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EVERYMAN'S LIBRARY
EDITED BY ERNEST RHYS

REFERENCE

ATLAS OF ANCIENT AND

CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY

this is no. 451 of ere'Rjr&izdstis

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ATLAS OF>S

ANCIENT Jg

& CLASSICAL
GEOGRAPHY
(EVERY

LONDON &.TORONTO
PUBLISHED BYJ

M DENT

&SONS DP &.IN NEWYORK

BY E P DUTTON &

CO

....

First Issue of this Edition

Reprinted

1907
1908, 1909, 1910, 1912, 1914,
i9*7> 1921, 1925, 1928

3"537&
Or

1033

A8

All rights reserved

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN

INTRODUCTION
Dr. Butler's

which

for a time filled the place in

volume, has only been laid
aside in response to a demand for better maps, clearer
The new maps are designed to lighten the
in detail.
search for the place-names and the landmarks they
contain by a freer spacing and lettering of the towns,
fortresses, harbours, rivers and so forth, likely to be
needed by readers of the classical writers and the
histories of Greece and Rome. The pages too have been
so arranged as to save the unfolding and refolding of
each chart as it is used, while the range of subjects
has been notably extended in order to show the development of the old science of geography, and to illustrate
the wars and changes of frontier and rise and fall
of states and empires.
We begin with the voyage oi
the Argonauts, and the world of Homer, representing a
Europe on whose outer western rim these islands lay
in Cimmerian darkness, with no western hemisphere
of the future Americas beyond them.
The eastern
survey of Herodotus, and the Eratosthenes' map which
ranges from Ultima Thule in the far north to Arabia
Deserta and the Indian limits, carry the record to the
point where the live contact between geography and
atlas,

the series taken

by

this

seen in the voyage of

Nearchus who sailed as far south-east as the mouth of
the Indus in 325 B.C.; and Strabo and Ptolemy bring
ancient history occurs.

It

is

us to the partition of the old world at the beginning

of the Christian era.
It was in the library of Alexandria
that Eratosthenes wrote the work which began the real

mapping out

of the globe with the lines of latitude

and

longitude.

Turning to the more special maps we

vii

realise in that

Introduction

viii

of Greece, as Professor
its

Bury has shown

physical features affected

its

us,

history

how

and

vitally

place

its

the nations.
We see how its ridged headland
broken by a great sea rift, and how the heights of
Olympus, Ossa and Pelion, and those of Eubcea and
the island chain beyond; and how again Epirus and the
Peloponnesus gave the land its mountain barriers. But
finally it was the sea decided the fate of the people they
were fairly driven to seek their outlet and their defence

among

waters; and the decisive factor was the iEgean,

which became in a sense the fluid axis of Greek conquest, commerce and colonial life.
In the same way,
it is the map that makes us aware of the effect of
position in the case of an old rival to Rome like Carthage.
The line-maps of the cities include Syracuse, Thebes,
Babylon, Jerusalem, Tyre; nor is Pompeii, nor Troy,
omitted; and among the battle-fields are Marathon and
Salamis, Issus and Thermopylae.
From the pages of Grote and of Gibbon, from
Herodotus, Livy, and Caesar, from Tacitus and from the
Cyropedia, we draw the historic detail that converts the
map into a living document. Gibbon's account of the
modifying of Italy under the Roman rule is a case in
point.
Before the Roman came, he wrote, " the country
which is now called Lombardy was not considered as
a part of Italy.
It had been occupied by a powerful
colony of Gauls, who, settling themselves along the
in its

banks of the Po, from Piedmont to Romagna, carried

their arms and diffused their name from the Alps to the
Apennine. The Ligurians dwelt on the rocky coast,
which now forms the republic of Genoa. Venice was
yet unborn; but the territories of that state, which lie
to the east of the Adige, were inhabited by the Venetians.
The middle part of the peninsula, that now composes
the duchy of Tuscany and the ecclesiastical state, was
the ancient seat of the Etruscans and Umbrians to the
former of whom Italy was indebted for the first rudiments
;

of a civilised

life.

