
1.400.00
kilo
per
250.00
Contingent
$2,508.00
tenth
the
Iii
taxes,
approximate
$126
per
ninth
$60
than
more
the
while
improbable
or
it
the
is
cost
that
tolerably
that
either
operation,
certain
of
should
based
that
based
the
can
the
and
original
be
the
upon
whilst
cost
per
materially
yield
estate,
disadvantage
whatever,
the
upon
the
of
are
at
are
somewhat
ever,
stated, how-
be
are
the
from
and
management
culture
any
of
or
capitalization
expenses
income,
or
trees
without
being
equal
hectare,
per
acre,
expenses
scientific
returns,
from
revenue
per
It
acre.
operating
and
systematic
the
to
would
original
operating
per
the
that
$1)0
nearly
annual
year
show
further
of
cost
account
yield,
estate
This
$312
than
more
the
of
$5,000.
in
acre.
tables
These
of
rather
of
profits
in
increase
no
increase
slight
net
amount
dividend
about
the
bring
to
be
should
there
year
fertilizers, and
or
sufficient
$4,500.00
balance
Credit
may
be
of
it is
acre,
reduced,
increased
"
considerably
beyond
Cameroons,
and
indisputable
pounds,
trees
or
claimed
As
Mr.
in
the
the
culture
in
Whilst
of
the
salary,
culture
be
The
as
ing
grow-
and
to
the
by
that
energy
bear
the
upon
future
in
of
young
hurricane,
cacao
when
that
in
or,
arc
or
the
other
twenty
parrots.
at
trees
least
are
money
should
is
cacao
vestigations
in-
recent
facilitate
dangers,
calculate
to
numerous,
and
of
the
cess
suc-
possible
will
reduce
profits
plants,
to
its details
although
prudent
five,
calculated
and
and
than
of
cultivation
much
revealed
year
account
no
management
The
expense.
the
taken
indispensable
knowledge
bugs, monkeys,
destroy
cacao
determined
be
enterprise,
enemies
worms,
is
good
corporation investing
or
more
bad
the
and
in
no
one
say,
from
has
experienced
most
harzardous
would
be
eslimate
without
have
the
it
between
difference
bringing
it would
individual
an
sparing
very
of
foregoing
the
without
the
borne
have
experience,
capable
industry
secure
four
and
pounds,
six
on
question."
manager's
in
is
the
that
will
knowledge,
planter
of
Carolines
Mindanao
"the
Philippines
of
the
the
stated
are
excess
profits arising
enormous
In
seed.
remarks,
Lyon
amount
of
pounds
and
returns
in
single plants
ten
as
and
five
in
In
^343
tree.
trees
yield
catties.
give
to
CACAO.
per
Congo,
to
three
over
that
much
French
in
OF
catties
two
authority
said
are
INCOME
AND
KM'KXfiES
it
upon,
words,
to
count
dis-
cent.
per
and
include
Drought,
prevent
laden,
will
may
crop,
strip
"
THE
344
of
them
fruit.
For
to
one
and
prospective
tills
in
that
by
into
put
three
of
such
receipts
from
outlay
an
MINOR
TRODUCTS,
Indigo
from
the
loss
of
the
extended
say
which
the
Chinese
bad
manner.
aniline
name
of
for
of
for
dyes
dyes,
jobbers,
the
to
the
is
gross
years
ago
good
the
ence
presthe
such
economy.
TEOSTNTE.
considerable
$150,000)
over
produced
in
attributed
that
The
coal
tar, that
is
adulterations
have
percha
the
the
to
subjected
was
by-the-way,
gutta
to
consumption.
from
product
Philippine
Twenty-five
home
indigo
and
who,
of
venture.
case
any
in
it if
enhance
ultimate
is still
derived
$5,000
the
ZACATE,
value
and
to
in
exported
the
to
Philippine
for
nature
ported
sup-
during
although
but
time
only
deficit
MAIZE,
one
market
use
small
ihe
paid
were
abaca;
provinces
now
of
expected
the
1892
Ilocos
section, but
in
capital
reinforce
to
be
ISDIGO,
at
was
quantities (in
to
shade
certain,
so
instance,
perhaps,
might
be
large
success
years
man
would
be
any
extremely
for
currency,
for
plantation.
profits
$5,000
the
aa
The
so
For
another
would
the
cacao
are
not
gamble
investment
local
four
or
eventual
insure
there
sheer
reserve.
with
$1,500
or
manager
first
ample
would
$750,
the
splendid
cacao,
necessary',
If
and
an
into
and
crop
however,
returns,
offers
be
ommend
rec-
persons
some
side
as
capital
industry
it
reasons
it would
all his
put
these
only
cacao
dependence,
PHILIPPINES.
to
by
the
created
in
product
the
same
of
Ilocos
"
THE
346
adaptability
has
high
grows
as
stems
are
yield
to
twelve
as
of
feet
from
from
the
the
domestic
Filipinos
the
principal being
of
The
which
entire
bamboos
thatch.
the
The
and
the
is
are
used
of
with
formed
of
usually
of
bamboo
doors,
the
the
works
frame-
material.
of
of
together
for
people.
this
constructed
employment
bound
tor
fac-
purposes,
houses,
made
strongly
floors
is
rule
the
Oriental
all
of
out
through-
important
an
useful
many
roof
material
same
is
firmly
and
rattan,
as
without
are
to
is
of
construction
are
edifice
and
products
it
acre.
per
luxuriantly
plant
economy
put
found
PAI.M.
grow
This
ern
south-
the
been
fifty tons
to
seventy
to
In
it has
NIl'A
bamboo
Archipelago.
in
The
AND
sixty
seed.
States
twenty
of
species
from
single
BAMBOO
Several
and
United
the
of
erops
It
satisfactorily demonstrated.
been
produced
portion
PHILIPPINES.
vegetable
nail.
The
bejuco,
nipa
or
cogon
the
and
window,
or
shutters,
rest.
Bamboo
is
of
variety
converted
of
domestic
which
it
does
not
diameter
Nipa,
height
of
or
of
sasa,
that
important
Cauayang
is
grows
that
more
twenty
very
in
useful
marshy
to
appears
play
than
more
there
industrial
an
number
greatest
utility or
called
variety
the
indeed,
purposes;
species
The
to
be
no
in
occupation,
part.
sometimes
totoo
twelve
and
tains
at-
and
meters
centimeters.
palm
of
localities.
fern-like
pearance,
ap-
It reaches
"
METHODS
PRIMITIVE
of
height
which
leaves
for
or
roofs
vino,
is
of
are
liquor,
for
natives
which
THE
there
the
sap,
nipa wine,
of
is
of
purpose
METHODS
it
are
sumed
con-
groves
the
securing
demand.
unlimited
an
long
obtainable,
Extensive
beverage.
for
PRIMITIVE
the
of
are
large quantities
as
cultivated
they
From
buildings.
347
off clusters
throws
wherever
used,
distilled,and
the
nipa
and
meters
are
the
by
of
four
AGRICULTURE.
OF
PHILIPPINE
OF
AGEICULTUKE.
In
the
and
energy
work.
and
from
his
oldest
and
maximum
and
cultivated
no
China
carabao,
rudest
moderate
brought
It
the
short
be
said
of
with
that
greater
labor
of
far
islands
in
that,
in
even
the
than
his
of
the
all
the
modern
could
areas
of
grade
is
other
any
falls
may
much
tive
compara-
from
hut
the
upon
better
than
of
degree
bear
to
obtains
he
of
be
crops
applied
now
to
operations.
ancient
almost
the
improvement
expenditure
restricted
from
of
appliances
with
more
The
are
occupation,
agricultural pursuits
at
used
paddy-field
possibilities.
methods
often
agricultural industry,
of
favorite
is
Filipino
the
Perhaps
branch
and
than
more
no
intelligence
results
antiquated,
implements
The
description,
are
in
followed
agriculture
of
Islands
Philippine
haphazard.
methods
the
general,
wooden
centuries
universal,
and
does
use.
little
that
plough
is
ago
It
more
still
is
in
drawn
than
was
introduced
general,
by
scratch
the
in
fact
leisurely
ground.
"
348
wooden
the
supplement
may
plough.
crop
insure
Since
made
the
of
modern
established
Most
The
which
anything
carabao
The
is
capacity
place
suaded
The
concise
carabao,
be
Guia
useful
Oficial
of
description
or
found
occupy
the
these
water
by
islands.
to
think
of
of
Oriental
Filipino
this
the
Spaniards
There
are
that
be
met.
country,
but
could
all
gives
be
in
most
when
true
few
animals
it
pur-
and
"The
ruped
quad-
notable
they
the
all.
animal.
remarkable
is
in
it
in
is not
Filipinos
de
excellent
carabao
farmer
quadruped
power.
an
easily
the
ous
ponder-
his
for
for
that
Archipelago
make
would
drawn
motive
the
demand
an
buffalo,
the
is apt
oldone.
be
for
found
of
if
the
it
Of
natural
to
should
the
be
economy
well
that
if
the
from
"
that
use
to
up
away
capacity
horses-
doubt
no
but
been
the
made
is
steam
beast
always
agricultural
have
adopt
perfectly
ihe
no
and,
arose,
must
would
are
little
animal,
draft
need
there
husky
is
beyond
is
must
pony"
breaking
cultivator
native
islands
encouraging.
in
machinery
to
bounteously.
to
been
ing
grow-
enough
these
favors
machinery,
not
and
field
horses.
in
farmers
and
has
custom
modern
the
hardly
her
native
difficulty lies
the
course
the
result
the
of
Nature
of
action
occupation, attempts
implements
present
often
bestow
American
induce
to
to
inevitable
superficial
Fortunately
wooing
the
to
cultivation
and
meagre
very
little
the
subsequent
harvest.
needs
The
is
attached
also
harrow,
carabao,
by
PHILIPPINES.
THE
to
came
which
"
FILIPINO
THE
and
ugly,
as
are
in
useful
there
the
color
is
horns
large, arched,
black
small.
the
wildest
loads, although
awkward.
The
horns
value.
five
six
or
THE
In
are
is
unfair.
than
Like
before
begin
man
hours
of
the
toils
for
the
it
day
is
indifferent
creditably
India
with
climate
and
heat
China,
who
and
are
admitted
At
practice
not
other
humidity
tax
any
of
on
subject
pect.
sus-
in
returns
hours.
six
it
peasantry
a
the
or
rice-fed
rate,
to
his
hours
of
that
the
to
shadows
he
day
we
does
is
the
four
considerable
the
he
four
or
of
or
it is
which
fact
When
be
must
mercial
com-
after
likely
three
three
great
Filipino
decline
physique.
with
is
the
in
puts
mud.
LABORKE.
of
intense.
considers
one
Philippine
eight
and
the
standards
observer
India,
becomes
and
crops
When
dawn
heat
of
ryot
lengthen
to
his
the
early
the
casual
heavy
agriculturist
an
matter
easily
thirty years."
American
As
as
in
work
about
paratively
com-
movements
of
to
AS
by
is
very
roll
are
to
the
It
its
to
begins
lives
head
haul
carabao
Filipino
him
judge
to
work
at
It
the
the
and
CONSIDERED
considering
altogether
field
old.
years
Its
scarce,
enormous.
and
carabao
FILIPINO
prone
more
to
The
and
is slow
the
of
better
can
very
can
humidity
likes
and
and
more
Philippines.
is
is
are
which
hair
strength
progress
which
the
rough,
rivers
its
It
hide
and
Its
of
the
349
few
and
labors,
brown,
or
also
climate
enervating
LABORER.
are
agricultural
resist
swims
AS
pares
com-
of
similarly
"
enervating
to
cavil
in
In
the
effort
days
six
for
discount
days heavily
have
of
recent
calamities.
all
the
brunt
by
the
that
the
of
struggle
had
When
peasant;
half
the
carabao,
died,
it is
really
nearly
the
of
crops
to
quite probable
Hindu
ryot
his
of
conditions,
that
but
borne
be
to
in
1902
pend,
de-
farmers
the
how
produced.
in
the
and
despair
for
is
It
circumstances
down
famine
to
country
ments
achieve-
understand
similar
lain
have
would
backbone
Government
the
were
year
under
that
to
holy
succession
which
difficult
succeeding
of
considers
upon
but,
year,
no
necessarily
one
were
year.
has
mitigate
possible
was
Insular
The
it
agricultural
face
the
in
years
of
days
the
by
room
fiestas and
Filipino
removed
been
heart-breaking
did
the
if
the
throughout
work
be
not
Filipino
countries,
the
that
impression
should
week
the
of
Catholic
Itoman
most
The
daily
would
fact, there
climate.
at
sustained
as
PHILIPPINES.
THE
360
rendered
sur-
of
succession
years.
wholesale
The
is
laborer
of
those
who
American
who
have
laborer.
it is too
day
Under
equally unjust.
and
express
of
condemnation
had
understand
extensive
The
much
as
average
to
him
to
good
service,
officials
for
observation,
satisfied
Filipino
expect
superintendence
Government
opportunities
well
Filipino day
renders
and
contractors
themselves
the
he
him
the
the
with
earns
rival
his
the
native
but
wage,
American
laborer.
The
sistima
inquilino,
in
it3
several
forms
which
"
"
Threshing
Where
distance
This
Murcia,
mills
threshing
the
picture
puehlo
is
trampled
taken
of
at
Negros
out
the
within
not
are
grain
was
Rice.
by
Government
rn.rfl.ban
convenient
or
Rice
ponies.
Farm.
Occidental.
"
"
FIELD
FOR
AMERICANS
variously
are
termed
system,
of
system
the
Spaniards,
of
fact
all
its
knew
it is best
it
change.
sistima
be
may
As
inquilino,
the
the
to
peasant
day
which
tries,
indus-
the
labor
of
conditions
which,
without
public
to
the
attachment
desirable
tends
cal
radi-
policy
the
more
the
would
drawbacks
encourages
which
under
minimize
to
soil, is
labor,
agricultural
perfectly,
to
question
form
serious
possible
in
early
one
natives
has
the
continuance
long
ficiary"
"bene-
or
of
prevails
adapted
It
351
"share,"
the
the
Archipelago.
however,
of
It
of
ISLANDS.
outgrowth
an
almost
who
that
the
be
may
in
and
indicate
"tenant,"
encomiendas.
another
or
THE
IN
than
create
cultural
agri-
shifting
population.
THE
FIELD
There
has
of
the
been
for
the
extensive
promising
sums.
Asia
the
In
complicated
laws.
few
and
for
the
large outlay
of industrial
by
In
ISLANDS.
the
foregoing
portions
of
the
uncertain
of
generally
and
of
have
in
are
more
erate
modand
the
to
conditions
It
pine
Philip-
question
there
ing
offer-
America
necessary
political
Philippines
the
capital
South
the
create
world
affords
none
investment
countries
is
the
as
count
ac-
effort.
or
resources
perhaps
to
Dorado,
El
an
risk
operations,
the
is
without
undeveloped
field
in
country
asking
Archipelago,
THE
agricultural opportunities
that
however,
IN
intention
no
that
impression
is true,
AMEEICAN8
Philippine
wealth
such
FOB
cess
suc-
is often
and
stable
un-
innurner-
"
PHILIPPINES.
THE
352
able
channels
be
may
of
the
This
be
may
safely
in
openings
in
acquired
question
demand
hired,
the
thousand
twenty
or
with
skilled
the
or
lars
dolMost
large profits.
during
direction.
needful
of
majority
investor
the
difficulty by
ten
invested
readily
be
may
which
in
experience
without
eases
great
resi-
preliminary
dence.
There
could
properties
by
and
is
either
before-
there
idea
to
mining,
Colonel
to
ready
ever
without
for
of
cise
exer-
In
scope.
have
his
is
available
Edwards
and
may
Affairs,
of
mass
efforts
it
Insxilar
afford
to
the
connection
which
subject
there
should
of
find.
man
trade
published
has
Furthermore,
useful
to
his
the
ordinates
sub-
assistance
every
enquirers.
can
fields
scale.
the
Bureau
on
that
the
this
ery,
machin-
to
direction
In
the
C,
on
are
possible
that
D.
for
colonist
future
value
investments
unquestionable
an
America.
state
information
the
to
as
Washington,
is
and
stated
useful
some
in
difficult
be
not
prospective
leaving
public.
lias
the
case
methods
Philippines
which
well
There
the
ho
definite
be
in
trebled
emphatically
too
unless
capital,
of
should
be
place
and
modern
whose
planters
many
these, profitable
basis
cannot
no
of
amongst
partnership
islands
doubled
be
introduction
the
It
in the
are
There
and
investigation
be
doubt
no
for
that
several
some
of
our
that
large
afford
a
upon
of
branches
agricultural industry
by
islands
enterprise
corporate
arc
the
cellent
ex-
large
mechanical,
are
concerns.
well
worth
The
"
FIELD
Insular
FOR
Government
American
Philippines
rapid
recent
years
There
Secretary
him
be
Taf
imports
that
have
President
seriously,
mid
"the
in
of
be
the
the
should
presence
tives.
representaof
formation.
trans-
opportunities
order
prevail,
and
circumstances
of
will
be
the
in
the
of
restrictions
of
capital
What
Islands"
will
expected
action
the
railroad
upon
acterized
char-
which
vitally, hampered
1906,
pine
Philip-
abated.
measures
Philippine
inception
from
be
lation
legis-
mineral
public speech
recent
in
and
investment
unfortunate
With
fruit
The
will
an
of
accompanied
removed
corporations
in
who
States.
against
visit
recent
agricultural
United
enter,
the
immediate
respects
some
repealed.
and
islands
the
Roosevelt
as
and
that
expedite
militated
individuals
fresh
adverse
bear
Duties
to
contracts.
process
Congressmen
will
to
development.
the
the
islands,
designed
sive
exten-
expected.
and
their
and
indication
every
the
to
from
may
is
in
Peace
in
the
by
and
are
353
engaged
deterred
conditions
recovery
ISLANDS.
profitable
houses
constantly arising.
are
be
not
foreign
New
by
involve
should
established
The
constantly
which
firms
THE
IN
is
works
public
of
AMERICANS
have
the
velopment
de-
edly
undoubtof
gress
Con-
system
the
era
of
great
prosperity.
"
"
PUBLIC
LANDS,
MINERALS,
TIMBER,
ETC.
"
"
THE
358
The
Taft
land
in
is
it
in
405,415
this
about
twice
there
is waste
of
of
(1903)
the
land
000
acres.
of
land
States
total
lands
much
and
there
is
land
forest
as
the
law
and
Coast
at
Geodetic
73,615,374,
K.
for
the
Public
an
the
his
of
total
area
of
acres
of
area
of
40,000,-
21,000,000
which
is
cultural
agri-
subject
be
to
leasing, selling
and
of
culated
cal-
Putnam,
Survey.
the
estimates
about
will
those
and
Lands
at
most
permitting
George
correctness
61,000,000
which
are
the
domain
leave
and
estimates
Mr.
of
forested,
in
domain.
public
would
Lands
Public
leave
public
character
latest
area
68,-
or
surveyed,
public
acres
Bureau
the
on
under
by
hectares,
hectares,
been
of
would
the
not
in
The
as
this
individuals,
by
"Assuming
the
to
This
disposal
times
Bureau
that
lands
of
acres
the
Of
2,000,000
not
73,000,000
of
Chief
forest
approximately
owned
has
amount
acres.
about
Of
states:
belonging
the
is
27,694,500
land
the
islands,
"The
Islands
total
search,
re-
land."
estimates
my
lands
three
or
Chief
report
"The
are
acres,
estimate.
mere
follows:
that
The
acres.
is
The
estimated
public
extensive
more
73,345,415
or
4,940,000
leaving
as
Philippine
hectares,
about
or
(1900)
the
29,694,500
amount
after
Commission,
reported
of
PHILIPPINES.
the
Census,
of
These
public
the
United
give
domain
the
at
66,628,118.
AREA
the
Of
total
5,000,000
of
excess
Capiz
and
named
with
38
in
several,
the
total
not
land
farm
the
preserve
Sur
is first
tilth.
of
forty-eight
tenth
the
of
one
All
In
the
have
in
Iloilo,
Albay,
order
from
21
other
no
cent., and
per
and
of
Benguet
land
ratio
of
available
with
cultivation
do
soil
is
than
last
one-
is second
in
Antique,
in
Mas-
Lrnion, Pangasinan,
Manila
Pampanga
less
arable,
La
to
llocos
classification
land
Norte,
cultivated
means.
its
divisions
its
is under
comandancias
any
former
45.9
of
and
cent,
it under
and
20
as
by
Zaniboanga,
City,
Nueva
all with
follow,
Vizmore
cent.
Oriental
temperament
order
of
llocos
Sorsogon
per
of
the
cent,
Fiiza!, Bulacan,
60
in
of
bate, Albay,
than
provinces
territorial
per
percentage
caya,
the
per
with
cent.
per
matter
which
In
extent.
great
the
84.2
inces.
prov-
the
in
aggregating
agricultural
above
with
Jolo,
of
area
In
follow
total
as
each
Tarlac,
Lepanto-Bontoc
than
the
Batangas,
Cavite,
lands
their
ia arable
through
Sur,
Cebu,
including
cultivation.
total
llocos
proportion
whole
Sorsogon
Occidental
of
about
only
largest proportion
and
agricultural
it is less
Luzon,
Of
Union,
is the
province
the
cent;
cent,
per
Archipelago
cent., of the
Pampanga
Negros
359
irregularly
has
per
La
the
per
very
45
Bulacan,
to
9.5
Laguna
cent.
per
of
or
acres,
La
CULTIVATION.
area
distributed
land,
53.1
UNDER
people
and
Philippines
the
are
gregarious
exigencies
this
tendency
of
as
life
to
in
result
the
congregate
of
East.
has
"
PHILIPPINES.
THE
360
been
from
encouraged
of
mutual
aa
the
protection
inclination
no
actual
Nearly
hectare
in
of
from
8.57
of
the
are
limits
are
than
are
less
which
patches
States
will
They
four
or
one
than
would
will
in
the
live
different
of
very
less
cent,
United
habitants
in-
the
main
upon
it,
crops
in
year.
size
small
last
the
to
the
three
all
of
farms
in
the
United
146.6,
census
in
the
referred
holdings
whilst
acres,
the
in
family.
derive
the
including
little
the
communities
holdings
per
lloro
the
find
we
beyond
them
need
enemies
small
the
of
these
its
a
average
extend
twenty
cow
it
course
The
with
subsistence
the
of
support
in
Generally
whilst
One
Philippines,
and
tribes,
one-half
size,
acre.
hardly
wild
to
necessity.
small.
one
other
settled
everywhere
with
common
Consequently
the
by
such
ladrones.
and
pirates,
times
against
and
aborigines,
earliest
the
Archipelago,
it
States
ratio
is
above,
to
of
is
only
ing
accord-
seventeen
to
one.
There
more
Of
the
less
or
this
extensively
number
that
are
half-castes
959
are
of
farmers
in
cash
99.8
own
and
800,000
is,
Americans
of
Spanish
or
By
far
the
others
land
in
kind
of
are
308
origin,
and
largest proportion
cultivate
or
778
Europeans;
Chinese
the
islands.
Filipinos
remainder
and
they
the
in
full-blooded
the
engaged
persons
agriculture
Of
Chinese.
pure
in
are
tribes.
Christian
"whites,"
of
upwards
are
with
some
labor.
pay
rent
There
"
FOREST
has
been
always
titles
in
the
have
score
for
that
the
Colonies
about
of
of
of
and
Infanta
of
in
forests
in
3,000,000
be
and
is much
of
Bat
of
Spain
the
on
pub-
but
State,
it
Government
that
U.
S.
is
that
number.
forty
odd
A.,
least
We
find
virgin
forests
Luzon
The
an
foregoing
is
made
timber
Camarines,
area
of
in
of
at
less
doubt-
reducing
left
parts
of
tive
conserva-
will
later
instead
estimate
south
tioned
above-men-
aggregate
change
and
Principe
as
of
coast
the
in
Vizcaya,
known
forest.
acres
million
twenty
Nueva
entire
reported
million
very
merchantable
Tayabas,
ister
Min-
Spanish
the
The
the
great
AKCHIPELAGO.
will
any
increase
to
There
Luzon
this
the
Queen
the
formerly
acres.
estimate,
(lie
double
of
the
about
on
to
sipinttei-s
virgin
the
to
Isabela,
fact,
is
owing
THE
Tayabas
Antimonan
least
at
forest.
of
few
Ahem,
Cagayan,
part
difficulties
Insular
total
find
virgin
that
P.
the
we
provinces
in
"in
the
1804
least
OF
361
uncertainty
by
the
at
George
woodland
acres
of
LANDS
that
(1902)
In
eviction
are
FOREST
Captain
but
200,000
to
there
present
of
reported
officials
by
deal
land.
subject
believed
ARCHIPELAGO.
comparatively
were
lands
THE
great
surplus
there
lie
OF
Philippines,
been
of
amount
at
LANDS
the
Bulacan
it.
inces
provand
a an.
"The
islands
an
covered
with
of
area
of
dense
Mindoro
more
stand
and
than
of
Paragua,
2,000,000
virgin
each
taining
con-
acres,
are
timber.
"
352
THE
with
"Mindanao,
tains
than
more
Samar
timbered."
to
In
to
run
with
of
scatteringly
found
forest.
are
heavily
"
of
in
acre
the
trees
and
some
is characteristic
It
that
found
are
inches,
feet.
stands
virgin
per
twenty
over
pure
varieties
and
other
discover
of
in
are
species
grow
single species
kinds
native
timber
are
which
are
utilities
of
are
whilst
demand,
great
unsuspected
the
among
little
known
upon
investigation
some
test.
VARIETIES
Tindalo,
and
dark
It
islands.
is
of
high
poiish
is
COMMERCIAL
OF
wood,
red
suitable
account
on
cabinet
its
abundant
is
assumes
in
the
in
ground
There
of
many
the
construction,
susceptibility
the
for
East
use
has
and
where
large
resembling
to
fine
reputation
it
is
in
adapted
demand
signs
no
for
which
to
for
use
it
of
with
for
in
It
in
cement
railway
have
tion.
deteriora-
durability
contact
age
ebony.
decay, pieces
to
showing
century
is well
and
is
With
Archipelago.
color
purple-black
It
mortar
of
and
in
used
practically impervious
been
kinds
durability
widely
in
is found
all
to
TIMBER.
work,
Ipil
is
feet
cubic
eon-
acres,
stands
average
forest
the
SOME
it
arras
Philippine
value
many
may
islands
large
cubic
few
of
acres
thousand
of
highest
and
both
2.1,000,000
anywhere.
Many
the
of
ten
the
"
thousand
seven
reach
acres
'of
area
these
diameter
an
10,000,000
Leyte
and
PHILIPPINES.
the
and
sleepers.
China.
"
Narra
It
seasons
It
in
in
cabinet
first
class
and
white
is
white
of
Molave
other
kinds
of
square.
being
long
been
for
its endurance
is
Apilong
of
is
various
the
in
and
East.
all
feet
the
the
have
tree
from
durable
for
ants
for
many
material
railroad
Thia
and
ia
ers,
sleep-
wood
Zealand
"New
12
white
valuable
surpassed
wood
The
and
long
sea-worm,
extra
as
The
qualities.
commercially
of
has
islands.
therefore
what,
has
teak,"
highly
prized
water.
wood
greyish
attacks
the
in
everlasting.
under
which
grows
Archipelago.
been
shipped
for
demand
constant
the
abundantly
Large
to
quantities
China,
framework
where
of
it
houses
ship's planking.
Yacal
grows
be
known
parts
timber
for
resists
an
with
has
in
It
practically
identified
22
to
is
not
can
the
of
the
to
which
the
11
where
It
required.
been
and
works
wood,
rose-
redwood
valuable
excellent
from
borers
the
narra
of
most
many
timber
inches
and
in
has
It
Burmese
variety.
is found
produces
24
red
the
white.
of
species
but
is classed
It
impervious
especially
is
from
made,
is
or
to
Being
it
ants,
qualities
to
timber
similar
polish.
material
purposes.
Padouk
with
Islands.
There
13
market
is
Andaman
general
for
the
Manila
of
furniture
the
of
high degree
being
work,
wood
London
the
of
all
of
Philippines."
the
of
mahogany
admits
and
nearly
"the
well
used
is
which
ia
is called
363
TIMBER.
COMMERCIAL
is found
to
height
in
Luzon,
of
from
12
Mindoro,
to
20
and
meters.
It
Panay.
The
wood
"
THE
364
is used
in
the
work.
It
solid
texture,
Guijo
is
widely
It
is
flexible
it is the
flooring,
and
elastic
white
and
is found
covering
and
of
few
are
turned
to
other
soft
resisting
of
to
the
found
be
OFFICIAL
in
AND
pelago.
Archi-
the
fiber,
It
pores.
and
construction,
and
shafts
Manila,
in
for
wharves,
for
where
purposes
islands.
decks,
tough
for
often
uses
and
the
has
The
ants.
the
as
used
foregoing
TESTS
OF
naval
in
it
as
It
can
them
over
only
are
the
which
importance
of
tinctly
dis-
pine, poplar,
our
advantage
forests
PRIVATE
with
floors.
commercial
vast
reddish
employ
hardwood
general
is
texture
extensively
is
natives
of
It
filaceous
It
same
woods
proof
is
undulating
naval
the
and
woods,
many
and
fine
and
well-defined
in
over
the
white
required.
sheathing
or
with
other
loose
and
wood
with
pores.
construction,
has
cabinet
ants.
material
all
of
marked
be
is
wood
wood
red
for
in
throughout
wheels
Hongkong
for
white
and
carriage
Lauan
of
and
ordinary
and
long splinters,
distributed
light
buildings
yellow color,
with
for
largely
In
breaks
is
in
used
darkish
onslaughts
and
strong
of
construction
is of
the
against
PHILIPPINES.
Philippines.
PHILIPPINE
TIMHER,
Ahern
Captain
of
woods
native
during
the
only
year.
some
says,
are
"several
received
Spanish
seventy
in
hundred
the
Manila
engineers
varieties,
varieties
tested
so
that
market
and
we
scribed
dehave
"
THE
366
PHILIPPINES.
.
mind
would
to
It
to.
recommend
woods
for
the
it
turn
obtained
Some
of
the
following
the
Philippine
Apulag-amo
endwise"
strain
per
17,020
equaled
strength
at
table
pounds
per
equaled
rupture
sults
re-
partment,
De-
compiled.
show
remarkable
the
"compression
to
of
resistance
the
with
been
group
by
Agricultural
has
finest
made
comparison
subjected
inch
the
as
tests
States
exhibited
square
narra
and
United
the
by
careful
Bureau
strength.
pounds
and
From
Forestry
wood.
lasting
alintatao
furniture."
Insular
is
of
stress
elastic
pounds
limit
and
inch,
square
19,700
15,110
per
the
square
inch.
Woods
American
Pignut
hickory
Mockernut
Butternut
hickory
9,600
hickory
9,100
pine
9,080
White
oak
8,500
Texan
oak
8,100
Green
ash
8,000
Long
BY
Cuban
7,800
oak
ash
White
SURVEY
10,100
.
Pecan
Water
SCIENTIFIC
10,900
hickory
leaf
7,200
INSULAR
THE
7,930
pine
FORESTRY
BUREAU.
work
lands
and
of
as
the
and
examining
rapidly
force
of
Bureau
Insular
The
at
as
its
is
Forestry
the
surveying
consistent
disposal.
is
with
The
pushing
public
the
forest
thoroughness
surveys
afford
"
SCIENTIFIC
much
information
useful
varieties
of
timber,
character
of
the
there
will
logging, labor,
of
roads
which
on
value
extend
all
States.
been
in
of
extent
It
he
similar
of
the
that
which
Bureau
stand
has
and
at
to
his
has
secured
of
in
realized
the
in
this
delightfully breezy
bilities
possi-
ble
capa-
from
the
has
survey
considerable
scientific
been
ever
the
Insular
the
by
make
up
capital,
of
are
the
handsome
business."
somewhat
before
tion
examina-
The
subject
is
Forestry.
Philippine
apt
to
difficulties
fairly,
very
the
special reports.
observers
sums
of
made.
on
the
to
casual
but
the
attempted
no
by
times
line
the
glance
exploration
no
employed
islands
sufficient
and
available
Foreman
"with
be
timber
various
statements
lumbering
that
experts
valuation
men
detailed
been
ever
and
been
the
misleading.
that
of
map
covered.
that
information
Commission
The
has
character
investigation
trained
years,
state
scale,
reliable
only
to
forests
Philippine
upon
well
and
secured
of
been
has
territory
may
four
The
are
system
for
operation
at
see
as
work
This
the
available
islands
such
of
market.
to
the
over
managing
United
timber
cost
topographical
to
anyone
it
and
methods
location
the
of
bringing
of
of
shown
as
tion
addi-
In
transportation,
well
as
enabling
and
amount
will
he
thus
surveys,
of
and
growth,
formation.
logging,
on
streams,
will
rock
means
of
peculiarities
and
notes
of
and
their
stands
the
regarding
soil
be
367
SURVEY.
and
be
of
concludes
profit
Sawyer,
dogmatic
is
in
style,
"
308
PHILIPPINES.
THE
of
disposes
designed
worth
the
forests,
island
and
talked
but
of
in
lie
is
and
Mindoro
that
in
found.
In
fever-stricken
of
the
and
the
of
most
Sawyer's
long
other
similar
chapter
established
The
of
in
the
the
main,
Chief
of
from
extracts
the
they
refutnlion
Chief
of
the
working
plan
and
report
the
Lumber
are
Part
and
contained
I,
Bataau
Mr.
the
port
re-
and
Forestry,
territory
literal
statements
Bureau
by
Orr,
Report
of
the
the
the
Forester
logs.
of
Philippine
The
simplest
results.
report
of
the
report
R.
of
All
plied
sup-
clearing.
preliminary
manager
Company.
well
ultimate
see
the
Province
John
to
is
driving
upon
regard
these
for
little
conducted
Development
in
official
indicate
they
forest
without
Forestry
of
Philippine
the
of
Bureau
require
may
of
of
from
appear
are
lines
the
to
sufficiently large
streams
easiest
the
the"
part,
cases
"For
by
document.
^native operations
and
in
contradicted
are
derived
marks
that
most
with
some
These
contained
assertions
relating
matter
quotation
For
of
fact.
is,
where
can
trees
cut."*
been
ago
"Forestal"
on
following
forests
In
have
timber
trees
large
...
valuable
Palawan
valuable
all
Luzon
greatest
Philippine
parts
and
large
any
the
not
are
"the
the
certain
graphs
para-
they
of
in
only
few
that
us
value
the
it
in
that
tells
about
fact
Mindanao
be
demonstrate
to
working.
is
nonsense
forests
Philippine
the
C.
the
on
Bryant;
Philippine
the
foregoing
Commission,
1902.
"
NATIVE
The
of
water
rafts
dense
the
be
a
and
courses
from
transportation
bamboo
to
consequence
if he
trees, and
other
the
limited
the
native
in
be
imagined.
of
amount
thirty-five
METHODS
fact
the
the
of
vicinity
which
has
of
presence
American
days
The
would
company
and
at
average
of
nominal
haul
short
to
line
The
may
the
of
than
more
LUMBERING.
Ahern
up
industry
that
of
tract
to
strikingly
the
appears
obstruction
slight
no
of
fine
protected
been
the
methods
cut,
nature
singlelabor
that
NATIVE
It
Manila
and
felling
the
Captain
present.
known
un-
out.
haphazard
at
on
by
from
is
narrow,
estimated
OF
mentioned
illustrates
carried
got
ful
waste-
feet
crude
timber
is
cent,
per
such
is
marketable
WASTEFUL
in
It
largest
partially through.
tree
involved
waste
easily
the
As
saw
minimize
to
at
the
long,
mu3t
the
cross-cut
All
to
beast.
fourteen
case
haul
the
cuts
order
burns
of
usually
forest.
with
the
out
as
means
former
gets
or
thing
the
latter
capacity
twelve
done
and
the
only
give buoyancy
to
them,
In
seldom
touches
often
enormous
in
the
are
needed
the
is
axe,
chopper
stand.
Philippine
work
bitted
the
and
Such
ground.
in
carabao
sometimes
height,
369
the
often
are
hardwoods
adjusted
the
LUMBERING.
the
in
have
there
is
timber
by
that
removed
in
land
present
stream
as
in
the
an
few
expense.
tidewater
of
railway
is
short,
with
and
the
"a
wire
bination
com-
cable
"
THE
370
of
system
the
that
topography
be
might
would
logging
localities
PHILIPPINES.
be
islands
these
skidding
for
necessary
in
for
ideal
short,
In
present."
distances
combination
with
country
with
with
some
carabao
plant
the
in
question.
Under
the
with
likeliest
down,
off
decay
of
have
been
from
the
found
miles
and
ful
depend
to
in
animal
scarce
dollars.
in
the
of
need
aside
from
entailed,
winding
only
cost
be
the
from
strong,
their
much
of
of
scale
three
or
the
the
are
treme
ex-
carabao.
will
of
this
Carabao
to
times
hardy
beasts.
day, which,
of
upon
are
hundred
one
waste
best
five
or
magnitude
not
employment
the
line
the
capacity.
and
towns.
