Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction
a. History
David A. Thomas, How Educators Can More Effectively Understand and Combat The Plagiarism Epidemic,
2004 B.Y.U. EDUC & L.J. 42 (2004) [Journal Online]; available from
http://digitalcommons.law.byu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1191&context=elj ; Internet; accessed 1
March 2014
2
Chris Park, In Other (People's) Words: plagiarism by university students--literature and lessons.
Assessment & Evaluation In Higher Education 28, no. 5 (2003): 471-488. Academic Search Premier,
EBSCOhost; accessed 6 March 2014
3
Ashworth et al., The student lifeworld and the meanings of plagiarism." Journal Of Phenomenological
Psychology 34, no. 2 (Fall2003 2003): 257-278. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost accessed 7 March
2014
4
Id. (citing: Guidelines for Faculties on the Avoidance of Plagiarism (Edinburgh University, 1999))
5
Oscar Carlo F. Cajucom, Plagiarism within the Legal Profession and Academe, 55 Ateneo L.J. 787 (2010)
1|Page
Sophia Dedace, More schools reject Supreme Court denial of plagiarism, November 9, 2010, available at:
http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/205543/news/nation/more-schools-reject-supreme-courtdenial-of-plagiarism; accessed 1 March 2014
7
Thomas, supra note 1
8
Cajucom, supra note 5 (citing Jaime Dursht, Judicial Plagiarism: It may be Fair Use but is it Ethical? (19967) Cardozo Law Review)
9
David E. Sorkin, Practicing Plagiarism, 81 ILL. B.J. 487 (1993) [Journal Online]; available from:
http://ssrn.com/abstract=1100323 ; Internet; accessed 1 March 2014
10
In the Matter of the Charges of Plagiarism, Etc., Against Associate Justice Mariano C. del Castillo, A.M
No. 10-7-17-SC, October 12, 2010 [hereinafter In Re: Plagiarism] (citing Websters New World College
Dictionary 1-31 (3d ed.))
11
Id.
12
Id. (J. Sereno, dissenting opinion) [hereinafter Sereno Dissent] (citing Stuart P. Green, Plagiarism,
Norms, and the Limits of Theft Law: Observations on the Use of Criminal Sanctions in Enforcing
Intellectual Property Rights, 54 HASTINGS L. J. 167, at 173)
13
Thomas, supra note 1
14
Ralph D. Mawdsley, Plagiarism Problems in Higher education, I3 J.C & U.L. 65 (1986) [Journal Online];
available
from:
2|Page
2. Prevalence of Plagiarism
Plagiarism is not a new trend. Copying from other writers is
probably as old as writing itself.15 It is a universal phenomenon, not
strictly restricted to legal writing, but encompassing almost all fields of
life.16
Research and scholarly writing is a laborious endeavor. 17 The
value of a written work greatly depends on the authorities used and
cited. Thus, attribution is a significant task when it comes to writing. 18
However, not all researchers and scholars have the diligence to go
over piles of research materials, take note of relevant authorities and
come up with something original.19
Aside from the struggle to produce a genuine work, researchers
and scholars often lack the ability to cope with the demands of
writing. Writers intentionally or unintentionally resort to copying
another persons work because of the need to meet deadlines. 20
Plagiarism also arises due to the inability of writers to use proper
attribution.21
3. The Price of Plagiarism
Plagiarism is not considered a crime. It is almost never itself
the subject of a lawsuit. It is mostly an administrative matter and the
penalty is paid in the court of popular opinion. 22
Aside from the dishonor attached to the offense, plagiarists
suffer penalties accordingly. Students and professionals may be
penalized, suspended or dismissed.23 Denial of certification or
recognition of achievement to the extent of rescinding degrees may
also be imposed in the academe. Law students in particular, may be
http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/jcolunly13&div=7&id=&page=; Internet;
accessed 1 March 2014
15
Chris Park, supra note 2
16
Paul Mooney, Plagued by Plagiarism. Chronicle Of Higher Education 52, no. 37 (2006): 69-72. Academic
Search Premier, EBSCOhost; accessed 6 March 2014
17
Cajucom, supra note 5
18
Natalie Cotton, The Competence of Students as Editors of Law Reviews: A Response to Judge Posner
154
U.