The Tiber

rolled at the foot of the

seven

hills of

Introduction

ix

Rome, and the country

of the Sabines, the

and the Volsci, from that river to the frontiers

was the theatre of her infant victories. On
that celebrated ground the first consuls deserved
triumphs, their successors adorned villas, and their
Capua and Campania
posterity have erected convents.
possessed the immediate territory of Naples; the rest
of the kingdom was inhabited by many warlike nations,
the Marsi, the Samnites, the Apulians, and the Lucanians;
and the sea-coasts had been covered by the flourishing

Latins,

of Naples,

colonies of the Greeks.

We may

remark, that when

Augustus divided Italy into eleven regions, the little

province of Istria was annexed to that seat of Roman
sovereignty."

We

need but add that in the preparation of this

Classical Atlas

services of Dr.
assistance,

Library.

as

and aid to ancient history, the expert

Bartholomew have been of the greatest
in the modern atlases in Everyman's

CONTENTS
COLOURED MAPS
PaGF

.....

Voyage of the Argonauts according to the Traditions of

the Ancients
World according to Homer, b.c. iooo
World according to Herodotus, b.c. 450
World according to Eratostheves, b.c. 220
World according to Mela, a.d. 43
World according to Ptolemy, a.d. 150
World according to Strabo, a.d. 18
Orbis Veteribus Notus
Egyptian Empire, b.c. 1450
Babylonian Empire, b.c. 560
Persian Empire at its Greatest Extent, b.c. 525
Grecian Empire, Time of Alexander the Great
Roman Empire at the Death of Caesar
Roman Empire at its Greatest Extent, Third Century
Voyage of ^Eneas (illustrating Virgil's JEneid)
Italic Pars Media (illustrating Virgil's JEneid)

The
The
The
The
The
The

....

....

Italia
Italia Septentrionalis
Italia Meridionalis
Vicinia Romana
Roma Urbs, Time of Augustus
.

....

Roma Urbs, Time of Republic

Gr^cia

GRiECiA Septentrionalis
Peloponnesus et Gr.ecia Meridionalis

Athene
Piraeus

.....
.....

Grecian and Phoenician Colonies

Macedonia, Thracia, Illyricum, Mossia, AND DACIA
Britannia
Gallia
.

Germania
HlSPANIA
Africa Septentrionalis
/Egyptus
Asia Minor
Oriens
.

xi

a.d,

Contents

XII

PAGH
Syria
.
.
.
MESOPOTAMIA, BABYl ONIA, Assyria, Media, andSusiana
Palestine, Old Testament
Palestine, New Testament

60

.....
....

Troy
Troai

6l

62

63
64
64

.........
.

<

LINE MAPS

..........
...
.........
......
..........
..........
..........
....
...........
...........74
..........
.........
....

Olympia
Battle op Marathon, 29th September, 490 b.c.
Battli of Salamis
MARCH of Cyrus against Artaxerxes (to illustrate Xenophon)
Battle of lssus
Battle op Arbeta (Gaugamela)
Sparta
Thbrmopyi b

65
66
66

68

69
69
'70

Mycbnb

71

Carthage
Syracuse Athenian and Carthaginian
veii

[HBBSS
iYLON

67

72

Sieges

72
73
73

Jerusalem

74
75
76
76
77

CONSTAHTOIOPU
&LSXAKDRIA at Ofening of Christian Era
Roman Empire shewing Early Christian Settlements

HISTORIC*
\ ^SX

SaARTTRRR
.

87
I93

THE ATLAS
OF

ANCIENT AND CLASSICAL

GEOGRAPHY

VOYAGE

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28.

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OLD TESTAMENT
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63.

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NEW TESTAMENT
English, 3files

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64.

TROY

i.

in

Kaleh

HELLESPONT

Scale of Miles

Scale
1

oOGles

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2P

M/unnxit us
Lectuiii Pi
tfotymecbhum
JaLnBaJrttcilomeTrdc C<*

Edm?

MAPS AND PLANS

OF

NOTABLE BATTLES AND DISTRICTS

Olympia

B45I

65

66

-_-,.-...

BATTLE OF
SALAM1S
English Mi/es

rfrO^V+twl*'

68

BATTLE OF

K5

!#

ISSUS
English Miles

Bo rtho<c"5Cl,

trfinf

69

3 a ns> o

SPARTA
Scale of I Mile

am tw,. Ed

*.'

70

Thotus

\Oppidu

MYCENAE
ScaJe

of Yards

Bartholomew. Ed in

72

73
POMPEII
Scale of Yanfy

Bartholomew. E4m

THEB

74

75

TYRE
Scale of Yards

\Agenoi

Td

800

600

200

ftfS

*"'
f

f>0

?<?

