Gramtica essencial

Trobareu explicacions gramaticals ms detallades al Grammar Workshop, Students Book, pgines 86101.

Temps verbals
TEMPS o
FORMA
ESTRUCTURA Afirmativa

USOS
Negativa

Interrogativa

Present
simple

I/You/We/They work. I/You/We/They do not (dont) Do I/you/we/they

work?
work.
He/She/It works.

Present
continuous

I am (m) working.
He/She/It is (s)
working.
You/We/They are
(re) working.
I/You/We/They have
(ve) worked.

dades i estats
hbits i accions que es repeteixen
He/She/It does not (doesnt) Does he/she/it work? verbs destat
work.
Am I working?
I am (m) not working.
accions que passen en aquest
He/She/It is (s) not working. Is he/she/it working? moment
situacions temporals
Are you/we/they
You/We/They are (re) not
amb valor de futur, per a plans i
working?
working.
activitats organitzades
I/You/We/They have not
(havent) worked.

Have I/you/we/they
worked?

He/She/It has (s)

worked.
I/You/We/They have
(ve) been working.

He/She/It has not (hasnt)

worked.
I/You/We/They have not
(havent) been working.

Has he/she/it
worked?
Have I/you/we/they
been working?

He/She/It has (s)

been working.

He/She/It has not (hasnt)

been working.

Past simple

I/You/He/She/It/We/
They worked.

I/You/He/She/It/We/They did
not (didnt) work.

Past
continuous

I/He/She/It was
working.

I/He/She/It was not (wasnt)

working.

You/We/They were
working.
I/You/He/She/It/
We/They had (d)
worked.
I/You/He/She/It/We/
They used to work.
I/You/He/She/It/We/
They would (d)
work.
I/You/He/She/It/We/
They will (ll) work.

You/We/They were not

(werent) working.
I/You/He/She/It/We/They had
not (hadnt) worked.

Present
perfect
simple
Present
perfect
continuous

Past perfect
simple
used to
would per
a hbits del
passat
will

be going to

I am (m) going to
work.
He/She/It is (s)
going to work.

Future
continuous
Future
perfect
simple

You/We/They are
(re) going to work.
I/You/He/She/It/We/
They will (ll) be
working.
I/You/He/She/It/We/
They will (ll) have
worked.

situacions actuals que van

comenar en el passat
experincies passades, sense
especificar quan es van produir

accions repetides que afecten el

present
una acci repetida recent que
Has he/she/it been
influeix en el present
working?
lexplicaci duna acci o un fet del
passat
Did I/you/he/she/it/we/ accions acabades o fets del passat
they work?
fets que es van repetir en el passat
estats del passat
Was I/he/she/it
accions que es donaven en un
moment determinat del passat
working?
accions passades interrompudes
Were you/we/they
por uns altres fets del passat
working?
Had I/you/he/she/it/
estats o accions anteriors a uns
altres fets del passat
we/they worked?

I/You/He/She/It/We/They did
not (didnt) use to work.
I/You/He/She/It/We/They
would not (wouldnt)
work.
I/You/He/She/It/We/They will
not (wont) work.

Did I/you/he/she/it/we/
they use to work?
Would I/you/he/she/it/
we/they work?

You/We/They are (re) not

going to work.
I/You/He/She/It/We/They will
not (wont) be working.

Are you/we/they
going to work?
Will I/you/he/she/it/
accions futures que es donaran al
we/they be working? llarg dun perode de temps
accions de futur ja planificades
Will I/you/he/she/
esdeveniments o accions que
shauran acabat en un moment
it/we/they have
concret
worked?

hbits o situacions del passat que

ja no sn certs en lactualitat
hbits o situacions del passat que
ja no sn certs en lactualitat

Will I/you/he/she/it/
we/they work?

prediccions o opinions sobre el

futur
decisions espontnies
Am I going to work? prediccions basades en evidncies
I am (m) not going to
work.
plans i intencions
Is
he/she/it
going
to
He/She/It is (s) not going to
work?
work.

I/You/He/She/It/We/They will
not (wont) have worked.

Gramtica essencial 115

Oracions interrogatives
Les preguntes amb formes verbals contnues inclouen la
forma en -ing del verb principal.

