ACI MATERIALS JOURNAL

TECHNICAL PAPER

Title no. 103-M23

Use of Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag in

Concrete as Fine Aggregate
by Isa Yksel, mer zkan, and Turhan Bilir
This paper reports the results of some experimental studies on the
use of non-ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (NGGBFS) as
fine aggregate in concrete. Two groups of concrete samples were
produced. The NGGBFS/sand ratios were 0% (reference), 25, 50,
75, and 100%. The first group (C1) contains only 0 to 7 mm (0 to
0.276 in.) sand as fine aggregate. The second group (C2) contains
two sub-types of fine aggregates that are 0 to 3 mm (0 to 0.118 in.)
and 0 to 7 mm (0 to 0.276 in.) sands. NGGBFS replaces 0 to 7 mm
(0 to 0.276 in.) sand in both groups. Strength and durability
characteristics of concrete were compared with respect to control
samples and vice versa. According to the results, if the NGGBFS/
sand ratio is high in the C1 type, the concrete is porous and
has relatively low compressive strength. In the C2 type, however,
concrete strength and durability characteristics were better than
those in the C1 type. It was concluded that the non-groundgranulated blast-furnace slag can be used as fine aggregate
under some conditions.
Keywords: aggregates; durability; slag cement.

INTRODUCTION
By using industrial residues as secondary raw materials,
the concrete industry can play an important role in sustainable
development. Ground blast-furnace slag is used as an admixture
in concrete or as an additive in the manufacture of portland slag
cements in countries where large amounts of blast-furnace slag
is available as a by-product.1 Numerous studies on the properties
of cement and concrete, including ground blast-furnace slag as
an admixture, were carried out to investigate the fresh
and hardened concrete properties. Much research has been
conducted to date on the hydraulic binding properties of ground
blast furnace slag.2-5 Also, durability characteristics of concrete
containing blast-furnace slag have been investigated by many
researchers. Alkali-silica reactivity, resistance to chloride
penetration, freezing, and deicing salt resistance can be shown as
examples of such characteristics.6-10
It is reported by Stutterheim11 that blast-furnace slag first
became an industrial product; the ground-granulated blastfurnace slag (GGBFS) was used as a partial replacement to
portland cement between 1947 and 1952. The research on
this subject led to the production of the concrete containing
GGBFS as binding material.12 It was established that an
improvement in the compressive and flexural strength of the
concrete was achieved by adding mineral filler.13
The strength of concrete containing GGBFS depends on
the fineness of slag, activity index, and slag/cement ratio in
mixtures.14 Neville15 has stated that workability of concrete
increases with the decrease in water absorption ratio and
bleeding using slightly ground blast-furnace slag in concrete.
Corrosion occurs more slowly in slag concrete than in
fly-ash concrete and its dry unit weight decreases by
approximately 5%. 16
ACI Materials Journal/May-June 2006

This research focuses on using non-ground-granulated

blast-furnace slag (NGGBFS) in concrete as fine aggregate
and presents the resulting effects of replacing sand (fine
aggregate) with slag. For this purpose, a number of tests
were carried out, namely, tests on compressive and flexural
strengths, unit weight, chloride permeability, water absorption
ratio, freezing-and-thawing resistance, capillary water
absorption capacity, and high temperature effect.
RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE
The use of industrial by-products in concrete not only
helps to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions but results in
environmentally friendly concrete, and is often more
economical than normal portland-cement concrete.17 Usage
of ground blast-furnace slag in this way, however, is not
sufficient to reduce the NGGBFS stocks. Although grinding
blast-furnace slag improves the properties of concrete a great
deal, it should be noted that grinding puts the additional
burden of cost into production. Using NGGBFS as a partial
fine aggregate in concrete does not have this extra process
and cost.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
A number of tests were conducted to investigate strength
and durability characteristics of concrete containing
NGGBFS as partial fine aggregate. These properties are
compressive strength, flexural strength, high temperature
effect, resistance to freezing and thawing, water absorption,
capillary water absorption, saturated unit weight, and rapid
chloride permeability.
Materials
In this study, the industrial slags cement CEM III/A
(according to TS EN 197-1)18 was used. This standard
(TS EN 197-1) for slag cement defines compressive strength
to be over 32.5 MPa (4713.73 psi) at 28 days under standard
curing conditions. Table 1 lists the chemical composition of
this slag cement.
Crushed stone was used as coarse aggregate in the
concrete specimens and its size varied between 4 and 22 mm
(0.158 and 0.866 in) (Fig. 1).
Natural sands of two different sizes were used as fine
aggregates. The first subtype of fine aggregate had a particle
size of less than 3 mm (0.118 in.). The fine aggregate of the
second subtype had a particle size of less than 7 mm (0.276 in.).
ACI Materials Journal, V. 103, No. 3, May-June 2006.
MS No. 05-117 received May 15, 2005, and reviewed under Institute publication
policies. Copyright 2006, American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved, including
the making of copies unless permission is obtained from the copyright proprietors.
Pertinent discussion including authors closure, if any, will be published in the MarchApril 2007 ACI Materials Journal if the discussion is received by December 1, 2006.