Company
employment
are
this
miles
larger
with
of
the
several
cent,
islands
the
valley
and
of
straight
they
of
per
of
seventy-five
inconvenience
where
had, practically
upon
watered
renders
slopes,
any
auxiliary
an
and
on
sixty
Development
on
them
draw
two
vicinity
miles
burn
can
many
of
and
extent
gTeat
to
on
the
out
consequence
profitable lumbering
Although
They
the
operations
a
distance
three
following
Success
forests
Lumber
that
limits
now
to
Philippine
have
the
As
to
tracts
con-
certain
pick
and
carabao
forty
ground.
culled
coast
from
of
logging
chop
their
as
beach
loggers
purpose,
logs
the
upon
method
The
such
usually
the
on
The
their
remainder
deliver
to
timber.
for
trees
licensee
the
system
loggers
hewn
cut
leave
to
the
of
species
present
time
high
timber
is
often
tain
moun-
to
be
"
COST
is
Nearly
all
squared
in
inches
clear
for
and
are,
however,
19
feet.
length,
clear
and
from
and
24
gives
timbers
inches
32
the
Calantas
is
limited
of
65
COST
OF
82
to
32
feet
there
used
for
for
interior
occasionally
LUMBER
of
of
ship
OPERATION
as
UNDER
16
to
for
molave
construction.
but
cigar boxes,
long
Molave
demand
It
finishing.
as
more
and
long
long
diameter
top
branches
purposes
mainly
and
long.
is
entire
feet
65
to
feet
durable
and
the
cut
with
98
16
from
bancas
Lauan,
to
However,
for
and
wide.
feet;
60
to
which
32
boards
over
tough
extent
feet
from
square.
dancalan
from
beti3,
palo-maria
from
tree
boat
50
occasionally
is
furnish
seldom
crooked,
and
and
are
the
inches
48
to
inches
12
and
cial
Spe-
dungon,
front
measure
of
lengths
extra
of
logs
deal
rot.
to
out
get
24
to
carabao
great
woods
to
The
Lanan,
especially apitong,
of
the
made
sometimes
chiefly fashioned,
are
in
12
the
as
to
batitinan, mangachapuy,
32
to
left
shipbuilding.
will
long
leads
Manila
to
from
usually
as
limitation
371
shipped
is
is
and
top
being
guijo
tiiose of
the
length
in
use
that
forest, and
This
efforts
OPERATIONS.
timber
the
at
haul.
the
the
wide
will
LUMBER
OF
98
also
to
yields logs
feet.
THE
PRESENT
SYSTJiM.
The
Philippine
the
pays
and
hewers,
builders,
35
Lumber
following
cents
skidders,
per
and
and
scale
day,
Development
of
without
drivers,
wages
25
pany
Com-
Choppers
board;
cents
per
trail-
day,
"
THE
372
without
For
hand
by
they
and
Molave,
dancalan
The
and
15
to
of
would
15
17
to
y%
Lumber
the
laid
these
cubic
in
the
Manila
varies
for
cents
(by
their
transportation
from
portation
trans-
vessels
about
in
abas,
ay
raft), 2y2
own
to
ties
facili-
lugs delivered
for
Subig
of
logs
The
figures.
20
from
Modern
cents.
fuot
using
beach
average
these
cubic
from
table
supply
f., 80
Narra,
cents.
would
of
one-third
is
cents
in
of
fair
criterion
of
constantly upward
appreciable
any
for
quotations
prices,
average
as
and
logs
the
demand
expansion
of
the
sawed,
per
in
83l/2 cents;
Cuarto
is
without
Molave,
"
of
tendency
increases
c.
10
Masbate,
cents;
the
the
foot;
than
per
following
boards
local
on
reduce
From
rates.
The
but
acle
down
is less
cost
foot
square
companies
reduce
per
boards
per
prices
into
greatly
are
following
cents
lauaa
charges
Manila
timber
75
mangachapuy
woods
superior
and
cents
hewed
and
logs
cents
50
betis
and
cost
carabao,
the
the
pay
Apitong
of
sawing
Dungon
Guijo
hire
board;
day.
per
PHILIPPINES.
log,
M.
;
B.
log, per
M.
equals
c.
per
B.
about
M.,
f., 37y2'
$75.00.
f-, HY2
e.
M.,
cents;
cents
sawed,
per
c.
f.,
$82.50.
one-third
of
cent
"
374
THE
is considered
by
bad
be
to
Chinese
in
the
Orient.
for
timber
better,
even
foreign
engineers
many
market
promises
which
will
equipped
themselves,
deliver
their
prepared
not
bosses,
full
in
stock
to
tracts
be
pine
and
the
island
the
for
lumber
found
under
and
fact
such
erly
prop-
take
panies
com-
lish
estab-
to
to
companies
are
expert
gang
with
required,
it would
large logs
if
market
be
which
these
forest
to
and
logging
vessels,
roads,
cargoes
to
return
from
The
in
$2,000,-
say,
and
for
inter-
handsome
return
profits
are
gon
Ore-
saw-mills
ballast, but
Hongkong
from
barges
surely
its stockholders.
vessels
with,
including
would
ods
meth-
large quantities
eoiintry
corporation
one-
market
economical
year
the
exporting
profitable
each
enter
not
are
which
whilst
transportation,
such
transportation
the
scientific
redwood
sailing
dividends
sions
conces-
months
material,
to
that
here
mechanics,
remove
the
future
it will
and
if
Philippines
California.
of
fleet
securing
supply
to
capita! operating
000
are
labor
brought
production,
of
of
and
time
of
could
best
indications
skilled
the
the
ber
tim-
exploited properly."
this
fiftieth
and
master
attempt
cut
are
At
all
the
of
be
must
furnish
to
been
are
many
labor,
cargo;
has
companies
work
secure
first
fact
hazardous
of
to
best
past,
large logs;
such
contemplating
as
the
Empire.
vast
lumber
few
China
the
there
that
handle
to
in
capital
waken
very
are
in
Strong
as
and
enterprise
"There
PHILIPPINES.
would
as
always
mit
permatter
obtain-
"
FORESTRY
and
able,
of
lumber
to
The
vessels
cut
load
them
vessels
direct
for
doubt,
demand
open
the
forest
to
the
he
product,
obtainable,
the
of
to
may
for
within
period
defined
by
not
the
and
in
this
in
product
the
and
profits
from
operations
the
best
the
of
high priees
field
for
the
Philippines.
the
evidence
giving
secure
government
niture
fur-
REGULATIONS.
operate
which
active
an
superiority
the
capital
FORESTRY
intention
out
with-
could,
which
markets,
offers
lumbering
Corporations
with
known
of
certainty
investment
heavy
the
high-grade
all
save
in
of
create
its
jobbing
facility
ilie
instituted,
the
Under
running
Francisco
and
to
market
company
of
would
order
factory.
(."'Hindering
might
of
manufacturers
company
in
capacity.
market,
By
necessary
hardwoods
but
San
finishings.
and
hold
valuable
or
such
up
amongst
country
the
specially-built
often
establishment
Seattle
to
is
porta
American
clearance
of
impossible,
is
for
Tt
limited
the
States
Philippines
trade
port
of
ships
upon
United
the
the
at
Pacific
back
carry
the
of
the
at
pronounced.
conditions
present
the
need
is
logs
up
might
States
woods.
soft
375
delivering
schooners
United
the
REGULATIONS.
upon
from
to
the
exceed
company
the
trees
forester.
of
scale
of
their
considerable
Forestry
twenty
to
be
This
cut
will
licenses
The
will
be
official will
and
nitude
mag-
Bureau
years.
work
may
ability
be
area
ically
specif-
indicated
r
"
THE
376
the
timber
felled
in
the
by
however,
conducted.
that
more
is
to
easy
conceive
vessels
this
arrangement.
of
modern
the
years
During
lumber
lumber
the
same
imported
113,483
liners, as
well
tons
for
lumber
$48.50
redwood
the
likely
will
ably
prob-
selling price.
the
justify
to
secure
installation
that
within
the
lumber
Philippine
the
was
for
per
as
use
five
which
will
feet
laid
thousand
board
the
other
of
lumber
feet
Government.
the
down
Oregon
from
board
6,841,207
in
pine
Manila
and
board
cubic
at
feet
on
and
of
from
from
$45
ests.
for-
native
there
were
commercial
4,746
The
at
of
feet,
public
the
hand
feet
cubic
4,740,738
came
On
cubic
of
million
87,000
year
exported.
were
of
$175,000,
about
In
negotiating
of
of
marketed,
at
charge
now
output
its
from
advantage
of
is
It
operating
cent,
it
upwards
1 903
was
valued
and
say
market.
company
to
great
as
increased.
much
very
are
the
locality,
Manila
government
per
be
enhanced
large enough
plants,
few
next
be
land
an
six
companies
of
the
of
tree
not
in
is
operation
upon
cut
to
The
about
average
Several
tree
derive
modified,
would
that
might
timber,
the
tax
Mindanao
similar
regulated
which
the
accessible
own
tracts
in
upon
in
ritories
ter-
is
tariff
the
the
and
groups,
of
instance,
felled
Bataan,
four
able
Market-
charges.
The
locality
For
group
in
character
the
by
the
assess
divisions.
two
primarily
as
and
is classified
timber
first
PHILIPPINES.
foot
imported
$37.50
to
$55
to
for
feet.
"
GUTTA
Gutta
the
Percha
is
Philippine
only
the
in
the
small
and
Southern
Malay
in
The
The
of
the
native
the
in
is
the
Chinese
the
business.
he
markets
133l/2 pounds.
percha.
and
upwards
been
afford
thence
of
the
some
pesos
clue
the
Singapore.
to
other
the
of
writer
of
2%
past
in
titious
fic-
pounds,
picul
is
for
of
ta
gut-
shipped
fifty years
material
trees
ment
pay-
ties.
commodi-
depot
that
Moros
buying,
16
the
clusively
ex-
and
Chinese
the
suggests
number
in
production
pounds
capacity.
the
and
In
two
enormous
to
central
in
handled
picul,
the
at
distributed.
Philippines"
its
per
is
flows
utmost
is
picul
is the
all of
300,000,000
at
cloth
product
Singapore
of
is
caught
make
by himself,
Practically
received
in
the
is
all
tree
milk
the
at
who
standard
created
the
prices paid
in
Chinaman's
measure
there,
made
frequently
The
whilst
fifteen
to
ply.
supin
The
forests
traders,
The
inadequate
cent,
per
ruinous
ultimately
outflow
Philippine
by
ten
ten
pine
Philip-
must
that
so
yields
tree
about
is
of
from
range
and
the
same.
The
points.
Tawi
gatherers
the
ringed
bark
several
output
is much
regions
which
profits
by
already
shells,
pounds,
secured
the
at
cocoanut
of
extinguishing
and
it
it
unless
and
Tawi
sources
checked,
percha
from
is
gum
found
Sumatra,
them.
the
is
tree
Borneo,
of
products
the
between
are
practice
down
cut
important
is
The
gutta
the
Peninsula,
Mindanao
which,
377
Elsewhere
lying
product.
result
of
one
forests.
islands
method
PERCHA.
have
ties
"Opportunithese
which
figures
have
"
378
THE
been
in
destroyed
pounds
two
The
wastage.
fall
of
destruction.
The
in
of
of
in
judge
during
in
the
ten
or
to
production
become
less years
that
of
from
been
the
if
years,
have
we
removed
has
industry
the
semi-
something
twenty
which
extent
the
disappear
of
number
actual
methods
1'nless
course
however,
present
will
will
for
cent,
per
consideration
that
likely
of
basis
been
existence.
GUTTA
THE
is
is
put
cables.
in
It
and
water
which
different
have
recent
been
the
tree
sole,
TRADE.
which
to
use
electric
admirably
past
adapted
the
increased
supply,
however.
and
in
the
the
in
found.
for
the
little
very
that
of
the
sponse
re-
for
quotation
scientific
of
for
purposes
demand
The
of
action
been
with
direction
extraction
the
these
and
land
and
to
has
trebled
have
extensive
years
made
price
greatly
varieties
to
substitute
the
decade
gutta pereha
submarine
practically impervious
is
have
in
In
the
satisfactory
the
material
PEBGHA
covering
so
no
During
the
almost
chief,
The
of
is
trees
the
the
by
stop
Philippines
the
the
under
has
it
the
ten
indicating
on
computation,
Government.
done
Archipelago
may
of
and
tlie
is
sort
such
of
putting
in
pereha
monopoly
this
for
industry,
gutta
allowing
Government
plans
the
calculating
tree, and
short
very
Insular
several
time,
result
would
the
that
the
to
PHILIPPINES.
time.
experiments
the
cultivation
latex.
It
is
"
FUTURE
found
OF
that
which
on
the
leaf
test
has
of
future
depend
of
monopoly
the
It
of
the
the
in
brings
of
in
could
short,
them
sort
is
in
of
the
includes
it
the
in.
And
governmental
the
Philippines.
not,
or
the
admirable
establishment
he
as
undertakes
methods
of
Indian
opium
model
of
it
whilst
for
a
the
state
be
the
of
The
Indian
chooses,
places
system
Insular
monopoly
usefully
ployed
em-
The
gal
Benwhich
when
produce
be
cultivating gutta
ryot
but
if
his
buy
certain
and
tivate
cul-
may
he
does
Government
gutta
so
produce
at
restrictions
extraction.
appears
in
the
as
necessarily
system
growth
of
district
his
would
to
Such
cultivator,
for
Sulu
solution
his
and
powerful
village.
to
payment
the
industry.
toward
opium
this
be
to
in
cerned.
con-
large portion
and
might
advances
from
figures,
the
Indian
orderly
work
all
lo
congenial
for
supervisor
opium
produce
benefit
fail
data
the
would
Mindanao
also
monopoly
of
provide
to
The
Government
upon
lines
must
tion.
regula-
percha
greatest
hardly
would
opium
stated
satisfactory
Government
southern
problem.
deducted
percha
the
of
and
sysrem
feature
percha
gutta
Government
the
probably
arrangement
dato
370
Philippines
gutta
the
reducing
zamindar
he
with
the
in
profitable occupation
as
are
that
Indian
would
Archipelago
an
of
provide
strict
upon
population
factor
grade
to
and
seem
results
certainly
good
industry
somewhat
hest
TRADE.
PERCHA
proved
the
would
conducted
the
yields
planting
upon
It
GUTTA
material.
insulating
The
THE
to
In
afford
in
an
the
percha.
"
380
THE
Rubber
PHILIPPINES.
and
trees
vines
but
tropical countries,
presents
is
in
profitably pursued
demand
for
the
rubber
in
supply
market
The
extending
and
RUBBER
The
for
Bureau,
which
should
the
to
also
short
It
would
cultivation
The
of
field
plant
grows
Forestry
percha
gutta
and
investigations
and
profitable
upon
A
tivation
cul-
per
of
to
seem
six
some
that
resembles
the
the
acre,
without
danger
of
several
that
of
of
would
planting,
destruction
its
ital
capit
although
be
could
not
and
or
features
an
edge
knowl-
amount
returns
of
give
ample
for
ploying
em-
however,
not,
first crop
after
years
in
is
tations
plan-
should
extraction,
success,
that
rubber
direction,
considerable
to
stated
that
stilled
This
entered
necessary
$200
of
investors.
be
authoritatively
subject
place.
afford
the
belief
under
methods
experience.
be
its
WEALTH.
OF
present
the
constantly
take
to
islands.
the
Philippines
to
enterprise
to
and
prices
are
scientific
The
satisfied
importance
favors
best
returns
is
the
industry
world.
never
experiments
to
opinion
the
and
making
good
although
the
to
at
erally
gen-
both.
Expert
in
at
southern
alive
the
SOVJKCE
not
the
of
found
all
product
material
LATENT
do
lead
of
$150
the
is
has
be
can
industry,
fully
rubber,
rich
BE
parts
the
nothing
in
luxuriantly
that
permanent
of
uses
rubber
difficulties
years
Philippines
the
and
is
recent
MAY
the
few
almost
in
marketing
many
so
found
are
is
from
be
pected
ex-
it would
damage.
rubber
cacao.
"
382
THE
lead
Agriculture
both
However
for
to
years
LUZON
HAS
Mr.
Nueva
also
the
in
abundance,
and
is
which
as
not
quality
the
on
prairies
in
United
being
turf-funning
true
of
rains
to
of
months
absolutely
even
no
the
signs
on
mostly
broad
the
of
this
year,
These
yet
or
region
very
is
close
gullying
steep
or
species
same
in
grow
as
concerned
grasses
grasses
popularly
be
ginsses,
so
far
Inie-lenved
tncd,
lands
up-
level
so
are
hills.
would
ably
prob-
rolling
and
the
turf-forming
which
Nueva
Cagayan,
grasses
the
eral
sev-
grazing
known
small
tufts,
there
is
partially'
that, notwithstanding
so
grasses
by
northern
and
they mostly
as
abundance
several
on
States
grasses,
tropical
the
fine-stem
bunch
forming
as
THE
magnificent
difference,
no
of
the
IN
latter, although
of
returns
large.
provinces
two
apparently
growing
consist
the
the
corroborated
provinces,
former
in
is
Isabela,
other
three
lands
prairie
there
the
he
by
islands
the
and
Pangasinan,
Vizcaya,
in
in
COUNTRY
"most
eastern
methods
on
disease
tion.
inocula-
by
are
extremely
and
that
in
there
GBASS
states,
exist
of
be
secured
carried
FINEST
observers,
Ecija,
risk
THE
Merrill
grounds
be
would
come
be,
can
no
be
from
immunity
that
may
may
raising
practically
belief
surra
that
cattle
with
the
to
and
rinderpest
which
PHILIPPINES.
the
ficient
sufturf-
heavy
subject during
is
the
washing
hillsides,
turf
that
served
ob-
were
"
"
Lower-class
of
Stereograph
is
Hie
of
children
carrying
illustration
From
natives
common
Copyright,
upon
to
bj
mam
Underwood
City
the
of
hip
Cebu.
as
Oriental
The
tice
prac-
shown
in
the
peoples.
DnderwowL.
New
V..rk
"
"
PHILIPPINE
which
shows
what
introduced
ever
CATTLE.
here
in
if
expected
he
may
3S3
cattle
abundance.
The
.
lands
grazing
and
Ecija,
mountains,
it
will
be
impossible
and
that
and
with
months
There
abundance
of
ideal
here
which
be
can
by
cattle
the
are
in
case3
as
guarded
contact
in
isolated, and
watchfulness,
infection
feed,
especial value,
cattle
in
it
of
an
noted
water,
Hence
water.
for
every
miles
four
country
are
of
and
MARKETS
are
the
the
districts
the
for
through
or
railroad
or
no
risk
and
have
market,
the
upon
will
grounds
grazing
the
run
in
of
hoof.
through
Nueva
in
cattle
the
great
Vizeaya
and
these
world,
might
finest
Before
a
the
advantage
whither
than
grounds
the
the
CATTLE.
not
described,
question
in
PHILIPPINE
States, probably
Manila
driven
better
conditions
little
with
FOR
no
United
under
be
the
in
clear
or
an
be
to
of
while
pure,
requisites
herds
care
is
ing
surround-
and
supply."
READY
to
whole
against
water
in
the
rinderpest
little
three
there
features
of
valleys
travel
especially
topographical
epidemic
of
and
ravines,
the
forested,
streams
Nueva
ized
character-
are
hills,
higher
finding good
shelter,
country;
these
to
without
observed
water,
the
finds
one
direction
any
of
of
being densely
valley
being
Vizeaya
valleys, tops
small
Nueva
northern
Pangasinan,
eastern
throughout
their
by
small
in
are
be
raised
The
quality.
of
herds
proximity
might
easily
long, however,
part
Nueva
of
and
these
Ecija
the
ing
grazand
"
384
THE
the
those
At
of
in
on
all
the
the
hoof
from
meat
The
prevailing
handsome
its
which
thrive
of
in
employed
to
Another
The
ground
ands
of
States
yearly
the
A
at
home
realize
as
hay
figures
local
of
large
the
is
the
that
beast
for
indeed,
would
he
is
give
and
of
would
should
is
the
hay.
heavy
character
cutting
and
At
present
from
the
vesting
harthou-
United
give good
resources
raise
demand
and
by-product
returns
impossible
mineral
that
lock
bul-
trotting
connection
imported
arc
its
on
MINERAL
It
this
permit
to
China,
PangasMiian.
quality,
finest
stock
returns
grower.
the
utilization
in
capital
and
likely
dustry
in-
an
The
India
by machinery.
corporation
supply
profit
the
of
in
is
little
and,
consideration
done
tons
It
The
be
to
extent
is such
being
of
Philippines,
of
of
cattle
appear
under
acre
per
of the
Archipelago.
source
districts
yield
the
slight
yield
Philippines.
native
States.
would
raisers.
the
the
to
cattle
the
in
would
introduction
and
ia
erated
refrig-
as
United
the
high,
or
require comparatively
mainly
India
and
Manila
in
Singapore
are
local
to
prosecution
he
from
prices
would
would
consumed
meat
Australia
profit
that
for
sufficiently near
Pangasinan.
present
shipped
is already
line
Jlanila-Dagupan
to
to
PHILIPPINES.
to
sufficient
run
would
cattle
plant
for
without
to
the
doubt
capital.
WEALTH.
say
of
anything
the
very
definite
Philippines.
They
about
have
"
386
THE
methods
primitive
lack
of
twenty
of
claim
to, has
of
charge
as
mining
its
to
short
line
Bureau
this
at
is
in
cellation
can-
sary
neces-
of
up
coast."
several
in
deposit
thing
the
probably
mining
the
this
the
quired
re-
present
opening
with
extent
main
the
communication
successful
to
is
is
referred
prevent
officer
The
exploitation
added,
above
characterizes
bonanza.'
of
be
may
The
to
than
itself
limited
laws
concession.
'undoubted
an
it
Spanish
the
to
the
to
more
in
ledge
only
Mining
for
which
immense
with
labor, led
and
attempt,
the
the
the
suitable
occupied
the
of
and
property,
upon
been
by
this
the
combined
transportation,
capital
years
small
of
sufficient
abandonment
PHILIPPINES.
And
chief
site
requiof
parts
the
Archipelago.
GOLD
Gold
of
with
BEEN
is known
to
islands,
the
is
profit
have
Igorots
and
HAS
with
but
to
carried
its
possibilities.
favorable
to
placer mining
good
may
some
hydraulic
reveal
fails
in
to
the
mining.
district,
The
centuries
the
tempt
at-
never
exhibit
mining
and
country,
altogether
localities
worked
Modern
gold.
used
for
They
that
free
of
be
determined.
returns.
rock
several
on
it may
extent
been
Lepanto-Benguet-Bontoc
states
on
never
In
various
definitely
from
introduction
CENTURIES.
be
quantity
has
in
what
apparently
considerable
FOR
exist
to
yet
extraction
machinery
MINED
unsuspected
conditions
Prospectors
according
to
are
in
the
the
re-
"
IRON
of
port
the
deposits
large
low-grade
of
and
Unless
in
certain
statements
this
region
camp
have
them
the
establish
of
IKON
iron
up
the
have
be
cannot
and
$5
to
"
"The
Bureau
the
been
in
imported
and
claims
whilst
to
to
ing
wait-
that
would
operate.
of
Congress
several
mining
act
set
foot
on
with
of
Affairs,
to
those
worked.
the
Coal*
until
in
of
C.
are
D.
from
C.
interested
This
in
At
tralia
Ausfrom
local
H.
of
one
Manila
Philippines,"
Washington,
is
Philippines.
production
who
but
extensively opened
more
the
iron
high-grade
Archipelago,
wholesale
The
Measures
of
large quantities
costs
ton.
Insular
their
ABUNDANCE.
of
requirements
per
recommended
IN
profitably
Japan
Coal
of
Is
is
$7
been
deposits
of
parts
measures
it
have
the
Western
our
an
when
for
are
them
since
EXIST
undoubtedly
pressing
present
COAL
different
by
posits
de-
success.
AN13
are
coal
effected
importance
who
regulations
permit
ing
work-
valuable
months
weary
and
treatment
very
in
yield
been
from
faith
mining
will
have
men,
miners
7, 1903,
good prospects
the
These
were
of
enterprises
in
false
rights
October
There
utterly
many
of
passage
desiderata
dated
ore
for
their
These
who
sufficient
had
upon
for
are
which
scientific
those
experienced
part
States,
of
extensive
very
ore
under
located.
been
located
free-milling
returns
the
have
most
have
Commission,
387
COAL.
AND
coal,
Burrltt,
tion
publicathe
ject.
sub-
"
THE
388
which
the
could
all
to
islands.
the
the
in
of
of
process
are
engaged
has
opened
with
Tin;
rich
the
electric
water
Chief
of
the
is
Philippines
there
coal
is
free
found
the
from
in
sulphur,
the
Island
southern
Semarara,
black
the
on
Mindanao:
Colatrava,
at
eastern
Mindanao.
similar
in
of
coal
of
Abra,
to
be
It
is
suitable
furnaces,
but
and
for
there
and
to
Japan.
eastern
in
use
is
some
of
which
The
best
ash,
and
and
and
in
at
Com-
southern
Bislig,
Tertiary
respects
Washington,
Rizal,
and
the
of
Bulalacao
Sibuguey,
of
opinion
in
Danac
Xegros;
important
most
Wyoming,
of
Gulf
postela, Cebu;
low
in
in
mines
resources
brown.
Batan,
Mindanao,
the
lignite
of
relatively
of
the
has
Bay.
mineral
and
and
coast
is of
grade
now
company
connecting
the
best
varieties"
two
are
of
important
most
east
Bureau
Mining
is
private
Calanaga
on
ha9
Government
island.
railway
harbor
It
Several
the
upon
Batan,
Albay,
coal."
States
the
upon
Luzon,
of
of
of
United
the
as
deposits
deep
island
Province
mass
in
iS'egros, Cebu,
Masbate,
the
in
exist
to
The
great
enterprises
development.
mining
an
the
that
well
in
constructed
known
solid
rapid
as
give
manufacturing
are
half
about
at
would
miner,
of
"a
as
market
islands.
other
described
a
the
dependency
corporations
is
kinds
and
is
been
to
Batan/Mindoro,
of
Mindanao,
the
upon
Lignites
Island
which
put
profit
with
price
impetus
be
PHILIPPINES
and
age
the
products
Some
of
is
also
Kegros
in
steamships
and
difference
of
the
lieved
betionary
sta-
opin-
"
"
IRON
ion
this
on
score
good
harbor,
year,
within
of
the
pyrites
he
taken
be
able
article
demands
Some
with
do
as
of them
engaged
very
making
the
for
There
market
mined
the
The
free
should
from
all
supply
can
therefore
the
of
Some
transportation
place
and
is
deposits.
cost, and
the
most
advantages.
be
enough
the
throughout
similar
reports
fact
nor
extent
of
imported
the
local
steamships.
the
clinker,
of
eases
take
home
Commission
to
such
the
of
The
most
entirely
to
miles
reasonable
at
One
anchorage
enjoy
firm
are
out
in
in
can
they
five
fields
389
Bulalacao.
near
affords
or
coal
coals
that
which
four
Cehu
black
is
COAL.
exports.
among
fields
promising
AND
do
have
in
the
that
the
they
soil
the
been
"testimony
the
boiler
and
results
as
to
Australian
of
tests
the
regards
mous
unanido
tubes
given practical
trade
is
coals
Philippine
Japanese
coasting
satisfactory
that
not
any
coals.
in
ers
steam-
Archipelago
their
steam-
properties."*
"
"
"
"
MANILA
OLD
AND
NEW.
"
"
X.
MANILA
The
Philippines
OLD
Cavite
The
Hence
Legend
The
"
The
"
Old
Maui
Pasif*
"
Cathedral
NEW.
Years
Twenty
Marivelos
AND
In
of
Intranuiros
The
"
"
Palace
the
of
Governor-General"
"
Fortress
The
of
OW
Manila
Bonondo
-Simlinsio's
Smitiii.no-
liusiness
the
Races
Residential
The
"
of
Sport
Commercial
The
Destiny
"
will
Forts
"
share
zens"Various
Citi-
Suburban
National
the
filling
Manihi
of
Other
Manila
Ki
the
-The
Metropolis
Cock-
Reformation
of
-Costumes
the
in
Sections"
Cities
Spanish
most
Quarter-
"
ers"
Prison-
Illustrious
like
Insanitary,
the
Fortunes
of
the
Capital.
the
In
olden
by
for
days
of
way
Manila
broad-beamed
the
were
class
the
could
who
its
port
it
on
board
that
eclipse
wore
at
Indies.
the
gorgeous
for
than
more
was
Spanish
store
once
uniform,
of
friar,
the
drew
of
nor
the
there
of
the
ship's
a
ony
col-
doubt
and
to
with
insular
member
blessing
set
voyage
Without
Neither
splendor
the
f rocked
the
sails
its
ignorance
him.
one
Acapulco
deck-house
perilous
to
ippines
Phil-
cumbersome,
and
blissful
in
from
four-storied
carried
the
to
The
its
upon
governor-general
in
sailed
carronada,
Perhaps
troubles
went
Nao.
with
brass
left
mast,
eclat.
many
polished
single
great
State
vessel,
its
abaft,
and
.Mexico,
the
in
Spaniard
the
bane
the
of
governor,
commander,
princely
salary,
[393]
394
THE
carried
and
the
title
Fortunate
Antipolo
had
The
its
Mexican
the
blessed
and
never
nine
failed
once
with
stuffs
of
cabin
contained
to, perhaps,
three
the
pay
Philippine
Real
Spanish
for
to
facture,
manu-
chest
lions
mil-
and
Situada
merchants
of
times
port.
amounting
nity.
dig-
Virgin
for
presence,
commander's
to
the
stately
into
safely
which
with
if
her
Pae'die
dollars
with
galleon
freighted
was
and
of
the
charge
"ao
"General"
it with
crossed
her
bring
of
the
guarded
she
PHILIPPINES.
imburse
re-
their
ship-
HK'Tlts.
As
be
the
maintained
a
would
scan
for
for
fat
many
galleon
the
beacon
Pay
with
in
Manila
their
buildings
of
In
chanted
It
in
uniform,
the
Twenty
the
was
years
in
the
Philippines
will
the
Te
ing
rejoicand
all
from
streets,
came
holiday
Deum
waa
HENCE.
American
upon
the
event.
YEA1ES
voyage
the
donned
solemn
glad
rang
officials
people
coast
into
Pells
bunting,
the
eyes
dreaded
great
was
paraded
TWENTY
hence
the
jubilee occasion,
music
for
eager
sailed
nao
festivity.
and
whom
Philippine
of
there
churches
thankfulness
the
length
of
PHILIPPINES
THE
of
would
to
and
prey,
presence
bedecked
all
sea-hawks
the
to
up
bands
were
full
in
the
fallen
lookout
sharp
sedateness,
itself
gave
dress.
had
Capital.
towers,
forth
Pritish
at
Spanish
the
end,
promontories
when
And
its
the
warnings
enemy.
for
neared
voyage
traveler
a
bound
turbine-driven
"
THE
ship,
of
of
0110
the
land
vessels
many
compass
at
Gulf
hundred
of
railroad
field, past
busy
Everywhere
he
beginnings
their
of
effects
vivifying
will
have
begun
and
the
harvester
carahao
picul
and
will
twenty
lighted,
best
governed
"
and
the
the
the
best
of
which
the
be
East.
made
and
steel
coal
plough
displaced
the
returns
now
of
all
go
to
of
one
of
these
the
City
tlie best
east
will, before
Orient,"
The
paved,
municipality
promise
have
three.
passed,
in
ports
largely
arc
"Hub
have
best
the
boh;
yield
years
have
in
tal
capi-
iron
the
ple
peo-
happy
then
land;
the
American
ere
the
in
of
and
magic, work;
will
future
the
felt
their
the
then
Manila,
will
of
plantations.
evidences
prosperity.
enterprise
Manila
fruits
opportunities
vast
American
the
or
cisco.
Fran-
to
flourishing
haps
per-
seven
San
up
the
will
coast,
from
in
points
lie
saving
him
carry
perceive
their
to
all
Pacific
journey
and
towns
awakening
from
395
Luzon.
ihe
abounding
will
HENCE.
thereby
the
will
country
and
in
of
on
Lagonov,
miles
The
the
Island
hustling port
the
through
YEARS
converging
the
upon
some
in
eight
TWENTY
PHILIPPINES
will
drained,
Suez
and
things
quented
fre-
most
is
be
the
and
the
Panama
already
in
evidence.
To-day
Hongkong.
the
latter
covered
the
must
one
The
port,
in
entrance
six
across
small
to
the
Manila
hundred
the
steamer
Bay,
via
and
thirty
ever-restless
of
which
the
Yokohama
China
coaster
might
more
and
miles
from
Sea,
type.
are
At
correctly
"
396
THE
be
termed
the
gulf,
City.
be
soon
enabling
so
the
past
vessel
left
be
still
this
at
boarded
avoid
to
vexatious
and
point,
from
signal
1lie
by
miles
thirty
is Mariveles.
passengers
is
established
will
ships
the
the
Upon
will
PHILIPPINES.
here
coming
in-
officers,
customs
what
tion
sta-
been
has
in
delay,
MARrVIXF.S.
romantic
the
in
there
Spanish
had
seventeenth
in
was
with
disguised
reached
the
where
until
and
his
City
and
and
is
Mexico
now
They
battle
the
exposure.
the
at
was
girl
Together,
the
girl
called
Mariveles,
hidden
In
until
the
the
upon
natives
were
effectually separated
the
Manila,
avail,
of
of
shore
had
the
been
possession
extreme
insanity
upon
carried
for
the
meantime
open
who
for
point
in
whereabouts
priest,
the
and
they
without
bordered
They
fled
cowl,
but
The
with
perate
des-
in
found
excitement
of
news
were
formed
lie
to
raised,
was
recluse
veil,
upon
passed.
great
cry
companion,
and
which
condition.
whilst
fright
islands.
young
the
decided
they
runs,
assumed
lovely
frock
brought
pitiable
to
the
created
fugitives.
compelled
of
had
native
and
story
Manila
she
they designed
for
hue
Tin;
friar's
village
bound
affair
the
of
before
time
Some-
the
so
convents
name,
monk
Here
canoe.
galleon
in
in
the
leave
to
Mariveles.
to
century,
Velez.
a
plan
the
whose
Maria
liaison
of
one
girl
been
attaches
legend
all
back
time.
haustion,
ex-
from
to
the
The
"
THE
398
Cavite
and
contains
the
with
of
Manila
feet
passenger
on
Dutch
port.
permit
of
miles
of
The
delay
Binondo,
he
may
it
in
river
than
bancas
the
of
things
fairly
is
and
these,
and
since
residence
or
boat,
of
modern
the
Walled
PASIG
IUVER.
crowded
of
dugout
he
to
great
landing.
have
before
ships
from
will
tie
planks.
gang-
doubtless
which
suburbs,
before
ceeding
prowill
we
City, symbolical
fast
and
passing
boats
of
away.
of
all
launches,
More
canoes.
useful
not
people
hut
than
Manila
with
steamers
the
nearer
passengers
is
most
of
will
our
long
which
draft
view
much
destination
launch,
view
light
rigged
their
lofty
suddenness
used
be
three
no
difficulty about
not
description
of
the
the
there
and
of
one
THE
The
and
will
it has
accommodation
immediate
cursory
order
an
with
land
or
and
upon
mitigated
and
reach
to
of
much
traveler's
of
part
than
more
approaching
tiresome
be
take
vessel
shore,
docks
at
which,
important
an
mark,
present
and
forts
arc
approach
anywhere
water
shipboard
are
he
breaks
it
The
control,
up
that
from
Conditions
had
hardly
high
large
There
every
will
dry-docks,
Capital.
low,
above
so
deal
commanding
the
lies
buildings,
two
Government.
armament,
defenses
four
arsenal, shipyards,
the
of
peninsula
proper
the
or
the
repair .shops
on
PHILIPPINES.
all,
scriptions,
deout-
ous
conspicuis
the
cargo
"
with
casco,
at
once
the
the
hanging
poling
from
along
each
side.
and
the
least
at
than
different
afloat.
It
is
Malay
and
is
the
by heredity
predilection
be
to
seems
boat
MANII.A
Manila
is
of
the
Taal
shocks
but
they
There
are
have
earthquakes
greater
the
which
usually
since
proportion
nineteenth
felt
are
been,
more
and
its
in
live
lover
of
and
die
for
the
water,
personal application
with
these
people.
IHTBAMUBOS.
volcano, barely
average,
services
condition,
innate
remarkably
most
the
river-folk,
born,
navigator
to
tending
ex-
of
bouses
these
are
are
footway
generally
congenial
unfailingly
craft,
require
of
extends
food
management
cargo
islands
quite
useful
the
Thousands
of
parts
its
the
men,
family.
one
which
two
Children
dry.
to
framework
As
are
preparing
highly
a
of
handling
There
England.
mothers
hut
by
is reminded
one
stretched
clothing
Despite
occupation.
permanent
cumbersome,
propelled
of
barges
is
casco
dwelling.
appearance,
gunwale,
and
how
These
of
of
the
over
the
casco
canal
signs
same
in
of
The
top.
and
conveyance
dissimilarity
old-time
the
bamboo
cylindrical
freight
utter
of
its
309
INTRAMCEOS.
MANILA
subject
thirty
in
the
however,
Walled
once
and
do
of
the
turbances,
dis-
On
a
no
these
an
month,
damage.
destructive
founded.
was
in
center
distant.
City
City
June
their
thirty-three
(fourteen)
century.
miles
slight,
very
the
have
to
seem
seismic
to
The
occurred
3d, 1863,
at
in
3.20
"
PHILIPPINES,
THE
400
violent
p. m.,
number
of
other
five
shock
-worshipers
untouched,
In
them.
of
who
the
still lie
which
them
much
ruins
has
afford
others
share
twenty-
injuring
vegetation
Portions
natives,
vagrant
the
Cathedral, burying
demolished
and
places
many
for
save
the
besides
buildings,
public
number.
greater
down
throw
grown
over-
for
quarters
with
and
bats
monkeys.