PA.
L.
REV.
951,
(2006)
[Journal
Online];
available
from:
http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1305&context=penn_law_review; accessed
1 March 2014
19
Cajucom, supra note 5
20
Id. (citing Joe Mirarchi, Plagiarism: What is it? How to Avoid it? And Why?. 4 T.M COOLEY J. PRAC. &
CLINICAL L. 381 (2001))
21
James Cross Giblin, Biography for the 21st Century. School Library Journal 48, no. 2 (2002): 44. MAS
Ultra - School Edition, EBSCOhost; accessed 1 March 2014
22
Cajucom, supra note 5 (citing Roger Billings, Plagiarism in Academia and Beyond: What is the Role of the
Courts?. 38 U.S.F.L REV. 391 (2004))
23
Id.
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Sereno Dissent, supra note 12 (citing Jaime S. Dursht, Judicial Plagiarism: It May Be Fair Use but Is It
Ethical?, 18 CARDOZO L. REV. 1253, at 1))
25
Bermingham et al., Plagiarism in UK law schools: is there a postcode lottery?. Assessment & Evaluation
In Higher Education 35, no. 1 (2010): 1-14. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost; accessed 1 March 2014
26
Fr. Ranhilio C. Aquino, Intellectual Property Law (Phoenix Press, Inc., 2006), 1
27
Aquino, supra note 26, 13
28
Narciso M. Aguilar, The Intellectual Property Code Annotated (Central/Print on Demand, 2004), 133
29
Id. (citing: Article 9 (2) of the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights of
GATT 994)
30
Rufus Rodriguez, The Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines and Its Implementing Rules and
Regulations (Rex Bookstore, 2002), 119
31
Aquino, supra note 26, 20, 29
32
David Vaver, Intellectual Property Law. Essentials of Canadian Law Series (Irwin Law, 1997), 41
33
Rodriguez, supra note30, 134
34
Aquino, supra note 26 ,65
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Peter Rosenberg, Patent Law Fundamentals, Sections on Copyrights (Clark Boardman Callaghan, 1993),
591
36
Neil Boorstyn, Copyright Law, (Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company, 1981), 293
37
Rosenberg, supra note 35, 591
38
Vicente B. Amador, Copyright Under the Intellectual Property Code (Rex Bookstore, 1998), 8 (citing:
Article 9 (2) of the Berne Paris Convention)
39
Aguilar, supra note, 28 , 146 (citing: Art. 184 of RA 8293)
40
Rodriguez, supra note 30,141 (citing Art. 184 of RA 8293)
41
Aquino, supra note 26 ,98
42
Aguilar, supra note 28 , 146 (citing: Art. 184 (b) of RA 8293)
43
Bermingham et al., supra note 25
44
Ralph D. Mawdsley, THE TANGLED WEB OF PLAGIARISM LITIGATION: SORTING OUT THE LEGAL ISSUES.
Brigham Young University Education & Law Journal [serial online]. June 2009;(2):245-267. (citing: Laurie
Stearns, Copy Wrong: Plagiarism, Process, Property, and the Law, 80 CAL. L. REV. 513, 514 (1992))
Available from: Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost; accessed 6 March 2014
5|Page
45
Cajucom, supra note 5 (citing: Bast & Samuels, Plagiarism and Legal Scholarship in the Age of
Information Sharing: The Need for Intellectual Honesty, 57 CATH. U.L.REV 777, 780 (2008)
46
Isagani Cruz, Is plagiarism a crime?, available at: http://www.philstar.com/education-and-home/201209-13/848455/plagiarism-crime; Internet; accessed 1 March 2014
47
Trinchera T. Cut and Paste Plagiarism: What It Is and What to Do About It. Community & Junior College
Libraries [serial online]. July 2001:5. Available from: Academic Search Premier, EBSCOHost Accessed
March 6, 2014.