What were you doing yesterday?

En preguntes amb formes verbals simples, sutilitza

linfinitiu del verb principal.

tell + objecte indirecte (+ that) + estil indirecte.

The policeman told me (that) they had arrested the

burglar.
Per a ordres o instruccions indirectes, no sutilitza say, sin
tell + objecte (+ not) + to + infinitiu.

Be quiet!

The teacher told us to be quiet.

What did you do yesterday?

Preguntes indirectes

Oracions interrogatives de subjecte i dobjecte

En la forma interrogativa de lestil indirecte, lordre s

diferent del de les preguntes directes. Tamb canvia el temps
verbal, com a la forma afirmativa de lestil indirecte.
Verb + subjecte (pregunta directa).

En una pregunta de subjecte, la partcula interrogativa

fa referncia al subjecte de la frase. Lordre de la frase no
sinverteix, i no shi utilitza un verb auxiliar.

Who likes Annie? Auggie likes Annie.

How tall are you? he asked.

En una pregunta dobjecte, la partcula interrogativa fa

referncia a lobjecte de la frase. Sinverteix lordre de la
frase, i shi inclou un verb auxiliar.

He asked me how tall I was.

Who does Annie like? Annie likes Auggie.

Estil indirecte: temps verbals

ESTIL DIRECTE

ESTIL INDIRECTE

Present simple
He said, I watch TV.
Present continuous
He said, I am watching TV.
Present perfect simple
He said, I have watched TV.
Past simple
He said, I watched TV.
will
He said, I will watch TV.
can
He said, I can watch TV.
must
He said, I must watch TV.

Past simple
He said he watched TV.
Past continuous
He said he was watching TV.
Past perfect simple
He said he had watched TV.
Past perfect
He said he had watched TV.
would
He said he would watch TV.
could
He said he could watch TV.
have to
He said he had to watch TV.

Estil indirecte: verbs introductoris

VERB

ESTIL INDIRECTE

declare suggest
explain insist
say recommend
invite order
tell
agree offer
promise
apologize (for)
suggest

verb + proposici encapalada per

that

He declared that he loved her.

verb + objecte + to + infinitiu

He told her to sit down.

verb + to + infinitiu

She offered to pay for coffee.

verb + forma en -ing

She apologized for being late.

say i tell
Els verbs say i tell, que introdueixen lestil indirecte, tenen el
mateix significat, per es fan servir duna manera diferent.
say (+ that) + estil indirecte.

The policeman said (that) they had arrested the burglar.

116 Gramtica essencial

Subjecte + verb (pregunta indirecta).

Proposicions de relatiu
PRONOM RELATIU
which / that
who / that
whose
ADVERBI RELATIU
when
where

USOS
referncia a objectes
referncia a persones
expressi de possessi
USOS
referncia temporal
referncia espacial

PROPOSICI DE FORMA
RELATIU
Proposici
Shes the girl
especificativa
who helped
me.
Proposici
The girl, who
explicativa
was very
clever, helped
me.

USOS
informaci essencial
sobre el substantiu del
qual va darrere
informaci addicional, no
essencial, sobre el
substantiu del qual
vadarrere

Omissi del pronoun relatiu

El pronom relatiu es pot ometre si no constitueix el subjecte
de la proposici de relatiu especificativa.

Thats the DVD (that / which) Soledad bought.

Hes the man (that / who) I was telling you about.

Sovint someten els relatius who, which i that en la llengua

parlada. Whose no es pot ometre mai.

La voz pasiva
TEMPS VERBAL

VEU ACTIVA

VEU PASSIVA

Present simple
Present continuous
Present perfect
Past simple
Past continuous
Past perfect
will
be going to

open
is opening
has opened
opened
was opening
had opened
will open
is going to open

is opened
is being opened
has been opened
was opened
was being opened
had been opened
will be opened
is going to be
opened

Veu activa

veu passiva

Quan es passa una frase de la veu activa a la veu passiva,

lobjecte es converteix en subjecte de la nova oraci.
Activa: The driver
subjecte

subjecte
Passiva: The door

opened

the door.

verb

objecte

verb

(by + agent)

was opened (by the driver).

s de la veu passiva
La veu passiva emfatitza lacci ( = el verb) per damunt de qui
la fa (= lagent).