The
built
Spaniards
their
residences
inch
walls
are
feet
twenty
churches
common
solid
of
and
It is not
well
as
all
best
the
largest,buildings
withstand
the
that
the
tall
and
lee
Plant
should
these
is
will
fall
will
rip
the
terranean
but
of
the
through
any
he
least
the
of
the
mark
and
shock
of
one
to
disturbances
will
scatter
Cold
such
but
earthquake,
whilst
pieces.
overturn
like
It
is
the
As
in
prevail
by
builder
solid
few
Manila
Charybdis:
them
Storage
destruction
the
fact
injury.
as
to
to
the
from
of
in
seem
earthquake
an
liable
earth,
events,
most
mortar
Insular
light structures,
light
cyclone
the
all
at
suffered
and
in
affords
masonry
have
to
Manila.
well, judging
showing
Scylla
to
brick
very
passed
convulsions
between
to
ten
found
be
earthquakes:
appear
smokestack
from
old
heavy
to
Thirty-
to
are
that
applies
whilst
about
Good
without
ago
Japan,
houses,
this
structures.
masonry
shock
residences,
to
in
protection against
visitations.
years
public
certain
the
these
as
fortifications
at
and
heavily,
building
a
typhoon
seldom
native
that
huts,
chaff.
"
402
THE
in
Nothing
height,
imposing
t lie
structures,
of
It
in
is
ruins
of
which,
with
tower,
but
been
was
created
first
in
for
made
the
the
back
when
the
before
Papal
the
and
was
of
King.
Bull
was
politically
first
and
place,
socially
ship
wor-
when
the
was
the
the
the
site
which
the
whose
man,
Spain
and
eightieth
year
to
needs
as
unbounded,
his
in
their
present
Salazar
Colony
upon
in
fry
bel-
Archie-pi scopate
old
his
of
his
Manila
bishopric
whilst
investiture
as
the
the
first
seas.
of
map
and,
the
of
1880,
the
the
died
century
tions.
propor-
intact
journey
verging
crossing
still
grand
arduous
He
and
building,
Domingo
the
laying
since
upon
since
authorizing
eighteenth
Cathedral
stands
of
lines
place
adjoining
seen
Salazar,
certain
extensive
former
bells
with
1595,
purpose
Archbishop
The
ho
the
occupied
straight
per
up-
partially-demolished
edifice
or
gains
ample
the
he
may
welfare
long
erected
of
some
appointee.
zeal
for
thus
was
including
The
has
it
most
squat
towers
its
and
destroyed
original positions,
Cathedral.
from
finest
Manila,
its
tremely
ex-
invariably
almost
without
an
is
story
presenting
of
simplicity
the
each
dome,
in
generally
not
as
stunted
stateliness
earthquake
an
Cathedral,
the
something
have
from
far
arc
except
from
beauty
edifices
stories
two
over
building*, though
The
appearance.
built
Nevertheless,
low-roofed,
or
is
public
aspect.
high,
fiat
Manila
that
so
PHILIPPINES.
Manila
indeed,
first
power
gives
the
it
represented
of
the
Colony.
"
the
At
time
when
Li
Saint
had
henceforth
of
San
of
happy
deliverance
every
the
made
indicate
Standard
of
the
and
the
to
it the
the
the
flag
of
Cathedral
in
delighted
with
side
and
women,
preceding
the
the
Some
men.
said
to
bo
the
street
of
groups
the
shoiilders
of
each
bearing
would
these
real, and,
if
who
of
the
were
enormous
sions
profes-
Along
single file,men,
lighted candle,
the
as
cessions
pro-
Manila
night.
escorted
and
of
all
bands
perhaps
so,
instead
altar.
and
in
come
Mary,
images
In
led
ended.
at
up
walk,
of
of
it.
which
all
would
Virgin
and
the
they
priests,
The
over
from
wound
centre
signed
de-
Governor-General
holidays
they
thorities
au-
pavement
walked
point
numerous
the
Saviour,
upon
her
attended
Church.
the
before
which
at
children,
down
whilst
and
which
of
the
30th
ceremony
the
practice
lowered
the
on
upon
the
this
was
started
of
protests
thrice
was
of
Metropolitan
votive
ecclesiastical
of
spread
was
he
to
oration
commem-
Manila
The
supremacy
abandonment
The
each
the
when
Funcion
all
when
occasion
the
Spain
years
the
Cathedral.
this
In
of
aid
the
and
celebrated
year,
came
declared
was
Manila.
thereafter
was
pines,
Philip-
corsair,
invoked,
he
of
the
to
islands,
particularly
the
at
nave
the
saint
of
peril
Chinese
of
patron
Mass
recent
himself
the
November
to
the
Hung,
safely passed
Andres
High
direful
most
was
danger
de
Ma
Andrew
the
the
possessing
to
near
of
403
CATHEDRAL.
THE
many
ablaze
of
music
images
Saints,
as
with
value.
of
borne
thirty
gems
Such
"
THE
404
had
images
the
additional
an
The
bayonets.
of
the
which
what
stands
The
Palace,
site
the
from
in
that
modern
the
before
the
the
general
and
living
rule
7, ion
the
which
upon
lofty
are
long
and
floor
to
that
walls
Castile,
to
as
and
wide.
With
with
achievement.
its
of
full-size
many
of
the
lan.
Magelstatue
hundred
polished
been
feet
parquetry
could
the
dark
case,
stair-
landing,
of
given
deed
to
of
and
the
be
not
Spaniards.
paintings
Returning
broad
presentment
one
often
to
reception
statue
hand
hall
it has
the
to
dance-room
amusement
celebrities, recalling
bright
splendid
doubtless
hung
left
large
conforms
ascent
marble
and
delightful
favorite
are
all
years
is
carved
gives
life-size
right
entrances
by
side
several
It
floor.
quake
earth-
executive
Palace
with
upper
of
more
imagined,
the
The
the
chief
for
pies
occu-
purpose
since
t ho
Manila
stories,
either
the
of
same
apartments.
on
half
of
the
dates
City,
City,
Cathedral,
to
residence
two
on
stands
Upon
the
the
Governor-General.
the
devoted
square,
of
square,
the
evacuation.
of
rooms
flanked
of
like
spacious
with
building,
which,
portion
Spanish
by
intervals.
Cathedral
public
of
the
marked
was
at
the
Palace
of
hut
1803,
of
the
been
has
beginning
of
was
the
fixed
with
(JOVEBNOB-GENEBAL.
THE
sort
was
parade
rockets
side
some
present
a
OP
western
in
was
the
and
bombs
PALACE
OLD
Upon
of
soldiers
of
guard
course
explosion
THE
PHILIPPINES.
over
The
Spanish
many
landing,
"
THE
406
In
the
where
of
River
it.
the
his
In
when
1574
built
was
final
within
the
tortured
the
at
soldiers.
has
massed
in
saved
the
fearful
tide
prisoners
stood
inadvertence
ventilation
removed
prison
room
be
Into
so
in
design,
from
scarce,
the
and
pined
of
in
of
of
death,
Spanish
of
capacity
and
result
tiago.
San-
shrieks
bullets
the
as
have
men
eattle
that
the
consideration
Rebellion,
closed.
has
are
est
weak-
of
their
then.
that
twice
water
up
by
an
next
them
day
to
their
officer
life
affair
does
were
the
the
river
tunate
unfor-
waists.
who,
sole
was
not
through
of
source
day eighty
but
place,
the
dungeons
the
caused
The
the
of
some
caused
was
or
to
and
Tngdog
tragedy
the
band.
relief
cells, literally
with
point made
the
utmost,
all further
high
at
the
the
to
Walled
dungeons
disturbance
car,
full.
this
found
from
or
the
there
packed
have
the
within
the
to
of
refuge
revenge
echoed
an
behind
barbarian
noisome
often
taxed
courts
the
During
trickled
and
of
freight
before
at
as
lying
gained
and
Fortress
last
Hung's
Ma
Some
into
by dying
always
Li
have
been
the
was
point
acted
City
have
injustice
times
crowded
cases
of
garrote
In
place
been
against
is
years
gsilliuu Saleedo
prisoners.
others
the
the
walls
the
Bay,
been
this
dark, damp,
Its
the
sleepy
has
but
victim
at
enemies
"
"
stand
Many
it
the
walls, just
many
the
once
Spaniards,
City
for
over
than
walls.
into
merges
watchdog
More
the
of
which
Santiago,
efficient
were
angle
acute
the
PHILIPPINES.
corpses
cheap
appear
and
to
"
have
disturbed
the
equanimity
the
the
authorities
in
of
tiago
San-
includes
(.'lasses
all
the
of
in
in
the
Jose
Torralba,
for
term
on
charge
of
Spanish
sentence
the
and
bread
in
over
against
Hurtado
the
so
the
the
Hospitals
five
who
years'
to
governorship
did
ishment,
ban-
and
upon
hia
beg
Torralba
Juan
do
Dios,
ramparts.
ecclesiastics.
enough
San
before
verging
ruled.
had
of
customary
included
remain
he
The
elapsed
then
to
Fortress
funds.
It
was
which
over
eastern
happily
political
the
the
years
man
Corcuera,
de
fortunate
Not
seventeen
old
the
the
gree,
de-
where
in
with
permitted
suffered
receive
and
was
in
in
was
moved
trial
the
1736
died
of
high
of
public
as
City
of
the
but,
the
1644,
confined
finally pronounced.
he
of
sad
acting-Governor
as
was
grave,
men
knew
served
embezzling
tardiness,
least
to
man
was
years,
of
investigation
had
who
two
the
changes
no
man
fisher-
him.
find
might
morrow
Not
it relate
Philippines
humble
the
kaleidoscopic
the
of
representatives
from
archbishop.
with
Fortress
the
rank
every
connected
for,
and
sexes
the
in
prisoners
proud
stories
affairs
of
both
and
the
to
PHISOHEBS.
ILLUSTKIOUS
roll
Song
The
to
of
407
slightest degree.
SANTIAGO'S
to
PRISONERS.
ILLUSTRIOUS
SANTIAGO'S
the
governed
confinement
In
of
the
quarrel
at
the
1635
gation
insti-
end, however,
the
regain
from
the
royal
favor
he
and
Canaries.
of
another
governor
"
THE
408
with
the
Church
the
by
In
hundred
two
in
the
imprisoned
Sultan's
the
recent
that
has
could
walls
of
City
have
been
reels, laid
is
In
were
the
Asin,
the
the
at
in
shaken
those
of
quakes,
earth-
all, its
to
are
in
the
of
mainly
ranean
subter-
desuetude.
SPANISH
CITIES.
by
these,
of
dense
right angles,
by
belonging
shadows
in
Fort
possession
condemned
occupied
old
invaders,
the
until
artillery
The
by
is
of
and,
heaviest
them.
MOST
It
foundation
thick
fortune
and
hovels
native
out
fided
con-
Manila.
the
sacked
LIKE
buildings
orders.
of
by cyclones,
Strangest
Tntramuros
miserable
Bt
against
UNSANITARY,
government
monastic
from
defy
to
by fire,
dungeons
Manila
Prince
portion
MANILA
with
authorities,
enormously
swept
foreign people.
OI-D
Sulu,
mistakenly
there
date
able
devoured
grip
and
are
brought
be
the
it
were
years,
seen
of
Its
had
Spanish
oldest
is the
parts
City.
who
of
died.
brother,
that
was
together
daughters,
the
Santiago,
citadel
The
said
in
four
of
came
which
Mudin
Ali
retainers,
honor
for
Mexico.
to
sister, and
brother,
where
galleon
and
Death
treatment.
Muhammad
Sultan
Palace
Fortress,
hoard
on
prisoner
1751
about
cruel
release
him
hearing
the
in
seized
was
the
in
Inquisition
suffered
welcome
the
Saleedo
Diego
dungeon
he
years
his
of
into
many
as
terminate.
agents
thrown
PHILIPPINES
the
old
to
the
huddle
disorder.
wide
enough
The
for
"
MANILA.
OLD
the
the
of
requirements
the
overhung
house",
inconveniently
Old
Manila
It
place.
A
has
that
be
it
to
fit
the
court
administration
health
into
walls
of
time
miles
in
at
Manila
of
fetid
disturb
to
of
The
refuse
American
long-standing
and
up
houses
it would
The
this
There
o'clock
it
converting
ceased
to
deprived
air.
However,
erected
were
are
be
Until
the
1854
night,
every
of
eight gates
are
two
mediaeval
are
to
the
than
more
ramparts
in
any
value,
with
bridges
draw-
gates
when
the
were
clumsy
raised.
were
the
which
ceased
since
Intramuros
of
presents
old-time
Walled
serve
the
any
perhaps
sovereignty,
to
which
the
useful
much
antiquarian
were
The
these
type
walls
long
whilst
purpose,
of
preserve
perfect
most,
City.
inhabitants
sufficiently strong
Spanish
sink
that
the
Along
eleven
have
be
filling it
portcullises.
drawbridges
extant
moat.
pestilence.
City,
curiosities.
closed
the
Dasmarinas,
long
and
ago
the
extent.
that
as
save
of
Governor
cannon,
of
beds.
Dower
The
such
dences
resi-
of
and
streets,
of
system.
sewerage
drainage
The
decided
by
of
arrangements
disposing
is
to
menace
the
outbreak
an
the
fearfully unsanitary
kind
any
became
rightfully
was
been
private
river,
of
stories
upper
the
narrow.
print.
to
since
long
moat
the
of
not
into
passed
had
never
description
is
by
always
has
traffic, but
moderate
sidewalks,
are
409
they
fresh
-needed
motives
old
constructed
should
relics
in
of
153(1
"
THE
410
the
upon
is
the
selected
site
Manila.
The
grandsire
shops
has
suggests
in
and
residences,
the
of
garb
and
aside
from
of
Binondo,
THE
which
the
life
the
Here
streets
and
the
decrepit
habits
of
retail
few
his
few
and
bustle
of
the
of
Pasig,
QUARTER.
the
on
Walled
alive
with
street
is
the
with
those
owners
are
Chinese
whose
Escolta,
of
other
The
which
shops,
population,
cities.
in
are
the
the
During
could
be
said
are
in
seen
river.
old
The
and
Eosario.
hardly
an
and
Manila
seldom
displayed
to
to
return
official,whose
interest
no
regard
accumulate
to
the
for
as
of
many
of
to
stay
this
side
was
own
much
"peninsula."
comfort.
money
as
The
of
tain,
uncer-
improvements,
his
the
enterprise
than
more
in
are
wealthy.
signs
over
the
by
They
b\it
limited
were
extended
ordinary
was
what
The
patronized
extremely
regime
Spanish
years,
idea
be
to
of
majority
mestizos.
or
small, insigiiificHiu-k-'Mkingplaces,
proprietors
business
favorably
The
rarely
are
vehicles
chief
compare
Americans,
Europeans,
ter.
quar-
hurrying
shops
Eastern
the
business
is the
City,
are
bank
right
leisurely humanity.
more
.white
BUSINESS
lies
exactly opposite
sole
and
new
City.
HINONDO,
the
and
comparatively
amusement,
nothing
old
drowsy
There
Legaspi.
between
business,
no
places
no
modern
former
de
Lopez
contrast
persisting
It
by
striking
most
youth.
PHILIPPINES.
few
and
His
ble
possi-
foreign
"
THE
BINONDO,
merchants,
been
the
on
in
the
houses
and
beautify
of
the
and
There
employ
in
are
ninety
of
Some
years,
and
the
themselves
provement
im-
handsome
the
factories
and
of
whom
are
proportion
of
these
are
make
cigar
and
women
very
workers.
more
thousand
twenty
dustry
in-
manufacturing
thousand
Manila
have
twenty
benefit
principal
two
cent,
per
large
the
City.
to
whom
surroundings.
their
is
Cigar-making
for
build
City,
ten
public
411
of
many
from
for
the
QUARTER.
hand,
for
country
of
large
other
measures
encourage
BUSINESS
mestizos
is,
and
girls,
of
Chinese
extraction.
The
vehicles
public
patronized
is the
mestizos
drawn
by
four
It
;"
crowded
round
It
it and
board
is
area.
The
squats
inside,
Before
driver
the
with
of
frequented
sits
with
his
of
"rapid"
sections.
the
limited
much
the
tbr"'i(.'li
the
a
sides,
but
its
for
room,
l.ii..-
with
by
square
inside
is
frame
native
low
rail
its
rying
car-
superficial
forward
edge,
or
fares.
occupation
the
small,
seats
".
and
pattern
caromata
upon
American
cars
along
only
is
veyance
con-
well-to-do
the
require
The
The
Victoria
fi-'ilu
seats
and
with
not
merely
is
capacity
means
does
thoroughfares.
conveyance.
classes.
quells
wheels
!il. I-
".iiniini.
"
the
The
two
on
three
whites,
on
ponies.
two
passengers.
Iiti*
aud
the
by
carruage,
vehicle
box-like
of
are
"bobtail"
one-horse
variety,
transportation
An
the
was
through
up-to-date
way,
tram-
the
electric
sole
most
street
"
l'HU-IFPTNES.
THE
has
railway
of
the
taken
hack-drivers
whites
of
consisting
OF
the
wear
suit
jacket buttoning
THE
most
put
to
of
costume
throat
the
duck,
or
and
pith
white
the
fair
usual
of
to
bids
business.
of
out
COSTUMES
The
and
place
its
tropica,
linen,
with
helmet
or
hat.
Terai
Some
lives, and
na
pair
to
shirt
their
but
manner,
of
tout
in
general
rolled
expose.
in
garb
often
trousers,
dress
mestizos,
many
derby
hat
limited
is
the
to
up
ilar
sim-
and
knees,
is
common
addition.
The
iffect
rather
Over
open
flowing
loose
kerchief
piece
limbs
not
more
who
can
The
hair
is
of
dark
or
with
skirt
train.
is
On
the
knees.
less
expensive,
back
fashion,
kept
the
or
and
children
from
the
allowed
are
very
almost
the
and
tapis,
the
materials
used
by
are
and
fall
stiff
around
slippers
forehead
colored
The
to
generally
this
wrapped
feet
tire.
at-
sleeves,
street
piha being
the
Upon
women,
transparent
usually
waist
it.
and
Over
the
to
native
voluminous
is
is drawn
native
thin
glossy cloth,
afford
well
shoulders.
The
long
of
altogether unbecoming,
and
the
class
worn
neck
from
with
Japanese
always
the
at
from
The
stiff,but
is fastened.
patterned,
are
bettor
chemise
camisa-j
and
mestizo,,
worn,
knotted
loose.
long
those
and
invariably
It
is
tiful.
beau-
bare-
"
THE
414
and
legged
of
it
wears
cast-off
the
white
The
free
the
to
their
knot
and
of
the
like
to
and
boys
shirt
of
shirt
wear
the
same
always
are
long skirts,
have
girls
look
and
hair,
The
Filipino
The
breeze.
managed
European
pride.
breeches
tails
has
of
headgear
cotton
material.
who
uncomfortable
with
exception
occasional
the
urchin
enterprising
acquire
left
with
bareheaded,
some
short
PHILIPPINES.
their
in
mothers
miniature.
The
land,
adheres
Chinaman
his
but
and
women
the
adopt
almost
invariably
They
both
and
girls
in
comfortably
and
coolies,
it
industries
with
after
life.
in
in
manual
to
in
the
the
It
world
labor,
is
in
tbey
the
Manila
are
hands
who
are
the
of
with
Filipino
is
these
selves
themand
unaccustomed,
questionable
most
ical
mechan-
apply
can
and
along
get
The
the
compete
can
and
Chinese
people,
however
well.
METBUPOLIS.
in
"
is
other,
some
community.
mainly
race
initiated
are
THE
that
more
half-breed
his
exceptions,
say
or
Chinaman
few
of
majority
safe
taught
native
his
of
of,
care
or
IN
work,
any
taken
boys,
are
remarkably
people
well
adaptable
remarkably
it
to
class
hard-working
to
father
his
one
wife
good
business,
is
The
RACES
the
far
By
to
dress.
VARIOUS
have
Filipino
are
father's
the
into
of
costume
may
addition
in
usually
children.
he
"
concubines
native
the
to
whether
the
do
any
Mongol
certainly
no
"
VARIOUS
match
him.
for
is of
the
in
force
in
owned
the
They
full-blooded
in
them
mestizos
are
well-to-do
tomed
to
they
almost
The
in
the
The
this
capital
planter
with
These
which
always
sometimes
loans,
as
striving
connections
native
enjoyed
East
the
by
Eurasian
sycophancy,
and
the
inordinate
to
accua-
Europe,
where
of
like
the
to
superior
conceit.
the
same
this
for
hi3
an
are
stantly
con-
from
their
consideration
Everywhere
discontent,
If
operations.
They
the
race.
displays
depend
occupy
themselves
secure
deal
great
cent.
community.
and
export
rate
Eurasians,
disassociate
querulous
their
exorbitant
all
the
cultivators
fifty per
as
ers
plant-
the
on
carry
an
much
in
in
are
between
larger
to
pays
half-breeds,
equivocal position
they
accumulate
the
wealthy.
pupils.
apt
capacity
of
these
of
them
representatives
them
Upon
of
middlemen
as
European
and
money.
for
act
of
advantage
permit
prove
ential
influ-
superiors
Many
college
to
sons
have
and
the
some
will
invariably
the
houses,
of
their
mestizos
have
and
would
ago.
education.
circumstances
send
and
of
been
numerous
and
natives,
gence
intelli-
always
Chinese
intellectual
the
working
his
and
have
years
are
are
matter
their
the
of
capable
that
measures
415
generally suspected.
is
country
the
When
than
half-breeds
class.
the
is
Philippines
Spanish
The
order
higher
the
METROPOLIS.
day continuously,
repressive
practically
THE
Chinaman
the
in
a
for
But
The
hours
sixteen
IN
RACES
petty
in
traits
the
of
disingeuuousuess,
element
does
not
"
THE
416
troublesome
prove
will
is
be
only
would
THE
The
Ermita
sea-front,
south
the
last-named
in
than
floor
ground
and
store-rooms,
of
the
in
which
shell,
This
being
second
being
thrown
Plaster
is
prohibits
carpets
use
the
for
employed
open
and
of
to
the
with
for
solidly
constructed
is
of
posts,
upholstery
are
the
walla
outer
sliding frames,
translucent
air
in
oyster
in
interior
of
Manila.
the
the
same
house
evening.
that
reason
walls
washed
white-
are
Hardwood
canvas.
floors,
the
quarters,
glass
the
two
above,
are
The
The
glass.
ceiling
beams,
the
ing
stand-
of
for
of
Ayala
lower
servants'
of
San
The
houses
with
squares
in
the
by
rooms
to
over
permits
dispensed
and
living
substitute
wide
the
The
in
along
River.
handsome
fitted
small
arrangement
the
purposes.
are
common
lot
part
and
City,
more
given
similar
set
are
the
the
story
their
'Malate,
reached
very
is much
All
of
most
and
of
is
gardens.
upper.
the
Walled
which
residences
the
for
bank
several
attractive
of
stories
the
northern
contains
Bridge,
of
of
suburb,
because
SECTIONS.
live
the
them
one.
population
sections
it
to
government
RESIDENTIAL
attractive
on
accorded
and
native
happy
the
Miguel
self-esteem
SUBURBAN
white
administration
recognition
under
less
American
the
their
to
that
be
the
to
because
nattering
realization
PHILIPPINES.
and
the
conspicuous
rest,
by
is
and
their
:;'i!.-oi]re.
"
Life
Manila
in
Indian
day
the
Luneta,
the
over,
oval
Victoria
of
driven.
There
are
high
very
Malay
rises
above
orchestras
dance
of
in
taste
music,
used
fiascos
on
jockey
a
horse,
the
and
share
of
of
but
their
those
universal
talent
rarely
and
bands
native
of
marches
all
answer
not
music.
good
the
his
renderings
generally
and
to
combats
be
by
of
the
club
in
pony
the
members
Philippine
for
the
no
the
and
demands
of
is
but
These
"wild"
generally
were
combative
in
qualities
them.
which
City,
only
various
they
engaged
"pony"
respect,
breed.
but
hick
brutes
in
year,
between
given,
account
displayed
The
country
with
audiences.
beasts
twice
vate
pri-
the
turnouts
plenty
direction,
excellent
been
owns
of
two
However,
which
Bull-fights
this
is
full
mediocre.
give
their
his
the
direction,
smart.
There
has
Eilipino
The
an
evening,
every
public amusements,
order.
to
Upon
only, having
the
of
Esplanade
the
one
which
of
East
an
repairs
Everyone
to
quite
are
few
in
other.
Many
cocheros
business
plays
Archbishop
the
The
Madras.
to
band
barouche,
or
are
liveried
in
drive
to
in
what
round
and
Governor-General
horses
the
circle
carriages
allowed
Manila
Marina
the
or
that
population
white
to
promenade
grass
whilst
is
like
instance.
for
entire
which
Calcutta,
to
much
very
city, Calcutta,
the
is
is
417
SECTIONS.
RESIDENTIAL
SUBURBAN
There
holds
meetings
lieirigpermitted
in
reality
an
its
height,
does
animals
are
is
to
ride.
undersized
it
said
ble
resem-
to
be
"
THE
418
derived
from
Spaniards
PHILIPPINES
Mexican
the
in
sixteentti
looking
beasts, remarkably
capable
of
the
mile
developing
has
the
on
carrying
Santa
in
Mesa
and
COCK-FIGHTING
There
and
in
are
buildings
capable
and
of
Aside
from
the
gambling.
carries
perched
two
in
squat
each
thus
meeting,
the
has
roadway
and
arena.
affords
Filipino
bird,
no
which
he
arm
or
uncommon
for
provided
their
venient
con-
passion
his
is
set
people,
its
under
It
them
thousand
tucked
of
some
the
owns
dred
hun-
one
fight,
champions
at
other.
This
pastime
Sundays
besides,
the
were
the
he
is
days,
times
of
admission
and
a
if he
happy
has
man.
regulation.
government
and
legalized
these
price
cockpit,
under
was
feast
and
At
combats.
wager
native
shoulder.
men
pony
cock-fighting.
of
cock-fighting
him
his
upon
for
Ihing
to
with
about
five
gratifying
Fvery
is
cockpits,
provinces
sport,
onds
sec-
native
upwards
than
the
for
medium
for
Manila
more
in
ten
SPOKT.
Filipinos
continuing
barrio
by
NATIONAL
the
about
holding
every
of
sport
and
that
fifty pounds.
THE
national
The
training,
is claimed
minutes
two
race-course
hundred
one
It
speed.
good-
are
with
and,
strong,
the
by
They
century.
great
done
been
introduced
horses,
Manila
in
occasions
every
the
The
for
gallinaeean
who
native
betakes
Thursdays
him
can
to
wherewithal
licenses
the
to
for
mand
com-
est
near-
make
conduct-
"
COCK-FIGHTING
the
section
certain
had
who
in
the
assigned
the
the
are
steel
the
the
of
results
The
for
seldom
recognized
the
save
as
the
set-to
for
the
in
is
shouts
keen
when
to
armed
with
razor-edge.
Although
the
dividual
in-
dollars, large
few
the
to
bookmakers
spectators
bets.
of
bring
subjected
frequently
usually
hands
change
disabled,
or
the
in
over
of
other
or
the
on
spectators
exclamations
craned
necks
excitement,
a
is
decision
and
to
is
likely
defeat.
the
at
tense
which
utes,
minto
be
tail, which
turn
maintain
three
or
birds
to
or
two
ignominious
most
muttered
Their
tiers
flukey fights.
these
killed
quickly
the
fight.
cocks
each
being
exceed
aggregate-
one
contending
which
to
circular
sharpened
of
by
in
turns
by
taking
about
contest
their
thus
are
wagers
in
district
the
courtyard
display them,
criticism
circulating
sums
ing
engag-
is surrounded
pit
the
spur
birds
and
inspection
and
ring
single long
Whilst
of
owners
the
into
from
of
limits
surrounded
is
arena
The
seats.
ihe
awaiting
kept
are
Within,
else
for
bidder,
highest
one
the
within
privilege
the
any
fence, forming
or
birds
them
prevent
to
from
him.
to
wall
the
right
to
income
The
to
up
building containing
The
high
put
was
business
the
gambling.
419
revenue
derived
which
of
forms
considerable
Government,
other
various
SPORT-
NATIONAL
THE
During
utmost
silence
critical
some
expression
they give
announced.
is
As
ment.
mo-
claim
provent
bets
"
THE
420
settled
are
is
bout
of
is
the
coin,
in
these
if
blow,
it
calculated
all
the
termination
the
by
other
side
There
is
but
often
that
of
jingle
musical
lacks
affections, and
that
he
his
can
he
done
bird
wife
it
to
to
has
it,but
cleared
present
loves
modern
The
themselves
the
cock,
gamehas
as
in
his
taking
fire
of
fore
be-
safety
In-
transformation.
unsanitary
the
beat
on
his
place
place
to
MANILA.
changes
the
first
Of
result.
assert,
to
is
children.
undergoing
great
luck
dwelling
his
Of
its
likely
contrary
the
and
reformation.
he
of
prized
relieving
complete
before
holds
of
any
combat.
is
Filipino
case
rapidly
defies
and, beyond
about,
KEFOEMATION
is
tramuros
fowl
first
neck,
or
da
exaggeration
his
The
head
kors
is
opinion
qualities, but
the
it
in
after
THE
Manila
is
that
done,
looking
that
it
perhaps
convey
that
natives.
game
llicse
important
most
the
on
recipient
plucky
denying
no
fall
easily bring
may
been
will
the
and
the
by
to
place
opponent
the
cock-fights, although
happens
quick
far
by
entertained
to
course
be
to
seems
generally
not
it
the
at
down
and
event
money.
factor
of
each
lmhbub
toned
pleasingly
Chance
an
after
immediately
currency
a
PHILIPPINES.
in
its
traveler
at
tle
lit-
state, perhaps
City
custom
condition,
is in
experiences
and
house,
every
course
turn
in
dences
evithe
streets.
During
1904
nearly
four
millions
were
expended
"
cleaned
how
those
with
bill
and
is
and
fire
of
quarter
the
of
mercy
of
Now
with
the
nothing
send
on
tinent
con-
of
is
supply
water
by
of
tho
alarm
of
and
vim
fire
to
over
manned
any
is
in
customary
the
and
modern
Manila
at
was
without
York,
most
own
secured
New
the
their
engines,
officer
an
sidered
con-
City
the
Government
Bonner,
with
fire
hand
in
the
years
officials
Formerly
Insular
liberally
for
learn
to
of
wonder
have
their
captained
snap
over,
the
destruction
the
who
antiquated
Chief
him
tho
is
system.
few
The
experience.
services
had
the
and
natives
and
world
improved.
globe,
the
the
the
compares
centres
for
Japanese,
they
study
to
large
department
the
Even
that
of
operation,
enlarged
Orient.
to
that
of
in
seen
which
cities
Crematories
in
Manila's
Manila
large
result
The
already
is
of
of
than
arc
Manila
health
Asia.
garbage
being
sanitation
that
better
of
by
of
with
favorably
regularity.
daily
of
measures
recorded
the
PHILIPPINES.
THE
422
nished
fur-
ment.
equipresponded
American
an
city.
Manila
men
to
the
presents
with
working
convert
governments
THE
the
unimpaired
sloth-ridden
of the
city
and
COMMERCIAL
material
into
the
in
energy
model
white
tropics
for
all
East.
I"":STINY
efforts, tending
These
of
spectacle
unique
to
betterment
OF
the
promote
of
MANILA.
the
health,
people,
are
cation
edunot
"
"
side.
Ill
sight
0/
wires,
telephone
light*,
electric
tracks
rini'i-railwiu
of
"me
the
the
prim-ip;,!
-Irivtc
rides
native
of
ManiJa,
hi-
csraban
"
COMMERCIAL
inconsistent
with
the
the
chief
lies
Indeed,
DESTINY
factor
no
the
humanitarian
the
development
of
the
mainland
the
islands
Panama
porta
trade
from
of
the
Indian
Sea,
the
because
if
much,
of
Eurasian
Within
balf
of
of
not
of
trade
Manila,
of
seasons
which
then
would
of
lie
the
China
such
ditions
con-
and
naturally
in
the
tion
naviga-
collecting
would
Hongkong
omy,
econ-
the
and
Tinder
the
of
most,
take
through
dangers
year.
the
lo
of
route
and
the
and
expected
Malacca,
difficulties
great
certain
of
borne
now
motives
present
Strait
the
from
the
entirely
Canal
l"e
may
and
Atlantic
be
is
Suez
the
the
the
which
of
of
opening
will
traffic
Peninsula,
points
solely
not
course,
entails
of
the
between
freight
the
sion
expan-
occupies
to
the
route
than
the
Manila
With
way
and
Malay
destinations
same
also
to
of
further
to
administration
reference
the
sibilities
pos-
Archipelago.
the
calculated
the
Oriental
and
Ocean,
at
with
trade
by
of
islands.
Asia,
much
Pacific
but
the
423
commercial
its
industries
Indonesia.
Europe
the
of
internal
of
in
surely
more
position
and
to
that
importance
of
America
changed
Cape
of
Canal,
of
view
projects
commanding
the
is
MANILA.
OF
tributing
dis-
accrue
main
route
traffic.
easy
the
reach
people
of
of
the
the
400,000,000;
possessions
approximate
Australasia,
of
Great
the
Philippines
globe.
China
East
Indies,
Britain,
350,000,000;
5,000,000;
France,
Japan
Siam,
has
is
has
than
more
tion
popula-
including
and
the
Holland,
42,000,000;
5,000,000,
and
the
424
PHILIPPINES.
THE
Straits
Settlements,
000,000,
total
in
of
excess
800,000,000.
A
great
within
number
of
these
zones
of
the
the
formerly
areas,
trade
into
relations
of
up
force
been
tapped
in
various
recent
under
China
and
regeneration
will
Japan
surely give
of
China
and
is
of
will
in
from
response
Manila
years,
hemp
it
is
position
the
dress-stuffs
foot,
on
of
process
mercial
com-
with
relations
the
to
opment
devel-
as
for
sugar
her
yams.
She
will
develop
the
with
On
necessities,
market
ber
lum-
Philippine
demand
industries
and
of
she
commodities.
staple
the
her
than
economical
or
her
her
exceed
islands.
supply
of
to
the
already
can
Archipelago
consumption
that
Philippines,
She
increase
of
the
best.
the
continue
probable
to
of
increasing
Her
the
the
many
for
of
convenient
more
doubtless
it.
of
one
with
buy
capacity
meet
either
in
has
extensions,
impetus
customer
products
no
to
will
of
been
the
find
which
Her
first
receiving, and,
she
the
always
more
for
closer
great
applies
country.
was
has
use
the
her
ing
open-
railroads
new
are
is
the
territory
by
miles,
consideration.
large
This
projects
thousand
but
by
inland
directions
whilst
years,
several
countries
vast
present
constantly brought
transportation.
whoso
China,
to
involving
or
of
at
traffic,
being
other
not
are
world's
are
with
systems
with
during
remote,
people
ability
to
will
find
need
coal
and
and,
in
few
Philippines
will
considerable
quantities
the
other
be
hand,
in
the
"
THE
426
of
population
the
ever-increasing
of
Islands,
Philippine
of
areas
will
uses,
PHILIPPINES.
look
paddy-land
China
to
for
they
as
to
convert
able
profit-
more
quantities
greater
rice.
The
bullion,
of
exceeds
two
Great
the
thousand
the
Britain,
largest part
OTHER
million
between
of
this
PORTS
the
of
Philippines,
dollars
and
intake.
Next
already
has
outsend
United
exclusive
import,
neighboring
countries
divided
equally
and
export
commerce,
Slates
about
year,
to
the
commerce.
WILL
SHARE
THE
FORTUNES
OF
THE
CAPITAL.
The
problem
their
share
at
for
resources
of
this
hand,
and
trade.
under
put
lack
upon
in
of
the
richest
with
of
market.
the
situation
of
The
are
development
commercial
only
of
the
its
other
ports
expansion
shippers
will
when
it is
volved
in-
principles
into
the
of
matter
pelago
Archi-
There
pronouncedly
in
near
markets
produce
Philippines
territories
is
in
economic
so
great
tured
manufac-
enable
the
and
raw
would
for
the
secure
these
velop
de-
to
markets
in
of
how
competition.
any
the
to
produced
that
customers
industrial
the
be
is
ready
are
worth
might
meet
growth
consummation
The
to
able
demand
conditions
successfully
be
There
dollars
that
islands
be
to
as
constant
goods
never
so
million
many
the
confronting
East
in
favor
one
of
that
such
the
i
time.
will
of
be
Manila.
coincident
Iloilo
"
FORTUNES
OF
the
is
rapidly
rising
of
the
importance.
first
of
rich
Cagayan
flourishing port.
point
some
the
on
considerable
eastward
and
to
the
TIIF
rank
shipping
the
427
adequate
Valley, Aparri
many
years
coast
of
of
the
proportion
will
of
With
Before
Pacific
CAPITAL.
tranship
it
to
Luzon
tion
exploita-
will
become
have
passed
will
freight
Manila
centre
by
receive
from
the
rail.
"
"
"
"
"
Hi'Miii
The**
Not
forest
nijiii
nail
is
s-ujijilk^
hut-
;iil
Home.
PM-e".!io"
i-("0
an
in
u*d
(":
l!i"
their
nci.i'-Sitj'
con^rm-litm
ami
wndo
trad
ll"-
m;tteri;i]
i
"
"
LUZON.