203

Isa Yksel is an Assistant Professor in the Structural Engineering Division, Civil

Engineering Department, Zonguldak Karaelmas University, Zonguldak, Turkey. He
received his BS from Middle East Technical University (METU), Ankara, Turkey, in
1990; and his MS and PhD from Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey, in
2000. His research interests include ductility, durability, and tests of reinforced
concrete structures, and usage of industrial solid wastes and by-products in concrete
member production.
mer zkan is an Assistant Professor in the Construction Division, Alapli Vocational School of Zonguldak Karaelmas University. He received his BS from Yildiz
Technical University, and his MS and PhD from Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey. His
research interests include industrial wastes, cement, and concrete.
Turhan Bilir is a Research Engineer at the Construction Materials Division, Civil
Engineering Department, Zonguldak Karaelmas University. He received his BS
from Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey, and his MS from Zonguldak
Karaelmas University. His research interests include strength and durability of
plain concrete members.

The concrete samples that contained a partial replacement

of fine aggregate, that is, NGGBFS, were produced using
NGGBFS. The chemical properties of NGGBFS are listed in
Table 2.
Method
Nongrinding NGGBFS as a partial replacement of fine
aggregate was used in the production of concrete specimens.
Experiments had been carried out to ascertain the effects of
this replacement on concrete properties; the following are
the details of these experiments.
Basic engineering properties of NGGBFS and aggregates
are determined in order to perform the mixture proportioning
of concrete. The Turkish Standards (TS) for methods and
procedures are followed in these tests.
Two main groups of concrete mixtures were designed and
then cast to observe the effects of NGGBFS replacement as
fine aggregate on concrete properties. The first group was

named C1, the second one, C2. Only a single type of sand (0
to 7 mm [0 to 0.276 in.]) was used and replaced with
NGGBFS in C1 as fine aggregate. Two different types of
fine aggregates in 0 to 3 mm (0 to 0.118 in.) and 0 to 7 mm
(0 to 0.276 in.) sizes were used in the C2 group. In this group,
NGGBFS replaced only subtype aggregate in 0 to 7 mm
(0 to 0.276 in.) sizes. Table 3 gives the mixture proportions of
concrete in this study. The extent of this study is limited with
C25/30 concrete class, which is classified in TS-EN 206-1.19
The 0 to 7 mm (0 to 0.276 in.) sand was replaced by
NGGBFS in five steps in terms of volume percentages,
which are 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% (full replacement) in both
groups. The NGGBFS/sand ratio represents the volumetric
percentage of NGGBFS in the mixture with respect to
volume of 0 to 7 mm (0 to 0.275 in.) sand. A modified
polymer-based chemical admixture was added to the both
groups by 0.6% of cement content by weight.
Ninety specimens were prepared and cast into 150 x 150 x
150 mm (5.906 x 5.906 x 5.906 in.) molds for compressive
strength tests. Thirty specimens were produced for flexural
strength tests using 100 x 100 x 500 mm (3.93 x 3.93 x
9.69 in.) prism molds. They were demolded after 24 hours
and kept immersed in water for an additional 27 days. The
specimens for the 360-day test were stored in a room of the
laboratory with a temperature of 20 C (68 F) and a relative
humidity of 90% for 24 hours. The compressive strength test
was conducted on Day 7, 28, and 360. Flexural strength
values were measured only on the 28th day. The flexural

Table 1Chemical composition of cement

used in tests, %
Clinker
Free
ratio SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3 LOI* CaO C1 MAR
53 28.13 8.28 2.45 51.92 3.83 1.67 1.98 0.49 0.0059 47
*

LOI = loss on ignition.