El causatiu
El causatiu sutilitza per descriure accions que alg o alguna
cosa porta a terme per nosaltres.

He had his shoes cleaned. (= Ell no es va netejar les

sabates.)

El causatiu es construeix amb have / get + objecte + participi

passat.
Have i get poden aparixer en qualsevol temps verbal, per
get se sol fer servir en frases menys formals. Igual que en la
veu passiva, by + agent es pot ometre si no sespecifica qui o
qu fa lacci.

Oracions condicionals
FORMA

USOS

De primer grau
if / unless + present simple,
will + infinitiu
O
will + infinitiu if / unless +
present simple
De segon grau
if + past simple, would +
infinitiu
O
would + infinitiu if + past
simple
De tercer grau
if + past perfect, would have
+ participi passat
O
would have + participi passat
if + past perfect

fets possibles o probables en

el futur

situacions hipottiques ara o

en el futur

fets hipottics del passat

Verbs modals
VERB MODAL
(o estructura relacionada)
can / cant
could / couldnt
be able to / not be able to
must
may / may not (NO PAS maynt)
could / couldnt
might / mightnt
cant
have to / dont have to
need to / neednt
must (NO PAS mustnt)
should / shouldnt
ought to / oughtnt to
mustnt

USOS
descriure capacitat

expressar certesa
expressar possibilitat

expressar impossibilitat
expressar obligaci

aconsellar
fer recomanacions
expressar prohibici

VERB MODAL COMPOST

must have + participi passat
cant have + participi passat

USOS
expressar certesa en el passat
expressar impossibilitat en el
passat
may / might have + participi expressar possibilitat en el
passat
passat
could have + participi passat suggerir una acci passada
alternativa
should have + participi passat criticar una acci passada

Infinitiu i forma en -ing

VERB
admit
avoid
cant stand
cant imagine
consider
dont mind
enjoy

finish
imagine
mention
miss
practise
report
suggest

USOS
noms amb la forma en -ing

afford
agree
arrange
ask
attempt
choose
decide
expect

hope
learn
manage
pretend
promise
seem
want

noms amb to + infinitiu

begin
like
hate

love
prefer
start

amb linfinitiu o amb la forma

en -ing

La forma en -ing amb funci de substantiu

La forma en -ing pot fer la funci de substantiu, sovint com a
subjecte de la frase.

Living in a capital city can be very expensive.

Gramtica essencial 117

Introducci als phrasal verbs (verbs amb partcula)

Phrasal verbs de significat literal i / o idiomtic
Els phrasal verbs estan formats per un verb i una partcula;
aquesta ltima pot ser una preposici o un adverbi: per exemple,
in, out, on, off, for, over.
Alguns phrasal verbs tenen un significat literal que es pot
deduir a partir del verb i la partcula, ja que tant lun com laltra
conserven el significat.

The teacher told the students to sit down.

Uns altres phrasal verbs tenen un significat idiomtic. En

aquest cas, el verb i la partcula no naclareixen el significat. Cal
aprendres aquestes estructures com si fossin paraules noves.
Hes looking for a job. (= intentant trobar)
Hi ha phrasal verbs que tenen un significat literal i tamb un
didiomtic.

Look up there! Is that an aeroplane?

I looked up her number in the telephone directory.

1 Are the bold phrasal verbs literal or idiomatic?

1
2
3
4
5
6

In my presentation Ill touch on

several causes of global warming.
Pull over to the roadside, I can
see a police car coming.
Oh no, Ive run over next doors
cat!
Were going to stamp out racial
inequality one day.
Where shall we put up the
Christmas lights this year?
Searching for a new job swallows
up so much time in the evening.

Phrasal verbs amb up i down

Algunes partcules ajuden a deduir el significat dun phrasal verb.
Els que inclouen up i down solen indicar un procs, o b alguna
cosa que va augmentant o disminuint.
It will warm up. (= La temperatura augmentar.)
It will cool down. (= La temperatura descendir.)
La partcula up tamb pot transmetre la idea dacabar alguna
cosa.
Eat up! (= Menja-tho tot!)
Youve used up the milk! (= Thas acabat la llet!)
The rain has cleared up. (= Ha parat de ploure del tot.)