, coa?y

Eurychoi

T Y

R u S

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Bartholomew. WinV

76

ALEXANDRIA
At Operoog of Christian
Cngtish *f/ /gs
o

era

tSGSSSSG

77

HISTORICAL GAZETTEER

HISTORICAL GAZETTEER
ALEXANDRIA
The Hellenic

capital of Egypt,

Alexander the Great, in 332

to

E.

N., long. 47

31

On

his

was founded by

B.C.

It stood in lat.

voyage from Memphis

Canobus he was struck by the natural advantages

town

of the little

of Rhacotis,

on the north-eastern

The harbour of Rhacotis, with the adjacent island of Pharos, had been
from very remote ages the resort of Greek and
Lake Mareotis.

angle of the

Phoenician sea-rovers, and in the former place the

At Rhacotis

Pharaohs kept a permanent garrison.

Alexander

determined

capital

his

of

to

construct

western conquests.

the

future

His architect

Deinocrates was instructed to survey the harbour,

and

draw out a plan

to

of a military

and commercial

The ground-plan was

traced by Alexander himself; the building was commenced immediately, but the city was not completed until the reign of the second monarch of the
metropolis of the

Lagid
c

line,

451

first

rank.

Ptolemy Philadelphus.
89

It

continued to

Classical Atlas

90

receive embellishment

monarch
Deinocrates was
every

and extension from nearly

that

of

carried out

named Cleomenes,

The plan

dynasty.

by another
of

Alexandria to the

cloak worn by the Macedonian cavalry.

an oblong

figure,

extremities.

4 miles;

its

architect,

Ancient writers

of Naucratis.

compare the general form

of

was

It

of

rounded at the S.E. and S.W.

Its length

from E. to W. was nearly

breadth from

S. to

N. nearly a mile, and

circumference, according to Pliny, was about

its

15 miles.

interior

was

laid out in parallelo-

the streets crossed one another at right

grams:
angles,

The

and were

all

wide enough to admit

of

Two

wheel carriages and foot-passengers.

both

grand

They ran
four principal gates, and each
about 200 feet wide. The

thoroughfares nearly bisected the city.

in straight lines to its

was a plethrum, or

longest, 40 stadia in length, ran

from the Canobic

gate to that of the Necropolis (E.-W.)

the shorter,

7-8 stadia in length, extended from the Gate of

the

Sun

to the Gate of the

Moon

(S.-N.).

On

its

northern side Alexandria was bounded by the sea,

sometimes denominated the Egyptian Sea: on the

S.

by the Lake

of

Marea or Mareotis;

the Necropolis and

its

to the

W. were

numerous gardens; to the E.

the Eleusinian road and the Great Hippodrome.

The tongue of land upon which Alexandria stood

was singularly adapted to a commercial city. The
island of

Pharos broke the force

of the

N. wind, and

of the occasional high floods of the Mediterranean.

Alexandria

91

The headland of Lochias sheltered its harbours to

the E. the Lake Mareotis was both a wet-dock and
the general haven of the inland navigation of the
;

Nile valley, while various other canals connected

the lake with the Deltaic branches of the river.

The

and brackish;

springs of Rhacotis were few

but an aqueduct conveyed the Nile water into the

southern section of the city, and tanks,

many

which are

water to

still

in use, distributed fresh

both public and private

The

edifices.

soil,

of

partly

sandy and partly calcareous, rendered drainage

nearly
linger

The

superfluous.

on the shores

of

fogs

which periodically

Cyrene and Egypt were

persed by the north winds which, in the

season, ventilate the Delta;

atmosphere

for

dis-

summer

while the salubrious

which Alexandria was celebrated

by the Lake Mareotis, whose

bed was annually filled from the Nile, and the
miasma incident to lagoons scattered by the regular influx of its purifying floods. The inclination

was

directly favoured

of the streets

from E. to W. concurred with these

causes to render Alexandria healthy; since

it

broke

the force of the Etesian or northern breezes, and

diffused

an equable temperature over the

Nor were

its

military less striking than

mercial advantages.

Its

its

city.

com-

harbours were sufficiently

capacious to admit of large

fleets,

and

sufficiently

contracted at their entrance to be defended by

booms and

chains.