MAR = mineral admixture ratio.

Table 2Chemical analysis of GBFS

used in tests, %
SiO2

CaO MgO Al2O3 Na2O

35.09 37.79 5.50 17.54 0.30

S
0.66

MnO TiO2
0.83

0.68

Fe

P2 O 3

0.70

0.37

Fig. 1Gradation curves of aggregate and GBFS used

in experiments.

Table 3Mixture proportions (for 1 m3 concrete)

Concrete GBFS/sand
type
ratio, %
0
C1

C2

204

Cement, kg (lb)
350 (772)

Water,
L (gal.)
190 (50.2)

Crushed stone
Sand (0 to 3 mm), Sand (0 to 7 mm),
Chemical
(4 to 22 mm), kg (lb)
kg (lb)
kg (lb)
GBFS, kg (lb) admixture, %
835 (1841)

927 (2044)

0.6

25

350 (772)

190 (50.2)

835 (1841)

695 (1532)

183 (403)

50

350 (772)

190 (50.2)

835 (1841)

464 (1023)

365 (805)

0.6

75
100

350 (772)
350 (772)

190 (50.2)
190 (50.2)

835 (1841)
835 (1841)

232 (511)

548 (1208)
730 (1609)

0.6
0.6

0
25

350 (772)
350 (772)

190 (50.2)
190 (50.2)

835 (1841)
835 (1841)

377 (831)
377 (831)

570 (1257)
428 (944)

112 (247)

0.6
0.6

50
75

350 (772)
350 (772)

190 (50.2)
190 (50.2)

835 (1841)
835 (1841)

377 (831)
377 (831)

285 (628)
143 (315)

225 (496)
337 (743)

0.6
0.6

100

350 (772)

190 (50.2)

835 (1841)

377 (831)

449 (990)

0.6

0.6

ACI Materials Journal/May-June 2006

Table 4Results of compressive and flexural strength tests of concrete samples

Concrete
type

Compressive strength, MPa (ksi)

7 days

28 days

360 days

15.47 (2.24)
14.83 (2.15)

33.19 (4.81)
31.54 (4.57)

44.07 (6.39)
41.57 (6.03)

5.15 (0.75)
4.71 (0.68)

12.0 (1.86)
12.7 (1.97)

5.81
6.25

2.42 (0.151)
2.36 (0.147)

50
75

12.24 (1.78)
10.92 (1.58)

26.86 (3.90)
24.01 (3.48)

35.45 (5.14)
31.76 (4.61)

4.29 (0.62)
3.98 (0.58)

13.8 (2.14)
16.8 (2.60)

6.88
7.65

2.25 (0.140)
2.20 (0.137)

100
0

9.66 (1.40)
15.57 (2.26)

20.45 (2.97)
32.47 (4.71)

27.04 (3.92)
43.65 (6.33)

3.56 (0.52)
5.16 (0.75)

18.6 (2.88)
8.59 (1.33)

9.15
5.54

2.19 (0.137)
2.44 (0.152)

25
50

14.79 (2.15)
14.30 (2.07)

32.06 (4.65)
31.19 (4.52)

42.96 (6.23)
42.15 (6.11)

5.05 (0.73)
4.92 (0.71)

10.9 (1.69)
9.28 (1.44)

5.16
5.75

2.41 (0.150)
2.38 (0.149)

75
100

13.78 (2.00)
12.83 (1.86)

30.24 (4.39)
26.71 (3.87)

40.59 (5.89)
35.99 (5.22)

4.75 (0.69)
4.42 (0.64)

9.45 (1.46)
10.7 (1.66)

6.48
7.68

2.34 (0.146)
2.32 (0.145)

C2

Table 6Results of freezing-and-thawing

experiments

Table 5Test results of durability

against high temperature
Average compressive
strength of control
specimen, MPa (ksi)

Average compressive
strength after burning,
MPa (ksi)

0
25

40.4 (5.86)
40.2 (5.83)

31.2 (4.53)
24.2 (3.51)

50
75

31.3 (4.54)
24.4 (3.54)

26.6 (3.86)
18.5 (2.68)

100
0

25.2 (3.65)
39.7 (5.76)

13.7 (1.99)
34.1 (4.95)