2 Complete the sentences with up or down.

the new
1 Were not going to put
calendar until New Years Day!
2 You should wrap
warm its going
to be cold today.
3 I cant believe the company tried to cover
the theft.
4 I had to turn
the job offer I dont
want to move to Portugal.
5 American food is really fashionable at the
moment; new restaurants are springing
everywhere!
6 I think Emily needs cheering
we
should take her dancing this weekend.

Phrasal verbs amb ms dun significat

Molts phrasal verbs tenen ms dun significat. De vegades, tamb
en varia lestructura.

Please turn the radio / heating down.

(abaixar el volum, la temperatura) (transitiu / separable)

The band turned down the chance to play at Glastonbury

festival.
(= no acceptar) (intransitiu)
Quan consultis un phrasal verb en el diccionari, comprova quina
estructura gramatical t, a ms del significat. Aix el fars servir
correctament.

122 Introducci als phrasal verbs

3 How many meanings can you find for these

phrasal verbs? Use a dictionary to help you.
A put up B
set up C
come across

4 Complete the sentences with the correct phrasal

verbs from exercise 3.
1 This shop has lots of great dresses, Im sure youll
something you like.
2 I need to
a sign to warn
people the road is flooded.
3 Hurry up, I want to get to the party early to help
the music system!

Phrasal verbs separables i no separables

Els phrasal verbs es classifiquen en tres categories: separables, no
separables i intransitius.

1 Separables
Aquests phrasal verbs sn transitius, s a dir, tenen un objecte. Si
lobjecte s un substantiu, tant pot anar davant com darrere de la
partcula.
Well pick the guests up. O B Well pick up the guests.
Si lobjecte s un pronom, ha danar abans de la partcula.
Well pick them up. NO PAS Well pick up them.

2 No separables
Aquests phrasal verbs sn transitius; per quan lobjecte s un
substantiu, ha danar darrere de la partcula.
Hes looking for a job. NO PAS Hes looking a job for.
Si lobjecte s un pronom, ha danar darrere de la partcula.
Hes looking for it. NO PAS Hes looking it for.
Els phrasal verbs de tres elements (dues partcules) no es poden
separar.
I get on with my sister. NO PAS I get my sister on with.

3 Intransitius
Aquests phrasal verbs no es fan servir amb un objecte, i el verb i la
partcula no es poden separar. Were going away.
Quan taprenguis un nou phrasal verb, a ms del significat, sempre
thas dapuntar a quin grup pertany. Un bon diccionari dindicar si
s separable o no separable.
Molts diccionaris indiquen que un phrasal verb s separable afegint
sb / sth (somebody / something) entre el verb i la partcula.

pick sb / sth up

Solen indicar els phrasal verbs no separables afegint sb / sth al final.

look for sth

5 Decide whether the following phrasal verbs

are separable, inseparable or intransitive. Use a
dictionary to help you.
1
2
3
4
5
6

ask out
catch on
listen out
stay in
move out
stand up to

6 Rewrite the bold words in the correct order to

form sentences.
1


2


3

My me / teacher / off / told

My
.
Im going to / bread / cut / out / of / my diet
Im going
.
I hope have / some friends / round / to / for
dinner
I hope

.
4 We stamp / protesting about deforestation /
should / climate change / by / out
We

.
5 Do he / think / up tonight / turn / you / will / ?
I hope so!
Do

I hope so!

En els phrasal verbs intransitius no shi afegeix sb / sth. go away

Els phrasal verbs en la llengua actual

Tots els phrasal verbs sn fora informals, i per tant no es fan
servir en el registre formal escrit. Nhi ha de molt colloquials.
Stop worrying and chill out! (= relaxat) (intransitiu)
Constantment sorgeixen nous phrasal verbs, sovint per reflectir
noves tendncies o canvis tecnolgics. Quan aquest llibre shaur
publicat, la llista haur augmentat considerablement!