Travel
Water
by
in
Inexhaustible
tlie
Philippines"
Home
Life
of
the
Til
Simple
in
Life
"Some
of
Their
Failing
Source
of
Feast
the
of
the
Fiesta
Carabao
Peasant
All
Planter's
of
Kntertainmcnt"
Native
Home
Pantomime
"
Never-
Principal
Dances
"
People"
"
The
The
Strong"
Filipino
Like
is
Filipino
Inevitable
Superstitions
Village
Typical
Th?
"
Clmrnrtoristics
A
"
Very
Mot
Philippines
the
the
Have
They
Bond
Religious
The
Is
git
"
Wedding"
Hospitality
Filipino
Feature
The
"
Moro-
"
Moro
Play.
Travel
its
the
to
occasion
of
the
point
between
of
the
lack
healthy
that
must
country
such
as
BY
The
physical
by
water
to
so
zest
IN
of
the
of
most
to
THE
Luzon
will
next
But,
an
in
travel
deter
to
as
adventures
undeveloped
undertaking.
PIIILTPl'l.M
makes
convenient
be
communication
and
the
no
each
moment.
great
in
is
At
difficulty
mishaps
lend
character
of
not
journeys
WATER
one
the
the
attend
always
are
is
and
man,
lines
centres,
parts
the
and
preiirrunge-
the
to
of
regular
the
remote
any
conditions
of
but
any
even
the
by
There
character.
proceeding
to
as
variety
making
general
most
manner
determined
despite
the
of
clime.
for
nor
haphazard
charm
the
western
tallies
time-
except
all
of
native
for
ments
has
it
quite
is
Philippines
but
methods,
novelty
to
the
in
"
S.
tion
transportaand
ready
(431)
432
of
means
of
THE
PHILIPPINES.
from
place
getting
roads,
badness
the
or
compels
the
traveler
to
take
the
river.
In
will
be
to
steamer
sailing
is
craft
that
one
unusual
be
should
not
of
such
wind
of
experience
recites
afforded
him
these
of
and
seas
of
the
of
something
seamanship
remarkable
the
observing
the
which
in
water
native
the
Worcester*
learning
and
coasting
to, and
to
or
sea,
often
more
voyage,
of
opportunity
vagaries
but
missed.
by
instances
few
resorted
be
sections
some
detour
in
them,
make
available,
must
incidents
the
of
absence
the
and
place,
to
Malay
the
navigators.
"At
half-past
blowing
miles
time
same
to
it
look
had
good,
dangerously,
they
course,
sit
the
on
violence,
The
strength
mighty
five
about
the
the
at
east,
things began
until
and
darkened
breeze
fresh
were
we
toward
to
of
south
the
waterspout
marching
with
bamboo
wind
sent
of
of
one
outrigger.
second,
rbiJlpiiinc
she
then
Islands.
reefing
sails
their
number
As
a
Dean
their
began
the
to
craft
keel
over
changing
to
the
windward
increased
wind
third,
('.
or
the
and
abeam
handled
men
When
strong
dead
was
Our
skill.
instead
boat,
staunch
the
wonderful
with
rapidly.
rising
to
see
but
outriggers,
sea
sky
along.
grandly
"We
The
could
we
us
in
increasing
with
When
veered
suddenly
ugly.
off,
got
we
north.
the
from
out
two
and,
Worcester.
in
finally,
New
York,
"
fourth
the
to
should
have
but
the
The
wind
to
bore
squall
made
down
and
send
it
who
were
One
moment
might
their
washed
proved
and
burst
of
mercy
for
dear
until
began
unearthed
but
the
off
of
the
Wo
they hung
skill
the
wave
the
men
precarious.
above
it.
as
when
top
became
in
and
the
middle.
and
ribbons,
For
waves.
but
if
the
we
on
and
water
feared
they
grimly
with
the
overhaul
to
go
the
sharp
five
report
minutes
it
at
bailed
all
hands
us
steadily,
fill and
lie
and
disabled
when
away,
the
we
bottom.
cargo.
sail
on
carried
suddenly
men
the
new
time
to
finally
drifting
were
gained
were
strain
Tn
some
bound
were
the
came
we
water
outriggers
and
rotten,
through
the
of
to
necks
out
bringing
position
feet
sis
were
squalls.
in
the
soon
There
inevitably
"Two
boat
it.
to
as
the
should
llie
steady,
remarkable
cut
The
for
life,
looked
their
to
inboard.
old
was
blown
was
time
We
further
hurrying
all
keel.
and
miscalculation,
away,
much
too
it
and
close
held
puffs
crew
stood
even
wind
the
the
chattering.
sail
"Our
sudden
us
their
to
up
teeth
in
just, in
they
be
had
of
others
fairly
with
but
flying
the
well
on
balancing
next
on
occasional
an
Two
while
ing
hold-
orosspieee,
centre
closely, running
it
down
outrigger
the
mainmast.
come
slackened;
they
the
very
watched
men
on
boat
done
began
it
the
out
outrigger
the
it, keeping
to
it
of
stays
astride
sat
walked
man
which
stopped
To
our
by
hailing
they
amazement
chance
and
they
had
"
434
undertaken
to
to
hoard,
was
the
if
indeed
too
busy
the
the
to
for
for
she
filled.
time
as
the
sail
finish.
boat
get
all
We
began
finds
the
one
by
the
as
his
head
The
host.
and
ready
where
and
the
to
rains
are
last
the
of
In
all
an
in
the
adapted
to
cover
ungainly
that
passable
im-
are
order
to
ruped,
quad-
do.
is
of
house
in
moat
often
roads
designed
rice
is
Tagal
the
white
of
the
to
who
Filipino
The
planter.
the
the
best
many
riding
measure
the
at
at
most
cart,
and
every
inexhaustible.
people
or
hall,
hospitality
welcome
well-to-do
the
town
but
at
out
be
but
commonly
wayfarer,
and
before
awash
won
the
got
INEXHAUSTIBLE.
pony,
put
the
boat
sometimes
rarahao,
or
but
anything
when
conveyance,
natives
tribunal,
The
over
be
may
will
In
except
him.
again."
native
requirements.
they
IS
of
over-
business,
be
breath
long
boat
mode
expeditious
them
but
the
with
go
the
should
up;
ahead
river
not
fuller
we
ing
pitch-
thrown
to
HOSPITALITY
Inland,
his
if
aged
man-
thought
touch-and-go
draw
to
FILIPINO
traveler
drew
was
attention
the
was
it seemed
could
they
It
boat
be
did
itself
much
pay
bailing, however,
faster
would
mast
they
and
thing,
mast
How
The
see.
mad
friend.
never
like
climbed
who
man
could
tosaing
to
over
carry
it I
rig
and
PHILIPPINES.
THE
man
is
date
accommo-
has
roof
prospective
able
unsurpasswill
capitan,
out-of-the-way
modest
find
or
some
hamlet,
circumstances,
his
"
HOME
quarters
may
but
the
other
the
He
the
All
his
comfort
head
of
affairs
the
on
The
in
of
hull
that
for
procure
The
offered.
neglect
guest,
animals
and
his
whose
at
material
perform
and
rice,
the
and
aspiring
is
required,
prospective
falher-m-law
long
as
two
or
three
of
one
in
lieu
for
of
of
a
the
chance
may
form
of
period,
of
courtship
the
his
serve
which
who,
means,
to
the
meals,
daughters
dower,
Thus,
in
the
the
in
trious
indus-
labor
It
without
man
years.
the
looms.
to
work
any
are
prepare
helper
young
is
family,
They
the
has
of
civil
of
women
deal
an
anticipation
share
The
great
work
hand
the
to
their
house.
household
that
do
up
many
and
without
wife
children
to
obedient
are
to
his
pattern
his
treats
brings
and
predominate
who
man
strangers,
the
about
the
The
forward.
going
bo
to
TAGALS.
afford
willing
and
catipado,
as
can
Tagals,
They
elders, obliging
and
the
might
father.
may
fields
of
kindness,
and
that
reward,
that
he
when
his
THE
exemplary.
manner
American
their
life
is
respect
a
of
men,
OF
LIFE
family
Luzon,
with
or
afford.
estate.
HOME
in
the
all
places
leaves
cheerfully
those
to
ple,
simand
can
eagerly
are
will
attend
to
he
has,
establishment
fare
comfortable
and
host
pleasure,
or
the
service
his
his
entertainer
warning
that
435
and
and
peasant
without
pleases.
clean
be
his
best
TAGALS.
pretentious
will
one
THE
OF
less
be
conies
own
LIFE
may
be
among
"
THE
*36
the
Tagals
with
is
viewed
he
is
and
other
in
permitted
to
the
During
the
incurring
for
family,
to
gives
it
he
probation
the
in
avoid
of
the
the
to
abuse
ful
care-
avoid
to
of
the
otherwise,
The
tice
prac-
and
scrupulous
un-
charms,
daughter's
is
confidence
force
the
not
luctant
re-
of
privilege
favored
youth
alliance
permanent
is' very
sometimes
the
case
tasks.
and
by anticipating
such
girl,
domestic
place.
of
for
young
member
his
on
is not
calculating
is
hardship,
swain
his
couple
hand
dismissed
take
such
of
any
be
to
trade
young
but
matrimony,
of
it
matter
arrangement
father
the
to
to
The
to
in
suitor
that
appears
father's
seeks
her
liable
is
airy
company
opportunity
easy
frequent.
light
displeasure
parent
but
the
assist
another
see
the
satisfaction
give
to
hand,
the
of
tenn
and
in
yo\ith
constantly
is
and
the
the
by
light
the
not
On
us.
PHILIPPINES.
never
with
his
inamorata.
In
the
which
tropics
consider
we
Philippines
than
more
is
the
marry
twelve
frequently
debt
for
exacts
means
of
As
and
the
and
old.
great
The
the
and
contracting
the
to
sets
his
the
no
ceremony
the
pense
ex-
parties
day
the
idea
of
in
and
the
families.
approaches
leaves
being
outlay,
priest
period
of
often
interested
The
two.
marriage
display
leaving
at
natives
bride
the
early,
fee, according
generous
evening
friends
or
year
reached
childhood,
years
of
occasion
is
puberty
house
procession
of
I Ik;
bride's
of
relatives
father
for
"
THE
438
whilst
corner,
vent
their
to
The
of
the
PHILIPPINES.
high spirits.
newly-married
one
the
or
dance
people
young
live
couple
other
free
give
and
for
with
the
time,
some
parents
and
perhaps
easy
stances
circum-
permanently.
If
the
preliminaries
the
deal
great
the
on
families
contracting
of
dickering
of
suhject
to
include
marriage
the
between
dowry
in
are
fathers
respective
the
before
matter
he
can
satisfactorily arranged.
THE
KELIOIOUS
These
"children
contented
life
as
lightly
Nothing
and
natural
disturb
Even
hold
of
is
religion
of
little
in
festive
about
the
passed
and
in
and
the
from
"A
Eeclus
domestic
saints,
great
the
of
altar,
successors
of
of
their
of
their
primitive
the
images
ancient
olic
Catha
sion
succes-
themselves
extraordinary
of
the
existence
practices
the
deep
no
Roman
rites
pompoiis
or
their
to
has
than
more
display
part
with
appeals
Troubling
observance
those
Tapleys.
seriously
"the
says,
little
they
of
which
take
admirable
Mark
superstition,
amusements.
celebration
liturgy,
and
dogma,
of
ami
They
equanimity
show
them
happy
as
with
nation
religion,
for
are
vicissitudes
their
As
STRONG.
world.
the
their
them.
upon
in
its
are
VERY
country"
people
They
love
NOT
the
accept
can
long.
of
any
philosophy.
for
BOND
Roman
ia
greatly
not
zeal
thus
fering
dif-
cult.
of
the
anitos,
Madonna
occupies
"
THE
the
RELIGIOUS
place
in
honor
of
has
hamlet
sacred
BOND
with
crowned
of
head
the
rich
while
the
trombones
intermingled,
kept
with
up
festoons,
of
frequently
play
to
dies,
come-
strangely
are
the
of
honor
of
display
grand
who
flourish
are
and
in
decorated
profane
days
winding
usually
and
sacred
feast
the
also
the
built
musicians,
with
'mysteries'
and
at
floral
of
band
Actors
the
the
which
and
ceremonies
cymbals.
perform
to
in
saints
religious
and
engaged
its
has
borne
are
similarly
are
these
silks
churches,
bannerols,
village
accompany
The
style,
hangings,
every
flowers,
processions.
'Jesuit'
Spanish
with
of
chaplets
blest
hum-
which
embroidered
in
439
the
and
household,
every
draped
brilliant
STRONG.
its
images,
VERY
NOT
fireworks."
INFLUENCE
The,
influential
applies
him,
more
of
world,
outer
language,
things,
in
all
under
to
gain
But
the
literature,
secular
rise
for
depended
tended
which
to
the
spread
the
and
the
of
with
standards,
moral
the
of
a
of
relations
education,
Filipinos,
medium,
submission
about
the
occasions.
other
any
increasing
bring
European
independence
or
most
him
to
serious
dissemination
to
the
all
on
troops,
upon
natives.
converted
the
than
Government
the
advice
for
and
district,
the
i3
Spaniard,
the
in
person
"Oapitan"
On
if
especially
cura,
CUBA.
THE
OF
new
the
with
diffusion
Spanish
order
increased
were
the
bound
of
dency
tento
freedom.
"
440
THE
The
of
wants
supplied.
is
civilization,
ethic
to
for
impelling
the
of
his
and
bread
his
gain
mental
it is absurd
judge
to
fact
he
that
has
is
The
far
very
been
heard
the
natives,
so
the
from
depicted
discerning
has
voluntary
with
work
can
of
much
will
industry
visitor
he
of
the
by
to
upon
every
other
was
of
condition
that
curse
to
Nature
As
the
shiftless
uncultivated
by
and
Give
probably
us.
the
hia
in
ourselves,
him
prove
of
matter
loiterer
ers.
observ-
Philippines,
slothful
surprised
brow.
will
being
us
is not
Genesis
standards.
he
to
pation,
antici-
condemnation
than
best
is the
any
greatest
to
our
and
do
PHILIPPINES.
condition
incentive
adequate
are
its
or
the
THE
by
We
we
labor
ideal
nearer
him
the
but
or
of
his
of
much
of
the
was
has
Motive
result,
the
IN
physical
and
lie
is
it.
human,
of
sweat
LIFE
Filipino
that
the
by
in
author
him
side.
labor,
Love
the
only
Filipino
his
the
that
upon
material
of
the
picture
SIMPLE
THE
The
else
conclusion
inflicted
be
turgescent
on
in
of
his
his
the
lies.
pleasure
in
sadly astray
of
find
we
it is
animal,
requirements
virtue
pleasure
and
the
Stoics
easily
to
least
the
characteristic
species
could
(he
of
power,
natural
man
At
about
the
of
victims
lis,
and
toil
to
the
meet
few
are
satisfied
crime.
that
an
to
prate
toil
is
to
philosophy
prone
not
lie
That
life
simple
Filipino
the
sufficient
extent
PHILIPPINES.
who
helplessness
the
hand.
evidences
lie
will
of
of
see
"
THE
men,
INEVITABLE
and
women,
in
present
of
the
and,
although
must
follow
the
he
the
from
the
villagers
into
and
still
would
in
the
The
his
in
carabao,
In
time
in
do
to
the
in
the
that
for
stand
This
protruding.
soft
cart,
in
is
bottom
search
ho
two
three
to
can
for
his
keep
minutes.
and
renders
amphibious
spends
the
fo
in
his
the
is varied
tender
appetite.
head
is
of
In
below
mud-bath
dulgence
in-
health.
for
water
tip of
the
tion
inclina-
amount
certain
his
the
half
opportunity
necessary
jnst
least
at
domesticity
motionless
with
He
country.
an
considerable
is
factors
ways.
placid enjoyment
appeal
or
the
although
a
undisturbed,
if
and
direction
will
carabao
hours,
this
the
he
state
water,
However,
in
grass
wild
remains,
so
curtailed.
other
methods
important
of
these
farmer,
modem
most
water-buffalo,
or
his
the
in
peasant
of
drags
many
with
again
object
the
to
economy
and
plough,
animal.
of
one
he
heat,
CARABAO.
introduction
remain
sun,
evening.
indispensable
the
useful
himself
the
fields
course
the
mid-day
their
telligently,
innever
the
with
rise
ever-prominent
an
agricultural
the
draws
is
with
even
of
is
follow
to
retires
is
He
order
INEVITABLE
carabao
which
to
THE
scenes.
will
cool
comparative
The
In
and
hard
checriness
have
he
441
working
the
sluggard.
lahor
day's
children
with
and
CARABAO.
his
by
roots
this
the
he
nose
zling
nuz-
and
aqueous
subface
sur-
must
"
THE
442
have
once
chance
day,
favors.
and
in
roll
this
the
new-born
be
the
the
carabao
nearly
Nature
back
which
he
that
as
nondescript
that
as
his
along
absurdly
side
of
of
side
to
and
is
carabao
the
gives
to
would
but
for
his
for
up
beast.
His
of
voices
their
broad
backs,
them
with
often
the
two
string
never-absent
The
is
small
perches
upon
vermin
that
other
their
call
black
the
three
attached
bird
beast's
gather
of
head
there.
the
The
the
these
learn
the
of
in
and
the
answer
their
upon
time,
the
The
are
ride
to
different
in-
idol.
act
from
the
members
guide
nose.
carabao
martin
and
head
with
or
as
appearance
they
at
of
companion
supported
docile
children
or
is
Chinese
that
and
The
command.
their
almost
his
so
state
to
come
and
pet,
masters
and
that
is
world
of
head
horns
His
wags
the
expression
domestic
and
legs.
upon
family
with
trunk
solemnly
looks
the
household
he
as
has
He
hippopotamus
inane
in
creatures
field
she
makes
is
method
insects
antelope,
an
neck.
stupid,
and
to
body
quadruped
stinging
to
disproportionately-slender
by
than
the
and
stance
sub-
furnishes
hair
more
prey
his
distinct
as
sticky
the
until
is
for
baby,
with
is
slim
as
bulky
is
human
clay
in
There
little
of
down
often
as
deficiency.
The
lie
with
of
natural
it.
madness,
easiest
coat
lie
one
ponderously
with
carabao
take
will
will
about
apparent
adult
he
and
He
covered
entirely
PHILIPPINES.
picks
writer
in
the
species, which
from
has
its
ears
noticed
"
CHARACTERISTICS
this
bird
-and
East
that
the
animal
in
-Least
four
with
up
It
the
the
all
cent,
per
deprived
SOME
be
the
Following
the
tilth
is
usually
which
insects
that
the
what
that
find
an
turned
are
them.
at
once
of
his
which
he
entertained
THE
In
in
chief
these
the
was
and
of
affection.
warm
OF
CHARACTERISTICS
forty
peasant
possession
a
useful
killed
1902
cases
many
fliction
af-
terrible
overtook
and
country
of
OF
in
herons
understood
rinderpest
over
for
creature
the
white
the
in
443
soil.
was
animals
five
or
readily
may
found.
through
meal
easily-provided
PEASANT.
everywhere
is
progress
of
THE
combination
water-buffalo
hi?
procession
OF
FILIPINO
THE
FEASANT.
The
would
Manila
but
rule,
it
harshness
of
toward
their
carabao
similar
has
no
intimacy
been
opportunity
There
the
is
on
able
priest
knows
between
for
little
The
the
the
occasional
due
ance
ignor-
to
lack
native
written
Filipino
this
to
consequent
two.
established,
uncontaminated
coin.]
the
the
their
mainly
variably
in-
haek-drivera
exception
that
is
and
nature
between
as
never
horses
The
an
probable
almost
He
well.
form
to
seem
highly
understanding
the
animals
is
their
humane.
naturally
lower
treats
of
is
Filipino
knows
hut
page,
and
of
the
horse
has
been
because
there
the
composition
it.
real
native,
vice
and
in
his
faults
are
of
an
of
the
easily
nature.
"
THE
444
The
Filipino
cardinal
the
white
chief
feast
on
barrier
days,
the
children-
the
for
the
the
by
the
and
There
water.
adults
the
so
bathing,
women
men,
but
sexes,
and
forbidden
ia
in
is
Oriental
"
themselves
the
which
facilities
labor
that
degree
of
the
community
of
separation
no
lack
has
when
entire
disport
"
marked
between
barrio
Every
man.
Church,
is
in
displays
virtue, cleanliness,
often
and
PHILIPPINES.
are
comingly
be-
clad.
No
characteristic
evinced
than
Every
pariah
addition,
furnish
of
the
field-workers
flute,
due
to
with
limited
increased
talent
of
the
the
renown
of
Filipinos
and
lightened
may
produce
for
the
the
by
so
that
world
Paderewskis
sess
posmost
the
labors
musical
that
few
attain
is
entirely
education,
cultivating
give
their
for
the
thing
perhapss
opportunities
facilities
and
performers
ability, but
must
heard
remarkable
creditable
many
high degree
is
It
piano,
people
In
arc
formances
per-
ment
entertain-
developed
or
give
that
say
places
often
are
accompaniment.
of
dispositions.
violin,
They
instruments.
to
in
sometimes,
source
strikingly
unlikely
a
and
and
is safe
It
universal.
is
services
endless
an
prominently
more
which
band,
church
so
and
is
stringed
average
of
of
taste
of
to
brags
are
strains
so
its
for
than
out-of-the-way
amongst
music,
villagers.
this
better
the
of
music
tlie
have
love
has
which
who
Tagal
orchestra
an
the
to
the
and
their
musical
some
virtuosi
and
their
Paganinis.
"
PHILIPPINES.
THE
446
sickness,
causing
displeased.
is
she
of
social
being
houses
he
of
his
alights
his
has
the
the
believed
is
In
victim
to
nocturnal
the
upon
thread-like
endless
with
ence
defer-
who
He
or
tation
repu-
utmost
man
livers.
an
the
night, leaving
at
home.
at
food
bowels
the
penetrates
of
with
and,
air
human
search
in
journeys
of
the
is
he
pursued
not
with
the
body
diet
upon
of
his
of
is
"iqui"
The
whom
enjoying
is treated
but
flying' through
half
lower
with
one
mangcuculan
everyone.
of
power
to
individual
An
attentions,
by
live
death,
or
and
roofs
tongue,
his
causes
licaili.
There
are
of
erection
unless
for
were
to
of
the
be
of
the
The
first
will
insure
Of
with
must
first
this
order
last
or
not
secure
the
he
stage,
the
gathered
at
the
immunity
risk
from
of
of
the
losing
hole.
which
having
the
work.
connected
The
native
the
inserting
coin,
beliefs
the
it
danger
in
processes.
many
if
always
details
unless
and
morning.
silver
house
curious
many
and
posts
same
by
post
the
the
before
averted
the
for
serious
be
base
agricultural
prohibition
to
its
at
grave,
dying
for
of
are
the
be
throughout
on
different
the
family
owner
there
course
rice
has
set
of
vespers
would
may
with
dug
be
may
of
there
substitute
the
so
typical
the
danger
post
and
money,
to
is
temporary
some
holes
before
unfilled
left
However,
of
hole
member
some
No
inserted
be
thoy
day,
house.
connected
superstitions
many
moon
will
his
ravages
harvest
is
in
its
conform
crop.
of
Tn
birds
"
THEY
and
HAVE
insects,
handful
in
the
seed
of
of
the
and
possesses
This
grain.
hut
the
tide
to
is at
radius
who
of
in
the
is
"Philippines"
Nowhere
The
the
their
one
They
and
in
of
disturbs
are
the
seen
the
bonds
their
the
Philippines
from
best
the
can
pen
idea
on
vivid
be
beyond
what
he
tached
at-
born.
was
closer.
or
church
same
they
share
of
their
of
of
the
Lala,
of
element
occasion
Kamon
the
strongly
discordant
than
and
misfortunes
picture
found
of
is
the
round
the
expected
of
which
; the
cesses,
prowhen
village,
adviser;
labors
peaceful
and
world
happier
and
Others
their
at
the
have
the
final
the
native
in
of
performed
Tagal
barrio
village
the
true
more
quotation
"The
and
those
no
native
of
pleasures
rarely
hut
fatherly guide
same
are
the
his
basket
sheaf
be
of
been
has
cannot
vaguest
community
inhabitants
and
the
signifies,
are
be
placed
smallest
of
sense
buries
is
rice
small
must
from
hut
and
the
ignorant
miles
soil
the
success
broadest
utterly
few
the
it
which
cross
it
the
to
highest.
midnight,
at
carefully
takes
in
efficacious
has, perhaps,
to
land
its
who
man
the
tends
be
and
After
deposits
act
Patriotism
of
of
of
land.
the
owner
foot
447
field
the
planting,
the
at
into
goes
of
day
centre
reaped
he
farmer
the
preceding
a
the
SUPERSTITIONS.
THEIR
lives.
a
fiesta,
village
life
following
himself
:*
Pliilinpdie
Islands.
Ramon
Reyes
Lala,
New
York,
"
448
Nothing
is
the
in
the
display.
the
"in
is
who
people,
all
natives
Those
with
fiesta
in
enter
the
folds,
among
broad
of
natives, dressed
by wiry
with
the
they
sit
We
lofty
join
low,
airy
and
hunting
on
gay
of
hue
driven
consciousness
the
form
trees
brilliant
where
every-
of
groups
smiling
of
tering
chat-
by
carromatas
of
worldly
prosperity
dignity.
follow
them
with
now
Flags
the
see
planters;
decorated
and
we
well-to-do
and
; the
As
serpentine
we
line
of
by
imperturbable
festoons.
not
scene
best, hurry
long
and
whole
picturesque .animation;
of
with
bungalows
group
them
capital.
winding
eomes
find
religious feeling.
the
near
Sunday
all
which
to
contribuk:
busy morning
in
housetop
every
the
their
who
to
activity;
houses,
and
religious character,
unusual
passing
district
clergy,
gleaming
in
erect
of
village
ponies,
of
ornament
feasts,
own
conducive
visit
Here
gaily.
character
FIESTA.
roadway,
the
signs
drawn
also
populous
the
by
and
me
of
village
part.
always
but
the
the
fond
its
Philippines
than
of
VILLAGE
encouraged
Come
has
take
the
foreigner
surrounding
TYPICAL
lucrative
only
the
are
of
people
indicative
village
feasts
are
the
to
alike
the
exceedingly
in
all
of
more
are
Every
which
and
life
interesting
more
feasts; nothing
scene
PHILIPPINES.
THE
the
past
gorgeous
ter
flut-
streamers
village presents
for
myriad
the
tropical
flowers
of
uriance
lux-
ous
gorge-
background.
"
We
arrive
motley
that
they
fronts
of
in
it
with
-classic-
uninteresting,
not
bungalows.
The
bells
and
from
the
slowly
comes
stationed
the
and
the
with
divine
less
or
Te
is
by
the
strains
stirring
of
Deum
They
waltz
the
natives
of
of
of
one
Strauss,
of
To
ritual.
Catholic
the
of
some
ing
noth-
see
operatic
music
devotion
in
Sousa's
than,
pith
dismissed
music
moved
are
of
as
are
whom
is then
The
all
full
saint
lively
out.
band
air
operatic
sermon,
introduction
the
worship.
the
to
leisurely
in
languorous
and
instantly
After
audience
toll
to
village
an
the
about
The
it files
The
short
curious,
begin
church.
the
that
front
crowd
the
effectively
suggeslion
incongruous
into
of
music.
priest preaches
benediction;
composer
midst
enter
commemorates.
campanile
the
glorious
slowly
pertinent
day
in
sive,
mas-
many-gabled
the
to
contrast
renders
there
natives
seated
of
burst
in
all
that
low,
forms
it
of
church
is
large pillars
appearance;
An
faces
little
church
The
the
by
the
on
the
roadway.
and
is
of
court.
stands
here
reinforced
path
every
direction
the
building,
semi
and
green
anticipation
crowded
white
by
449
FIESTA.
constantly
pager
gaze
the
but
village
in
come
expression
give
the
at
assemblage
throngs
as
VILLAGE
TYPICAL
by
them
no
marches,
the
all
solemn
music
divine.
We
slop
few
parish priest"
parishioners,
appearance
of
as
who
minutes
he
to
watch
the
dispenses blessings
now
reverential
crowd
round
affection.
to
eura
his
the
"
devout
him
with
Our
friend,
every
the
"
PHILIPPINES.
THE
450
is
cura,
veritable
the
to
there
is
that
hear;
must
For
each
and
as
and
he
all
sees
the
of
perpetual
linger
the
amid
of
heat
their
peaks
upon
which
these
planters
peacefully.
reeds,
honst!
and
flowers
fruits
lanzon,
Here
in
the
its
a
splendid
red-coral
orange,
has
forms
of
great
native
blaze
high
in
the
and
petty
of
white
king
loves
sun.
of
in
with
are
purple
bananas
his
the
where
palm,
of
to
majestic
fenced
of
for
place
houses
with
eye
airily
unparalleled
of
trees
the
From
tropic
paradise,
giant
tempt
eye
the
and
the
sky,
springs
the
to
the
suggesting
creepers
and
blooms,
13
returned
forests
are
miniature
hue,
clusters
proaches
ap-
to
us
have
tiny garden,
own
sanlol,
he
landscape.
of
grandeur
Among
Kueh
the
blue
magnificence.
nestle
wrong.
affection,
invites
mountain
village
indescribable
entrance
is
upon
oppressive
the
the
and
sun
after
coolness,
Surrounding
trees
the
mountain
heavens,
the
kindly
evening.
dispersed
of
deluge
the
of
face
needs
of
tale
and
hand
Already
horizon
into
in
have
homes.
pouring
near
he
that
or
word
outstretched
people
their
has
waiting
us
procession
The
he
happiness,
his
goodness
of
sorrow
teria
lis-
he
flock
born
domestic
of
story
with
grand
of
whisper
his
of
benevolence
rare
As
people.
his
to
confidences
ingenuous
with
beams
father
mango,
whose
the
own
soms,
blos-
rich
beholder.
little
do-
"
PLANTER'S
HOME.
451
.
main
for
his
nine
the
only
We
has
been
village,
we
body
the
ground,
This
of
house
and
is
every
of
of
panes
to
the
Beyond
with
covered
Upon
the
upon
with
walls,
plaster, are
one
which
various
scrolls, while
and
doors.
or
are
handsome
are
of
with
the
heat,
who
and
of
ceive
re-
ette.
cigar-
window
chairs
cloth
but
duced
intro-
are
walls
with
are
square
family,
some
ing
fac-
this
small
we
and
cloth.
instead
artisticallyarranged
engravings
family
house
embroidered
covered
bric-a-brac
several
two
Here
We
of
dainties
with
is in
and
sides
the
room
and
piazza
Here
of
stone.
open
to
sugared
large
The
opaque
members
offer
is
broad
light.
of
beneath
the
composed
of
from
comfort.
connects
feet
insects,
and
cahida.
and
sliding
table
of
that
upon
various
and
health
to
rays
kindly
us
the
dwelling;
pieces
freely
snakes
mother-of-pearl,
the
of
carromata
six
thick
on
windows
sliding
admitting
and
of
enter
about
circulate
to
street, called
formed
raised
stairway
and
ground
the
air
wide
his
native
typical
mounted
conducive
the
in
service,
outskirts
him
"
is
entrance
way
mount
the
the
the
prevents
with
the
of
the
on
with
day
conclusion
lives
home
the
allows
the
highway.
his
approach
the
at
soon
are
the
over
the
for
harvest
golden
spend
to
He
out.
us
and
speeding
him
gives
invited
planter who,
sought
We
indeed
sufficient
yields
year
reaping.
have
well-to-do
the
in
Nature
wants.
for
months
of
religious
portraits hang
jects
sub-
between.
"
THE
452
PHILIPPINES.
From
the
chandelier
with
stands
in
the
used
the
The
aim
of
comfort
The
in
roof
walls
green
and
This,
with
Wo
with
note
to
room
the
through
The
the
Through
every
to
the
one
and
is
that
siesta;
afternoon
streets
cock-pit.
and
the
cock
follow
and
carvings.
family
ate
consider-
children,
of
picture
rather
representative
retires
thus
of
; the
sympathetic
than
his
to
mestic
do-
own
sleep soundly
we
hours.
hurrying
under
with
balconies,
signs
kind
father,
and
side
out-
appearance.
many
each
the
striped
wide
the
into
venture
we
are
AVe
essentials
grotesque
and
tiffin,
over,
with
white
"
the
seems
and
palm
well-behaved
and
heavy
siesta
domicile
picturesque
The
After
enjoy
separate
both
with
eaves
sweet
happiness
exceptional.
in
whole
nipa
covered
us.
quiet, obedient,
leads
climate.
gratification
mother,
as
smaller
passageway
coolness
moist
most
around
the
the
painted
broad
a
several
kitchen"
with
"
are
house
affection
;
bamboo
the
are
"
thatched
blue"
the
gives
of
and
hot,
this
leaves,
are
narrow
the
to
design
is
of
room
cleanliness
at
saint,
some
floor-planks, daily
plantain
main
and
bathroom
small
mirror.
this
of
image
with
crystal
glass;
broad
bedrooms.
as
building.
to
as
from
Opening
rooms,
The
clean
hangs
colored
brazen
polished
and
smooth
ceiling
of
the
corner.
and
scrubbed
the
globes
supporting
oratory,
to
of
centre
his
and
of
scores
arm
soon
the
;
we
village.
men,
they
come
are
nearly
going
to
our
destination.
"
454
THE
and
all
the
winners
and
ring
pick
amount
boundless
he
It
the
the
whole
of
the
decked
in
colored
airy
in
girls
All
even'
Here
and
with
to
hand
arises
the
are
groups
to
their
OF
which
is
villagers
issuing
for
from
been
many
the
climax
in
of
front
villagers
boys
is
stand
in
and
ing
discours-
entranced.
then
ended;
of
event
of
range
ar-
feast
forward
months.
respective positions by
to
the
looking
church;
on
delight.
proceeds
once
have
part
FEAST.
is
the
the
chemisettes.
murmur
at
of
women
band
people
He
cura.
the
THE
the
decorous
tion
excep-
and
men
tune
man
are
the
so
knives.
happy
brilliant
the
be
with
green
trousers,
the
anticipation
joyous
assigned
procession
which
the
the
and
till
he
to
with
white
and
is heard
the
that
gloom
village
bareheaded;
sound
the
is
FEATURE
standing
comes
that
the
skirts
music,
is
one
they, too,
finery"
PBINCIPAL
are
the
every
but
sombre
stars
alive
and
splendid
sweet
Not
is
their
shirts
THE
of
Again
It
all
as
should
pieces
to
the
illumination
fiesta.
known
hacked
millions
church.
the
apparently
However,
never
Against
is
there
cheating
have
it
where
faith.
good
instantly
grand
of
well
as
unusual
and
for
gleam
stakes
how
confusion
night.
middle
wager.
and
was
is
heavens
of
own
the
into
remark
trusted.
he
"
their
opportunity
honesty
is to
down
the
much
so
come
often
Strangers
much
\ip
by
won
amidst
PHILIPPINES.
ous
Mysterithese
the
are
father,
"
"
i.NTl"l,J"
of
comer
Lun.'ta
the
in
some
DewiVii
old
(Jio
If
background.
fu
-I'M
Old
of
ramparts
nniMlP-l.iii.irvB
slii|"w
DEFENSES.
wh.o
Aiif.-ia.-ii
with
Manila
wii.h
rheae
[Wfirwd
tin
ciimber-
f..
knot4
pipccM.
"
"
PBINCirAL
who
in
FEATUUE
Let
a
little
way
in
ns,
however,
arches
to
all
the
up
is
else,
lanterns.
all
the
fences
whose
pots
the
windows
add
been
the
up
Behind
throws
light
(hat
Thus
now
comes
borne
aloft
houses,
little
hang
thousand-
fat
fold,
lights
the
on
in
lamps
the
the
already
the
at
has
procession
its
making
head
playing
the
participants,
the
on
from
dusky
saint
an
night
borne
of
image
jewels bright
and
of
the
the
with
end
ing
showerstars.
martyr,
of
Virgin
glory
plause
ap-
From
colored
after
the
old
some
imirmur
of
martyr
along till,near
of
heavens,
constellations
soft
of
onlookers.
the
into
of
nature
image
admiring
saint,
the
the
while
whose
gleam
with
litter;
shot
are
faces
by two;
two
torches
carry
spangled
the
after
appears
with
All
grave
well
rockets
majestically
"decked
happy
harmonizes
house
on
is
band
their
over
bursts
every
the
to
the
for
wait,
alternating.
women
glow
saint
suspended
are
illuminated
and
the
the
come
and
And
airy
air.
operatic
men
to
arranged
street,
cession
pro-
from
splendor-.
long
not
speedily
way
subdued
have
-colored
many
move
the
long
street,
monies.
cere-
and
roadway,
which
to
of
crowd
before
the
effect
romantic
and
We
the
gateways
line
455
master
produces
arches
FEAST.
bunting
the
that
the
the
with
On
is
where
Over
pass.
THE
leave
street,
gaily- decorated
Chinese
on
as
this,
OF
the
ia
cession,
pro-
herself,
crowned."
"
456
PHILIPPINES.
THE
the
Now
the
rises
murmur
of
Queen
Thus
the
the
village
the
the
music
we
where
for
We
us.
rice.
At
both
the
and
men
into
close
of
kinds
many
smoking
conversation
while
the
phant
trium-
prepared
good
native
things
and
round
we
"
enter
soon
arrivals
new
and
fruits,
passed
are
"
hospitable
been
the
of
cigarettes
women
priest
of
his
to
has
heartily
partake
pig, chicken,
roast
back
meal
generous
to
dimissed.
are
host
our
cession
pro-
the
clash
on.
finally
Here
with
participants
accompany
mansion,
returning
and
passes
brilliant
the
started.
it
benedict-ion
.Again
whence
Lady,
Our
arches
acclaim
devout
winds
street
lighted
court
pronounces
night,
every
of
shout
a,
festive
through
under
to
being
are
served.