25
50

37.5 (5.44)
37.6 (5.45)

34.1 (4.95)
36.2 (5.25)

75
100

35.9 (5.21)
33.3 (4.83)

33.7 (4.89)
29.8 (4.32)

Concrete GBFS/sand
type
ratio, %

C2

Saturated unit
weight,
kg/m3 (lb/ft3)

0
25
C1

C1

Flexural strength, Capillary water

MPa (ksi)
absorption 106 Water absorption,
28 days
cm2/s (in.2/s)
%

GBFS/sand ratio,
%

strength test was conducted by subjecting a single load at

the midspan point of a specimen placed in a flexural
frame. The test results that are given in Table 4 to 7 are
average results for three specimens.
For the high-temperature effect test, 30 specimens were
prepared and cast into 100 x 100 x 100 mm (3.937 x 3.937 x
3.937 in.) molds. The cure conditions of the specimens were
the same as the compression strength test. They were
exposed to a 500 C (932 F) temperature for 2 hours in a
muffle furnace and then the compressive strength test was
conducted after cooling in laboratory in open air for 24
hours.
With the freezing-and-thawing test, the variation in the
compressive strength of concrete with NGGBFS in a cube
shape of 100 mm (3.937 in.) side was explored. After the
specimens completed their 28-day normal development
in a moist curing environment, they were exposed to 30 2 C
temperature for 24 hours and then +22 2 C (40 4 F)
temperature for an additional 24 hours. This cycle of
freezing and thawing was repeated 25 times. At the end of
the 25th cycle, the specimens were observed visually to see
possible surface scaling or disintegration due to internal
deterioration. After this observation, compression strength
values were measured to compare possible variations
with the strength of control specimens.
A rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT) was performed
on the C2 concrete specimens that had 0% (control specimen),
25, and 50% of NGGBFS content, forming three sample
groups containing three specimens each. Because the Turkish
Standards do not suggest any procedure, ASTM C 120220
ACI Materials Journal/May-June 2006

Compressive strength,
MPa (ksi)
Before
After
freezingfreezingGBFS/
Loss in
Concrete sand and-thawing and-thawing strength,
cycle
cycle
ratio, %
MPa (ksi)
type
0
32.07 (4.74) 34.93 (5.07) 2.86 (0.41)
C1

C2

Variation
(% of
control
sample)
8.19

25

32.90 (4.77) 33.53 (4.86) 0.63 (0.09)

1.88

50

20.20 (2.93) 24.60 (3.57) 4.40 (0.64)

17.89

75
0

11.80 (1.71) 24.53 (3.56) 12.73 (1.85)

28.47 (4.13) 30.90 (4.48) 2.43 (0.35)

51.90
7.86

25
50

32.83 (4.76) 34.53 (5.01) 1.70 (0.25)

32.30 (4.68) 32.73 (4.75) 0.43 (0.06)

4.92
1.31

75

29.33 (4.25) 30.10 (4.37) 0.77 (0.11)

2.56

Table 7Average values of electrical charge

in RCPT test of C2 concrete
GBFS/sand ratio, %

Qav /(Coulomb)

Chloride permeability

0
25

2016.27
1319.94

Moderate
Low

50

1347.03

Low

standard test procedure was followed for RCPT, as the

procedure is used worldwide for specification and qualitycontrol purposes.
The capillary water absorption test was carried out to
measure the quantity of water absorption solely from the
bottom side of the specimen cube of 150 mm (5.906 in.) each
side for 24 hours.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of basic engineering property tests are summarized
in Table 8 for aggregate and NGGBFS. The sieve analysis
results for aggregates and NGGBFS are shown in Fig. 1.
Compressive and flexural strength
The C1-type concrete has been proved to have a porous
structure. This is because the gradation of NGGBFS is
different from the gradation of natural sand used in reference
concrete. The great majority of particle size of NGGBFS is
between 1 and 4 mm (0.039 and 0.157 in.). From a 1 mm
(0.039 in.) sieve, as can be seen in Fig. 1, the amount of
particles through is 47.2% for 0 to 7 mm (0 to 0.276 in.) sand
205

Table 8Physical properties of fine and coarse

aggregates and GBFS

Fig. 2Comparison of strength development with respect to

GBFS/sand ratio.