48
Cajucom, supra note 5 (citing Stuart P. Green, Plagiarism, Norms, and the Limits of Theft Law:
Observations on the Use of Criminal Sanctions in Enforcing Intellectual Property Rights, 54 HASTINGS L. J.
167, at 200)
49
Id. (citing: Bast & Samuels, Plagiarism and Legal Scholarship in the Age of Information Sharing: The Need
for Intellectual Honesty, 57 CATH. U.L.REV 790 (2008)
50
Id.
51
Vinuya et al. v. Executive Secretary Romulo et al., G.R No. 162230, April 28, 2010
52
In Re: Plagiarism, supra note 10
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Id. The Court held that the footnotes from Criddle-Descent article entitled A Fiduciary Theory of Jus
Cogens (2009) were carried into the Vinuya decisions own footnotes but no attribution were made to the
two authors in those footnotes.
54
Id. The Court held that the passages from Mark Ellis article entitled Breaking the Silence: Rape as an
Intentional Crime (2006) was not properly acknowledged in Footnote 65 found in the ponencia of Justice
del Castillo.
55
Id. The Court held that the decision attributed the source of passages lifted from Christian Tamss book
entitled Enforcing Erga Omnes Obligations in International Law (2006). The use of the phrase See
instead of cited in is a case of mere inadvertent slip in attribution.
56
Id.
57
Id.
58
Id.
59
Id.
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Robles alleged that her sources were from foreign books. She
contends that similarity in styles cannot be avoided since they come
from the same background and orientation. The trial court and the
Court of Appeals ruled in favor of Robles. 68
2. The Decision of the Supreme Court
The Supreme Court held that copying per se does not
constitute copyright infringement. What is prohibited is the copying
that produces an injurious effect. Furthermore, it is not required that
the entire work be copied in order for copyright infringement to exist.
It is enough that so much is taken that the value of the original work is
substantially diminished or the labor of the original author is
appropriated by another. 69
The respondents defense that the similarity in style can be
attributed to the fact that both of them are exposed to the same
syllabus and they have the same academic experience and teaching
approach is untenable. The Supreme Court noted that the similarities
in their works were too evident. Robles should have acknowledged
Habana as the source. Copying without permission is injurious thus,
constitute copyright infringement. 70
3. Dissent
Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr. did not join the majoritys view
that Robles act constitutes copyright Infringement. Although he
concurs with the majority decision that it is not required that the entire
work be copied in order for copyright infringement to exist as long as
the labor of the original author is substantially appropriated, his
opinion differ as to the degree of consideration to be used in
determining substantial appropriation of a book. 71
He asserts that the similarity of the books written by Robles in
the present case does not amount to an appropriation of a substantial
portion of the work of Habana et al. The Chief Justice concluded that
the similarities exist due to the fact that the two books tackle the
same subjects and the sources are common. He believes that the
similarity in orientation and style can be attributed to the exposure of
the authors to the same syllabus, academic experience, teaching
approaches and methodology. 72
c. Interface Between the Two Cases
It is clear that the case of In the Matter of the Charges of
Plagiarism, Etc., Against Associate Justice Mariano C. del Castillo
68
Id.
Id.
70
Id.
71
Id. (CJ. Davide, dissenting opinion)
72
Id.