NATIVE
It
is
host's
our
and
verandah
friends
wonderfully
black
to
the
air,
eyes
and
and
and
long,
reminiscent
through
its
the
very
and
bounty
crowded
are
Cigars
and
cigarettes
the
fun
pretty
loose
begins.
A
with
creature,
black
hair
croons
wierd
simplicity.
low,
love.
dance,
Gradually
all
are
girl
"
ing
glow-
advances
"
and
the
with
uninvited;
unrequited
with
dred
hun-
and
room
of
music
his
night.
invited
now
sweet
of
centre
her
"
welcome.
around,
passed
of
sitting-room
neighbors
equally
reception
partaken
the
and
DANCES.
grand
have
guests
are
PANTOMIME
plaintive
She
panies
accom-
impressive
her
tones
"
THE
"8
dance
movements,
in
and
that
earnest
and
these
Many
rival
his
But
another
once
more
the
vilkge
erected
been
of
is
kings,
natives
of
and
in
which,
a
fool
and
too,
of
kind
and
greatest
the
the
late.
getting
for
night
and
us,
so
route
en
to
and
religions
number
is
"
moro-moro
female
not
and
elements
the
by
parts.
suggestion
devotion
sonages
per-
There
tragedy,
refined
and
which
murder,
death,
tumultuous
the
take
in
on.
various
represented
persuasion
of
is
found
pro-
going
together.
there
subtle
coarseness
is
and
contend
humor,
that
lads
soldiers,
It
of
attitudes
miracle-play,
despair;
some
are
in
which
around
play
names,
gross
no
standing,
and
Biblical
is, however,
Love
hopes
pirouette.
is
large booth,
Philippine
retribution.
awful
and
his
seen
store
moro-moro
queens,
rivalry, ruin,
and
in
into
are
sort
with
is
it
and
is
forth
attention.
This
shown
green.
has
hundreds
many
dance,
haw
of
PLAY.
follows,
venture
terrible
and
ease,
dainty
would
passion
this
too,
by
entertainment
we
Here
exalted
dance
after
youth,
MOIEO-MOKO
THE
Dance
sentiment
in
were
of
license
the
in
foreigner
the
is often
original.
rehearsing
were
indeed,
Such,
and
natives
young
blasted
than
lacking
not
one
they
preference.
striking
expression.
that
heart.
her
and
truly,
spontaneous
believe
the
less
no
tableau
pretty
PHILIPPINES.
mark
performances,
stage
There
of
it.
the
and
"
while
of
eome
from
vicarious
suffering,
dramatic
art
interest
native
and
is
three
hours
be
would
as
the
in
the
time
is
that
seen
castle
miniature
designs
of
display,
murmur
and
the
into
Ever
of
at
the
and
nation
illumithat
hand.
constructed
anon,
rises
stay
at
glow,
a
until
and
shower
unusual
some
from
ous
Vari-
fireworks.
sky, dropping
they
hours
sudden
spreading
the
applause
Entranced,
in
Ilere, too,
announces
have
with
by
square
nearly
ablaze
now
the
ing
stand-
been
several
for
villagers
the
shoot
stars.
throng.
is
traced
are
rockets
brilliant
of
side
departure
for
stand
to
has
potentates.
nearly midnight
other
the
tinsel
of
in
delight, drinking
with
agape
tions
emo-
its unvarying
than
crowd
all
if
as
indeed,
remarkable
happy
action
the
complex
Nothing,
willing
it is
but
on
of
given
earnest,
judging
were
the
splendors
longer,
scores
breathless
into
enter
grim
were,
more
Here
rude
It
it
as
situations.
nice
decorum.
for
indeed,
faculties
character
native
the
of
violations
is
play
in
people;
stoically witnessed
entire
spectators,
mental
they
little
with
viewed
or
The
play with,
the
the
other
language.
The
their
the
unnecessary
flagrant
are
applauded
demands.
Tagal
of
alike
all
"
and
occasion
and
ing
judg-
the
and
accents
false
not
how
pleases
texture,
on
note
to
fury, honeyed
and
bombast
amusing
thin
how
fairly good"
are
standpoint"yet,
indeed
is
line,
this
lofty
too
it
hand,
plays
the
459
PLAY.
MORO-MORO
THE
the
ing
admir-
the
last
"
THE
460
rocket
has
Then
all
been
leave
square
lanterns
in
the
are
is
PHILIPPINES.
drowned
as
silently
as
the
allowed
to
of
burn
the
vast
they
deserted,
soon
brightness
in
morrow's
and
came,
while
till their
of
ocean
the
glow
night.
the
lamps
is
lage
viland
quenched
sun.
"
THE
VISAYAS.
"
"
"
offspring
The
are
the
tin-
most
""l
intellectual
Their
population.
Uuban
sisters
fatiiws
Spanish
in
the
and
nativt
well-to-do
arc
wom-u
cjuatitii-
and
..I
;c,k.-,
dae*-
not
ln-bind
retinemenl
it^rhot
anion
thei
an
heaiiti
.
"
VISAYAS.
THE
Characteristics
the
of
Island
of
Iloilo
Guimaras
The
of
Type
of
Cebu
and
Historic
of
Bono!
Tbe
Delinquent
of
The
Islands
Visayan
division
the
of
proportion
There
are
and
Tagal
the
charge
brought
him
against
the
to
fewer
excessive
indulge
to
excess
is
says
much
"The
tempered
less
in
with
large
group.
hetween
the
consider
not
they
love
any
than
qualities,
is
is
but
frequently
les3
he
foundation
a
little
too
drink.
strung
THE
Visaya
all
intelligent
have
that
one
mercial
com-
this
do
that
to
OF
in
attractive
appears
CHARACTERISTICS
Foreman
is
indolence
serious
equally
and
have
nor
Fate
Practically
they
Visayan
has
of
and
people,
The
The
important
very
dissimilarity
Tagals,
same
other.
the
prone
the
Hardy
Leyte.
"
produced
of
tre"Old
Cen-
The
Archipelago
is
hemp
Cebu"
Siquijor"
Philippines.
the
points
the
each
than
the
and
themselves
the
Wild
Shipping
Spain
are
from
many
Visayans
for
of
exported
sugar
Under
Taxpayers
to
Sites"
"
of
Samar
Historic
as
Island
The
of
Reversion
Ground"
Cebu"
Landmarks
Islanders
nay
tries
Indus-
Its
Beauties
Grazing
Vast
Child
Holy
Pa
Wilderness"
Natural
The
"
Remontados,
and
into
"
Masbate,
"
The
Negros
The
Catbalogan
"
Province
Mindoro
of
Relapse
Fields
Sugar
of
Capital
"
"
"
the
Tlnilo.
Visayans"
VISAYANS.
native's
avarice
or
cold
the
tality
hospi-
prospects
(463)
THE
464
personal
of
On
the
of
first
came,
you
you
arc
visitor
schemes
is
Visayo
than
the
avarice.
feasts
means,
the
he
is
too,
"If
they
appear
French
"women
another
them
Jew
to
the
family
hide
well
known
chance,
perhaps
they
seldom
They
no
host's
ity
civil-
of
and
seeks
the
the
manners
conceited,
more
and
unpolished,
remonstrated
to
with
impertinent
an
fond
of
calls
on
in
in
other
the
indulge
conversation;
of
their
with
from
purchase
the
one
villages.
Visayo,
direction
rooms,
family.
return
and
amount
well-to-do
off
saunter
will
to
invade
a
South
ornament,
an
money
the,
incredible
compared
who
to
of
with
which,
lot
almost
an
adorned
in
compliant
evince
themselves
he
have
less
are
peddlers
visitor
not.
and
If
his
In
position.
ostentatious,
jewelry
cost,
of
of
excessively
European
an
is
brusque
and
North,
of
measure
be
visitor
defiance.
are
swarm
the
if
fond
and
estimation
facilitate
quite disposed
They
has
his
certain
neighbor.
women,
in
of
reliant,
sullen
"The
gaudy
lie
you
possess,
of
or
out
"
you
to
house
whence
you
means,
power
and
northern
or
basis
Europeans
fault
any
The
him
bring
self-
his
retort
his
uncouth
arrogant,
than
trade
of
much
worldly
complaisance.
patronage
how
Tagalog.
His
to
you
all about
know
the
to
admit
might
to
his
contrast
going.
would
and
at
he
travel,
is
in
engaged
for
visit
why
where
a
quite
"
curiosity
mere
of
gain
PHILIPPINES.
and
unless
If
met
the
the
by
salutation, perhaps
in
smile
no
tuition
before
gers;
stran-
beyond
music
"
THE
and
the
lives
chimes
the
with
traveler
tho
of
their
altogether impress
and
Saints;
with
badly
465
VISAYAS.
of
insipidity
air
tho
disdain
of
which
character,
which
they
exhibit.
"I
in
town,
to
the
native
the
house
from
eat
the
on
follow
her
in
but
her
in
native
her
at
custom,
aspirations
tible
the
to
came
preferred
where
to
could
she
of
ease,
who
Scnora,
often
more
ing
observ-
hy
social
her
bedroom,
own
married
with
eating
fingers."
Tn
the
other
main,
customs,
mental
is
in
of
living, superstitions
districts
of
many
of
peaceable
ancient
lo
and
if
happy
allowed
died
to
and
Consequently,
of
has
the
deceased,
breathed
his
they
last
to
belief
in
set
find
that
them
order
out
are
ing
vary-
to
rassing
embar-
the
will
spirit
not
the
to
avoid
for
be
known.
un-
the
immediately
companion
few
trifle
solitude
in
in
retain
a
prove
amongst
depart
living
they
is their
Tt
has
to
Visayas
but
apt
are
stranger.
who
person
As
harmless,
that
customs
tribes
barbarism.
and
the
of
mountain
by moideses,
conditions
will
like
difference
great
no
much
are
manner
interior
inhabited
of
There
Yisayans
habits.
The
are
the
however,
Filipinos.
their
be
The
locality.
the
Visaya
was
edified
much
was
meals,
our
floor
her
who
clas^, occasionally
own
at
us
important
an
European
and
in
pretentious
her
join
of
woman,
visitors
amongst
months
some
somewhat
was
to
for
stayed
ill-
after
him.
"
THE
466
This
practice
check
is,
PHILIPPINES.
as
sociability,
on
forming
communities,
on
the
an
unwilling
vive
qui
to
he
easily
may
and
these
live
in
imagined,
another
prevent
instead
people,
isolated
of
each
families,
from
snatching
traveling companion
great
for
it
deceased
some
member.
ILOILO,
the
Iloilo, on
in
of
importance
as
its
trade
great
and
Island
of
the
the
vessels
to
under
could
transfer
not
their
of
they
reached
the
There
cargo.
regular
even
any
they
pleased
reform
city
they
they
as
and
could.
regards
no
moorings.
got, their
Iloilo
this
is
and
The
the
its
so
of
ing
light-
enormous
lighters.
not
wharves,
feet
on
and
no
or
entering
upon
when
the
even
most
ing
dischargnot
cranes,
tied
Vessels
other
ing
Coast-
thirteen
loading
sluff
obliged
creek, but
muddy
found
Ocean
were
than
more
for
were
and
to
roads
condition.
and
means
the
accommodations
ordinary
best
navigate
neglected
dilliculties.
river
not
Despite
country
transacted
the
ing
grow-
subjected
abominable
freights by
could
water,
that
incredible
drawing
steamers,
point.
than
in
city
rapidly
streets,
worse
port
enter
is
second
miserably
The
were
almost
the
and
was
remain
The
inadequate.
business
city
became
traffic;,
sanitary arrangements
is
shipping
rule.
to
PAJtAY.
Panay,
and
centre
allowed
were
OF
Philippines,
Spanish
heavy
much
CAFITAL
commerce,
the
under
THE
up
where
off-board
an
era
as
of
matters.
"
ISLAND
The
has
port
lighthouse
officials
commenced
its
three
of
stone
four
has
times
structure
that
the
erection
years
ago
Ever
laid
the
entered
of
and
collected
been
over.
was
ship
every
467
twenty
completion
or
the
mulcted
GUIMARAS.
light, although
no
was
for
money
OF
the
the
first
authorities
the
the
by
since
harbor
have
for
house
light-
dues.
ISLAND
Guimaras,
distant
island
an
but
mile
one
picturesque
OF
GUIMAEAS.
about
from
few
of
place, enjoying
the
the
The
for
is
the
are
take.
raised.
therein
land.
the
nut,
absence
the
Many
dences
resi-
the
soil
make
which
put
on
the
produce
tobacco
will
little
in
thus
"Few
near
o\ir
at
of
spot
which,
fluid:
fruit
and
of
use
Worcester
the
ish
flour-
profitable
most
trees
no
island
plentiful,
tree
it.
collecting
the
commercial
the
portant,
im-
ket
mar-
and
this
the
of
corn,
is
of
quite
convenient
grow,
perhaps
ripen
groves
of
from
could
of
process
to
not
tuba
is
and
wealth
do
they
large
day.
have
is
however,
may
future
capital,
allowed
mercial
com-
some
Iloilo
Guimaras
little
else
extract
which
of
ready
cocoanut,
natives
but
of
to
were
the
The
involving
exploited
hemp', rice,
that
on
nothing
lies
of
Very
The
where
and
healthy
island.
affording
fertile, and
be
and
square
very
situation
will
fishing industry
Iloilo
merchants
European
upon
miles
Iloilo, is
possibilities that
A
twelve
all.
the
pose
purscribes
denuts
house.
The
"
branches
of
joint
hollow
which
is known
the
much
of
stem
the
palms
in
in
clean
the
flows,
This
of
the
flesh-producing
is
mild
fine
is
is
to
illness
severe
The
swab
caught
it
as
to
improve
the
for
who
those
of
account
on
to
reduced
bark
thought
tree,
large joint
sap,
red
to
one.
recommended
often
or
copra
proximity
of
the
entire
highway,
oil.
to
coast
be
to
seem
cultivation
of
almost
bitter
stances
in-
many
tree
back
tuba
time
one
In
fresh
the
properties.
would
commercial
close
his
at
All
fermented
its
product
intoxicant,"
Guimaras
in
which
of
from
each
the
put
powder
recovering
are
to
in
drink,
climb
climbs
ladder.
planted
from
on
and
were
grow
encumbered
them
built
carries
package
powder.
flavor
which
bombon,
and
to
necessary
r
it
night.
they
as
height.
are
and
not
in
usually
bridges
t uba-gn tliere
is
sap
made
thus
trees
toes
if
as
The
morning
the
uniform
fairly
is not
bamboo
of
bis
are
grove
of
it
"The
of
bark
lofty palm
remain
that
the
gathered
into
thrust
wounds
(w/""i-gatherer,who
bamboo
so
is
and
bombon.
the
from
clothing, puts
the
and
and
in
cut
arc
and
with
called
into
together
off
cut
are
bamboo,
tuba
as
Notches
of
tied
are
ends
their
abundantly
flows
taller
blossom-stalk
the
bundle,
compact
a
PHILIPPINES.
THE
468
the
Tt
of
connecting
the
a
ideal
number
for
the
the
duction
pro-
pleasant climate,
and
market
island
spot
and
cocoanut
has
labor
an
is
port,
and
paralleled by
of
is
considerable
towns.
"
470
THE
from.
shipments
tke
cheaper
the
rate
is
of
should
In
from
fine
very
it
of
all
done
slow
and
admirably
of
upon
upon
the
rises
and
by
the
it, they
in
are
squalid
On
gradually
is
in
material
time
web.
colors
fabrics
the
of
as
with
use
these
ductions
pro-
does
one
and
are
eastern
into
best
judged
of
somewhat
increasing
the
tremely
ex-
labor
pended
ex-
cheap.
aspect
side
an
spider's
come
of
dirt
is
the
jusi
should
amount
it
of
wear
surrounding
every
and
and
but
The
11-harmonized
yard,
costly,
swamp-site,
extreme.
the
materials
excel.
of
we
summer
they
ever,
How-
gauzy
texture
is
some
them.
some
piwess,
bright,
kinds
fabrics
women
Pina
for
rather
The
the
in
the
looms,
delicate
try
indus-
various
from
of
hand
beautiful.
almost
its
improved
liber, although
Visayan
tedious
shawl, by
The
at
Visayas
commoner
woven
the
upon
Priced
are
The
production
that
of
hemp
often
America,
Kashmir
the
prominent
textiles
and
adapted
ladies.
our
sell
There
under
is
islands.
product
strikingly
States
the
silk
finished
is
in
are
almost
having
The
in
and
is
work
trade
cotton
cloths
is
pina
weaving
other
with
on
made
are
in
tobacco
Tloilo
large
carried
which
currency.
areas
into
up
cultivation.
about
and
local
large
first-class
made
are
cigars,
cent,
why
grow
and
Capital
"Manila"
for
reason
of
the
to
of
three
not
methods
Iloilo
brands
good
no
PHILIPPINES.
the
low-lying
relieved
country
the
by
the
is beautiful
heavily- wooded
eminences
until
city
vironment.
en-
in
land
it
cul-
"
ILOII.O
inmates
rr.OVINCE
lofty
Nearby
of
some
Iloilo
the
At
the
Jaro,
and
palace
the
cathedra!.
an
old-time
in
or
the
Visayan
reminders
are
eonstant
of
of
scenes
favorable
were
dreaded
the
approach
warned
if
possible,
be
carried
had
but
if, as
quite
happened,
then
was
the
the
pick
into
slavery,
of
the
wanton
the
were
if
be
and
the
remainder
tained
main-
were
off,
as
could
sufficient
time
left
for
taken
were
knew
in
the
pity
no
sacked
be
would
be
be
the
But
again.
unhappy
would
their
driven
sail
would
the
for
of
inhabitants
women
as
village
little
set
fate
seasons
property
that
village
and
men
Cattle
pirates
The
whilst
sheer
their
southern
expeditions.
in
houses
the
or
so
the
points
town
would
there
often
for
sword
fire
to
unawares,
these
along,
taken
were
appearance
portable
much
as
castors,
was
vantage
the
circular
such
lookout
first
hills.
allowed,
Moros
the
the
to
was
been
at
found
islands
At
see
may
one
pepper
the
outrages.
some,
hand-
but
These
huge
these
summer
commonly
is
when
from
and
lioilo
of
of
of
and
small,
towns.
inhabitants
take
to
very
navigation,
night
pirates,
has
as
form
iforo
to
and
day
such
days
the
diocese
a
eoast
the
in
the
vicinity
-tower,
buildings,
stone
of
the
In
watch
near
PIRATES.
contains
village
towns
bungalows.
have
FOE
"Bishop
little
picturesque
merchants
LOOKOUTS
background.
the
in
Molo,
471
INDUSTRIES.
ITS
mountains
anil
Jaro
are
where
AND
put
treme,
ex-
on
and
carried
to
the
cruelty.
"
472
TIIR
In
years
tlio
inlands
cultivated
wore
raised
only
needs,
Mo
its
pirates.
Mindoro
the
in
formed
large
criminals
of
to
efforts
caught
the
one
the
invariably
again.
the
So
the
raided,
and
men
At
last
and
were
it
gan
be-
tields
its
contrived
was
and
to
bribe
constabulary
less
some
trouble-
leaders
these
of
if
them
Civil
lodged
his
made
him
to
way
that
some
and
were
with
no
the
they
men
made
fact,
known
These
rwognized
banditti
this
tains
moun-
where
many
In
the
provinces,
Spaniards
out.
from
pursuit.
or
Although
type,
criminals
more
under
the
of
defy
to
northern
these
provincial
of
was
they gain
once
districts.
well
islanders,
WILDEENESS.
refuge
able
bands
them
of
success
able-bodied
INTO
who,
are
for,
wipe
own
bors.
neigh-
and
accursed
place
chief
worst
answer
to
captivity.
tulisanes,
of
their
their
island
into
islands
organized
terrorized
of
the
interior,
most
the
not
cupidity
its
MINDOBO
now
called
outlaws,
who
Mindoro
the
areas
wilderness.
to
neighboring
the
the
and
OF
is
of
he
as
RELAPSE
THE
of
again
and
of
wanta
perous
pros-
Largo
prosperity
Time
reverted
grain
the
aroused
shunned
most
bountifully
undoing
carried
be
to
furnish
waste,
the
inhabitants,
condition
laid
women
young
of
the
inviting
towns
Tagal
supply
to
of
one
Archipelago.
extraordinary
however,
to
the
to
helped
was
the
by
Their
whose
of
enough
but
wore,
Mindoro
by
gone
of
PIIILirriNES.
ders
mur-
serious
Guard
in
jail
liberty
officers
practice
of
"
THE
disposing
of
SUCAR
such
and
fair
The
but
soil
of
good
and
is
the
be
by giving
chance
good
before
tracks
to
had
he
is
Steam
is due
of
only
to
estates
and
is
Archipelago,
that
of
the
paid
harvest
it.
laborers,
import
advances
work.
saved
The
the
best
trifle
cannot
In
and
before
men
which
are
is
apt
a
to
cultural
agri-
planter
the
the
will
leave
competency
his
Is
requisite
upon
after
to
crop
sary
neces-
demand
enter
of
happens
hands
it
they
labors
rates
sees
districts
they
and
of
frequently
cases
eral
sev-
the
High
secure
all
in
on
parts
estate
many
year.
improvement.
help.
sugar
it is of
the
it
ing
hav-
pattern,
other
which
them
tons
considerable
sufficient
he
of
latest
in
under
of
foreign capital.
employed
as
nevertheless,
because
tem.
sys-
few
the
advance
of
capable
proprietor
deteriorate
to
in
securing
are
of
not
customary
difficulty
great
wages
is
crop
scientific
of
is
raised
sugar
thousand
one
also
that
very
machinery
far
process,
that
of
it
methods
The
large,
cane,
Archipelago
approaching
not
sugar
is
The
the
introduction
hydraulic
entire
in
one
excess
but
tobacco
an
the
are
in
them,
to
quality.
anything
capacity
the
on
The
Visa
NEOKOS,
devoted
mainly
is
of
OF
excellent
an
island
This
to
bis
FIELDS
Negros
of
produced
the
SUGAR
quality
cacao
is
in
contrived
to
quarters
head-
start.
TIIK
of
him
473
municipal
the
was
appeared
shooting
NEGROS.
before
This
what
tulisan
escape
OF
prisoners
reached.
were
the
FIELDS
they
siderable
con-
their
have
them.
"
474
PHILIPPINES.
THE
Worcester
relates
the
after
situation.
several
of
years
his
to
announced
his
intention
in
back
were
you
house
fine
as
clothing
and
of
desired
and
if
only
hut.
boast,
hail
needs
hot
as
that
the
native
the
'mi'
things
it
the
bounds
at
most
and
gamble,
their
sober
desirable
advantages
eondilion,
laborers
natives
they
in
in
which
amongst
will
order
work
to
of
earn
higher
to
himself
when
will
possessions
and
appreciate
may
tion,
ques-
Vie that
taxation
he
Church,
in
for
open
exert
may
worldly
his
burdensome
because
vicious
in
an
aspires
It
and
him
see
necessity.
unknown
economic
his
and
the
to
The
li:i|'piri- -ill
is
he
add
to
ground
In-
to
up
long,
reasonable
until
present
hack
and
ambition
expect
him
present
strange
that
increase
to
hard
no
his
all
rejoinder.
W||.-i|i-
of
upon
contribution
the
is
-I
not
that
bring
there
certain
must
learns
not
is
work
to
by arousing
we
beyond
it
"""
increased
hut
he
of
for
your
yourself
you
is needless
for
food
of
any
your
It
loss
incentive
no
turn
work?"
at
was
absence
"\'.|"-
be
master
has
and
as
enough
you
living
; if your
all that
money
would
this
as
good
as
"Senor,
Andalusia
province
were
"
sun
the
the
To
replied:
in
dispensable
in-
unexpectedly
work.
to
man
home
in
any
not
you
future
the
who,
almost
lie
day
ceasing
your
as
were
could
neighbors
at
become
One
master.
hand
field
had
service,
trates
illus-
strikingly
had
planter
planter's expostulations
if
which
incident
an
heavy
It
money.
a
men
harder
money
of
some
planter
is
finds
who
drink
than
moral
to
satisfy
inclinations.
"
THE
As
the
rale,
BEAUTIES
NATURAL
comfortably,
There
the
are
plantations.
and
of
reach
lot
the
or
with
his
twice
the
that
there
the
Samar
NATUEAL
has
an
American
the
finest
of
difficulties
anything
So
point
does
(dose
the
hundred
Strait
yards.
the
extremely
it has
of
Juanieo
the
Despite
difficult
with
ease
think
times
turning
re-
The
as
that
of
to
that
of
of
the
to
the
photographed
to
equal
some
but
owing
attractive
sections.
that
Leyte
to
down
narrows
of
proximity
shore
one
one.
dangerous
in
to
old
boasts
les3
approach
from
live
large
as
been
not
Samar
passage
Spain
to
SAMAR.
nearly
of
extent
San
the
OF
island
numerous
eddies
the
Manila
to
up
to
like
Archipelago,
the
stinted
pleasure
twice
The
travel
like
is
population
in
scenery
ran
viable
en-
Negros.
about
State.
most
house,
him
BEAUTIES
area
and
Delaware
of
the
of
days
returned
something
planter
THE
It
riages,
car-
easy
halcyon
open
enable
life.
of
hope
is
to
his
upon
within
was
nothing,
to
uriously.
lux-
furniture,
the
sometimes
fortune
of
rest
In
kept
in
and
tliem
are
houses
planter
He
year,
of
generally
are
sugar
family
sufficient
for
the
islands.
and
himself
once
of
whom
some
good
neighbors.
congenial
in
and
475
of
handsome
have
They
SAMAR.
many
and
many
horses,
the
sugar,
planters,
sugar
live
Europeans,
OF
to
the
Strait
which
effect, precluding
the
to
five
is
beset
rapid
one
lands
main-
other
is
the
the
at
an
with
current
employ-
"
476
THE
of
ment
to
the
and
sailboat
The
utmost.
The
with
pitted
of
puzzle,
the
with
which
there
if
look
made
for
other
of
the
traditions
than
the
races
temporary
settlement
of
traces
it
explanation
these
to
account
It
caves.
the
cal
ethnologi-
aborigines
an
of
taller
the
it. is difficult
sepulchres
an
in
even
and
found
been
much
created
any
are
inhabitants
additional
adventurers
having
at
been
some
we
have
present
nothing
turesque.
pic-
coast
were
have
canoist
the
Samar
who
familiar,
are
here,
and
exist,
is
hinting
Had
foreigners
the
finds
there
we
dwarfs.
of
of
unspeakably
which
in
caves
These
islanders
the
beings
any
for
is
along
human
Archipelago.
of
environment
bluffs
than
larger
skill
the
taxing
low-lying
skeletons
and
PHILIPPINES.
is
were
of
should
in
wrecked
ship-
for
their
esting
inter-
an
question,
The
a
natural
forty
some
thirty-five
In
seen.
feet
seven
which
the
in
the
height.
wall
above
the
on
the
which
about
was
Another
of
formed
de
In
front
which
is
oval
an
the
roof.
the
The
portal
be
may
thirty-
court
to
cave
inwards.
feet
stalactite
by
river
entrance
hundred
one
spacious
the
of
opens
the
der
un-
rocks
limestone
two
left
water
point, passing
by
high, through
feet
this
"Cuevas
town
feet
this
at
formed
partially destroyed
now
rocks
empties
arch
penetrates
Formerly
is
River
Basey
but
cavern,
falling
in
of
place
is
named
it
the
Sojoton."
beautiful
Canaguaion,
spot
where
is
within
the
Molo
five
miles
River
of
issues
the
by
"
478
THE
is unable
to
of
it should
Eastern
REMONTAilOS,
The
interior
of
the
to
communities
and
[hey generally
with
wild
Masbate
is
hogs.
of
the
The
and
system
of
Samar,
but,
roads
animals
alive,
the
Philippine
its
the
if
has
herds
of
the
of
is
cattle
mountains
port
not
ing
marry-
latter's
dition.
con-
cattle, horses,
number
great
much
on
yet
very
the
wards
up-
from
going
the
extension.
the
as
There
trails.
hoof
being
The
same
few
and
a
to
American
restricted.
and
and
shipped
are
since
more
mentioning,
refrigerator
small
pursuits.
industry,
greater
capable
to
of
thriven
anything,
brought
usually
GROUND.
chief
head
the
into
verted
re-
fathers.
form
the
to
GRAZING
communication
worth
are
is
their
who
the
of
and
agricultural
lapsing
is
trade
"call
rapidly, frequently
for
monthly,
occupation,
no
noted
of
return
VAST
thousand
island
Manila.
and
Grazing
one
in
retrograde
remontados.
civilization
people,
natives
MASBATE,
TYPE.
engage
tribes
WILD
the
condition
industrious
Christianized
and
be
can
inhabitanta
many
forsaken
primitive
peaceable, fairly
found
having
have
the
TO
contains
who
not, like
are
When
the
to
REVERSION
Samar
irresistible,
They
virtue
alleged
boon
prove
natives,
are
wild"
its
countries.
THE
These
if half
but
say,
established
PHILIPPINES.
in
are
The
shipped
feature
of
traffic.
"
The
natives
celebrated
of
for
their
HISTORIC
CEBU.
manufacture
palm
their
colors.
article
and
They
deserve
the
is,
the
here
the
that
the
at
capital
historical
landed
which
the
of
the
in
it,
gaspi's expedition
where
still
stands
this
in
fanciful
the
fact
the
severe
that
Less
on
the
little
the
King
Ilarnadar
lies
loss of
number
of
to
after
that
have
difference,
in-
easy
that
Leexact
the
building
is
probably
less
unlikely
by
subject
be
to
was
the
this
devastated
their
landing,
to
the
Magellan
mangrove-covered
mile
scant
its leader
of
shortly
back
with
is said
but
that
mediately
im-
Mass
appear
shocks
upon
was
upon
rendered
not
month
After
does
site
hut
It
and
1521,
Luzon.
which
Mactan,
original form,
earthquake
than
death
place,
It
ment.
settle-
April,
the
church
took
Cebu
of
royal family,
claim, although
of
centres
its
7th
first
consecrated.
erected
event
their
baptism.
to
of
one
Archipelago.
stands.
the
view,
occupying
and
submitted
spot
the
town
and
the
made
on
constructed
performed
America.
of
point
in
island,
present
Japanese
CEBU,
Spaniards
Magellan
durability
the
in
justly
are
the
to
market
interesting places
most
was
from
and
superior
are
find
to
that
mats
workmanship
HISTORIC
Cebu
470
the
the
ishind
party
afterwards
coral
and
island
half
expedition
off
fared
set
banquet
sail
on
their
of
Celm.
badly.
murdered
treacherously
at
met
and
the
mainder
re-
long journey
Spain,
"
480
THE
In
Legaspi
1505
his
arrived
contrived
opposition
hold
PHILIPPINES.
to
ground.
pacify
the
and
other
the
place
fort
in
and
constructed,
Cebu
at
1670
and
despite
and
inhabitants
buildings
were
declared
was
city.
It
recorded
is
landed
Christ
the
image
deemed
Spaniards
bamboo
large
peculiar
an
Oratory
of
Cebu.
image
the
held
distant
its shrine
have
been
on
is
parts
and
is
Church
is
the
obt;iiu
one
of
by
the
the
of
extreme
absolution
it
in
some
the
to
the
mystic
thing,
silver
devout
view
when
come
their
in
Child
from
at
Its
pilgrims
to
what
some-
ments
orna-
time
intervals,
pomp.
for
peared
ap-
deity escaped
with
public
Archipelago
swept
but
Holy
to
the
to
January,
erected
exhibited
now
of
covered
donated
When
fire
and
dedicated
high,
Austin
attributed
was
fire, but
by
stood,
flames,
cross
church
foot
20th
of
the
exposed
occasion
the
after,
than
It
time.
first
is
the
The
to
destroyed
It
that
when
adjacent
was
more
above.
the
city they
cross
preservation
to
The
injury.
to
its
referred
image
the
to
of
appearance
and
the
of
image
possession.
years
where
impervious
way
The
of
Some
Legaspi
wooden
sacred
possession
quarter
be
to
as
cross.
the
found
after
miraculous,
it
took
months
seashore.
the
on
was
few
soldiers
cherished
through
is
his
Child
the
the
of
one
Friars
that
feast
from
worship
at
sins.
"
CERU
is
Cebu
it ranked
years
but
of the
in
Iloilo.
and
hemp
islands,
its
is said
well-disposed,
and
doeile
in
sharo
many
and
overtaken
ships
quantities
large
the
produced by
own
It
commensurate.
still
Cebu
sugar
but
been
Visayan
group
is
prodiiction
the
that
its
are
neither
ing,
stand-
commercial
in
times
recent
with
For
thousand.
Manila
to
481
importance,
eighteen
next
has
it
by
passed
of
about
of
CENTRE.
SHIPPING
considerable
of
port
population
AS
not
whilst
inhabitants,
energetic
nor
enterprising.
The
of
streets
it has
bombarded
Rebellion
it
with
effect.
dire
its
and
Governor,
social
the
from
what
it
the
Visayas,
retail
the
full-blooded
with
ambition
is.
See,
are
few
these,
for
which
whole
city
also
the
the
General,
place
Here,
and,
is
houses
exceptions
being
indeed,
competition.
no
he
The
in
in
the
ters
headquarin
the
old
the
different
in
elsewhere
almost
and
of
very
was
as
absolutely
good
created
was
the
the
for
noted
included
was
and
vessel
unusually
conducted
has
during
Government
some
largest export
native
straight,
structure
business
wholesale
stores
Chinamen,
of
life
now
the
Europeans,
any
The
Islands.
days,
The
century,
fine
and
Bishop's
The
sixteenth
of
is
decorations
interior
Visayan
by
Palace
Episcopal
paintings.
the
was
and
wide
are
building?, although
handsome
some
The
city
the
hands
being
the
of
British.
exclusively by
The
mestizos.
chance
seldom
Chinese
in
petition
com-
displays
shops
PHILIPPINES.
THE
482
the
along
the
Lutao
at
section
mestizo-Ch'mo
trading
did
time
one
of
after
until
quarter
Parian
the
and
good business,
was
the
ing
flourish-
of
bombardment
1897.
OLD
The
LANDMARKS
of
the
best
is
of
is very
pretty
town.
The
timber,
but
of
harbor
and
been
has
soil
is
The
the
is
raised
sugar
best
The
Archipelago.
and
Philippines
where
that
to
this
is
fertile
have
they
of
Santo
haps,
per-
general
add
will
of
about
backs
the
of
most
and
than
ent
presably
favor-
compare
and
.Xegros,
in
any
few
learned
the
other
part
it for
rice
in
the
prefer
the
places
to
its
capable
it is at
substitute
the
dral
Cathe-
and,
hills
of
raised
of
one
Round
of
here
pelago
Archi-
the
denuded
natives
the
surroundings
range
production
superior
extensively,
its
cultivation
extensive
days
noted
shares
extremely
the
are
residence.
a
the
that
most
and
of
of
which
the
Yidid.
in
Then;
Cebu
place
country,
more
corn
the
as
the
to.
of
is
"
San
landmarks
the
island,
the
island
with
Cebu
the
attractive.
its attraction
put
Child
most
healthfulness
much
after
churches,
Holy
the
of
SITES.
deserving preservation.
the
"
named
of
one
several
and
HISTORIC
commanded
city,
and
by
gone
to
fort
picturesque
patron
Nino
AJJD
former.
the
Along
Bdf/ardcra
one
of
its
coast
de
genus.
Cebu,
of
the
or
The
island
Venus
shores
is
found
the
flower-basket,
are
renowned
famous
the
for
only
their
"
rare
THE
HARDY
shells,
which
Maris.
the
natives
are
the
values
of
hunting
and
of
in
their
HAEDY
native
of
this
Church.
It
followed
the
on
in
the
degree
fine
down
of
the
to
of
energy
inhabitants
consequence
the
of
tyranny
another
tired
people
from
by troops
led
of
the
when
and
State
Bohol
the
uprising
1622,
condition
of
part
first
causes
by
BOHOL.
amongst
rare
The
put
was
similar
1744
was
is
of
exactions
offers
OF
displays
island
of
something
Cebu
Still,
hargain
conchologist.
Bohol
which
in
understand
ISLAKDEKS
Philippines.
the
in
the
Gloria
littoral,but
the
villages along
to
483
splendid
many
finds.
for
initiative
the
the
BOHOL.
much-prized
the
ago
beginning
THE
occurred
of
years
ground
The
include
made
he
to
was
few
OF
ISLANDERS
but
Cebu,
revolt,
the
which
practical independence
islanders
for
of
period
thirty-five years.
people
The
and
the
The
expert
Moros
and
of
use
learned
to
strongholds
Mindanao
them
less
much
famous
are
their
of
the
than
it
lance.
prowess,
hand
at
pirates,
frequently
and
skill
near
courage
the
weapon,
their
was
their
for
favorite
respect
island
the
although
by
Bohol
of
to
the
visited
was
distant
more
points.
No
the
doubt
disadvantage
with
the
of
inhabitants
their
Bohol
situation.
and
the
developed
and
Moros
of
Frequent
necessity
fostered
much
owe
for
the
encounters
constant
military
to
paredness
pre-
qualities.