7 Match the bold phrasal verbs 14 with the

definitions AD.
1 This designer bag I bought online is a fake, I was
completely ripped off!
2 My parents would freak out if they knew I was
at the party.
3 My phones been acting up all week. I need a
new one!
4 We should go and check out the new ice cream
cafe at the cinema.
A
B
C
D

Not working properly

Go somewhere to see what its like
Get upset and angry about something
Cheat somebody by making them pay too much
for something
Introducci als phrasal verbs 123

Phrasal verbs (verbs amb partcula)

PHRASAL VERB

PRONUNCIACI

DEFINICI

ask out

/sk at/

demanar una cita a alg

break into

/brek nt/

entrar en un lloc per la fora

break up with

/brek p w/

tallar amb alg

bring in

/br n/

introduir una nova llei, etc.

bump into

/bmp nt/

trobar-se amb alg per casualitat

call round

/kl rand/

visitar alg a casa seva

carry out

/kri at/

dur a terme una tasca, un estudi, etc.

catch on

/kt n/

fer-se popular o posar-se de moda

cheer up

/t(r) p/

animar-se, animar alg

come across

/km krs/

trobar alguna cosa per casualitat

come along / go along

/km l/ / l/

acompanyar alg

come round / over

/km rand/ /v(r)/

visitar alg en un lloc

come together (as a group)

/km te(r)/

ajuntar-se amb altres persones per crear un grup unit

come up against

/km p enst/

enfrontar-se a alg o a alguna cosa

cover up

/kvr p/

encobrir errors o accions illegals daltres persones

cut out

/kt at/

deixar de menjar, dutilitzar o de fer alguna cosa

dress up

/dres p/

mudar-se, posar-se roba elegant o especial

drop off

/drp f/

deixar alg en algun lloc

eat out

/it at/

menjar fora (en un restaurant, en una cafeteria, etc.)

end up

/end p/

trobar-se en un lloc, una situaci, etc.

face up to

/fes p t/

acceptar alguna cosa que s difcil i fer-hi front

feel like

/fil lak/

venir de gust prendre o fer alguna cosa

find out

/fand at/

descobrir, obtenir informaci preguntant, llegint, etc.

get ahead

/et hed/

avanar, progressar ms que altres persones

get by

/et ba/

tirar endavant (noms amb els recursos que tenim)

get on

/et n/

pujar a un autobs, tren, etc.

get through

/et ru/

aconseguir fer o acabar alguna cosa

give back

/v bk/

tornar alguna cosa al seu amo o mestressa

give up

/v p/

cedir, oferir una cosa nostra a una altra persona

go ahead

/ hed/

seguir, avanar en alguna cosa

go back

/ bk/

tornar a un lloc

go off

/ f/

passar-se (el menjar)

go on

/ n/

continuar fent alguna cosa

go out

/ at/

sortir de casa

go out with

/ at w/

sortir amb alg com a parella

go through

/ ru/

experimentar alguna cosa

go with

/ w/

combinar amb alguna cosa

go without

/ wat/

passar sense alguna cosa, no tenir alguna cosa

hand out

/hnd at/

donar, lliurar alguna cosa a alg

124 Phrasal verbs

PHRASAL VERB

PRONUNCIACI

DEFINICI

hand over

/hnd v(r)/

donar, lliurar alguna cosa a alg

have round

/hv rand/

convidar alg a casa nostra

join in

/dn n/

participar en una activitat amb altres persones

let on

/let n/

explicar un secret a alg

listen out for

/lsn at f(r)/

estar preparat sentir / escoltar alguna cosa

look after (yourself)

/lk ft(r)/

take care of something, somebody, etc.

look for

/lk f(r)/

buscar

look into

/lk nt/

analitzar alguna cosa

make up for

/mek p f(r)/

compensar, fer alguna cosa per corregir una mala situaci del passat

meet up with

/mit p w/

reunir-se amb alg

move out

/muv at/

abandonar la nostra antiga casa

own up to

/n p t/

reconixer la nostra responsabilitat en alguna cosa

pack out (the streets / square)

/pk at/

omplir de gent (els carrers / una plaa)

pick up

/pk p/

agafar i alar alguna cosa o alg

pull over

/pl v(r)/

decantar-se a un costat de la carretera amb el cotxe

put on (a show)

