A parliamentary system is a system of democratic governance of a state in which the executive branch

derives its democratic legitimacy from, and is held accountable to, the legislature (parliament); the
executive and legislative branches are thus interconnected. In a parliamentary system, the head of
state is normally a different person from the head of government. This is in contrast to a presidential
system in a democracy, where the head of state often is also the head of government, and most
importantly: the executive branch does not derive its democratic legitimacy from the legislature.
A system of government having the real executive power vested in a cabinet composed of members of
the legislature who are individually and collectively responsible for the legislature

1. Capacity to ensure stability and continuity in governance

- Presidents are elected for a period of time that, under normal circumstances cannot
be modified: not shortened and sometimes due to ban on elections, not prolonged.
The political process then becomes broken into discontinuous, rigidly determined
periods without the possibility of continuous readjustments as political, social and
economic events. Thus, unexpected events may intervene, like fundamental flaws in
judgment or political process. Then there is the extreme measure of impeachment,
which is difficult and complicated to execute successfully.
- In sharp contrast, a parliamentary government because of the mutual dependency
between the executive and the legislature inherent in the system permits
flexibility in responding to changing situations and unexpected events. Proponents
of presidentialism, in their critique of parliamentarism, overlook the continuity of
parties in power, the reshuffling of cabinet members, the continuation of a coalition
under the same premier, and the frequent continuity of ministers in key ministries
in spite of cabinet crises
- The Stepan and Skach study covering 53 non-OECD countries, which they had
classified as having been democracies for at least a year between 1973 and 1989,
confirm these tendencies. Of the 53 countries, 28 were pure parliamentary, 25 were
pure presidential and none, surprisingly, were either semi-presidential or mixed.
Only five of the 25 presidential democracies, or 20% were democratic for any 10
consecutive years in the 1973-1989 period, but 17 of the 28 parliamentary
democracies, or 61% were democratic for a consecutive 10-year span in the same
period.
- Clearly, parliamentary democracies, with a rate of survival more than three times
higher than presidential democracies, demonstrate greater capacity for ensuring
continuous democratic governance. in the same study , presidential democracies
were twice as prone to breaking down through military takeover than parliamentary
democracies. (See Table 3) This difference points to a greater ability of
parliamentary regimes to accommodate conflicts and crises in government without
leading to a rejection of the regime
- The evidence is overwhelmingly in favor of the parliamentary system. Successful
countries all tend to be parliamentary. Parliamentary countries top various indices
like the Corruption Perceptions Index or the Human Development Index. They are
less corrupt and less prone to political disruptions (like political gridlock,

assassinations, coup d'etats, and revolutions).

The reason for this is that, unlike the presidential system, parliamentary systems
have a built-in mechanism that allows for the easy removal of a lousy leader, who
can be removed easily in three legal ways: 1) vote of confidence; 2) removal by the
party; 3) removal by the Head-of-State. Compare this with the presidential system
wherein the only legal recourse is through the very difficult process of impeachment,
which rarely succeeds, leaving citizens with the option of either waiting until the end
of the term or forcefully removing the leader through a risky revolution or coup
d'etat.

2. Capacity to prevent gridlock and promote consensus

Gridlock hold up; Consensus harmony
- The chronic problem of gridlock that has afflicted the Philippine presidential system
with its cumbersome process of checks and balances. Evidence of this poor
credibility is the consistently low ratings that political personalities and institutions,
like congress and political parties register in surveys.
- This problem is aggravated by the inability of presidential democracies to obtain
strong congressional cooperation through majority control of the legislature.
- Under the parliamentary system, the powerlessness and deep frustration that
generally characterize presidential government is more exception than the rule. The
difference lies in the ability of the parliamentary government to muster a majority in
the legislature and command support and cooperation from it. More important, the
mutual dependency relation in parliamentarism creates effective constitutional
devices to break deadlocks or remove inefficient governments. Frustrating,
unproductive and long impasses are thus avoided. Thus, as a system that can better
avoid deadlocks, discourage coup attempts and promote better cooperation in
policymaking, a parliamentary democracy is superior and should be preferred over a
presidential system.
-

Another positive feature is the fusion between the legislative and executive branches,
which eliminates political gridlock and allows the people's representatives in the
legislature to directly engage the executive in debates. This is not possible in a
presidential system since the executive and legislative branches are constitutionally
separated and thereby not obligated to engage the legislature in debate. The end
result is that politicians in parliamentary systems tend to be more competent than
those in presidential systems.

Parliamentary system will prevent gridlock and will change the executive without
waiting every four years

Eliminate checks and balances. Bills can be passed more quickly. Since we would
have a house of commons, there would be no need for a senate or even an
executive branch.
In the parliamentary system, the government is directly accountable to the legislator
(the parliament), from which it's power and legal authority is derived. An example of
this would be the PMQ in the UK were the Prime Minister has to answer questions
about the policies he/she has implemented or is planning to implement, this also

allows for the government's actions to be better scrutinised and thus makes them
responsible for their actions.

3.