A number

of

small islands

around the Pharos and the harbours were occupied

Classical Atlas

92

and the approach from the N. was

further secured by the difficulty of navigating
with

forts,

among

the limestone reefs and mud-banks which

mouth

front the

We

of the Nile.

shall first describe the harbour-line,

and next

the interior of the city.

The harbour-line commenced from the E. with

the peninsular strip Lochias, which terminated sea-

ward

a fort called Acro-Lochias, the modern

in

Pharillon.
of

it

The

mark an

ruins of a pier on the eastern side

ancient landing-place, probably be-

longing to the Palace which, with

gardens,

occupied

peninsula.

this

principal buildings of Alexandria,

view

of

it

its

Like

islet of

all

the

commanded

The Lochias

the bay and the Pharos.

formed, with the

groves and

Antirhodus, the Closed or

Royal Port, which was kept exclusively for the

king's galleys, and around the head of which were the
Royal Dockyards.

W.

of the Closed Port

was the

Poseideon or Temple of Neptune, where embarking

and returning mariners registered their vows. The

northern point of this temple was called the Timonium, whither the defeated triumvir M. Antonius
retired

after

his

flight

from Actium

in

31

B.C.

Between Lochias and the Great Mole was the Greater

Harbour, and on the western side of the Mole was
the Eunostus or

Haven

of

Happy

Return, con-

nected by the basin with the canal that

led,

by

one arm, to the Lake Mareotis, and by the other

to the

Canobic arm of the Nile.

The Eunostus

Alexandria

93

fronted the quarter of the city called Rhacotis.

was

less difficult of access

than the Greater Har-

bour, as the reefs and shoals

the Pharos.

From

Its

It

lie

principally N.E. of

modern name

the Old Port.

is

the Poseideon to the Mole the shore was

and warehouses, upon whose

lined with dockyards

broad granite quays ships discharged their lading

without the intervention of boats.

On

the western

horn of the Eunostus were public granaries.

Fronting the

and sheltering both

city,

its

bours, lay the long narrow island of Pharos.

It

har-

was

a dazzling white calcareous rock, about a mile from

Alexandria, and 150 stadia from the Canobic

At

of the Nile.

mouth

eastern point stood the far-

its

famed lighthouse, the work

of Sostratus of Cnidus,

and, nearer the Heptastadium, was a temple of

The Pharos was begun by

Ptolemy Soter, but completed by his successor, and
dedicated by him to " the gods Soteres," or Soter
Phtah or Hephaestus.

and Berenice,
stories,

The

and

old

is

his parents.

said to

have been 400

lighthouse of

the site of

its

It consisted of several

Alexandria

ancient predecessor.

on the northern side

of the island

" Pirates' Haven/' from

its

feet in height.
still

occupies

deep bay

was

called the

having been an early

place of refuge for Carian and

Samian manners.

The Pharos was connected with the mainland by

an

artificial

mound

or causeway, called, from

length, the Heptastadium.

in the

Mole to

let

its

There were two breaks

the water flow through, and pre-

Classical Atlas

94

vent the accumulation of

over these passages

silt;

bridges were laid, which could be raised

The temple

of Hephaestus

up

at need.

on Pharos stood at one

extremity of the Mole, and the Gate of the

Moon on

the mainland at the other.

Interior of the City.

three regions:

Alexandria was divided into

The Regio Judaeorum.

(i)

The

(2)

Brucheium or Pyrucheium, the Royal or Greek

Quarter.

The Rhacotis

(3)

or Egyptian Quarter.

This division corresponded to the three original

constituents of the Alexandrian population.

31 B.C. the
this

was

Romans added

principally

After

a fourth element, but

military and

and

financial,

confined to the Brucheium.

1.

Regio Judceorum, or Jews' Quarter, occupied

the N.E. angle of the city, and was encompassed by

the sea, the city walls, and the Brucheium.
the Jewry of

and gates
necessary

modern European

of its
for

cities, it

Like

had walls

own, which were at times highly

its

security,

between

since

Alexandrian Greeks and Jews frequent

the

hostilities

raged.
2.

Brucheium,

or

Pyrucheium,

the

Greek Quarter, was bounded to the

S.