"
THE
484
The
soil
general
of
the
early
his
neighhor
in
deal
towns,
and
of
rush
for
which,
though
material,
and
has
the
hound
Bohol
has
Siquijor,
of
story
truth.
over
the
the
cloud
hours,
attract
ISLAND
OF
notable
which
lies
its
origin
They
say
where
spot
and
issued
the
the
are
the
in
near
lands,
valuable
working
to
and
fields
iron
capital
and
enterprise
tune
for-
good
contain
coal
the
blanket
timber
was,
of
to
course,
SIQUIJOR.
in
dependency
the
to
that
that
south.
is
day
one
the
island
occupy
long
as
soon
ago,
as
but
it had
the
event
the
Out
for
Siquijor,
was
appeared
stands.
lightning
there
morning
from
cloud
now
and
far
of
tell
people
not
dense
Island
the
The
probably
thunder
next
they proceeded
in
to
of
favorable
the
in
fact, they
of
long.
THE
This
with
done
them
are
tity
quan-
sufficient,
kind
In
extent,
conditions
Cebu.
export.
is
sort
excellent
in
of
for
peculiar
some
lands,
are
Sea
raised,
is
overtake
to
instance,
creditable
very
good
limited
and
the
fully deserving
likely
Bohol
These
deposits,
of
"ticay."
called
is
future,
before
of
weaving
mat
which
them.
tillage
cultivator
for
than,
respectable surplus
busy people,
very
side
character
Bohol
activity
specialty being
the
vegetable products
leave
to
and
other
careful
responsive
the
greater
the
on
various
fact,
great
to
with
However,
lacks
Philippines,
forced
was
of
island
the
in
PHILIPPINES.
several
which
cooled
has
of
off,
lived
tradition.
"
PHILIPPINES.
THE
486
"The
(hie
taxes
the
(Siquijor,
$5,000
some
the
it had
years
There
had
was
their
to
deport
from
of
not
lands,
rich
Forty-four
dragged
them
into
left
were
they
exile,
while
shift
for
charge
of
to
the
money.
cated
confisabout
were
of
the
crime
debts!
people's
their
those
10
commission
cabezas,
other
from
torn
cabezas
raise
guilty
pay
tated
devas-
inhabitants.
a
the
were
to
the
e;ittle,and
and
houses,
were
away
for
to
try
to
several
for
and
and
seized
had
enough
men
to
amounted
-starved
$7,000,
town
recently
failed,
half
Bohol
because
being
the
of
shortage
them
had
had
of
this, they
in
Cholera
crops
out
down
Failing
island)
utterly impossible
sum
come
the
been
such
get any
annum.
island
the
of
capital
per
poverty-stricken
that
from
and
homes
dependent
themselves
upon
best
a3
they
could.
"The
officer
that
they
debts
of
six
to
their
cents
food
would
is
in
the
one
hundred
cultivation,
island
day,
clothing
Leyte
two
have
being
amount
the
which
from
the
in
mountains
of
sugar
working
the
me
the
out
of
salary
munificent
of
their
cultivated
tions
sec-
expense
extensively
most
One-half
fifty
mostly
of
informed
deducted."
be
Archipelago.
and
the
at
would
of
cabezas
the
privilege
constituents
per
and
in
of
thousand
hemp,
or
cane
area,
remainder
grazing
land.
raised,
of
A
but
equal
is under
hectares,
the
is
its
the
erable
consid-
Leyte
ia
"
"
Wh.*i
IV
cloth
restricts
in
item
patience,
is
piiui
their
us
No
commerce.
required
and
all
..f'
Iloilo.
th"
it.
fllmod
wnrkt-rs
such
"
til
flic
product
tittle
manufacture
aud
women
is
skill
of
iin
and
thij
in
smnp
important
infinite
finer
rics
fab-
jiih
"
"
"
487
LEYTE.
fibre
the
approximated
convert
of
black
boat
with
them.
which
These
are
Leyte
of
the
all
out
hundred-ton
at
shipbuilders
product
The
is
quite
kinds
of
fabrics
into
cabo
ple
peo-
or
negro,
industry
an
from
craft
"
The
schooner.
the
hundreds
their
it the
from
turn
constructed
employ
skill, and
islands
the
product,
the
of
exports
piculs.
Boat-building
They
to
of
the
1899
million
make
cable.
dugout
vessels
and
wear
In
one
deal
great
native
the
district.
hemp
shipyards
of
is
in
no
demand
Tacloban,
constantly.
workmen
display
of
larger
moan
degree
amongst
of
the
group.
"
"
"
MINDANAO
The
Mnh
mill
da
AND
Invasion
i)
SULU.
The
Social
Organization
"
Mil
ha
and
ad
i til
Malays"
an
Manners
of
Bizarre
the
"
Moros"
Version
of
The
Moro
Community"
Sulu
The
"
of
Origin
the
Pearl"
the
of
The
the
and
Man
Over
Foreigner
Rule
"
Christ
Basllan
Sway
is
an
Flood"
"
Masterful
Moro
of
Muhammad
of
Legend
The
Presents
Cruelties
Model
Dress
Warrior
entados"
in
Story
Strange
"
Modern
Not
the
Tribes"
Moro
Jura
is
in
Moros
Moro
Moro
The
The
Moro
Muhammad
Yakan
Present
"
The
Moro
and
the
Appearance
Datos
The
-The
the
of
of
of
Arolas"
t!ie
Sea
The
"
Mother-of-Pearl
of
Industry
Sulu.
Opinions
differ
of
occupancy
dan
of
Malays.
named
of
famous
Sulu
olan,
of
who
Basilan
had
made
later
of
the
the
time
from
whom
claim
first
formed
Mindanao,
and
Muhammadan
former
of
chief
took
the
ish
Spanhave
to
appears
the
the
Muhamma-
followers,
He
later
Sultans
descent.
accompanied
his
Dimasangcay,
embraced
to
been
and
Dimasangcay,
about
his
Philippines.
proud
the
by
with
of
manner
Foreman,
to
warrior,
were
Tindig
islands
Island
the
and
time
Tindig,
Suln
of
conquest
been
southern
According
Borneo,
possession,
of
the
the
to
as
by
his
settlement
an
whose
cousin,
upon
alliance
the
island
with
King
daughter
doubtless
his
Adasa-
he
entire
ried.
mar-
ily,
fam-
faith.
(491)
402
Adasaolan's
fortune,
and
kingdom
of
ambition
he
forces
Some
and
with
the
seek
their
promise
aid
and
put
his
slain.
After
arrived
and, finding
with
the
remained
with
alliances
was
soon
an
and
the
Sulu
has
been
It
century,
Spanish
defeated
and
Manila
less
doubt-
INVASION.
Adasaolan
but
of
and
Borneo,
Muhammadans
made
to
there
Mindanao
Archipelago.
stated
how,
how
a
Mindanao
at
the
attempted
the
consequence
hornet's
and
Sulu
were
the
from
grant
like
that
on
sixteenth
the
of
conquest
was
By
nest.
of
close
under
Rodriguez,
Government,
of
battle
the
from
inforcement,
re-
done.
chieftains
of
In
boats
independent,
influx
ness,
tardi-
settled, returned,
issue
duty
the
Estevan
and
of
the
secured
Spanish
was
armed
Manila
to
expected
the
of
chieftain
entente
an
foot.
on
MUHAHMADAN
THE
Sulu
enterprise
the
manner.
and
upon
bined
com-
invaders
the
repaired
kinsman,
the
tion
expedi-
similar
experience
event
of
sense
his
Sulu
The
of
he
now
had
their
established
had
Relying
kicking
he
and
in
the
annexing
project
retirement
he
against
the
of
Sulu.
retaliate
to
but
ensued
idea
upon
the
assistance.
of
Tindig
that
after
Spaniards,
increasing good
monarch,
previously
years
his
this
attack
an
prepared
Tindig
In
Mindanao
made
failed,
the
cousin.
the
with
grew
conceived
his
of
support
to
PHILIPPINES.
THE
the
time
most
to
the
the
the
danao,
Minturbance
dis-
doms
king-
friendly
MALAYS.
MUHAMMADAN
and
terms,
their
future
conducted
and
tlie
by
the
to
of
the
until
after
The
which
have
of
religion.
bond
of
In
from
fact,
the
Philippines
THE
of
with
one
ORGANIZATION
SOCIAL
OF
repress
of
inally
orig-
intermingled
the
by
common
Dyaks,
seen.
Bayos
There
are
and
nese.
Chi-
off
women
depredations
the
mixed
most
to
carrying
made
velopment
de-
scourge,
Spaniards
of
has
the
the
number
Bornean
with
haps
per-
play.
since
widespread
them
of
frequently
are
their
sions
incur-
period
unable
allied
practice
of
scenes
cohabiting
been
crossings
the
their
this
into
have
Traces
of
ravaged
was
Incessant
comprise
which
Arabs,
evidences
also
this
gunboats
always
and
Celebes,
of
tribes
Colony
utterly
wore
Moros,
or
distinct
and
than
they brought
hundred
two
seriously against
more
authorities
Moors,
For
During
quently
fre-
were
extended
Manila.
islands
I ho
the
even
militated
nothing
which
who
of
Bay
of
coast
every
marauders,
ventures
co-operation.
in
fifty years
piratical
493
Moros
of
and
of
all
the
Eastern
MUHAMMADAN
THE
MALAYS.
"Their
essentia
"caused
the
piracy.
By
equally
with
became
the
11 v
feudal
whole
the
social
of
side
powerful
reservation
proprietor
institutions,"
vassals,
of
of
organization
sultans
the
the
homage
the
land
datu,
due
to
were
each
to
Reclus,
says
his
conquered
rest
on
the
almost
of
whom,
suzerain,
and
the
"
494
THE
wealth
plundered
good
or
them
on
that
their
predatory
There
be
acknowledgment
of
problem
from
away
from
exile
an
Dumanquilas
the
to
the
to
of
be
the
fate
and
and
and
and,
decay
unless
will
obedience,
days
of
it
as
power
prince.
by
the
Moro
The
the
power
of
Sulu
are
past.
hands
Mindanao,
ment,
Govern-
command
three
weakness
Archipelago.
For
of
sultanate
of
of
to
ever
when-
opposition
States
longer
seems
tribes
state
United
poor
regain
Such
the
sultanate
at
is
never
present
much
the
home
he
gone,
these
ter
mas-
Mindanao
his
will
the
at
new
of
into
must,
the
sultanates,
formidable
meets
supported
Movos
is
he
approaching
able
the
with
among
the
be
of
predecessors.
by
of the
the
his
but
accept
Sultan
prestige
represented
not
to
hold
breaking
are
over-lords,
and
its
presents
who
Grande,
invariably
rapidly
chiefs
the
snlianate
dissipated
is
Sulu
the
by
tained
ob-
universal
relaxing
decline
destitution,
native
falls,
weak
of
Rio
His
position occupied
the
of
the
Bay.
point
the
to
Spanish
ultimately
nation
their
to
serfdom."
the
with
fast
petty
sacope,
religion.
Moro
"To-day
says:
for
but
have
disposition
no
Referring
Barrow
is
of
display
kindly.
Dr.
the
allegiance
time
same
is
the
of
Muhammadan
and
number
while
Philippines
tenure
people,
the
upon
that
maraliay.
accompanied
state
would
the
of
feudal
to
question
the
tao
warriors,
reduced
condition
throughout
old
free
The
expeditions,
were
little
this
occupation,
retainers.
the
is
class,
can
The
his
by
men,
lack-land
or
PHILIPPINES.
the
The
centuries
"
THE
they
defied
into
the
and
sought
could
not
the
European
his
territory.
Spaniard
stood
by
and
have
must
these
their
treaty
power
Captain
pirate
and
daring.
Sultan
There
is
of
any
the
the
Lanao,
The
he
number
found
mainly
ever
made
tain
Cap-
passing,
1776.
about
the
their
ments
achieve-
political
by
with
in
melancholy
only
volume
alliance
an
of
people
the
none
of
press
im-
Guinea.'
(Mindanao)
MORO
the
less,
the
most
which
their
believed
are
TRIBES.
Malanao
stronghold
Moros,
tribe
numerous
is
the
district
villages
to
Moros
or
in
danao.
Min-
of
Lake
thickly
are
number
not
far
tered.
clus-
short
thousand.
sign
same
tribe,
notable
New
the
could
they
the
formed
their
time
Maguindanao
the
to
height
civilization."
are
hundred
how
see
splendor
the
at
read
PKKSENT
around
They
one
but
for
Their
of
were
present
Lake,
To
Voyage
consequence
gain
when
almost
something
THE
of
where
barbaric
some
Maguindanao
Philippines,
At
eration
gen-
defensive
win
to
punity
im-
after
the
on
subsidy
and
Theirs
of
marks
with
war
generation
purely
states
'A
visited
decadence.
the
405
carried
For
should
one
Forrest,
Forrest
the
and
heen
old
Europeans
of
TRIBES.
conquer.
"There
about
MORO
PRESENT
about
in
the
whose
Moros,
I ilea lion
as
that
name
of
fifty thousand,
vicinity
of
Cottabato.
the
and
has
first
are
This
tically
prac-
named
to
be
name
"
THE
496
has
been
long
madan
of
almost
in
came
the
Suln
element
in
and
of
by
The
is
of
tricts
disof
interior
the
from
had
dominant
have
strong
marked
grated,
emiality
person-
influence.
restricted
to
coasts
being
the
of
group
the
they
the
was
whom
this
of
who
them
in
tribe
the
terior
in-
pied
occu-
latest
tribes
differences
exist
between
be
the
from
to
the
number.
mainly
savagery,
marks
the
in
on
Tawi
active
most
tered
scat-
there
dislrict.
and
various
varying
highest
are
The
immigration,
force
the
of
and
are
and
Moro
of
Tawi
They
Zamboango
the
than
stronghold
the
was
other
superior
the
Archipelago,
the
represent
in
inaccessible
most
Sulu
by
elsewhere
predominate
They
of
located
rarely
arc
the
to
in
their
Jiasilan,
throughout
What
the
derived
are
form
practically
greater
Samals,
removal
have
the
numbers
the
Where
numbers,
far
furnished
island
the
to
Samals,
which
seem
small
island
seashore.
pirates
who
they
population.
Samals
group,
are
the
In
mainly
where
tribe
the
Spaniards
peopled
Davao.
aggressiveness
Yakan
tribe
found
are
in
the
They
Subanos.
name,
the
even
The
the
that
whom
Kalibnganes,
Muham-
Grande.
Rio
passed
this
and
Moros
of
the
name
from
the
with
islands
the
their
warlike
the
with
Moros
and
are
mixture
The
the
first
Zamboango
Zamboango
of
valley
Emigrants
of
designate
to
the
contact
itself.
used
tribes
were
PHILIPPINES.
gence.
intelli-
tribes
stages
degree
of
being
"
408
THE
Horo
grotesque
head
is
and
chief
in
the
full
object
to
the
unaccustomed
brass
stiffest
the
it and
under
of
virile
mitigated
depends
which
from
Moro
waists
is
noble
the
breeches
kris
to
short
the
is
lapped
the
warrior
attack
of
cuirass
is
skirt
knees.
APPEARANCE.
stuck
dagger
but
the
largest
feminine
the
his
secure
steel
BIZARBK
belt,
takes
the
severe
to
carry
the
at
or
sarong,
men
gaudy
PBE8ENTS
Most
Upon
turban,
of
the
the
eye.
order
from
effect
by
is rather
chin, giving
suffering
The
neuralgia.
In
the
the
war
is stuck
procurable.
tied
appearance
somewhat
which
cloth, perhaps
of
panoply
into
helmet,
feather
headpiece
around
PHILIPPINES.
if
the
the
individual
of
place
in
former
the
weapon.
The
dress
fitting close
The
jabul
head
and
as
loose.
water
he
when
which
the
by
worn
The
knots,
generally
in
be
may
sex
hair
the
wears
in
all
leave
it
up
men
naked
fied
modi-
women
Neither
their
the
over
but
home,
at
public.
Filipino,
a
thrown
Tt
while
go
skirt.
Midiiitnmadan
tie
women
bodice
bifurcated
is
body.
of
up
baggy
countries.
fantastic
spends
and
scarf
veil
other
sarong
the
Like
fact,
the
rule.
skin
about
Children
the
wear
and
of
manner
of
is made
women
long
draped
Arabia
shoes
the
the
to
is
survival
in
of
the
Moro
bathes
large proportion
conditions
are
of
in
frequently;
his
favorable,
time
but
it
in
the
would
"
THE
be
to
seem
from
any
and
JURAMENTADOS.
from
love
desire
for
surroundings
The
iloro
the
are
spear,
or
club
clean
stroke
hris
is
prized
deaths
the
has
have
they
for
for
always
bring
the
by
had
inches
high
The
for
used
is
and
killed,
great
many
RiOes
price.
but, fortunately,
difficulty
great,
one
weapon
has
of
Moros,
long,
with
man
it
double-
being
record
stitute.
sub-
warrior.
former
persons
established
will
the
oval
thrusting.
of
credit
is
an
Moro
warfare,
sometimes
eighteen
the
wavy,
of
but
of
weapon
arms
decapitate
feat
number
with
to
To
highly prize
very
sword
latter
an
its
to
or
than
dwellings
boomerang,
twelve
great
no
the
and
that
one
is
for
is
point.
straight,
cutting
are
to
the
carried,
unlike
not
from
their
without
barony,
or
barong
blade,
graduating
abroad
commonly
The
edged
kris,
most
for
rather
filthy.
goes
The
exercise
aquatic
cleanliness,
are
never
sort.
some
of
499
in
obtaining
them.
The
Moro
loves
weapons
are
all
follows
that
he
arm's
within
gets
with
adapted
is
firearms
he
has
of
crowd.
jummenlada
the
The
Moro's
to
his
hand-to-hand
bur
little
his
It
fighting.
opponent
against troops
chance
and
enemy,
dangerous
very
length,
THE
The
with
close
to
in
the
if
he
furnished
open.
JUEAMENTADOS.
occasionally
capacity
juramentado
for
is
furnishes
doing
a
an
execution
Muhammadan
ple
exam-
in
who
"
500
taken
has
of
as
the
emotional
dose
of
life
his,
of
the
these
their
lia"e
them
damage
nineteen
with
of
their
is
their
charged
and
number
the
of
which
permitted
number
incredible.
before
It
of
company
killed,
before
of
kind,
ranks.
that
dozen
almost
action
of
for
day,
the
arms,
of
in
not
are
their
to
riiles
and
this
of
they
out
band
half
he
victims
many
feast
minutes
will
gathering
When
with
jurarnentados
armed
of
for
few
as
some
throng
course,
put
great
five
troops
in
cannot
done
into
towns
slay
Soldiers
how
of
find
choose
to
taking
Paradise
of
together,
act
of
act
Sometimes
celebration
get
Christian
will
to
onslaught.
to
seldom,
the
they
the
as
contrive
very
out
afford.
likely
of
them
joys
the
large
fanatical
his
to
in
the
murderers
village, such
occasion
sets
may
are
dies
he
all
juramentado
they
if
Christian
devoted
case
in
that
The
extra
an
touch
finishing
the
to
requisite pitch
the
to
up
life
possible.
as
and, perhaps,
the
puts
opportunity
as
devotee
Assured
frenzy.
the
Christians
excitement
opium
his
devote
to
vow
many
works
pandita
of
religious
extinction
is
PHILIPPINES.
THE
they
is
told
Spanish
hudly wounded,
or
themselves
they
were
slain.
The
and
Mora
looks
disdain.
to
lies
tribes.
all
upon
Religious
with
do
believes
in
that
difference
feeling,
the
superior
are
is
but
the
courage
densely
superior
very
natives
other
this
They
he
may
with
have
foundation
of
ignorant,
the
very
being,
the
a
utmost
great
of
it
deal
bly
proba-
JIuhammadan
few
of
them
"
CRUELTIES
able
being
read
to
pandif.as,
or
generally
limited
they
to
the
The
from
all
the
of
the
do
not
treated
attempts
Dato
Uto,
practiced
walk
be
to
stings
of
within
this
to
burning
mosquitoes
forty-eight
the
the
and
their
legs
after
never
caused
he
Others
they
and
night.
frequent
be
would
by day
at
in
caught
of
sun
he
cruelties
could
the
was
datos
severity.
were
insects
other
slaves
their
the
where
the
master
occasion
tendons
they
of
rays
hours
the
of
who
the
did
latter-day Moros,
of
Those
trees,
and
entirely
utmost
difficulty.
great
them
women
on
the
of
that
so
naked
the
to
the
Death
of
result
treatment.
of
Moros
are
with
bound
exposed
with
had
knees
the
except
barbarities
slaves.
as
of
one
and
wants
refinement
escape
if
badly, although
escape
the
his
to
below
cut
to
for
upon
attempt
an
fared
worst
"Kitab,"
general thing
representative
notorious
was
the
of
capable
were
have
to
appear
the
all
As
establishment.
the
slaves
The
supplied
and
character
refrained
class,
warrior
and
work
their
DATOS.
THE
OF
labor.
of
Arabic.
original
like
anything
of
is doubtful
It
and
datos,
rudimentary
OHUBLTIK8
501
knowledge
smattering
Kuran.
in
it
read
can
Is of
priests,
the
term
The
write.
or
DATOS.
THE
OF
classes, from
thieves.
born
itself
presents
readily
all
as
from
They
and
from
strangers,
the
rob
sultan
whenever
neighbors
as
to
much
the
sacope,
opportunity
or
kinsmen
apparently
as
for
"
502
PHILIPPINES.
THE
the
pleasure
the
object
THE
The
derived
from
MOKO
IS
NOT
far
is
madan;
indeed
the
hardly
recognize
him
short
very
and
Kuran
the
particulars
in
confidence
of
Mindanao,
if
he
had
the
this
there
Minister
"a
is but
blood
in
in
and
stated
universe
one
that
space
of
beneath
have
the
our
thoughts.
the
earth
spirits, but
creature,
whilst
the
one
air
inhabited
they expire
soul
of
man
the
looked
of
Moros
He
and
that
is
his
us
and
by spirits.
lives
cession
suc-
illustrated
God.
with
as
was
believe
above
the
sultanate
attraction
omniscient,
The
gain
During
copies
and
are
unusually
who
chief
the
and
of
man,
that
fanciful
to
veins."
sundry
the
tion,
informa-
of
contrived
the
ways
al-
investigators
been
Justice
his
which
omnipotent,
is
of
have
impart
have
intelligent
very
person
and
recital
He
Toward
regarding
to
to
respect.
the
microscope
refusal
the
tion
prohibi-
stern
reticence
with
of
Philippines
the
Moro
drink.
strong
appears
visits,
this
flat
off
put
are
its
religious belief,
a
The
dictates
the
violates
greatest
with
would
civilization
to
up
of
white
of
papers,"
for
Muham-
co-religionist.
Mussalmin
their
of
of
living
Worcester
fortunate
"a
as
orthodox
an
Moslem
in
meet
nature.
desire
MUHAMMADAN.
being
indulgence
of
else
or
from
of
displayed
generally
from
aa
MODEL
frequently
against
strangers
act
stolen.
Moro
falls
the
the
on
death
nipresent,
om-
form
the
mals
Aniof
forever.
"
It
enters
THE
MORO
the
body
the
through
that
the
maintain
the
the
to
hell,
to
the
in
earth
soul
the
evil,
suffers
of
body
is the
of
into
brings
its
the
the
time
taken
suffering
would
the
upon
fuel
earth,
and
the
judgment
There
in
is
ber
mem-
fire
no
from?"
come
t Loir
expiate
punishment
own
neath
be-
it goes
offending
According
heaven.
pairs
re-
according
pain.
wicked
panditas
regulated
The
of
fact
the
by
consigned
torment
seat
soul
eventually
misdeeds.
his
"Where
course
are
he
the
that
until
Is
man
it
immediately
others
oblivion
bad
life
Some
soul
God;
in
rest
of
where
hell.
the
to
character
of
of
the
the
leaves
proved
is
of
top
and
sensitive.
death
presence
The
day.
after
the
During
as
is
503
in
purpose,
body,
structure
that
to
that
entire
whole
hole
aperture.
same
the
permeates
BELIEF.
through
for
contrived
skull,
RELIGIOUS
to
and
sins
priests
some
mental
and
atonement
In
physical
before
comes
death.
The
piirged
but
body,
will
of
in
the
by
the
earth,
will
wind
Weigher,
heavy
that
to
confronted
be
with
who
will
sin
"gold
wait
until
At
great
like
have
Moro
good
world.
the
be
will
Certain
glorified.
souls
soul
will
the
final
the
time,
and
all
by
place
and
souls
of
sent
one
of
at
the
be
carried
to
will
Michael,
in
that
those
Calvary,
Gabriel,
each
that
teach
reckoning
the
the
as
diamonds,"
air,
Mount
be
form
same
theologists
in
the
the
the
the
bad
end
where
and
scales.
is,
of
up
they
the
Souls
hell.
"
504
Till]
The
the
Morns
Old
know
MOEO
the
and
his
of
overtaken
were
changed
Those
who
who
made
for
changed
to
the
fruit
of
and
to
this
different
of
One
seaweed
her
day
inebriation
his
had
made
parts
of
the
CHRIST
like
fish.
People
the
patriarch
survive.
to
The
those
Chinaman
who
woman
be
may
and,
the
Moro
into
eating
was
fish
under
seen
called
skin
its
unsuccessful
of
the
Minister,
off
his
get
people
called
guard,
attempts,
to
country,
aversion
the
taken
in
made
the
an
planation
ex-
pork.
to
of
state
ing
follow-
statement:
AND
MUHAMMAD
Christ,
ourselves,
several
strong
friend,
interesting
"Jesus
limbs
with
taking
monkeys;
turned
was
in,
set
providentially
became
most
day.
Worcester
in
hornhill.
rain
chance
became
of
FLOOD.
beast.
and
some
hills
water
of
join
flood
the
THE
and
to
tales
flood.
box,
bird
had
the
to
the
was
dugong,
that
took
of
the
by
the
and
rest,
even
OF
into
opportunity
forms
to
of
nights
and
sort
the
people,
of
"Mosa,"
marvelous
STORY
went
each
the
neglected
THE
days
family
pair
one
who
forty
and
story
OF
characters
"No,"
them
all
their
VERSION
When
them
Like
have
they
of
some
adventure.
primitive,
prominent
"Sulaiman,"
around
fabulous
Noah
the
"Ibrahim,"
"Yaktib,"
woven
TIIE
all
Testament,
"liaud,"
have
PHILIPPINES.
but
called
IN
by
great,
the
and
MOKO
Moros
good,
LEGEND.
Isa,
and
was
very
man
power-
"
506
the
immediate
the
beyond
of
authority
The
Moros
recent
years
The
Zamboanga,
the
an
effort
of
the
the
unhoalthiness
many
eighty
service
the
Isabel,
of
The
Moros
Yakan
or
they
dato
Their
Tagal,
present
whose
San
at
name
the
was
been
Ramon,
site
of
Pedro
near
of
of
iiasilan,
military
model
Cucvas,
acquired
of
of
under
had
who
sented
repre-
character
had
the
the
the
depot
down
planned
man,
regime
circum-
Visayan,
to
the
or
penal
which
Zamboanga,
farm.
enviable
un-
of
Spanish
is yet,
sent
laws
an
curious
very
probably
and
death-trap.
Malamaui.
close
check
was,
criminal
settlement
at
in
held
were
natural
MOEOS.
with
disregard
the
towards
but
God,
the
capital
Basilan
for
reputation
the
Nevertheless,
AN
the
post,
of
of
of
disease,
to
at
willingly.
islet called
neighboring
the
the
was
the
force.
YAK
THE
another
had
Spaniards
on
AKD
village
from
with
in
feature
veritable
the
it
embraced
BASILAN
At
of
invested
was
soldiers
than
in
account
on
casualties, due
cent,
Moros
still
more
climate,
the
per
is
and
Sulu.
the
fort
be,
to
the
years
crusade,
old
nominal.
resulted
at
among
posts
(axes,
pay
Irihnio
authorities
of
to
garrison
post
the
proved
of
negligence
the
entire
these
merely
was
collect
to
Spanish
It
man
compelled
where
town.
For
white
never
earliest
of
neighborhood
the
were
annihilation
as
PHILIITINES.
THE
The
escape
is
convict,
with
"
SWAY
STRANGE
of
two
fields
his
fellow
Spanish
carbine
they
officer
in
with
which
their
the
house
of
come
out
and
his
at
the
bed
alacrity
and
Pedro
shot
carbine
that
the
before
place
Yak
dead.
him
the
upon
THE
the
before
the
STRANGE
SWAY
glad
were
hut
with
unequal
his
weapon
then
turned
with
such
install
to
of
out
very
use
villagers
they
fallen
convict
assembling
his
to
never
rolled
was
to
called
was
from
could
an
The
daybreak
of
combat
and
village
chieftain
and,
landing,
Pedro
emerged
soon
keeper,
shop-
On
invitation
an
of
day
tliey needed,
whom
the
The
the
Chinese
nearest
upon
and
and
shield.
for
one,
Ayala,
to
Basilan.
the
Such
Moro,
coast
what
to
to
once
fight.
by
of
over
dato,
declined
the
murdered
store
crossed
boat,
they proceeded
with
the
taking
away,
night following
the
they
plundered
lanee
followed
on
Here
the
killed
guard,
got
in
work
them.
coup.
securing
and
507
at
their
charge,
readied
they
Whilst
overcame
immediately
They
FOREIGNER.
prisoners.
day
one
OF
his
effect
him
in
data.
OF
FOREIGNER
OVER
MORO
COMMUNITY.
after
another
for
bravery
the
Moros,
time
subdued
Pedro
Dato
he
maintained
had
and
and,
for
rapidly
which
rule
established
equal
charmed
control
with
neighboring
of
was
having
practical
his
the
an
of
villages
a
(ho
iron
In
entire
hand
reputation
influence
life.
and
one
with
a
short
island.
He
hundreds
"
508
PHILIPPINES.
THE
of
stories
told
are
of
slightest opposition
death.
visitor
One
which
ridden
his
friend
in
the
the
as
he
mount
Pedro
in
leash
by
the
a
chieftain
being
ado
more
shot
his
presented
realized
friendly
on
the
excellent
vantage
ad-
island
the
with
terms
selves.
them-
pardoned
were
the
with
terms
the
of
State
the
with
inhabitants
unruly
against
on
himself
who
Isabel,
man
crimes
lived
he
just
it, and
and
ingratiate
at
having
His
and
saddle
the
to
authorities
of
held
in
sat
contrived
Spanish
without
affirmative,
horse,
had
The
have
to
visitor.
the
to
like
that
a
village
house.
would
if he
answered
rider
Pedro's
Daio
to
is
admire
to
nearby
ate
immedi-
stories
happened
from
with
met
similar
many
Moro
up
asked
of
wishes
The
practices.
despotic
his
to
Zamboanga
from
upon
his
resident
governor.
The
island
the
to
domination
full
of
fact
but
belief
the
of
of
turbulent
that
he
was
Philippines
have
of
the
bands
to
attempt
highly
The
from
be
probably
that
of
of
only
in
to
everywhere
believe
lives.
Almost
and
enjoy
a
one
is
not
an
measure
degree
The
harm.
this
over
arms,
fire-
possessed
grealer
impervious
siich
in
them
much
man
due
was
among
iulisanas
injure
administration
remarkable
Moros
charmed
dangerous
acts
this
that
all
to
their
natives
certain
the
dividuals
in-
leaders
distinction.
To
only useless,
but
foolhardy.
of
barbarity,
General
was
Arolas,
characterized
though
by
the
free
un-
"
THE
in
to
who
only Spaniard
order
the
among
their
the
of
people
The
the
ing, however,
understand
can
of
sign
of
which
idle
fulfillment.
His
talk,
order
In
Arolas'
day,
and
Colony,
white
that
they
would
not
that
to
shed
who
street
sand
be
done
had
once
issued
leaves
cigar
promptly
an
stub
fined
or
and
story
of
native
A
paper
not
wont
day
forbidding
streets.
day,
was
the
covered
twice
twice
scrap
tween
be-
Spanish
were
Governor
order
lowed
fol-
in
town
under
week."
his
\ipon
of
sure
slave.
or
streets
done
not
His
inevitably
cleanest
the
Arolas
threats.
was
regularly swept
were
a 8
that
cleanest
The
as
construe
little distinction
the
the
people
ill,was
or
daio
was
it, but,
it
their
was
and
needed
he
threw
Sulu
anywhere.
"if
declare,
made
brown,
probably
administration
with
Ho
and
men
good
denote
appreciation
no
feeble
or
disobeyed
by punishment.
white
as
unruly
term
learned
soon
it entailed
whether
promise,
have
invariably
They
in
the
These
respect
they
they
weakness.
indulged
never
hut
juslioe, but
kindness,
with
men
hint
some
the
"papa,"
Arolas
affection,
not
two
islands.
called
Moros
was
maintaining
these
afford
dealing
of
means
southern
of
may
former
in
methods
spheres
effective
the
as
succeeded
the
509
AROLAS.
and,
ever
Moros,
respective
most
Pedro,
of
flinching severity
the
OF
RULE
MASTERFUL
to
it
soon
was
the
white
upon
rent
cur-
trees
man
the
thrashed.
"
510
PHILIPPINES.
THE
The
wide
by
laid
are
cement
of
trace
Spaniards,
the
building
the
of
present
dered
bor-
trees,
right angles.
loft
was
and
it
shade
at
town
and
brick,
with
and
ancient
took
walls
defensive
the
1878,
in
to
preparatory
lined
uniformity
exact
sidewalks,
ample
and
gutters
with
out
Scarcely
and
thoroughfares
when
cleared
the
town,
with
redoubts
and
site
its
block-
lliHW'S.
SULU.
MODERN
Sulu
centre
of
capital
was
and
the
was
of
the
several
public
substantial
with
has
been
it is
and
than
only
few
Moros
and
hundred
coast,
to
They
and
who
nipa
absent.
of
the
painted
are
the
used
for
For
the
troops.
in
merchandise,
roof
There
stone
come
the
certain
on
large
market
constructed.
good
beautiful
anchorage
one
the
south
to-day.
entirely
quarter
sized
hundred,
salubrious
The
to
produce
is
of
hut
of
recently
Sulu
is
the
native
appearance
buildings
and
purposes
residence
and
the
the
on
ealsomine,
dwelling
Sultans
capture
islands.
with
accommodation
days
his
northern
Filipino
its
unfamiliar
an
treated
or
the
are
have
from
white,
has
the
Maibun
to
Sultan
houses
visitor
After
transferred
the
of
capital
Morodom.
here
The
ancient
military post
only
little
four
of
with
whom
Moros,
are
place, enjoying
lation
popu-
good
water
runs
more
climate.
is
good
yards
and
into
pier
stone
the
sea,
with
light-
"
"
Oriental
;vy
them
thus*
women
burdens
their
upon
an
upright
of
and
the
J'
heads,
graceful
"
"
house
the
at
IS
MORO
THE
and
Singapore
The
trade.
of
hands
of
is
work
it
as
soon
the
and
with
creatures
The
collection
have
declared
and
quantities
in
is
of
pearl-oyster
miles,
the
an
present
and
sea-produce,
these
it
is
time.
absolutely
the
attack
the
the
development
suited
area
fifteen
approximates
of
large
bed
to
than
more
of
demand
the
perfect
most
the
of
the
large
in
secured
the
where
judges
extension.
great
are
ia
Archipelago
competent
of
capable
waters,
for
extent
remain
at
are
Sulu
the
of
mother-of-pearl
that
said
the
are
can
and
in
plunge
with
knife.
exist
It
often
men
but
sharks,
in
dive
minutes
is
home
and
and
only
kindly
at
are
world,
encounter
that
Pearls
all
at
The
several
the
and
swim
arid
the
principal industry
the
takes
confidence.
for
will
SEA.
THE
Children
in
surface
frequently
fearless
he
walk,
can
divers
the
OF
water.
and
ease
expert
They
the
in
entirely
amphibian
an
which
they
remarkable
under
almost
to
with
most
interishmd
large
almost
is
MAN
IS
MORO
connected
as
with
Chinese.
Moro
kind
doing
business
export
THE
The
and
Manila,
erable
consid-
of
port
communication
direct
having
consequence,
is
511
SEA.
THE
OF
Sulu
it, for
of
end
MAN
mollusks.
of
growth
thousand
sufficient
whole
ditions
con-
the
square
to
supply
world
for
mother-of-pearl.
The
search
for
pearls
ia
very
precarious
occupa-
"
612
THE
tion, and
the
tally
that
dollars.
shell
of
devoid
the
the
and
it
hand,
is
said
discovered
since,
hut
it
worth
single pearl
years
oyster
product.
bivalves,
other
few
dental
inci-
merely
certain
more
yield
not
it
thousand
On
Englishman,
an
the
five
did
they
consider
of
of
kept
twenty-five
that
divers
collection
was
found
was
Moro
the
to
PHILIPPINES.
holding
sixty-five
pearls.
THE
"There
to
the
that
are
ORIGIN
have
the
the
obtained
amongst
the
of
formed
the
found
part
to
rid
itself
to
this
in
shape,
of
the
of
is
substance
the
human
in
theory,
stunted
encysts
because
in
of
them
growth,
find
however,
is caused
which
the
caused
by
the
in
foreign
that
bearing
lends
shells
excrescences,
until
same
bodies
comparatively
the
tion
secre-
layers,
much
by
pearl
the
excites
pearl-fishers
they
were
with
idea,
concentric
encysted,
they
at
connection
in
which
theory
world
new
irritation
renders
experience
in
which
this
thought
oyster
body
and
and
formation
an
matter,
therein,
The
the
states
raindrops
the
they
foreign body
some
nacreous
as
of
as
author
prevailing
that
is
the
foreign
manner
natives
on
of
presence
the
scientists
effort
of
pearls,
The
.
is
into
as
advanced
ancient
petrified dewdrops
sunbeams.
an
One
the
Columbus,
from
amongst
theories
receive
converted
afterwards
time
to
PEARL.
of
pearl.
rises
oyster
THE
all sorts
been
of
origin
OP
bedded
em-
less.
harm-
weight
irregular
or
"
shell
having
likely
Sultan
some
of
the
waters
Sulu
his
with
in
the
the
owner
moat
From
potentate,
found
from
time
time,
to
specimens
rare
their
of
secured
world,
the
the
have
treasury
been
always
territory.
own
low
ran
haw
pearls
finest
of
his
from
of
the
funds
as
arc
parasites,
by
yield pearls."
to
The
coml.H'd
honey
613
INDUSTRY.