/pt n/

fer una representaci davant dels altres

put up

/pt p/

collocar alguna cosa on es vegi

put up with

/pt p w/

suportar, acceptar alguna cosa o alg sense protestar

rip off

/rp f/

estafar alg

see through

/si ru/

no abandonar una tasca, etc. fins a haver-la fet

set off

/set f/

sortir de viatge

set up

/set p/

parar una trampa a alg per fer-lo semblar culpable

set up

/set p/

posar alguna cosa en marxa

sniff around

/snf rand/

ensumar, mirar dobtenir informaci sobre alg o alguna cosa

spring up

/spr p/

aparixer amb rapidesa

square up

/skwer p/

preparar-se per enfrontar-se a alg

stamp out

/stmp at/

eliminar alguna cosa

stand up for

/stnd p f(r)/

donar suport a alg o defensar-lo

stand up to

/stnd p t/

enfrontar-se a una mala situaci, no acceptar-la dentrada

stay in

/ste n/

quedar-se a casa, no sortir

swallow up

/swl p/

absorbir, utilitzar alguna cosa fins a acabar-la

take (time) off

/tek f/

agafar-se temps lliure a lescola o a la feina

take on

/tek n/

contractar (alg)

take out

/tek at/

treure diners, etc. dun compte, etc.

take up

/tek p/

acceptar una oferta (per exemple, de feina)

tell off

/tel f/

renyar alg perqu ha fet alguna cosa malament

touch on

/tt n/

tocar un tema sense entrar en detalls

turn down

/tn dan/

rebutjar una oferta (per exemple, de feina)

turn up

/tn p/

arribar a un lloc, aparixer, presentar-se

wrap up

/rp p/

embolicar-se amb roba dabric

Phrasal verbs 125

Verbs irregulars
INFINITIU
be
bear
beat
become
begin
bend
bet
bite
bleed
blow
break
bring
build
burn
buy
catch
choose
come
cost
cut
dig
do
draw
dream
drink
drive
eat
fall
feed
feel
fight
find
fly
forbid
forget
forgive
freeze
get
give
go
grow
hang
have
hear
hit
hold
hurt
keep
know
lead
learn
leave
lend
let
lie
light

126 Verbs irregulars

PAST SIMPLE
/bi/
/be(r)/
/bit/
/bkm/
/bgn/
/bend/
/bet/
/bat/
/blid/
/bl/
/brek/
/br/
/bld/
/bn/
/ba/
/kt/
/tuz/
/km/
/kst/
/kt/
/dg/
/du/
/dr/
/drim/
/drk/
/drav/
/it/
/fl/
/fid/
/fil/
/fat/
/fand/
/fla/
/fbd/
/fget/
/fgv/
/friz/
/get/
/gv/
/g/
/gr/
/h/
/hv/
/h(r)/
/ht/
/hld/
/ht/
/kip/
/n/
/lid/
/ln/
/liv/
/lend/
/let/
/la/
/lat/

was / were
bore
beat
became
began
bent
bet
bit
bled
blew
broke
brought
built
burned, burnt
bought
caught
chose
came
cost
cut
dug
did
drew
dreamed, dreamt
drank
drove
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
flew
forbade
forgot
forgave
froze
got
gave
went
grew
hung
had
heard
hit
held
hurt
kept
knew
led
learned, learnt
left
lent
let
lay
lit

PARTICIPI PASSAT
/wz/, /w(r)/
/b/
/bit/
/bkem/
/bgn/
/bent/
/bet/
/bt/
/bled/
/blu/
/brk/
/brt/
/blt/
/bnd/, /bnt/
/bt/
/kt/
/tz/
/kem/
/kst/
/kt/
/dg/
/dd/
/dru/
/drimd/, /dremt/
/drk/
/drv/
/et/
/fel/
/fed/
/felt/
/ft/
/fand/
/flu/
/fbed/
/fgt/
/fgev/
/frz/
/gt/
/gev/
/went/
/gru/
/h/
/hd/
/hd/
/ht/
/held/
/ht/
/kept/
/nju/
/led/
/lnd/, /lnt/
/left/
/lent/
/let/
/le/
/lt/

been
borne
beaten
become
begun
bent
bet
bitten
bled
blown
broken
brought
built
burned, burnt
bought
caught
chosen
come
cost
cut
dug
done
drawn
dreamed, dreamt
drunk
driven
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
flown
forbidden
forgotten
forgiven
frozen
got
given
been / gone
grown
hung
had
heard
hit
held
hurt
kept
known
led
learned, learnt
left
lent
let
lain
lit