Royal

or

and E. by

the city walls, N. by the Greater Harbour, and

W.

by the region Rhacotis and the main street which

connected the Gate of the Sun with that of the
Moon and the Heptastadium. It was also surrounded by its own walls, and was the quarter in
which Caesar defended himself against the Alexan-

Alexandria
The Brucheium was

drians.

95
by the High

bisected

which ran from the Canobic Gate to the

Street,

Necropolis,

and was supplied with water from

by a tunnel or aqueduct, which entered the

city on the S., and passed a little to the W. of the
Gymnasium. This was the quarter of the Alexandrians proper, or Hellenic citizens, the Royal Residence, and the district in which were contained the
most conspicuous of the public buildings. It was
so much adorned and extended by the later Ptolemies
the Nile

that
city.

On

eventually occupied one-fifth of the entire

it

It

contained the following remarkable

edifices.

the Lochias, the Palace of the Ptolemies, with

the smaller palaces appropriated to their children

The

and the adjacent gardens and groves.

famed Library and Museum, with

lectures

far-

Theatre for

its

and public assemblies, connected with one

another and with the palaces by long colonnades of

the most costly marble from the Egyptian quarries,

and adorned with obelisks and sphinxes taken

from the Pharaonic

cities.

The Library contained,

according to one account, 700,000 volumes, according to

another 400,000;

unrivalled collection

however,

part,

was lodged

in the

this

temple of

Here were de-

Serapis, in the quarter Rhacotis.

posited the 200,000 volumes collected

of

of

by the kings

Pergamus, and presented by M. Antonius to

Cleopatra.

when Julius
Alexandria, and was finally

It suffered severely

by

fire

was besieged in
destroyed by Amrou, the lieutenant

Caesar

of the Caliph

96

Classical Atlas

Omar, a.d. 651. The Museum succeeded the once

renowned college of Heliopolis as the University of
Egypt.

It

contained a great hall or banqueting

room, where the professors dined in common;

exterior

or

peristyle,

ambulatory lectures;

corridor,

for

an

and

exercise

and a theatre where public

disputations and scholastic festivals were held.

In the Brucheium also stood the Csesarium, or

Temple

of the Caesars,

where divine honours were

Near

paid to the emperors, deceased or living.

the site of the Caesarium

is

a tower perhaps not in-

named the "Tower of the Romans."

Proceeding westward, we come to the public
appropriately

granaries

and the Mausoleum

the

of

containing the body of Alexander

which, from

its

the

was denominated Soma.

was the High Court of

Great,

quarter also

Ptolemies,

In

this

Justice,

in

which, under the Ptolemies, the senate assembled

and discharged such magisterial duties as a nearly

despotic government allowed to them, and where

afterwards the

Roman

Juridicus held his court.

stadium, a gymnasium, a palestra, and an amphitheatre, provided exercise

and amusement

for the

The Arsinceum, on
the Brucheium, was a monument

spectacle-loving Alexandrians.

the western side of

by Ptolemy Philadelphus to the memory of

favourite sister Arsinoe; and the Panium was a

raised
his

stone mound, or cone, with a spiral ascent on the

outside,

from whose summit was

quarter of the city.

The purpose

visible

every

of this structure

Alexandria

97

The edifices of the

Brucheium had been so arranged by Deinocrates as
to command a prospect of the Great Harbour and
the Pharos. In its centre was a spacious square,
surrounded by cloisters and flanked to the N. by
the quays the Emporium, or Alexandrian Exhowever, not ascertained.

is,

change.

Hither, for nearly eight centuries, every

nation of the civilised world sent

its

representa-

Alexandria had inherited the commerce of

tives.

both Tyre and Carthage, and collected in this area

the

traffic

3.

the

and speculation

of three continents.

The Rhacotis, or Egyptian Quarter, occupied

site

of

the

ancient

Rhacotis.

Its

principal

arm of
the cibotus or basin, a stadium, and the Temple of
Serapis.
The Serapeion was erected by the first or
second of the Ptolemies. The image of the god,
which was of wood, was, according to Clemens, enbuildings were granaries along the western

closed or plated over with layers of every kind of

metal and precious stones:

it

seems

also,

either

from the smoke of incense or from varnish, to have

been

of a black colour.

doubtful.
sieged

had

and import are

The Alexandria which the Arabs

was nearly

suffered

many

identical with the Rhacotis.

consumed by

fire,

and again

this district survived

the Brucheium.

beIt

calamities both from civil feud

and from foreign war.