MOTHER-OF-PEARL
London
to
way
Paris.
and
Sultan,
The
hox
after
full
his
in
of
pearls
of
extraordinary
recovered
sold
few
pilgrimage
a
The
hard,
greatly
silvery,
to
the
commercial
of
the
Sulu
this
bringing
region
great
as
to
fine
ranks
the
price
coat,
is
The
pearl.
the
defray
be
must
SULU.
which
adds
especially
teristic
charac-
mother-of-pearl,
highest
in
the
hundred
nine
as
his
collection.
OF
iridescent
value,
but
stolen
the
lie
INDUSTRY
MOTHER-OF-PEARL
THE
order
very
sess
pos-
value,
of
Mecca.
to
of
possessor
in
to
Subsequently
portion
known
was
disappeared.
they
his
the
present
from
1879,
1882
of
expenses
at
in
successor
and
gems,
died
death
and
3on
who
too,
market,
dollars
ton.
chief
The
material
ornamental
and
the
was
the
of
sources
the
chief
Sulu
are
of
centre
its transfer
world's
Torres
to
the
this
of
Until
trade
the
British
supply
of
Strait, Western
Archipelago.
short-sighted policy
forced
the
the
Colonial
port
1886
this
tralia,
Aus-
Manila
Orient,
but
Oovcrnment
of
Singapore.
"
THE
614
The
is
through
years
worth
the
from
in
London,
and
worked
is
one
fact,
past
of
the
of
that
the
the
material
small
The
of
shipped
American
raw
States
than
British
the
to
factories.
consideration,
United
more
bands
it. is
in
up
in
States
territory, but
American
whence
no
United
condition.
into
consumed
the
of
abnormal
an
Singapore
business
by
in
derived
is
States
trade
present
product
PHILIPPINES.
one
has
as
for
million
is
thia
terial
ma-
passes
porters
im-
United
The
proved
several
dollars'
annually.
"
VITAL
ISSUES.
"
"
518
is, to
those
eligible
of
cent,
per
of
the
which
of
plank
be
members
leading
America
in
ordered
and
desire
its
them
of
majority
wealthy
the
second
the
pelago
Archi-
the
and
Territory
veloped
de-
people
in
force
under
the
foundation
the
islauds.
of
Filipinos,
and
of
them
In
five
a
the
themselves,
provincial
genernl
the
provincial
were
the
Americans
civil
to
governor
was
not
was
people
officers
to
were
under
came
and
ernments
govare
in
tirely
en-
elect
pointed.
apthe
government
increased
was
which
sassination
as-
government
selected
central
of
guerrillas,
and
left
great
fear
sovereignty,
was
other
law.
of
their
to
educated,
"
protect
present
It
Certain
commission
islands
-the
wellable
were
provincial government
The
civil-seevice
to
American
autonomous.
governor.
people
municipal
the
The
the
by
as
up
the
in
overcoming
inlimidation
such
now
with
and
just
They
town
every
who,
making
in
establish
to
had
party
sympathized
always
respectable
people"
together
the
under
the
Federal
the
there.
in
and
joined
and
as
first, as
of
government
with
unite
that,
1 party,
era
peace
self-government,
received,
Americanistas
been
was
of
State.
The
election
I'e d
States;
hope
of
coiirse
might
as
United
the
the
which
15
organization
second
the
of
expressed
the
in
then
of
The
formed
was
plank
sovereignty
the
after
hardly
constitute
population.
Then, too,
main
who
vote,
began
the
party
to
total
governments
McKinley.
n
PHILIPPINES.
THE
by
subsequently
the
three
ap-
"
ORDER
pointed,
who
did
have
not
in
the
was
the
veto
of
quasi
passed
wag
powers
considerably
will
form
until,
and
enlarged
branch
under
and
will
of
had
action
elected
act
an
been
and
extended.
be
the
by
which
government
by Congressional
assembly
one
done
was
Commander-in-Chief,
the
confirmed
popular
this
but
resided
power
government
July, 1902,
in
commission,
That
All
as
military
formed
act
War.
519
the
of
power.
MeKinley
EDUCATION.
member
Secretary
President
was
AND
that
By
in
law-making
ita
and
1006,
of
power
the
islands.
The
Iadronism.
of
to
with
under
in
constabularyii as
reduced
ever
has
it
The
of
the
had
so
or
next
educational
thing
which
and
system,
imported
children,
and
and
to
and
has
almost
was
sent
exercise
done
by
over
the
rection
insur-
islands.
its
abuses,
work
so
task
of
wholly
only
on
suppressing
by Filipinos.
to
establish
American
the
in
lions
mil-
many
called
thousand
the
nuisance
the
been
was
each
(5,500,
the
remarkable
The
done
of
defects
occupied
instances.
been
less
of
done
army
of
history
its
has
The
four
has
the
in
scouts,
close
to
islands
many
ladrones
were
it
people.
three
The
the
has
whole
the
on
policing
in
in
sary
neces-
Numbering
the
t.adkonism
constabulary
but
after
been
it became
Philippine
3,500
years
suppression
constabulary
officers.
of
two
this
native
American
the
was
do
to
of
assistance
the
than
force
done
was
order
In
create
province
which
thing
next
islands
beneficent
an
ers
teachto
teach
influence
"
PHILIPPINES.
THE
520
that
teachers,
from
There
that
tho
who
people
in
system
is
the
the
have
the
short
Government
of
are
now
of
the
FOK
normal
at
study
expect
to
we
will
who
fill the
getting
in
training
of
ranks
able
be
(lie
to
schools
teachers
that
when
he
in
no
youth
the
English
students
we
with
less
than
Filipino
child
English
and
learning
is
of
We
teachers
every
education,
is
sources
Filipino
to
little,
part
in
these
so
or
preparing
are
From
of
elementary
an
of
Filipino
offer
means
the
100
the
Filipinos,
study,
of
send
hut
Contempt.
we
Filipino
America.
in
shall
but
the
English.
There
cent,
per
plishing
accom-
islands,
on
Or
10
age,
We
English-speaking
decade
about
of
the
English,
SHEERS
school
schools.
to
year
of
number
large
very
only
learn
attempt
say
teaching
learn
to
not
are
are
to
cational
edu-
the
do
we
in
as
the
THEIK
teaching
islands
time
say
been
teach
to
JUSTIFICATION
do
We
not
among
of
and
desire
people
quite contemptuous
are
results.
who
so
criticism
but
uable
val-
most
exercise
to
Philippines,
perfect,
is
education.
high esteem,
and
there
were
which
able
are
substantial
persons
that
considerable
system
English,
Certain
who
in
been
very
people
of
government,
hold
has
the
almoners
as
and
of
adapted
to
studying
learn
the
trades.
The
the
eagerness
Filipino
finds
with
its
which
cause
English
in
the
is
badge
studied
of
by
equality
"
PUBLIC
the
which
regime
efforts
our
desire
system
to
rid
get
of
in
English
must
it
is
in
islands
brake
the
90
to
islands
and
hope
be
given
education,
and
it
judgment
that
if
to
in
do
so
order,
order,
for
appropriation
construction
short
have
we
in
the
of
of
the
gkow
and
come
be-
up
speak
English.
of
preparation
kind
of
shall
he
any
there
wo
are
in
to
the
receive
the
fact
to
islands
under
from
the
and
of
we
the
the
not
can-
lic
pub-
construct
was
longer.
Indeed,
which
$1,000,000
or
mentary
ele-
that
people
generation
the
an
self-government,
act
in
people
this
upon
islands.
roads,
we
to
attempted
first
but
ignorant
is
for
of
children,
which
duty
our
them
prepare
them
for
chance
pinos
Fili-
of
cent,
per
improvements
the
popular,
teach
the
teach
Islands
in
of
stay
only
the
to
such
preparing
are
shall
Philippine
that
them
the
essential
in
teach
can
adults
for
hardly
childbew
the
discharge
expect
the
We
masses
reason
agree
cannot
can
the
felt
its
short
We
through
finds
we
We
the
contempt
which
islands.
Under
by
with
year.
of
should
the
in
that
thb
the
the
islands.
self-government
that
first
the
absolutely
of
safety
Next
the
before
permanent
found
in
Spanish
Filipinos
as
until
people
the
of
thoroughly
men
the
the
generation.
wait
Now,
that
inconsistent
English
English
fear
education
States
United
of
521
constitutes.
study
educate
to
probably
is
the
favored.
not
offered
opportunity
Spanish
was
IMPROVEMENTS.
it
comes
passed
treasury
control
of
was
for
the
"
THE
522
PHILIPPINES.
This
military government.
economically
aa
and
not
doubt
has
the
But
country.
macadamized
the
that
it
effect
roads
it does
dreadful
for
all
the
caused
good
tropics
much
to
is
so
keep
due
due
taxes
and
necessarily
authorities
upon
road
in
pair
re-
the
and
death
the
this
to
the
destructive
the
to
rinderpest,
from
in
rains
torrential
the
as
governor,
original construction;
local
local
the
depression,
cattle
of
failure
of
aa
its
military
considerable
in
agricultural
nearly
have
done
requires nearly
as
the
possible by
expended
was
money
of
quent
conse-
depression,
neglect
to
the
repairs.
The
Commission
contracted
spend
to
of
half
been
the
but
We
is true.
left
anybody
work
at
had
we
the,
that
understand
Cebu.
It
the
unsettled
from
work
if you
It
do
is
have
not
attract
difficult
the
money
to
inducing
has
and
tractors,
con-
many
and
the
an
country
not
the
by
even
former
contractors
many
secure
the
taken
in
that
are
when
leaving
Since
capital,
but
in
understood,
there
little
very
conditions
abroad.
even
is
where
bids,
contractor
Englishman,
Philippines,
there
be
must
active, enterprising
like
work.
has
expended.
succeeded
not
Iloilo
been
for
about
Colquhoun
and
yet
not
struction
con-
and
Mr.
Cebu
advertised
undertake
to
islands
has
have
islands
the
for
has
the
Manila,
Iloilo.
money
appropriated
This
and
in
more
at
Cebu
at
that
complains
works
and
millions
two
millions
two
port
million
expended
has
the
will.
doing
of
Millions
"
"
"
sire
being
now
we
can
millions
more
The
in
the
will
be
in
and
other
which
take
to
COURT
OF
of
the
instance, numbering
the
judges
entire
Archipelago,
bringing
the
to
administration
no
of
part
one
take
justly
of
more
organization
its
difficultybecause
Spanish
English
into
ignorance
of
than
of
the
has
the
the
Spanish,
and
Filipino
the
the
well,
of
judges
think
which
we
judiciary,
with
English,
of
of
the
part
covering
interpreting
because
of
which
surrounded
of
with
courts
work
be.
in
been
into
the
their
in
necessity
language
and
JUDGES
American,
should
sit.
judges
and
government
pride
created
understanding
an
justice
the
and
fifteen, in
part
natives
favorably
compare
doing
people
natives,
for
courts
States,
are
ers
foreign-
the
view,
have
we
which
FlLIPINO
and
establish
that
American
now
native
are
and
will
judges
court
be
THREE
first
the
society
is to
against
this
native
supreme
while
to
roads,
and
in
Court,
should
any
is
roads.
rail-
of
wagon
done
lie heard
courts
both
American
the
construct
proposed
was
could
SUPREME
are
that
sure
economical
more
have
States
declined
in
courts
the
am
business
we
It
United
the
We
only.
of
construction
much
it is to
which
Americans
that
four
is
the
revolutionize
system.
is called
The
it
than
thing
judiciary
and
spent
is,
will
third
what
legislation
if
and
islands.
The
a
roads,
on
requisite
truth
railroads
and
islands
the
the
railroads
construct
in
spent
secure
523
JUDICIARY.
THE
and
and
what
there
may
and
great
from
from
necessary
American
pro-
"
and
cedure,
the
of
judges
much
We
disturbed
not
law
stantive
of
the
and
mortgage,
adopted
of
It
is
of
itself
few
crimes
is
their
by
United
and
the
jury.
the
to
prevent
to
civil
extended
right
Now,
to
have
to
made
justice.
by
general
code.
criminal
the
arms
been
the
in
and
and
people,
A
exigencies
from
abuse
an
provisions
Mr.
were
which,
McKinley
the
by
to
ponent
op-
therein.
the
press
these
of
included
bear
of
LIMITATIONS,
confirmation
rights
his
keep
The
meet
the
all
Ihit
nical
tech-
so
political offenses
been
added
place
California
adapted
has
the
adopted
Congress
to
of
people
of
the
Bill
of
Rights,
the
the
right
frequently
the
have
was
to
effective.
well
instructions
their
States,
the
been
which
the
CONSTITUTIONAL
of
and
Root,
all
have
THE
virtue
be
in
We
vestibule
follows
change
privileges.
WITHIN
the
sub-
the
civil,
take
to
lawyer
in
quite
the
codes.
Spain, eliminating
ladronism,
of
ably
reason-
embraced
is
procedure
to
seems
substantial
no
have
were
procedure,
Otis,
and
winch
acute
of
religious offenses,
and
system
slightest
which
forever
General
the
procedure,
an
code
simple,
code
of
enable
to
criminal
order
of
code
stamping
The
the
could
commercial
code
Spanish
as
of
the
civil
in
islands,
chief
the
codes,
the
than
the
expected.
have
civil
American
and
overcome,
smoothly
more*
been
been
the
nevertheless
lawj
substantive
have
to
seem
works
of
civil
of
ignorance
necessary
the
obstacles
of
PHILIPPINES.
THE
524
to
asked
Mr.
the
islands
cept
ex-
trial
by
in
let-
"
RIGHTS.
PERSONAL
from
ters
whether
secured
to
they
it. is true
the
still
not
rule?
With
to
right
mentioned
of
trial
that
apply
by
will
Bill
and
jury
he
if
the
Islands.
the
like,
Bights,
right
to
his
right
of
the
province
is
every
the
save
it will
first
say
Islands
bear
to
noyances
an-
Spanish
preservation
of
the
assert
the
are
and
Philippine
for
about
rights
surveillance
should
the
court
civil
under
and
in
Philippine
the
this
to
in
the
to
of
to
the
encountered
they
respect
entitled
of
subject
inhabitant
any
all
that
inhabitants
which
that
resident
suspicious individuals,
Boston,
Are
525
right
and
arms,
secured
he
to
him.
It
be
may
hidronism
is
times
at
in
habeas
martial
else
it is
not
people
arrested
My
answer
to
the
is
fact.
that
of
exhibition
and
nation
force
in
as
being
and
the
ignorant
the
instigators
people,
is
question
and
its
is asked
independence
of
and
be
prosecution
from
the
the
whether
the
free
the
and
islands
Bill
man
by
and
flag
the
is
diers
solican
Amer-
tion
invita-
an
by
government
suppression
of
Manila
American
killed,
against
violation
no
In
by violence,
violence
Are
plays?
American
and
upon,
overwhelmed
as
been.
the
the
asked,
is
seditious
have
which
spit
represented
are
The
play
necessary
Everywhere
true.
question
they
where
suspend
to
exhibiting
is that
upoh
stamped
to
for
Cavite,
been
and
is not
the
Now,
of
it has
law
this
corpus,
the
that
ingrained
so
declare
to
of
writ
that
by
of
of
arrest
Rights.
may
peaceable
persecution
advocate
means
by
the
"
THE
526
My
Government.
a
the
party-
PHILIPPINES.
Nationalist
the
is
do
insurrecto,
not
that
the
is
this
he
incident
country
is
by peaceable
we
relieve
the
have
history.
she
of
Urdaneta,
little
very
the
influence
of
friction
islands
the
Spanish
secret
pendence,
indereau
bubut
in
that
he
not
can-
pendence
inde-
advocating
she
islands
out
of
of
of
the
their
in
of
islands.
Spain's
five
when
1564,
much
too
the
tain
cer-
religious
sovereignty
by
to
fleet
friars, including
the
under
but
from
commander
it is not
by force,
could,
we
the
islands
assumed
and
friars
as
Angustinian
to
the
over
say
control
peaceful
orders
With
that
and
exertions
the
cans,
Domini-
"
Recoletos,
men
of
these
for
centuries
to
make
gave
of
the
service
suffices
far
as
the
The
and
in
citizenship
for
in
Jesuits.
people.
even
military
Augustinians,
three
pected
sus-
surveillance,
to
It
over
brought
were
not
the
possession
Archipelago,
whole
by
growing
five
take
fo
not,
situation
as
ships, -and
five
advocacy
means.
took
Legaspi
sent
able
peace-
membership
which
factors
Spain
by
of
his
attempted,
political
disturbing
say
convicted
or
whose
where
in
FREE.
not
that
is
in
plank
loud
from
prosecuted
Next
to
subjected
be
police,
an
be
may
There
may.
"
suspected
is
he
independence
mean
one
physical-force party,
of
of
obtaining
means.
that
party
"
platform
that
is
answer
They
them
taught
other
Franciscans,
religious
orders
Christians
them
instruction.
the
of
arts
Until
of
and
labored
the
pino
Fili-
ture
agriculthe
nine-
"
TIIICFRIAIt
teenth
natives
by
natives'
rights.
Before
and
up
the
of
feeling
when
the
Suez
became
taxes
Filipinos,
and
young
of
educated
liberty
The
in
sentiments.
the
brought
were
Philippine
limit
no
with
duty
their
of
shown
in
number
and
the
were
300
were
against
revolution
killed
by
of
the
imprisoned
of
government
in
opposition
priests
and
1808,
people
and
as
civil
of
such
and
whose
loving
islands
and
civilization.
was
when
and
to
the
engendered
was
friars
the
use
opinion,
the
the
ment.
govern-
to
the
those
higher
tions
concep-
glad
self-sacrifice
for
have
to
hostility
Christianized
people
vengeance
together
of
The
prosecution
that
against
utmost
had
and
was
and
people
knew
spirit
it
abused.
was
their
creased,
in-
hospitality
were
in
this,
greatly
administration
authorities
and
iards
Span-
of
the
began
detection
Hence
friars
to
reactionary
were
instruments
which
and
better
Spanish
friars, who
tlie
Filipino
grew
to
were
and
hy
rectorships
horoes
offices
freely offered,
so
for
Added
opened
heavier,
filled
clergy
native
rivalry
the
orders
there
however,
the
islands,
of
their
partly
islands.
was
the
he
to
their
the
into
the
over
protection
natives
between
of
out
Canal
to
sincere
century,
throughout
came
the
last
jealousy
friars, growing
parishes
their
hierarchy
the
During
527
gny.it control
received
they
permitted
the
in
of
reason
1800
natives.
exercised
they
century
LANDS.
subjected
tion
devopared
pre-
The
sufficiently
40
the
decessors
pre-
of
their
insurgents
to
all
sorts
"
528
indignities
of
American
best
acres
caused
the
the
land
did
Courts
the
of
resort
general
of
unpopular
A
seemed
basis
and
Vatican,
of
banks
price
for
necessary
of
accompaniment
much
to
has
the
be
been
the
last
sulted
re-
followed
the
of
the
cal.
criti-
was
this
reached
tion
ques-
the
and
lauds
;
borrowed
of
the
description
purchase
the
from
with
the
in
the
negotiation
December
been
desired,
reduced
of
upon
perfecting
have
upon
was
year
has
rents
1898.
situation
agreement
made
purchase
the
undertaken.
was
right
instance
consultation
fixed
was
awaiting
islands
of
after
price
purchase
it
the
1903.
the
must
have
The
for
and
wise,
general
orders.
Rome
to
from
would
at
of
only
one.
to
had
rents
people
110,000
1896
rents
title
serious
very
not
and
their
rents,
friars
such
There
religious
visit
islands
collect
to
some
the
for
judgments.
eviction
the
the
tenants,
from
collection,
also
attempt
in
for
but
just accruing
and
opened
them
to
rents
any
it
orders
religious
their
became
clear,
then
of
of
400,000
their
among
collection
collect
not
of
the
by
the
by
public feeling
ownership
revolt
the
released
of
state
isi.ANits
being
were
this
the
agrarian
question
the
that
in
an
They
to
Tn
surprising
until
suffering
anil
troops.
is not
to
PHILIPPINES.
THE
of
number
of
the
is
titles
and
the
land.*
lands
of
something
tract
con-
for
money
and
the
the
in
the
the
veys
sur-
As
and
friars
over
erred
in
an
sult
re-
the
1,000
to
tin?
"
530
PHILIPPINES.
THE
have
be
them
accepted by
the
immediate
with
will
civil
do
to
we
essential
thai
in
our
issue
and
into
of
their
fitness
the
the
the
the
for
plans
the
do
to
ofiices
with
the
but
islands,
that
States,
plan
that
of
we
is
now
is
to
set
the
present
education
the
of
agree
readily
may
not
my
that
out
idea
we
of
are
is
fix
is
wholly
of
the
the
at
then
time
for
of
islands.
fault.
islands,
if
if
as
certainly
even
and
in
Filipinos
if
one
fill its
abandon
to
the
purpose,
United
the
If
all
to
it is, our
The
wc
the
thrust
wane,
that
and
duty
the
in
it
going,
government
but
government,
must
the
promise
as
conservative,
in
ment,
move-
have
the
follows
intelligent Filipinos,
one
needs
of
it is
The
self-government
fail.
must
education
move
most
gradual
self-government
wishes
in
and
possible,
conservative,
future
tion,
educa-
it, then
as
must
and
them
to
for
along.
it
construction
interest
of
part
far
as
help
for
of
of
begun,
extending
part
success,
immediate
the
will, then
Now,
self-government
assist,
intelligent
politics, and
one
of
art
should
have
opportunity
an
the
be
to
the
to
as
them
they
them.
we
of
good,
should
they
order
of
support
that
plan
people
mislead
by exercising
government,
in
in
with
hut
unpalatable,
not
must
learning
of
control
on
Rut
this
political
the
willl
speak
must
we
be
may
liberty, of giving
and
it, it
for
independence
of
promise
truth
right
are
trying
fitted
are
Filipinos,
the
it.
accept
we
as
The
truth.
exact
they
future.
Dealing
if
when
independence
leave
moment
in
the
"
OF
iESTION
few
proposed,
years
and
the
regarded
aide,
as
and
will
existed
under
in
Now,
of
to
return
which
such
the
with
to
vested
to
If
change.
then
and
that
this
The
in
much
the
declarations
heard
the
of
is
in
favor
to
most
of
fit
and
it said
subject
real
the
be
to
It
over.
made,
is
difference
who
by people
who
with
government
and
the
not
not
see
the
and
They
are
have
did
of
view
fundamental.
for
oppose
they
ference
dif-
between
conventions
those
liberty
invite
absolute
an
independence
for
of
and
ought
the
from
self-government,
for
that
unwise
away
of
islands
to
aliens
to
conditional
people
wisdom
is the
Aguinaldo
an
people,
government
the
between
ment,
govern-
and
me
ence
pres-
necessary
well-ordered
the
wean
petition
petition
difference
favor
the
waytion
condi-
the
is
promise
the
that
when
islands
declaration
point
on
the
are
turn
difference
great
of
of
to
I have
present
the
the
the
to
he
to
by
made
the
independence
of
signers.
any
of
signers
thought
the
such
cease
fall
things,
seems
by
people
ought
we
promise
it
will
that
agree,
on
the
the
in
rigliisto
discussion
of
sustain
which
go,
Aguinaldo.
issue
of
be
will
received
will
will
rapidly
and
an
importance
them
education
interests,
introduce
has
presence,
States
civil
secure
531
teachers
which
condition
order
independence
the
United
maintain
to
their
benefit,
American
English,
from
impetus
an
of
study
the
INDEPENDENCE.
ers
signmine.
really
gloss
of
constitutional
"
freedom
will
of
1-hr; bill
and
have
never
that,
taught
to
in
or
twenty
in
in
the
enabling
Saxon
of
bringing
in
important
world
civil
where
My
people.
To
have
secured
civil
liberty,
will
turn
will
be
The
government
who
involve
any
upon
such
the
in
of
that
us
them
nasty
the
is
of
for
disaster
as
is
reside
of
is
policy
that
we
who
differ
of
that
liberty
few.
and
petition
be
the
it
we
them
to
with
the
to
or
the
done,
our
civil
seems
job
of
minority,
which
discharge
bad
principles
extending
job.
Anglo-
have
we
small
signers
with
rid
first, in thinking
imposed
of
stand
getting
what
political control
and
lost
the
opponents
to
over
the
succinctly,
contending
are
islands
the
standpoint
others
the
and
other,
benefit
matter
gradually
are
result
establish
the
portant
im-
people
with
the
portant
im-
people,
each
in
is
the
of
one
the
drink
Filipinos, by
we
opponents
our
these
touch
standpoint
What
and
effect
should
and
control.
political
in
the
to
ence
experi-
among
into
state
political
understand
shall
they
liberty.
Filipino
them
learn,
to
are
as
of
to
and
whom
of
Knglish
solidarity
people
favor
suggest.
education
of
cent,
some
others
of
difficult
so
any
as
in
am
themselves,
per
without
as
the
creating
90
years,
govern
lesson,
learning
steps
in
five
years,
the
regard
to
such
to-day,
in
whatever,
say,
how
people
grossly ignorant
whatever.
force
verily believe,
rights, which,
people
assume
be
can.
of
any
the
teaching
I cannot
is
PHILIPPINES.
THE
532
that
of
cently
de-
with
them
duty
which
is
prophesied.
going
It
to
is
"
THE
said
that
it
absolutism
As
long
of
Islands
develop,
a
desire
to
desire
to
the
it
rid
of
in
of
it
his
in
of
be
islands,
It
the
leads
Filipino
the
to
give
is
with
such
people
their
Filipinos
their
men
before
rid
into
the
get
to
of
the
pines,
Philip-
anxiety
finds
people,
ing
deriv-
Philippine
control
of
the
for
the
American
to
association
will
over
heroine
anxiety
in
who,
character,
may
distrust
dently
evi-
government,
the
financial
up
so
urge
years
Senator
American
and
who
anxiety
Their
hell.
that
fit the
however
get
association
from
willing
that
to
commercial
government.
people
foar
the
to
is said
unconsciously
.States
desire
earnest
of
expense
this
their
of
"sentimental"
themselves
United
THEM
advantage
never
Tn
help,
our
few
frame
go.
of
altruism,
Those
agree.
in
will
it
petitioners,
call
islands
it
lions
mil-
the
the
we
eighty
absolutism
Now,
would
if
of
it at
for
not
the
the
of
consigned
Islands
do
the
of
need
sacrifice.
they
let
and
attitude
reason
do
the
expressing
its
and
sufficient
working,
the
who
to
in
What
spirit
the
speak
the
to
spirit
people
and
what
over
think
and
tyranny
abeyance.
is
up
who
be
to
delivery
set
them
politics."
"lunar
in
poor
effort
as
of
authority
the
country
well
those
by
be,
altruistic
or
lift
national
groat
exercise
contrary,
help
spirit
responsible
this
kept
the
on
the
who
are
in
lie
to
533
SITUATION.
country.
those
as
THE
OF
implant
this
people
sure
to
will
in
Philippine
is
LOGIC
get
self-
rid
shall
of
come
be-
profitable.
"
534
THE
Now,
because
heeome
do
feel
the
our
If
it
take
the
and
people
better
relation
danger
hut
of
which
to
our
that
thus
it
might
arise
if
fall
the
the
is
going
such
of
had
an
be
evil
stench
in
that
for
bad.
rights,
ble.
proba-
European
do
ity,
capac-
the
ence
influ-
long
time
not
think
influence.
spoils government
a
and
upon
theie
said
Philippines
will
of
self-government
strain
it is
go
government
to
the
to
is most
case
amount
But
pare
pre-
present
vested
protect
wiser
habits
dwell
not
NOT
it has
become
the
intervening
Government
into
do
set
and
LIKELY
to
people
an
governing
were
the
Filipinos by
limited.
far
the
he
done
revolution, anarchy,
we
in
there
can
maintain
order
event
however
upon
of
intervention
government
of
republics
maintain
such
allowed
years
prepare
is it not
allow
to
and
will
cannot
In
it
five
than
misgovernments?
foreign
If
Filipinos
time
may
thoroughly
the
to
we
thoroughly
popular government,
so-called
sorts
that
of
is
the
should
to
principle
fifty years
or
If
years
for
that
end
certain
all
for
for
the
at
forty
part,
Why
islands?
on
ernment
gov-
take
people
them.
work
our
decent
twenty
or
;\ears
until
staying
will
the
people
independence,
it to
objection
what
have
request
grant
justified,
Filipino
Filipino
leave
to
five
stay
people,
to
will
the
we
the
is
feeling
after
people
impatient
properly
the
which
people
he
wc
in
this
and
educated,
Filipino
American
that
that
sure
there
and
think
not
well
PHILIPPINES.
the
there,
nostrils
I
of
agree
that
everyone,
"
DEVELOPMENT
but
as
OF
of
matter
fact
the
and
judges,
think
it
the
fair
only
Democrats
many
the
fidelity, and
suitable
the
islands,
think
the
Government
worked
the
Filipinos
in
has
the
trial
from
of
the
What
the
is material
at
all)
of
Government
greatly
the
than
more
guiding
the
secure
hand
it
people
need
under
the
under
United
the
brake
of
approval.
and
of
that
if
of
the
the
powers.
ment
govern-
auspices
Capital
the
all,
indeed
(if
government
on
ber
mem-
requisite
States.
under
in
them
slowly
more
value
some
independent
an
their
first
now,
secure
given
of
policy
every
islands,
can
the
government
worthy
will
and
that
the
of
government
it
is
that
the
in
war,
of
make
much
come
been
made
in
in
misleading
the
has
States
government
would
came
United
in
of
put
ing
obtain-
successful
the
and
to
Filipino
development
has
it
with
criticism
injury
of
himself
the
Philippine
is
standard
publicans.
Re-
are
stringent
upon
unwillingly
development
of
people
attacks
beginning,
it strain
the
continuance
because
islands,
While
as
government
fairly
great
perhaps
upholding
the
It
into
about
enforced
is
of
islands,
more
whole
been
their
the
there
as
tirely
en-
politics
difficulty in
the
have
been
are
much
law,
for
agents.
and
is much
we
anti-imperialists
there
men
law,
there
getting competent
criticism
of
govern
personnel
I
appointees
civil-service
while
has
the
that
civil-service
national
535
knowing
say
the
ISLANDS.
government
oilier
to
in
A
than
the
Without
nonpartisan.
all
THE
will
which
United
of
it
the
feel
has
Statea
"
PHILIPPINES.
THE
536
it
than
The
would
cost
to
will
he
and
improvements
for
the
treble
or
Our
of
quadruple
fortunate
is
from
policy
additional
The
more
Filipinos
the
the
islands,
the
islands
those
in
the
hope
and
their
peculiar products
States,
whole
Philippines
it
will
of
into
the
islands
beneficial
is
to
it
the
inviting
and
both.
impracticable,
the
benefit
of
creating
is
which
under
it wild
for
that
the
of
United
trade
cannot
these
to
as
United
the
develop
of
Now,
ultimately
wall,
capital
country
with
tariff
the
and
this
to
the
greater
markets
tendency
the
in
we
them
give
we
well-ordered
association
the
the
teach
we
more
If
behind
charge.
dis-
maintained.
the
the
sumed
as-
thus
succeeds
way.
of
islands,
the
the
business,
and
may,
have
country,
States
be
we
pray
in
ippines
Phil-
also
for
maintaining
business
is
being
its
profitable
mere
take
will
doubtless
poliey
tranquility
the
than
have
we
shall
islands,
of
more
better
and
products,
the
methods
the
government,
ter
bet-
"The
duty
this
of
develop
the
much
be
standpoint,
assurance
we
be
must
we
that
selfish
of
government
This
which
duty
it is the
try
coun-
risk.
Philippines
the
the
conditions
changing
Filipinos."
the
It
the
in
poliey
the
into
will
present
a
followers.
permanence
character
uncertainty
and
have
their
under
for
best
The
country
the
whore
reduced.
vastly
his
getting capital
of
people
the
and
Aguinaldo
under
suppose
tween
be-
but
stances,
circumthat
"
THE
538
and
and
analysis
all
are
that
think
soon.
For
my
will
he
science
sadly
it
in
and
theory
self-
of
art
cluding
in-
even
and
educated,
and
they
in
practice
may
learn
may
of
trial
the
independence
of
test
the
carrying
I
the
must
people
OPPORTUNITY
TO
be
it to
so,
people
the
defects.
of
the
of
before
we
become
BE
never
The
of
only
of
even
the
the
of
control
self-government
if
INDEPENDENT,
other
Islands,
which
them
they
Will.
like
the
will
can
an
Is
Republic?
by
government
countries,
standard
give
Plato's
like
The
come.
Philippine
people
in
capable
perfect government
it will
advance
?
how
asked
am
in
insist
to
now
political capacity
legislative chamber
But
unreasonable
rather
seem
promising
one
and
assembly
in
ignorant
cent.,
per
borne
the
cultured
the
valuable
of
cent,
political education,
of
between
it not
upon
by
of
10
cating
communi-
be
in
tutored
It
population
must
per
remaining
popular
the
90
so.
it.
most
the
too
just government.
Does
If
be
cent,
per
need
in
difference
on
the
but
1
to
the
of
It
the
only
need
government,
the
offer
government.
it is not
of
medium
it will
and
thinks
desire
people
useful
measures.
legislature
Colquhoun,
intelligent part
who
Filipinos
find
hut
this
them
The
not.
self-restraint
legislative
Mr.
friend,
think
of
that
are
giving
wishes,
the
to
mind
are
imperfect
an
their
the
successful
my
part
school
for
we
and
consideration
calm
necessary
It is said
PHILIPPINES.
the
government
always
be
laid
have
down
"
TIIR
ia
DUTY
the
that
education
in
office.
People
public opinion
is
the
which
which
Islands.
If
we
progresses,
gratitude
which
we
"A
of
for
property
and
wise,
firm
hope
of
back
under
the
the
with
to
honor
and
that
the
United
this
of
arms
sovereignty
of
Islands
the
at
and
in
day
Manila
the
upon
the
of
their
labors
God
and
protection
set
of
labor
for
cerns
con-
in
country,
come
when
pine
Philip-
which
all
may
of
paths
the
to
obligation,
their
tions
instruc-
religious freedom,
people
conscience
to
his
Commission
this
Philippine
American
the
Islands,
give protection
to
and
the
guidance
through
gratitude
in
rests
States
all
to
charge
performance
full
the
the
said
it
as
obtaining
Philippine
of
the
programme,
on
obligation
unselfish
prosperity
Islands.
the
and
in
supporters
count
he
United
That
move
the
wins
spoke
life, civil
and
firm
and
peace
the
while
intelligent
an
to
out
the
when
sacred
and
Government
it
McTCinley
Secretary Root,
high
follow
of
officers
is
ought
and
people
the
their
of
gent
intelli-
an
self-government.
reasonably
President
to
of
we
mentary
ele-
by
forming
there
we
may,
may
of
of
whom
capable
educated
lie
control
among
are
hope
shall
539
simple principles
capable
toward
goal
Philippine
be
to
which
opinion,
shall
understand
to
and
STATES.
UNITED
people
common
government,
THE
OF
the
the
tants
inhabito
gave
their
look
tory
vic-
land
people
of
States."
"
540
THE
the
Concerning
for
the
point
the
of
people
attendant
the
islands
thus
far
injury
which
United
the
life
to
in
I
either
immediately
the
least
been
of
or
of
the
be
the
attempt
to
the
seriously
in
put
benefit
of
the
imported
States.
the
force
the
the
that
two
provided
of
has
because
not
from
years
the
the
affected
the
demand
islands
of
which
was
Congress
laws
for
in
the
respect
the
islands
and
of
Congress
has
There
duty
to
injuriously
for
the
States
charge
longer.
export
in
for
States
Act
by
tablished,
es-
savors
session
between
for
directly
islands,
and
there
such
United
trade
postponed
This
the
the
Islands,
United
trading
are
anything
out
only thing
of
present
of
the
The
basis
to
islands
in
coastwise
shipping
policy
which
those
one
dreadful
government
of
no
respect
point
States,
the
the
States,
rebate
the
itself.
made
the
in
table
regret-
Philippine
individuals
trans-oceanic
been
been
the
during
United
now
of
the
use
that
with
to
order
the
of
able
expense
and
of
to
United
Government
can
to
the
selfish
either
benefit,
them
under
the
Certainly
done
to
is
resulted
and
opponents
done
by
a
the
challenge
has
far
law
effects
everything
which
or
baleful
izing
demoral-
one
except
of
ness
busi-
new
no
thus
occurred.
the
which
Philippines.
think
has
have
insurrection,
which
greed
see
States
the
is
will
maintenance
show
can
prone
nation,
during
of
of
spirit
the
the
upon
loss
so
any
this
which
States,
upon
out
that
objection
United
effect
to
PHILIPPINES.
hemp
hemp
on
the
Hie
is
has
United
trade
so
of
great
"
TAXPAYING
that
the
There
islands
has
of
the
because
000,
have
counter
benefit,
imports
from
the
the
equaled
not
however,
was
other
been
and
of
three
favor
the
of
docs
nation
of
Tlie
the
the
wealth
islands
to
United
and
its
people.
is,
of
for
three
domestic
years
give
sufficient
may
intellectual
to
the
It
this
is
pinos
Filithe
poses
pur-
feeling
that
feeling
that
nation
out
carry
by
foreign
wealth
the
out
carry
of
the
capacity
of
development
taxpnying
indication
every
properly
determined
and
port
sup-
the
is
lieving
re-
has
encourage.
