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AC Power
Resonant Circuits
Phasors (2-dim vectors, amplitude and phase)
What is reactance?
You can think of it as a frequency-dependent resistance.
1
XC =
C
XL = L
( "XR " = R )
An RL circuit is driven by an
AC generator as shown in the
figure.
For what driving frequency of the generator, will the
current through the resistor be largest
a) large
b) small
Phasors
R
Strategy:
We will use Kirchhoffs voltage law that the (phasor)
sum of the voltages VR, VC, and VL must equal Vdrive.
Phasors, cont.
R
2.
VL = I XL
VR = I R
Phasors, cont.
R
1.
VR, IRR
Phasors, cont.
Problem: Given Vdrive = m sin(t),
R
C
3.
VL = IXL
VR = I R
VC = I XC
Phasors, cont.
R
VL
m
VR
VC
From this diagram we can now easily calculate
quantities of interest, like the net current I , the
maximum voltage across any of the elements,
and the phase between the current the drive
voltage (and thus the power).
(IR )
=I
+ ( IX L - IX C ) cos(t + )
2
(R ) + ( X
Z=
- X C ) cos(t + ) = IZ cos(t + )
2
( R )2 + ( X L - X C )2
tan =
VL VC
VR
Z is called impedance
L 1 / C
R
Also:
V = V MAX = I Z
Vrms = I rms Z
i = I cos t
v = V cos(t + )
Like: VR = IR
VR = IR
VL = IX L
VC = IX C
i (t ) = I cos(t )
v R (t ) = IR cos(t )
1
vC (t ) = IX C cos(t 90) = I
cos(t 90)
C
v L (t ) = IX L cos(t + 90) = IL cos(t + 90)
v ad (t ) = I
tan =
( X R )2 + ( X L - X C )2 cos(t + )
VL VC
VR
L 1 / C
R
V=50v
=10000rad/s
R=300ohm
L=60mH
C=0.5
C
Clicker problem
2A
m
VC
VR
VR
VR
VC
(a)
2B
(b)
VC
(c)
Clicker problem
2A
m
VC
VR
VR
VR
VC
(a)
(b)
VC
(c)
The phasor diagram for the driven series RLC circuit always has the
voltage across the capacitor lagging the current by 90. The vector sum
of the VC and VR phasors must equal the generator emf phasor m.
Clicker problem
2B
VR , I
where . . .
I XL
m
IR
I XC
X L L
1
XC
C
I XC
IR
X L XC
tan =
R
m2 = I 2 R 2 + ( X L X C )2
m = I R 2 + ( X L X C )2 = IZ
Z R2 + ( X L X C )
i (t ) = I cos(t )
v R (t ) = IR cos(t )
1
vC (t ) = IX C cos(t 90) = I
cos(t 90)
C
v L (t ) = IX L cos(t + 90) = IL cos(t + 90)
VL VC
VR
XL XC
=
R
Z=
( X R )2 + ( X L - X C )2
I =
X XC
tan = L
R
X
X
L
C
XL
Z
XL
XL
R
XC
XL > XC
>0
current
LAGS
applied voltage
R
Z
XC
XL < XC
<0
current
LEADS
applied voltage
R
XC
XL = XC
=0
current
IN PHASE WITH
applied voltage
Impedance, Z
From the phasor diagram we found that the current amplitude
I was related to the drive voltage amplitude m by
mm = I m Z
Z is known as the impedance, and is basically the
frequency dependent equivalent resistance of the
series LRC circuit, given by:
Impedance
Triangle
IZ
| |
I XL XC
Im
= R + ( X L XC )
2
XL XC
| |
I R
or
R
Z=
cos( )
Resonance
For fixed R, C, L the current I will be a maximum at the
resonant frequency which makes the impedance Z
m
purely resistive (Z = R). i.e., I = m =
m
R2 + ( XL XC )
= XC
1
LC
Resonance
Example: vary R
V=100 v
=1000 rad/s
R=200, 500, 2000 ohm
L=2 H
C=0.5 C
Announcements
Finish AC circuits (review resonance
and discuss power)
Move on to electromagnetic (EM)
waves
Mini-quiz on magnetic induction
Induction
Cooking
Induction cooking
(another application of
magnetic induction)
Stove top
does
Stovetop
does
not
not become
become
hot ! hot !!
Special induction
Requires cookware that
cookware
can sustain magnetic flux
where . . .
I XL
m
IR
I XC
X L L
1
XC
C
I XC
IR
X L XC
tan =
R
m2 = I 2 R 2 + ( X L X C )2
m = I R 2 + ( X L X C )2 = IZ
Z R2 + (X L X C )
I =
X XC
tan = L
R
X
X
L
C
XL
Z
XL
XL
R
XC
XL > XC
>0
current
LAGS
applied voltage
R
Z
XC
XL < XC
<0
current
LEADS
applied voltage
R
XC
XL = XC
=0
current
IN PHASE WITH
applied voltage
Impedance, Z
From the phasor diagram we found that the current amplitude
I was related to the drive voltage amplitude m by
mm = I m Z
Z is known as the impedance, and is basically the
frequency dependent equivalent resistance of the
series LRC circuit, given by:
Impedance
Triangle
IZ
| |
I XL XC
Im
= R + ( X L XC )
2
XL XC
| |
I R
or
R
Z=
cos( )
Resonance
For fixed R, C, L the current I will be a maximum at the
resonant frequency which makes the impedance Z
m i.e., m
purely resistive (ZIm==R).
=
Z
2
(
)
+ XL XC
= XC
LC
Resonance
Plot the current versus , the frequency of the voltage
source:
m
Example: vary R
V=100 v
=1000 rad/s
R=200, 500, 2000 ohm
L=2 H
C=0.5 C
vad (t ) = V cos(t + )
Pave
Pave
1
= VI cos 2 (t ) cos( ) = VI cos( )
2
1
V I
= P(t ) = VI cos( ) =
cos( )
2
2 2
= VRMS I RMS cos( )
I rms =
Pave 100
=
= 0.83 A
Vrms 120
Note: 120V house voltage is rms and has peak voltage of 120 2 = 170V
d) decrease R
b) increase C
e) decrease C
c) increase L
f) decrease L
b) no
Summary
Power
power factor
rms
1
m
2
I rms
Z R + (X L X C )
1
LC
1
Im
2
X L XC
tan =
R