Fig. 3Normalized results of water absorption tests.

whereas it is 1.6% for NGGBFS, forming a difference of
45.6% between these two test materials. This difference
shows that there are not fine enough particles to fill the pores
in the matrix. The NGGBFS replacement ratio (NGGBFS/sand
ratio), therefore, governs the porosity of the matrix. This porous
structure causes negative effect on strength and durability of
concrete. For replacement ratios 75 and 100%, negative effect
is considerable and has to be paid attention to.
Unlike the C1-type of concrete, it is seen that a less porous
structure has developed in C2 types of concrete. Because the
amount of sub-type aggregate of 0 to 3 mm (0 to 0.118 in.)
remains constant in C2 types of concrete, the gradation of
final aggregate mixture resulting from the substitution of
NGGBFS for 0 to 7 mm (0 to 0.276 in.) aggregate has come
closer to the ideal grading requirements than that in the C1
type of concrete.
Table 4 shows the results of compressive strength, flexural
strength, capillary water absorption, unit weight, and water
absorption tests. The results given in Table 4 are average
values obtained from three specimens for each test.
Comparing compressive strengths at 7, 28, and 360 days, it
can be concluded that the more the NGGBFS substitution
ratios increase, the more the compressive strength decreases
in C1. For a replacement ratio lower than 75% in C2-type
concrete, however, the decrease in compressive strength can
206

Coarse
Fine
aggregate aggregate
(4 to
(0 to
22 mm) GBFS
7 mm)

Property

Unit

Loose unit weight

kg/m3
(lb/ft3)

1612
(100.6)

1660
(103.6)

1052
(65.7)

Dense unit weight

kg/m3
(lb/ft3)

1835
(114.5)

1786
(111.5)

1236
(77.2)

Specific gravity

2.64

2.68

2.08

Water absorption ratio

Amount of clay

%
%

7.5
7

3.8
0.24

10

Other impurities

Color

5.2

9.4

Proportion of combustible item

Primrose
yellow
5

Proportion of lightweight particles

be considered within acceptable values. For instance, there is

only a 7% decrease in compressive strength for 28 days in
the C2 type at the replacement ratio of 75%. As can be seen
in Fig. 2, C2-type concrete with full NGGBFS substitution
has almost the same strength as C1-type concrete containing
50% NGGBFS replacement. This finding brings out the
significance of the presence of 0 to 3 mm (0 to 0.118 in.)
fine aggregate in concrete. In the evolution of flexural
strength, it is observed that flexural strength tends to show a
similar behavioral pattern as compressive strength.
Consequently, it can be gathered that the most crucial
drawback in using NGGBFS in concrete is the possibility
of forming porous structures. To compromise with this
possibility, even to eliminate it, NGGBFS could be used
as a subtype of fine aggregate in concrete. Furthermore, the
NGGBFS/sand ratio should be arranged in a way that it will
not reduce the compressive strength within allowable limits.
From the authors tests conducted in a limited number, it can
be said that this ratio is between 50 and 75% for C2-type
concrete. If the value of allowable decrease in strength of
C2-type concrete is assumed as 5%, the optimum NGGBFS/
sand ratio will be 58% according to Fig. 2.
Water absorption
Relative water absorption ratios of C1 and C2 types of
concrete are shown in Fig. 3 with respect to the control concrete.
Water absorbed by weight increases in C1 types of concrete
while decreasing in C2 types for the same ratio categories of
NGGBFS replacement. The water absorption ratio does not
increase in C2 type with respect to control concrete with
NGGBFS/sand replacement ratios of 0 to 50%. The main
reason for the increase of water absorption in C1 is the porous
structure of concrete.
The capillary water absorption behavior of C1 and C2
types are similar to the behavior as in the case of water
absorption by weight (Table 4). There is no significant rise
in capillary water absorption capacity between 0 to 50%
replacement ratios in C2. However, there is a continuous rise
in capillary water absorption ratio for C1 type as the
NGGBFS/sand ratio increases.
Unit weight
The variation of unit weight of concrete with NGGBFS/
sand ratio is shown in Fig. 4. It is an expected outcome that
the unit weight of concrete decreases with the increase in
NGGBFS/sand ratio because the unit weight of NGGBFS is
ACI Materials Journal/May-June 2006