69
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Analysis
a. The Concept of a Good Case Law
The principle of a case law stems from the rule that where a
point has been once settled by a decision of the Supreme Court, it
forms a precedent which is not afterwards be departed from. After a
legal principle has thus been well settled, it becomes a binding rule to
be applied in all cases of similar nature.77 The policy of the doctrine is
to give uniformity, certainty and stability to the law.78
There are established rules recognized for the application of
precedents. It a fundamental rule that a) Each court is bound by the
decision of courts above it; b) Any relevant judgment of any court is a
strong argument entitled to respectful consideration; c) a judgment is
authoritative only as to its ratio decidendi. 79
However, the doctrine of precedent is not absolute. It can be
set aside when it is manifestly absurd or unjust. When a case law is
set aside, the former decision is not considered as bad law, rather it
was not a law. To justify abandonment of an authoritative precedent,
73
Jose Manuel Diokno, Statement of the DLSU College of Law on the Plagiarism Case, November 5, 2010
available at: http://law.dlsu.edu.ph/_media/_pdf/Statement_Final_Draft.pdf; accessed 2 March 2014
74
Habana v Robles, supra note 67
75
In Re: Plagiarism, supra note 10
76
Cajucom, supra note 5
77
Emiliano Mina, The Doctrine of Stare Decisis and the Supreme Court of the Philippine Islands, 16 Ph. L.
J., 405 (1937) (citing: Corpus Juris, Vol. 58, 1318)
78
Id.
79
Id. (citing: Allen, Law in the Making, 2nd Edition, 201.)
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80
Mina, supra note 77,411 (citing: Salmond, Jurisprudence, 7th Edition, 193-194)
Atty. Salvador Hipolito, Regional Public Attorney, interview by author, recording, Pampanga, 2 March
2014
82
Dedace, supra note 6
83
Jojo Robles, Enrile weighs in, October 30, 2010 available at:
http://www.manilastandardtoday.com/insideOpinion.htm?f=2010/october/29/jojorobles.isx&d=2010/oct
ober/29 accessed 2 March 2014
81
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Aries C. Rufo and Purple S. Romero, SC justice plagiarized parts of ruling on comfort women, July 18,
2010 available at: http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/196407/news/nation/sc-justice-plagiarizedparts-of-ruling-on-comfort-women; accessed: 1 March 2014
85
Id.
86
Andreo Calonzo, SC plagiarism ruling may have violated Berne copyright pact, expert says, October 22,
2010 available at: http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/204069/news/nation/sc-plagiarism-rulingmay-have-violated-berne-copyright-pact-expert-says; accessed: 1 March 2014
87
Id.
88
Solita Collas-Monsod, Bully Tactics, available at :http://globalbalita.com/2010/10/20/bully-tactics/
accessed 1 March 2014
89
Dedace, supra note 6
90
Id.
91
Ramon Tulfo, A bully Supreme Court, November 11, 2010 available at:
http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/metro/view/20101110-302550/A-bully-Supreme-Court
accesed 1 March 2014
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92
Randy David, Plagiarism: a tale of two cultures, October 24, 2010 available at: accessed 4 march
2014http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20101023-299338/Plagiarism-a-tale-oftwo-cultures
93
Conrado de Quiros, Malice in Wonderland, October 27, 2010, available at:
http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20101025-299586/Malice-in-Wonderland;
accessed 4 March 2014
94
Mina, supra note 77
95
MILAGROS SANTOS-ONG, Copyright Laws, Issues Concerns and Cases, Available from: Academic Search
Premier, EBSCOhost; accessed 6 March 2014
96
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and the law on justice has drawn respect from the legal profession
making it a good case law.
V.
Conclusion
100
Cajucom, supra note 5 (citing Jaime Dursht, Judicial Plagiarism: It may be Fair Use but is it Ethical?
(1996-7) Cardozo Law Review)
101
Anne Fadiman, Nothing new under the sun. Civilization (1997);4(1):86. Available from: Academic
Search Premier, EBSCOHost. Accessed 6 March 2014
102
Cajucom, supra note 5 (citing Stuart P. Green, Plagiarism, Norms, and the Limits of Theft Law:
Observations on the Use of Criminal Sanctions in Enforcing Intellectual Property Rights, 54 HASTINGS L. J.
167, at 200)
103
Id.
104
Id.
105
Id.
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