/bin/
/bn/
/bitn/
/bkm/
/bgn/
/bent/
/bet/
/btn/
/bled/
/bln/
/brkn/
/brt/
/blt/
/bnd/, /bnt/
/bt/
/kt/
/tzn/
/km/
/kst/
/kt/
/dg/
/dn/
/drn/
/drimd/, /dremt/
/drk/
/drvn/
/itn/
/fln/
/fed/
/felt/
/ft/
/fand/
/fln/
/fbdn/
/fgtn/
/fgvn/
/frzn/
/gt/
/gvn/
/bin/, /gn/
/grn/
/h/
/hd/
/hd/
/ht/
/held/
/ht/
/kept/
/nn/
/led/
/lnd/, /lnt/
/left/
/lent/
/let/
/len/
/lt/

INFINITIU
lose
make
mean
meet
pay
put
read
ride
ring
rise
run
say
see
sell
send
shake
shine
shoot
show
shut
sing
sink
sit
sleep
smell
speak
spell
spend
spill
spin
split
spoil
spread
spring
stand
steal
stick
sting
sweep
swim
swing
take
teach
tear
tell
think
throw
understand
wake
wear
win
write

PAST SIMPLE
/luz/
/mek/
/min/
/mit/
/pe/
/pt/
/rid/
/rad/
/r/
/raz/
/rn/
/se/
/si/
/sel/
/send/
/ek/
/an/
/ut/
//
/t/
/s/
/sk/
/st/
/slip/
/smel/
/spik/
/spel/
/spend/
/spl/
/spn/
/splt/
/spl/
/spred/
/spr/
/stnd/
/stil/
/stk/
/st/
/swip/
/swm/
/sw/
/tek/
/tit/
/te(r)/
/tel/
/k/
/r/
/ndstnd/
/wek/
/we(r)/
/wn/
/rat/

lost
made
meant
met
paid
put
read
rode
rang
rose
ran
said
saw
sold
sent
shook
shone
shot
showed
shut
sang
sank
sat
slept
smelled, smelt
spoke
spelled, spelt
spent
spilt
spun
split
spoiled, spoilt
spread
sprang
stood
stole
stuck
stung
swept
swam
swung
took
taught
tore
told
thought
threw
understood
woke
wore
won
wrote

PARTICIPI PASSAT
/lst/
/med/
/ment/
/met/
/ped/
/pt/
/red/
/rd/
/r/
/rz/
/rn/
/sed/
/s/
/sld/
/sent/
/k/
/n/
/t/
/d/
/t/
/s/
/sk/
/st/
/slept/
/smeld/, /smelt/
/spk/
/speld/, /spelt/
/spent/
/splt/
/spn/
/splt/
/spld/, /splt/
/spred/
/spr/
/std/
/stl/
/stk/
/st/
/swept/
/swm/
/sw/
/tk/
/tt/
/t/
/tld/
/t/
/ru/
/ndstd/
/wk/
/w(r)/
/wn/
/rt/

/lst/
/med/
/ment/
/met/
/ped/
/pt/
/red/
/rdn/
/r/
/rzn/
/rn/
/sed/
/sin/
/sld/
/sent/
/ekn/
/n/
/t/
/n/
/t/
/s/
/sk/
/st/
/slept/
/smeld/, /smelt/
/spkn/
/speld/, /spelt/
/spent/
/splt/
/spn/
/splt/
/spld/, /splt/
/spred/
/spr/
/std/
/stln/
/stk/
/st/
/swept/
/swm/
/sw/
/tekn/
/tt/
/tn/
/tld/
/t/
/rn/
/ndstd/
/wkn/
/wn/
/wn/
/rtn/

lost
made
meant
met
paid
put
read
ridden
rung
risen
run
said
seen
sold
sent
shaken
shone
shot
shown
shut
sung
sunk
sat
slept
smelled, smelt
spoken
spelled, spelt
spent
spilt
spun
split
spoiled, spoilt
spread
sprung
stood
stolen
stuck
stung
swept
swum
swung
taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrown
understood
woken
worn
won
written

Verbs irregulars 127