usually less than that of fine aggregate. As a result, the

maximum decrease in unit weight of concrete is 10% in C1type and 5% in C2-type. Although these decreases in
concrete types have a positive effect on unit weight of
concrete, NGGBFS-replaced concrete cannot be considered
as light concrete owing to not fitting in description.
High temperature
The results from the test of durability against high temperature
are presented in Table 5. From these results, it can be observed
that both types of concrete (C1 and C2) demonstrate distinct
differences in terms of strength and durability characteristics.
The decrease rate of compressive strength of C2-type concrete is
less than that of C1-type (Fig. 5). There has not been a decrease
in strength of the C2-type concrete with respect to control
concrete provided that GGBFS/sand ratio is less than 75%. This
result supports our deduction that NGGBFS can easily be used
as a sub-type of aggregate.

Fig. 4Changes of relative unit weight with respect to

GBFS/sand ratio.

Freezing and thawing

A visual examination of specimens subjected to the freezingand-thawing test showed: a) visible surface cracking on C1-type
specimens; and b) less sign of cracking on C2-type specimens.
Table 6 shows the compressive strength of specimens after the
freezing-and-thawing cycles. C2-type concrete is found out to
be more resistant against freezing and thawing than C1-type
concrete. Hence, the NGGBFS replacement, on its own, can be
concluded not to sufficiently develop freezing-and-thawing
resistance because of the porous structure of C1-type concrete.
Rapid chloride permeability test
According to the charge passing through the samples in
RCPT, a qualitative rating is made on the basis of the
concretes permeability, as shown in Table 8. The RCPT
approach is a simple and relatively quick test measuring the
permeability of concrete indirectly. Nevertheless, it may not
be suitable for all types of concrete. Because internal pore
structure affects permeability of concrete, NGGBFS replacement reduces chloride permeability for a C2-type concrete. As
an optimum percentage for NGGBFS/sand ratio, it is found to
be somewhere between 25 and 50% for C2-type concrete.
Searching for the exact optimum percentage for further
research is recommended by taking shorter interval percentages such as 5 between 25 to 50%. To increase NGGBFS/sand
ratio over the 50% without increasing permeability, it is
suggested that some mineral admixtures and/or more than two
sub-types of fine aggregate should be used.
FURTHER RESEARCH
The replacement percentage increments should be selected
smaller to find out the effects of GBFS on the durability
characteristics of concrete. Precautions should be developed
to eliminate decreases in strength, especially for high
NGGBFS/sand ratios. Efforts should be made to investigate
the microstructure of NGGBFS-replaced concrete. It would
be beneficial to understand porous structure clearly.
CONCLUSIONS
The effect of using NGGBFS as fine aggregate on the
properties of concrete was investigated. Based on the results of
this experimental investigation, the following conclusions
are drawn:
1. GGBFS/sand ratio is the governing criteria for the
effects on the strength and durability characteristics;
ACI Materials Journal/May-June 2006

Fig. 5Relative strength variation of concrete specimens

subjected to high temperature.
2. While strength is decreasing in some percentage, GBFS
replacement has positive effects on durability characteristics
of concrete;
3. Under some conditions, NGGBFS can be partially used
as fine aggregate in low- and normal-strength concretes. To
give an approximate replacement percentage, approximately
50% replacement can be suggested. The most important
condition for use of NGGBFS is the requirement of using
sub-type sand finer than NGGBFS so that concrete will not
form a porous structure;
4. Unit weight of NGGBFS-replaced concrete is found to
be reduced 10% with respect to the control concrete. If stiffness
of NGGBFS-replaced concrete is on the same level with
normalweight concrete, then earthquake loads can be
reduced on concrete structures; and
5. In many concrete members, such as concrete bricks and
blocks, durability characteristics are more important than
strength characteristics. NGGBFS-replaced concrete can be
used to manufacture such members.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Financial support for this research was provided by Zonguldak
Karaelmas University Scientific Researches Committee under Project number
2003-45-06-03. This support is gratefully acknowledged. The authors also
thank . Mekik for the English translation.

207

REFERENCES
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Cementitious Grout in Concrete (ACI 233R-95), American Concrete Institute,
Farmington Hills, Mich., 1995, 18 pp.
2. Smolczyk, H. G., The Effect of Chemistry of Slag on the Strength of
Blast Furnace Slag Cements, Zement-Kalk-Gips, V. 31, No. 6, 1978,
pp. 294-296.
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ACI Materials Journal/May-June 2006