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Material
Cost/kg (USD)
Notes
~$2-5
~$3-7
<$5.50
Plate form
Ni-based
~$30-35
Fe-based ODS
~$165, ~$345
V-4Cr-4Ti
~$200
SiCf/SiCm composites
~$1000, ~$200
Plate form (Average between 1994 and 1996 US fusion program large heats)
Chemical vapor infiltration, and Chemical vapor reaction
ODS
Processing
Cost!
S.J. Zinkle and N.M Ghoniem, Fusion Engineering and Design 2000. 51(52): p. 55-71.
Special Metals Price Quote
Anisotropic microstructure
Minimized contamination
* R.L. Terpstra, et al., Advances in Powder Metallurgy and Particulate Materials, 2006.
*C. Suryanarayana, ASM Handbook, Vo. 7, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1998, pp. 80-90.
Basic Alloy
Design
Approx. Conc.
(at.%)
Cr
Surface reactant
15.0-16.0
Y
Hf
O2
Nano-metric oxide
dispersoid former
Dispersoid stabilizer
Surface oxidant and
dispersoid former
0.1-0.2
0.1-0.3
0.35-0.70
10nm
~0.1s
real time
Particle Matrix
Oxide Shell
Gold Layer
O
Cr
Fe
Y
Hf
Au
Particle Matrix
Oxide Shell
20nm
Dissociation of
metastable Cr-enriched
boundary oxide
Diffusion of
oxygen
Dispersoid formation
(conversion of intermetallic
particles)
Increasing Stability
TiO2
Ti3O5
Ti2O3
TiO
HfO2
Y2O3
Oxygen
Y-enriched oxide dispersoids
Dissociation of
Initial
metastable
PPB oxide
Y-enriched
Y-enriched
dispersoid
microstructure
intermetallic
Completed
oxygen
formation
with
continuous
formation
exchange
Oxygen
diffusion
PPBreaction
oxide
(proper balance of Y and O)
CR-156Y-Hf
Predicted Value
Fe (at.
%)
Cr (at.
%)
Hf (at.
%)
Y (at.
%)
O (at.
%)
CR-156YHf
Nominal
Bal.
16.0
0.12
Ar-0.12O2
HPGA Nozzle
CR-156YHf
20-53m
Bal.
15.84
0.11
Ar-0.12O2
HPGA Nozzle
CR-156YHf
5-20m
Bal.
15.84
0.11
Ar-0.12O2
HPGA Nozzle
CR-156YHf
-5m
Bal.
15.84
0.11
Ar-0.12O2
HPGA Nozzle
oxygen
Diffusionless
Internal
Oxidation
As-Atomized
Powder
~25nm thick
~9nm thick
15-20m
-5m
40 m
32-38m
Mote Isolation
Dia. ~20m
Dia.~40m
~40m
5
m
5
m
~15m
~5m
Dia.
~5m
Dia. ~10m
2
m
Solute Trapping!!
2m
32-38m
10-15m
Hf enrichment
Hf enrichment
Hf enrichment?
Y enrichment
Y enrichment
Y enrichment?
-5m
~5m Particle
Matrix
10nm
20nm
Fe-(Y,Hf) Precipitate
Fe
Cr
Hf
Nominal
Bal.
15.84
0.18
0.11
0.38
Matrix
Bal.
15.72
0.02
0.01
0.01
Precipitate
Bal.
11.58
4.86
2.93
0.00
Fe
Cr
Hf
Nominal
Bal.
15.84
0.18
0.11
0.38
0.02
Matrix
Bal.
16.81
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
2.00
Precipitate
Bal.
11.78
6.25
5.18
0.01
5.18
-5m
5-20m
Y-Hf Segregation
Residual Porosity
As-HIPped 700C
Y-Hf Segregation
CR-156Y-Hf (-5um)
As-HIPped 700C
CR-156YHf (20-53m)
CR-156Y-Hf: Fe-15.84Cr-0.11Hf-0.18Yat.%
CR-156Y-Hf (5-20um)
CR-156Y-Hf (-5um)
CR-156YHf (20-53m)
CR-156Y-Hf: Fe-15.84Cr-0.11Hf-0.18Yat.%
CR-156Y-Hf (-5um)
As-HIPped 700C
CR-156YHf (20-53m)
2 8 nm
3 E 22 m-3
22 52 nm
3E 21 m-3
4 19 nm
8E 21 m-3
2 6 nm
5 E 22 m-3
3 12 nm
3 E 22 m-3
3 60 nm
Y2O3
Y2Hf2O7
CR-156Y-Hf: (5-20m)
HfO2
20-53m
-5m
5-20m
CR-156Y-Hf: (-5m)
Heat Treated 1200C
As-HIPped 700C
To be confirmed using
HE-XRD
As-Atomized
Y2O3
Y2Hf2O7
HfO2
5-20m
~20%
~40%
~40%
~60%
~60%
~80%
~80%
Recrystallized
Recovered
MA-956
M.F. Hupalo, et al., ISIJ Inter., 2004. 44(11)
CR-156Y-Hf (5-20um)
As-Reacted
ODS Microstructure
(Heat Treated 1200C)
MA957
As-Cold Rolled
Recrystallized (600C)
PM2000
MA956
Recovered (500C)
-5m
5-20m
20-53m
*I.E. Anderson, and (estate of) R.L. Terpstra, Dispersoid Reinforced Alloy
Powder and Method of Making, USPatent No. 7,699,905 B1, April 20, 2010.
GA-1-166: Trumpet
2000fps
4000fps
8000fps
Fe (at.
%)
Cr (at.
%)
Hf (at.
%)
Y (at.
%)
O (at.
%)
CR-164HfY
-20m
Bal.
15.55
0.12
Ar-0.19O2
HPGA Nozzle
CR-166TiY
-20m
Bal.
15.91
0.12
Ar-0.19O2
HPGA Nozzle
melt
gas
Cut -106m
Riffled (statistical sampling)
Microtrac analysis
Example:
Alloy
Yield (%)
CR-164HfY
40
67
CR-166TiY
40
57
Diffusionless
Internal
Oxidation
Time (hr)
1200
50
1200
100
1200
500
1200
1000*
* Analysis in progress
(peak broadening)
Acknowledgments
Support from the Department of Energy-Office of
Fossil Energy is gratefully acknowledged through
Ames Laboratory contract no. DE-AC02-07CH11358.
Jim Anderegg1, Elliot Fair2, and Alex Spicher2
Dr. Robert Odette3, Dr. Erich Stergar3, and Erin Haney3
Jon Hiller4and Dr. Russ Cook4
1Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Ames Laboratory (USDOE)
2Iowa State University, Material Science and Engineering (Undergraduate Students)
3University California Santa Barbara, Mechanical and Environmental Engineering
4Electron Microscopy Center for Materials Research, Argonne National Laboratory (USDOE)