States
course,
It
and
power
tlioinsolves
The
who
is altruistic.
there.
and
gift
of
accomplish
to
credit,
enacted
those
to
that
every
purpose
fbiendly
much
In
been
of
policy
feeling
nation
revenue
the
its
Administration
afford
well
sacrifice
the
which
may
of
the
has
This,
including
attitude
on
legislators
has
for
as
States,
rectified.
islands,
The
in
be
$2o0,-
hemp.
the
collected
he
the
on
which
dollars
there.
out
would
of
the
of
Government
who
one
of
millions
distress
easily
can
about
United
by
legislation
the
in
rebate
rebate
provided
to
the
into
the
of
was
duties
miscalculation
respect
lias
islands
islands
it.
to
respect
by
which
the
wit,
aggregate
pardonable
was
the
in
equivalent
to
caused
been
income
the
in
monopoly
unexpectedly
reduction
541
CAPACITY.
which
that
use.
produced
For
in
of
which
plans
in
nishing
fur-
the
country
terial
ma-
and
the
country
it
produces
the
last
the
islands
two
or
has
"
542
been
and
war
loss
of
the
draft
succumbed
dependent
this
three
cattle
the
glad
to
able
are
known
only
and
spread
are
restocked
the
of
the
"With
and
will
demands
in
The
surplus
for
which
can
hemp,
or
what
is
Philippine
commercial
insufficient
plantations
foe
ture,
agricul-
restored
by
the
number,
less,
will, doubt-
and
with
which
which
to
present
meet
selves
them-
islands.
in
the
the
is
what
called
Of
the
produced
be
"abaca."
the
of
am
islands
in
usual
revenue
terrors
been
their
Archipelago
Philippine
no
are
recurrence
the
have
improvements
part
every
of
the
in
when
self-supporting,
be
always
it.
conditions
to
of
Philippines
have
shall
otherwise
furnish
the
will
islands
countries
attempted
that
normal
cattle
the
the
priated
appro-
difficulties
preventing
so
rinderpest
when
islands
of
disease,
farmers.
breeding
method
from
the
assist
scientists
our
been
recovery
other
have
that
has
enormous
in
have
Congress
to
the
live
who
however,
say,
slow.
from
to
those
to
discovered
have
the
but
importation
which
the
dollars
of
millions
restocking plantations,
attending
lie
necessarily
must,
the
which
of
Agriculture
and
by
chiefly by
cent,
per
animals
such
upon
blow
ninety
only
not
and
also
rinderpest.
the
to
but
cholera,
animals,
reduced,
and
impaired
seriously
the
in
PHILIPPINES.
THE
is
the
only country
known
forty-one
Manila
as
Spanish
in
language
provinces
of
Islands,
quantities
means
at
least,
fifteen
of
hemp.
of
communication
produce
now
To-day,
owing
and
to
trans-
"
NATURAL
portation,
is wild
there
or
it would
plants
were
be
the
market.
which
demand
doubt
hemp
would
far
Many
of
parta
nuts.
in
the
years,
planted
for
more
the
the
than
five
and
the
and
cocoanut
the
of
the
no
than
of
the
islands
in
the
however,
of
was
the
the
dried
the
which
total
the
for
where
the
ten
there
tistics
sta-
will
cattle,
or
trees
market
the
cocoanut,
hemp
for
have
try.
indus-
cocoanut
has
been
rice, although
there
it
better
of
amount
advantage
importation,
until
years
rice
their
buy
to
years
small
of
been
of
demand
to
grow
three
the
largely planters
hemp
The
cocoa-
have
constant
of
the
import
to
comparatively
amount
fifteen
or
Philippines.
actual
is
so
in
within
rice, preferring
of
rice
rich
number
meat
Since
of
islands
draft
the
increased
profit
Therefore,
are
increase
an
Laguna
over,
There
the
raising
of
times
rising.
has
abandoned
out
is
is
price
habit
in
The
price,
very
was
war
before.
which
copra,
the
reau,
Bu-
provinces
while
that
are
province
since
there
were
food
the
on
doubled.
the
value
islands
...
which
be
that
great
it
put
of
might
exceed
cultivated
Agricultural
our
number
reduce
In
two
to
and
texture
show.
now
last
in
and
rot
provinces
replace by
by
might
to
tlie
good
offered
the
so
of
so
to
raised
is
allowed
many
is not
that
be
production
product
In
H3
are
necessary
could
foe
its
used.
experiments
no
hemp
hemp
opportunity
From
I have
of
which
hemp
which
in
fields
many
stripped
not
are
RESOURCES.
ago,
the
tion
destrucwhich
production
duced
re-
in
the
"
544
THE
islands
far
and
had
below
what
during
be
to
PHILIPPINES.
the
was
last
in
expended
about
year
the
feed
to
necessary
ple,
peo-
gold,
$12,000,000,
importing
rice
industries
in
from
French
China.
TIic
CAPABLE
of
OF
and
COX
produce
the
markets
tariffs
for
by
much
reduced.
Should
States
be
to
opened
the
thriving,
in
each
and
all,
tobacco
and
the
much
and
the
of
opening
the
that
the
as
have
as
with
of
it will
the
for
that
United
the
to
not.
maintain
States
destroy
of
either
country,
the
association
Philippine
Islands,
it
ket
mar-
for
great
in
are
tween
be-
is
beet
favor
of
scious
con-
sugar
or
feeling
that
which
our
beet
majority
Islands,
and
is
both
purpose
represent
the
this
product
I know
this
Philippine
that
become
difference
very
United
American
islands.
but
industry
we
the
which
believe
the
here
interests
the
would
the
tariff
the
of
the
mean
the
have
it is certain
the
markets
tobacco
long
by
of
demand
in
trouble
countries,
amount
the
is
Cuba,
tobacco
industry
affect
not
of
tobacco,
people
markets
prosperity
reduction
and
sugar
the
it would
sugar
opposed
various
llie total
extensive
so
in
the
the
and
to
but
and
sugar
tobacco
probably
poverty
that
the
next
world,
Philippines,
although
would
at
the
and
sugar
such
imposed
Isabela
which,
the
in
in
any
Cagayan,
lands
tobacco
as
are
Island
The
rich
as
of
provinces
been,
both
land
tobacco
inlands
the
INCREASE.
It ABLE
sugar
best
the
that
SIDE
the
contain
Union,
tobacco
contains
Xegros
world,
is
and.
sugar
we
duty
now
to
"
546
THE
and
railways
doubt
no
and
other
that
the
this
islands
The
would
ihen
development,
trade
conditions
United
between
be
States
with
the
trebled
in
United
the
Government
of
islands
under
the
that
have
States
course
of
five
of
the
as
been
the
from
the
of
war
and
natives
has
all
it.
not
the
the
It
business
in
its wake
to
supply
American
driblets
of
in
those
for
and
larger
supplying
in
the
that
army
of
they
had
made
American
it
sums
the
who
purpose
demand
as
that
adventuresome
the
was
with
be
has
by
those
used
always
so
of
parture
de-
before
pending,
of
part
regard.
ready
the
This
assent
in
were
pathy
sym-
spirits who
establishing
all
the
capital
turned
it,
never,
was
the
on
persons
found
the
it
natural,
was
The
army
goods,
or
as
army.
would
declared
while
position
of
or
attitude
resistance
no
fit for
and
pinos
Fili-
single step
began,
our
the
do
the
ern
gov-
the
This
been
the
Filipinos
themselves
Government,
was
and
followed
could
the
possible
The
would
it
of
fortunate,
un-
into
to
as
there
meet,
army
with
benefit
showed
the
lias
varied
did
policy
of
close,
that
are
traced.
went
Government.
insurrection
its
at
the
they
of the
know,
be
States
Filipinos
many
attitude
as
to-day
self-government
as
personnel
islands
promise
for
extend
rapidly
that
far
distinct
business
easily
can
United
Philippines
as
the
cause
the
it would
and
their
the
in
the
to
i-espect
merchants
and
of
material
i'H.
yen
in
PHILIPPINES.
into
that
army
they
for
in
came
the
things
ness
busiwhich
"
THE
the
did
Government
companies
the
the
of
American
easily
the
civil
new
which
American
largely
for
profitable,
the
for
market
time
almost
have
which
made
of
of
United
is
that
the
patronize
come
into
view
the
such
and
that
business
the
islands
is
a
from
set
an
of
has
now
by
continues,
back
gone
towards
are
not
and
merchants
entirely
the
The
improve.
to
unfortunate,
new
merchants
Government
attitude
Filipinos
ness
busi-
condemnation
have
their
This
situation
of
diers
sol-
15,000,
to
Filipinos
the
ia
to-day
their
American
make
that
75,000
reduced
to
their
it is
made
Government
customers
that
them.
the
failure
their
States
is
hence
The
part
of
tone
The
the
Civil
hesitate
not
for
scapegoat
fact
do
the
be
Philippines
the
independent
merchants
they
and
been
now
the
newspapers
the
supplies
the
attract
might
took
the
the
for
to
American
entirely disappeared.
such
and
demands
hostility
condemning
in
anti-Filipino community.
whose
and
in
years
thus
soldiers
as
subscribers,
community
an
so
the
readily
their
and
of
far
The
four
or
attempting
so
order.
established
were
advertisers
the
them
appeared
merchants
of
in
make
three
emphatic
most
trading
tially
substan-
has
feeling
many
Government
and
Filipinos
by
were
the
that
American
the
felt
and
of
policy
first
tiie
caught
contempt
Filipinos,
of
during
five
or
embracing
enterprise
occupation.
situated
and
organized,
American
islands
in
547
Four
supply.
not
thus
were
all
BUSINESS.
LOCAL
the
to
the
pinos
Fili-
disposed
there
who
different
to
must
shall
stand-
"
648
There
point.
for
7,600,000
are
Christian
7,000,000
dress
and
this
is
no
America,
American
people
decry
to
best
call
to
foot.
effort
wiser,
it
link
the
radical
built
few
it would
general
of
without
is the
rich
of
time
guaranty
link
of
fifty miles
or
in
the
business
than
but
lines
to
shall
where
of
he
is
troduce
in-
have
quite probable
would
it
to
to
and
the
tal
capi-
attempt
there
province
and
in
induce
to
income,
to
trunk
is
wrong
lines
possible
built
it
chants
mer-
the
on
railroad
railways
before
instance,
forty
hemp
of
and
change.
Commission,
system
and
For
line
the
and
them,
American
off
it
alien
an
advancement
gotten
he
not
am
that
from
of
no
their
assert
their
guaranty
to
here
fun
projected
without
process
short
be
devoted
to
the
come
are
make
words,
should
seems
other
which
build
to
towards
have
are
Philippines
to
not
TKAnE.
custom
Philippines
There
There
attract
hut
There
there
have
enough
names,
In
that
know
to
them
development.
the
way
every
in
islands
ton
cot-
year,
should
that
FlLIPINO
but
man,
the
not
the
of
amount
Germany.
fact
low
fol-
to
American
each
goods
the
WINNING
TO
business
in
and
ton
col
except
houses
ATTENTION
is
these
large
islands
England
from
why
reason
from
all
nearly
the
into
anxious
willing
sports,
A
customs.
imported
is
them,
accept
the
these,
imitative,
are
American
styles,
American
goods
to
Of
Filipinos.
Filipinos
ideas, willing
now
American
is
PHILIPPINES.
THE
await
be
tablished.
es-
that
constructed
I.cgaspi, where
it has
been
ens-
"
THE
dollars
forty
it
perhaps,
so,
of
south
to
"With
the
would
which
has
Philippine
construction
of
of
not
most
invested
cases
main
hut
for
of
is
the
who
in
the
long
"The
the
as
the
contracts
in
the
delay,
in
Question
to
Manila,
but
my
been
and
contemplated
in
of
surance
as-
countries
two
the
passage
I
shall
discouraged,
position
granted
authority
railroad
motive
present
construction
culties
diffi-
an
'ongress.*
not
to
American
furnish
he
opposition
any
the
am
the
require
of
In
securing
postpone
mny
amount
respeet
The
shall
session
next
lias
with
delay
come
in-
would
that
between
necessary
continue
Commission
upon
1000."
which
the
years.
percentage
investment
the
the
thirty
dividends.
cent,
the
of
the
on
probably
association
deeply regret
as
per
islands
until
the
pared,
pre-
for
cent,
Aparri
would
absolutely
hill
is
and
oppose
longer
than
five
less
from
business
of
capital
line
construction
profitable
those
of
siderable
con-
been
guaranty
exceeding
not
has
franchises
per
impression
my
trunk
of
of
for
five
guaranty
sufficient,
the
than
more
in
authorizing
with
railways
certain.
capital
hill
struction
con-
Manila
not
am
House,
grunt
the
from
cart;
seeure
bringing
the
t to
rumen
this
islands,
passed
Gove
of
of
the
to
to
to
seasons
carabao
guaranty
though
hemp
for
possible
hope, however,
amount
day
without
519
three
or
he
Batangas,
actually
two
Mexican
line
RAILROADS.
Iaat
the
during
tomary
pay
PROJECTED
will
system
for
expect
to
make
lie
early
menced
com-
in
Authoh.
"
THE
5S0
to
the
presa
Islands
such
a
of
eoine
is
of
amount
of
amount
the
by
mistaken
of
naturally
his
from
that
the
that
he
will
do
Philippine
middle
of
about
and
because
four
them
agriculturist.
an
house,
at
in
the
will
do
you
time
in
begin
until
work
the
nine
million
do
go
will
the
on
ascribe
know
to
ten
again
at
four
terial
ma-
the
labor
been
said
million
100,work
of
is
through
his
probably
see
in
seat
the
he
and
in
Filipino
him
that
morning
or
large
number
not
you
or
as
or
The
you
counts
ac-
and
agricultural
'When
not
the
have
Islands.
day
has
large
sugar,
involve,
who
any
window
you
o'clock
all
fact
try
islands,
of
to
The
past
production,
number
islands,
the
lounging
habits,
up
in
their
the
Islands.
the
Chinamen,
to
of
in
of
to
which
times
in
they
dent,
inci-
discouraging
most
amount
and
apt
labob,
In
large
hut
the
diseuuragc.
to
laborer.
cost
the
not
raised
is
it is
Philippine
The
in
while
of
the
of
which
majority
the
been
the
none
kind
in
persons
half
village
for
hemp,
natives.
and
000,
basis
has
of
of
permit
resources
legislation,
question
tropical
amount
of
the
tobacco,
part
of
to
rice
in
for
will
as
material
nevertheless
ought
the
Philippine
Government
government
minority,
conditions
Filipino
him
small
the
of
of
the
of
generous
opposition
now
made
and
local
delay
the
patience,
large
the
the
to
Opposition
heen
and
in
and
not
just
development
islands;
any
upon
proper
claims
legitimate
authority
one's
PHILIPPINES.
the
o'clock
laziest
has
has
front
been
worked
fields, and
and
work
"
THE
for
two
three
or
insufficiency
the
of
PBICE
OF
Americans
how
also
lie
is loud
the
compared
cost
in
Hong
that
with
is
considerably
very
contending
as
Chinese
world,
is that
they
in
the
and
of
their
the
of
reports
exceedingly
on
difficult
drilling
and
natives,
and
of
the
as
as
much.
while
to
the
The
from
the
the
in
no
The
efficiency
"We
pay,
men
have
Benguet
its
work
and
to
is
aster's
partment
De-
labor
Filipino
employed
now
Road
work
in
the
most
about
3,000
like
of
the
that
work
gel through
constructing
not
number,
same
accomplishment
are
trol,
con-
whatever
efficiency is nothing
they probably
who
of
to
Mexican
Quartcrm
the
ciency
effi-
laborers,
their
about
the
Philippines
complaint
that
good
wish
under
3,000
construction
the
fifty cents
is
has
their
American,
proportion
about
encouraging.
coolies
really
has
not
and
what
the
that
in
best
wages
hut
Manila
done.
army
the
is
in
authorities
the
as
of
there
well
is
in
way
and
of
part
city
the
Mexican,
properly
are
all
Philippines
conditions
employment,
its
paid
are
$1.25
and
The
finds
he
am
considered,
labor
Philippine
labor
of
ended,
China.
economy
are
the
hopeless.
and
on
product
the
the
and
over
that
when
probably,
dispute
are
for
labor,
in
in
labor
tale
the
regime
in
Kong,
all
less
the
that
labor
the
Since
Spanish
of
the
is because
heard
has
the
the
Islands
This
DOUBLED
he
before
was
of
denunciation
laborer.
and
there,
The
later.
or
PROBABLY
HAS
labor
his
in
Filipino
LABOR
went
cheap
sundown
until
hours
merchant
American
551
QUESTION.
LABOR
in
about
harbor
"
THE
552
works
their
in
Filipinos
difficult
moke
to
labor
of
the
give
to
cock
pit
them
school.
show
only
with
William
is
Home
because
how
work
the
made
they
There
they
hut,
day
is
such
certainly
it will
There
inter-island
number
of
ships
islands
could
not
only
in
the
now
that
by
it is
of
that
then
the
mineral
same
It
discovered
the
therein.
is
at
not
tant
dis-
There
considerable
quite
Without
arterial
an
some
islands
are
in
portation
trans-
there.
in
there
wealth
after
it,though
their
with
Filipinos.
between
engaged
Cuban
means
that
sure
available
and
much
acquainted
islands
trade,
in
work.
to
of
of
be
in
the
live;
feel
teeism,
absen-
found
introduced.
be
may
is
but
deal
mine
vein
how
he
not,
of the
been
bonanza
coal
quantities.
proldem
great
have
shall
that
done,
were
is doubtless
with
be
less
labor
Filipinos
were
lie true
to
prove
islands,
island
naiives
band,
experiments
construction
laborers.
good
will
thing
the
should
foremen
"white
the
the
the
reports
in
difficulty originally
They
a
desertions,
of
the
eight
natives.
These
teaching
Van
railways
less
solution
have
about
use
it
their
have
they
church,
1,000
found
they
rest
Americans.
the
that
Philippines
Sir
On
They
the
Gulf
to
now
They
furnish
houses,
vacation.
but
and
800
first
need.
foremen
natives
than
the
they
white
and
At
workmen,
secure
of
upwards
quarries.
tiian
cent,
per
employed
have
Company"
very
"
and
Pacific
Atlantic,
The
Manila
at
PHILIPPINES.
siderable
con-
large
it
the
circulation.
"
554
The
true.
into
the
his
climate
aim
working
entirely
in
the
in
the
if
he
to
be
hygiene,
of
will
road
the
Under
land
the
time
of
capital
of
months
as
of
to
the
of
that
the
land
that
are
Government.
the
There
is every
35
degrees
80
degrees.
natives
remainder
of
for
the
at
there
as
the
the
tion.
auc-
small
many
months
usually
wet
so
months
temperature
in
five
the
and
millions
present
that
is
owned
and
session
the
of
islands,
will, under
settlement
prospect
public
Fahrenheit,
than
more
town
may,
sixty-five millions,
opened
adjournment
beautiful,
at
summer
remaining
is
by
This
be
are
During
not
owned
remainder,
regulations,
as
reaching
ever,
is estimated
acres
at
low
as
force
and
except
which
Canada.
at
live
they choose,
climate
of
Baguio,
offered
tric
elec-
qiiite like
Congress,
and
and
an
into
business
in
unprofitable.
down
if
be
September,
the
year
rarely,
It
it
and
go
at
houses
as
year
and
make
going
the
the
August
of
province
or
which
rules
Manila,
Adirondack^
engaged
creel
The
climate
for
ordinary
railroad
offers
will
place
same
of
the
islands
from
established
be
lots and
cost, buy
by
hours,
Americans
of
reached
it is
but
the
the
out
prevents
so
man,
health.
miles
150
adjournment
to
the
in
bad
regulations,
the
is
lots
be
in
neglect
from
is
live
to
going
and
day,
laboring
not
from
one
the
as
one
free
climate
summer
the
for
twelve
in
of
fields
does
soon
prevent
middle
which
Benguet,
which
does
possible
and
years,
of
PHILIPPINES.
THE
land
and
by
the
land
purchase
of
gress.
Con-
will
be
"
THE
taken
both
by
up
maximum
the
cultivation
for
the
of
law
in
land
stock
be
may
FUTURE
OF
be
would
a
to
the
will
in
the
feel
of
with
of
may
itation
limThe
but
surround
that
of
with
driven
bill
pending
it
Course
certainty,
health,
sinking
sure
vision
pro-
the
probably
conditions
the
profit requires.
ply
sup-
all
wells
in
Congress
that
the
population
for
the
benefit
Philippines
are
not
entitled
to
single
measure
that
has
we
approve
But
purpose.
it
happens,
that
benefit
the
of
generally
Filipinos
profitable
to
for
the
will
Islands
Philippine
of
Chamber
interested
in the
islands,
the
with
of
on
the
selfish
Commerce,
felt
do
United
will
as
commerce
justified
in
or
policy
it
so
the
only
more
base
not
grounds,
and
for
States
do
present
act
fortunately
we
pinos
Fili-
its chief
as
Philippines
the
possibilities of
have
it
States.
continuance
that
not
of
single
everything
and
United
pass
and
happens,
so
association
their
is the
that
so
is
increase.
and
prayer
companies
Isi,ANDS
ihe
which
I
hold
make
irrigation
board
from
water
sufficiently extensive
private
effective
for
low
too
There
hygienic
is
company
much
prophesy
to
I he
encourage,
We
if
The
products.
PHILIPPINE
country,
rapidly
the
evaded
an
pure
is
companies,
dangerous
life, due
over
which
by
THE
change
of
other
by
is
but
555
Americans.
purchase
sugar,
of
the
and
limitation
cultivation
in
with
for
This
acres.
PROSPERITY.
Filipinos
limitation
2,500
own
OF
REQUISITE
my
toward
but
as
this
is
naturally
in
these
referring
tant
dismore
"
656
PHILIPPINES.
THE
than
heretofore
there
and
the
industrial
possibility
trade
of
the
to
of
between
conditions
existing
and
improvement
United
the
the
crease
in-
and
States
the
Philippines.
The
first
Islands
is
by
be
taught
and
they
should
them
the
country
in
the
form
the
to
from
is
the
be
opposed
people
they
of
the
in
the
the
the
could
for
is
it
the
maintaining
the
present
strictly civil
such
but
introduce
the
issue
of
as
that
at
once
the
in
into
independence,
the
of
the
when
present
great
present
permanent,
need
petitioned
present
of
partly
be
politics
of
in
remnant
uplifting
shall
am
great
saving
on
liberty basis,
is
should
present
government
which
petition
that
not
of
up
all
independence
the
aid
whose
with
the
the
great
of
future.
independence
that
is
change
islands,
building
increase
Filipinos
the
tranquility,
is the
the
for
oppose
i3
is
everybody
to
that
It
desire
it, but
which
bear
to
asking
in
Filipinos
immediate
to
denced
evi-
government,
;i
arise
the
bring
government,
is
that
Filipinos.
islands
conservative
promise
the
islands
islands
and
Philippines
well-onlered
The
such
ventured
independence
fitted
in
have
be
government
in
conventions
to
to
are
need
need
political
promised
the
pine
Philip-
the
should
political agitation
that
argument
from
government
that
this
of
advantages
disadvantages
of
it
and
government..
learn
the
in
Hence
the
in
prosperity
tranquility,
well-ordered
must
given
of
requisite
and
lar
popu-
secured.
for
cannot
the
islands
fitness
for
self-
"
and
government,
of
the
present
always
and
the
by
lest
timid
of
reason
their
promise
There
is
islands.
to
if, as
It. is certain
be
is
in
the
the
to
give
Why
let
not
themselves
petition
which
not
they
giving
broader
them
the
and
islands,
to
the
prosperity
an
railroads
of
having
why
not
of
Filipino
people,
as
to
aifd
that
is
when
of
signed
of
them
of
the
in
is
all
of
through
is
tial
essen-
and
their
the
tional
educa-
health
the
laws,
islands
to
to
the
beneficial
has
portunity
op-
an
which
spread
done
doing
Islands,
extensively
in
of
Why
business
it
then
effect
that
offering
the
whether
then
who
Philippine
their
on
self-
care
the
is
improvement
an
take
tranquility
of
insist
subject everything
examination
and
breach.
people
which
built
ise
prom-
understand.
to
the
for
as
something
of
market,
development
system,
and
the
to
full
have
to
good
policy,
in
lilted
islands
able
to
generation,
next
the
the
little
beneficial
everything
of
helps
generation,
regarded
with
very
present
as
be
not
the
be
should
the
tranquility
shall
will
suffer
promise
present
or
intermeddle
are
the
politics
of
that
have
people
it
Why
the
take
in
violent
shall
misunderstood
be
present
the
oe
we
to
llio
probable,
failure
need
with
complied
government
the
no
the
they
aid
which
give independence
to
because
tranquility
secure
front,
in
ment
ele-
yet
bringing
prominence
The
one.
the
to
and
success,
change
irreconcilable
government.
no
hy
port
sup-
conservative
the
its
to
the
from
away
government
is essential
which
is
frighten
will
557
POLICY.
BROADER
THE
been
done
"
THE
558
for
the
they
labor,
the
that
Philippines
have
been
the
wisdom
ol
liberty, when
popular
enlarged
experience
closer
association
has
liberty
and
have
to
therein,
with
unselfishly
we
led
the
them
on
to
the
tion
ques-
desire
and
retention
which,
country
better
of
gradually
they
the
of
principles
discuss
what
in
enjoyment
the
can
is
of
dignity
from
they prefer
the
the
and
self-restraint
learned
self -government
do,
can
taught
indispensable
whether
it,
or
civil
independence
grant
government
and
they
successful
whether
elevated
political control
civil
PHILIPPINES.
by
of
its
ance,
guid-
conditions,
"
"
"
Cvntiu
of"
Island
Boho],
population
anil
Siquijor,
152.
1-11,
invasion.
30,
of,
Province
Bulacan,
22(1.
22S.
40.
internal,
400.
Manila's
future,
Manila
253-57.
257-75.
trade,
export
155.
indehlcdness,
Hritisli
241-81,
trade,
of
balance
154,
in,
224,
18.
area,
484-8(5.
uprising
Bonded
Commerce,
ucd.
423-20.
foreign,
to
opened
247.
Real
335-37.
cultivation,
of,
i'rovinco
.".2.
33.
348.
441-43.
349.
402-04.
Cathedral,
157.
and
350;
products.
220.
219,
system,
57.
with,
costume
and
manner
of
life,
Eleatio,
of,
expulsion
the
147.
influence
on
trade,
Invasion,
00.
07.
147,
of
circumnavigator
122.
world,
113,
llnroniendcros,
144.
inniiifimtion.
the
Sebastian,
Juan
first
415.
414.
400.
510-21.
210,
21S,
145-47.
3!!").
Filipinos,
The
of
I'Mui-atiou
conflicts
20.
28.
Kailh.piakos.
Chinese"
82-00.
inhabitants,
Karlv
230-38.
114,
181,
182.
148,
257-75.
trade,
Export
405.
Churches,
system,
service
115-17.
44,
118-20.
Cock-nu'litina;.
oil.
Cocoanut
(17.
311-13.
274.
275.
Benguet,
153.
40.8.
454,
327-30,
03.
Filipinos"
as
3"0-51.
laborers.
of.
character
218.
education,
323-2C
Philippines.
the
(54.
387-80.
48,
of
Fauna
00-71.
Climate.
culture.
358.
144.
18.
area.
483,
in,
uprisings
in
area
various
resources,
railroad.
proposed
Coffee.
208.
of,
55.
population
Coal,
fiber,
Currency
features,
54,
etc.,
Civil
297,
470-82.
capital,
physical
Census.
31310,
414.
412,
vide
522.
of"
Island
Cebu,
274,
273,
Cultivation,
470-82,
City,
(ifi,
Cotton
412.
of,
Province
380.
385,
08,
Copra,
Costumes,
150,
insurrection,
Cebu
270-81.
468,
308.
307,
241-14.
Mexico,
Copper,
478.
381-855,
Cattle-raisins.
Cavite.
with
trade
transportation,
30.
River,
Carabao,
Filipinas,
Coinpafiiii
244-47.
.137-44.
profits.
ami
expense
Caravan,
425.
map,
334-44.
Cacao,
fitness
for
550-52.
90-100.
219.
self-government.
529-34.
"
Continued.
Filipinos
home
43541.
life,
448-00.
pastimes,
peasant
Katipunan
Socio;-,
445-47.
vide
Labor,
of
the
Philippine.
;ii;i,
302.
Province
Union,
of,
33.
31.
300-70.
lie
Lagiina
rrituliiliims,
l''ore"try
Filipinos.
04-5.
La
i''i)i-(Kis,
102.
443-45.
character,
superstitions,
Flora
4ili!-50(t.
JuramenuiduK,
"
riiW
lioinlioii,
Lake
;!7r"-~";.
Taal.
Friars.
The"
to
attempts
Christianize
pan,
Ja-
Lake
149,
140-42,
conflicts
"vii!i
Province
Laguna,
Taal,
Legaspi,
ties,
authori-
Miguel
flrat
important
41.
40,
23.
150.
civil
132-30.
of,
22,
of,
subjects
137-
ile,
123.
governor,
527.
services
Lope/,
the
natives,
124,
125.
39.
loss
of
influence,
purchase
their
of
221,
528.
222,
Province
Lcp;inlii-Iiuntoe,
140.
130,
33,
lauds,
385,
Island
Levie,
520.
of
Industries.
rise
in
of, 129-32,
power
46,
387.
386,
Guimaras,
Island
of,
features,
in,
uprising
18.
area.
53,
railroad,
155.
385-87.
Gutta-percha,
Li
Ma
187-89,
120,
riile
Lumber
llK'liwiivs.
278.
221,
the
invades
lluiig
ippiues,
226.
Health,
and
proposed
407-09.
resources,
53.
population
181,
180,
"
487.
520.
etc.,
Governors-general,
"
480,
physical
Gold.
of,
387.
riiH-
127.
woods,
eomnuT-
clal.
521-23.
270,
Lumber
Child
Holy
of
Liwon,
Island
Pi-oviiu-c
Sur.
Iloilo,
400-71.
Import
of,
33,
3-1
431-60.
mountains.
21.
features,
population
Iron,
253-57,
Isabella,
extension,
vide
Jinlii'inrv
213-11,
49.
20-31.
128-30.
887.
Province
of,
32,
33
Maguey
-Tolo,
sources,
re-
345.
dissensions,
08,
18,
of
32-48.
rivers.
344.
20-2.
area,
division
railroad
Internal
and
provincial
522.
trade,
Indigo,
of"
descrlpive,
physical
IlncoK
309-70.
industry,
480.
Cebu,
Snlu.
system,
52:;,
fiber,
Maize.
Mala
524.
296,
297.
345.
van
migrations,
79-82.
491-93.
"
Moros
Manila
captured
city
and
old
of
new,
225.
Improvements,
map
ments,
Improve-
proposed
opened
trade,
foreign
to
improvements,
247.
origin,
280,
present
281.
Marlnduque,
ride
of"
features,
population
Mnshate.
307.
Island
of
physical
'79.
478.
features,
and
Mindanao.
Island
493-506.
physical
etc.,
features,
58-61.
population
Mindoi'o.
and
physical
etc..
resources,
50.
of
Monteses.
of,
1-84.
de
Palace,
and
Province
Viwiya,
18.
area.
405.
404,
ride
Palawan,
472,
criminals,
Blac-na-bate,
171.
Paragua.
Province
Pampanga,
473.
278,
Paeto
"
features,
population
Minerals,
3;:.
18.
area,
of
Island
381-84.
38,
of,
Province
39,
Nueva
resources,
491-508.
473-75,
347.
Eeiia.
Nncva
491-93.
invasion,
5(1.
railroad.
346.
Nina,
18,
area,
industry,
sugar
5(10-08.
Inhabitants,
Malay
and
population
"
resources,
50.
])T'ojH)sed
of
"
features,
55,
etc.,
29.
28,
414-1(5.
18.
of
Island
Ni'jrros,
resources,
area.
volcano.
Mestizos,
Harlan.
'
Negritos,
physical
oopulatlon
108-
152-57,
uprisings,
Nativi
"
51.
etc.,
92.
ISO-
iroveniimut,
211.
18.
area,
896,
493-95.
104-00.
tribes,
Municipal
resources,
industry.
cuttle,
superstitions,
organization,
210,
and
Mariveles,
refuge
and
various
50.
etc.,
405-07.
tribes,
social
abaca,
Island
physical
51(0.
409,
104.
502-05.
410-18.
hemp,
yon
401-93.
religion
suburbs,
ipelago.
arch-
southern
of
iuramentudos,
211.
472.
471,
113.
government,
210,
government,
municipal
Manila
497-
customs,
501.
datos.
invasion
413.
port
149.
Spaniards,
and
depredations,
41)1.
of
with
costumes
3111-422.
map
106-12.
99.
barber
of,
living,
clash
423-27.
future,
description
of
227.
improvements,
and
rlbai-acteriKtic'Fi
151.
British,
by
commercial
Ma
"
"
of,
38.
4fi.
48,
385-83.
405.
58,
Pampanga
Tanay.
400.
30,
River.
Island
capital,
of
31.
"
466-71.
"
Island
Panay,
of
Revenue,
Continued.
physical
Rico,
features,
ami
railroad,
L'fiii":isiii;m,
yield,
18.
area,
25li.
255,
varieties,
population
proposal
07.
resources,
m-a..
etc.,
541,
225,
"
381,
332.
332-34,
544,
543,
57.
Province
of,
35,
Rio
(Irande
do
Mindanao.
59,
""Mi.
Paragua,
of
Island
physical
features,
population
and
Paslg
River,
Pearl
Industry,
Philippine
58.
etc.,
18.
area,
31,
Rizal.
JosC,
Rizai,
Province
103-08.
"
398,
Rubber
plant,
Samar,
Island
of,
40.
380,
381.
300.
511-14.
Archipelago"
ii.m'jcuiiui'c,
climate,
:;sr,-.-U5.
00-71.
211-281.
commerce,
cultivated
early
fauna
and
forest
Mora.
lands.
natural
302.
of,
17.
physical
and
18-20.
social
of,
Province
Spanish
and
400-08.
Island
Sorsogon.
18.
area,
477.
fortress,
Simii.jor,
features,
political,
population
Santiago
IS,
in,
08.
minerals,
features,
52.
rcniontados,
75-116.
contained
beauties,
etc..
position
ants,
islands
477.
physical
03-5.
301.
geographical
inhabit
3G0.
119-57.
history,
of
"
350,
area,
capital,
484-80,
of.
40.
48.
administration.
180-
nomic
eco-
200.
conditions
in
reviewed
addresses
of
population.
public,
II.
358,
alcaldes,
102-04.
eneonienderos,
350.
judicial
(fl.
".i,
vegetable
Population,
515-5!).
prod
nets.
past
and
(15,
present.
280.
511,
officials,
governors,
Spices,
281.
40(i.
470,
Provincial
200,
208-3ol.
473-75,
400,
Archipelago,
220.
lands.
Tawi
482-544,
Snlu
r'llc
Snhi
Tawl.
184-
government,
211,
5110-11.
City.
212.
Suln,
555.
202,
01 i,
and
Puhlie
184-80,
522.
system,
80,
180-02.
07.
408,
481.
J81.
105-200.
system,
provincial
SuHl
Postal
182.
180.
municipal
Sugar,
112-10.
PorN.
181.
governors-general,
20.
Taft
184.
182,
audencia.
112-10.
hinds,
rivers.
Win.
357.
358.
Island
of
"
551,
500-11.
capital.
pearl
industry,
phvsical
etc..
511-14.
features,
02.
population
and
"
Tan]
of
Visayan
eruption,
Win.
Tuft.
23.
22,
volcano,
story
II.,
1,
24-7.
of
Review
social
by,
Tarlac,
Tawi.
Islands
banditti,
472.
boat
linn.
-Imili
37.
grazing
of"
features,
and
resources,
of,
telephone
345,
478.
beauties,
32.
tems,
sys-
86,
74,
.103, 304.
and
305-00.
Walled
302.
ride
Volcanoes,
270-72.
cultivation,
of.
301,
470,
544,
Taal,
Mayon
Apo.
City
of
Manila,
3!ffl-
410.
Water-power,
400.
473-75.
characteristics
vans,
403-63.
curing,
of
484-80.
industry,
sugar
Visa
475-77.
478.
reimmlados.
340.
investment,
Visayan,
tives,
na-
1711-83.
sites.
natural
44,
221.
an
method
the
466-71.
Siquijor.
finrl
220,
as
13.
68.
Tobacco,
of
407-00.
historic
18.
area,
Province
THiwiph
Teoslnte,
487.
62.
population
Tea,
4T3.
grounds.
Iloilo,
T.-iyjiliiiK.
403-05.
Q-uimaras,
physical
etc.,
of,
Negro
Boand
403-514.
characteristics
168-72.
Province
Tawi
the
515-5!).
rebellion,
Tngul
of
Mils-
Samar,
Cebu,
I'imav,
nomic
eco-
title
I.eyte,
hol,
litic:!
po-
and
conditions
Islands,
Islamls,
bate,
Weaving
Woods,
553.
industries.
cnivnneri'iii],
470.
05,
302-
"