Aurelius,

Its origin

Its

Serapeion was twice

once in the reign of Marcus

in that

of

Commodus.

But

both the Regio Judceorum and

Classical Atlas

98

Of the remarkable beauty

of Alexandria,

the testimony of numerous writers

prime.

was the

Its dilapidation

but of the hand of man.

Its

who saw

effect

we have
it

in its

not of time,

dry atmosphere pre-

served, for centuries after their erection, the sharp

and when

outline

and gay colours

in a.d.

120 the Emperor Hadrian surveyed Alexan-

dria,

of its buildings;

he beheld almost the virgin city

of the Ptolemies.

ARBELA
A
of

town

of

Assyria,

Eastern Adiabene, one of the provinces

between the Lycus and the Caprus.

Arbela has been celebrated as the scene of the

conflict

The

last

between Darius and Alexander the Great.

battle,

however, really took place near the

Bumodus,
a tributary of the Lycus, about 50 miles to the N.W.
Darius left his baggage and treasures
of Arbela.
at Arbela, when he advanced to meet Alexander.
village of

Gaugamela, on the banks

of the

CARTHAGE
The present remains
to guide us to

of

Carthage are insufficient

an understanding

of the obscure

and

often apparently contradictory statements of the

ancient writers;

and the inquirer often

sighs over

the loss of that picture, representing the site and

size of

Carthage, which Mancinus, the

of the fleet in the

Third Punic

War

commander

(148 B.C.), ex-

Carthage

Roman

hibited to the

by

the consulship

Appian
left

is

99

people in the forum, and

won

his zeal in explaining its details.

almost the only ancient author

any considerable

and he

details;

is,

who has
as usual,

very inexact, and in some points evidently quite

Of the main

wrong.

difficulty,

exaggeration to compare

it

it

scarcely an

is

with a doubt among

the future antiquaries twenty-five centuries hence,

whether London or Southwark stood on the N. side

of the

Thames.

We know

that the old Punic city

grew up round the original Bosra or Byrsa (whether

the citadel called Byrsa in historical times stood on

the old site

is

even doubtful), and that

covered the whole peninsula; and

had a

New

city stood

We

City.

on a part

inferior to the

also

know

its

part of the peninsula;

S.

that the

in extent.

the original Punic city with

N. or

we know

of the ancient site,

Old City

Roman

city

was

built

it

Roman

and was

far

But, whether

on which side

on the

site of

and geographers hold

of

it

and whether

or of the latter; are questions on which

best scholars

that

harbours was on the

the suburb of Megara was situated;

the

gradually

Megara or Magalia, and

large suburb called

also the

it

the former,

some

of the

directly opposite

opinions.

Upon

the whole, comparing the statements of the

ancient writers with the present state of the locality

and the few ruins

it

of the

Punic city which remain,

seems most probable that the original city was on

the S.E. part of the peninsula about C. Carthage.


ioo

Classical Atlas

The

following are the most important details of

the topography:

The Tcenia was a tongue

i.

and

able length,

mensuch a manner

half a stadium in breadth,

tioned again and again

by Appian

that the determination of

settle the chief

of land, of a consider-

in

position goes far to

its

doubt already referred

to.

It jutted

out from the isthmus towards the W., between the

and

lake

the sea,

and

in the closest proximity to the

harbours, and also at the weaker extremity of the

strong landward wall of the city.
culars of Appian's description

All the parti-

seem to point to the

sandy tongue of land which extends S.W. from the

S.

extremity of the peninsula to the Goleita, or

mouth

of the

this lagoon

land

is

Lagoon

from the open

larger

and divides

of Tunis,

That

sea.

than he describes

it, is

of the identity, considering the

know

to

have been going on;

this

in part

tongue

oi

a confirmation

changes which we

and the

slight dis-

crepancy involved in his making the t&nia jut out

from the isthmus, whereas

the peninsula,

is

it

actually proceeds from

surely hardly

No room would have been left

told us what lake he
tell

us

this,

seems of

worthy

of discussion.

for doubt,

had Appian

meant; but that he omits to

itself

a strong proof that he

meant the Lagoon of Tunis.

2. The Walls are especially difficult to trace with
any certainty. At the time when the city was
most flourishing, it is pretty clear that they encompassed, as might have been expected, the whole

Carthage

101

speaking generally;

circuit of the peninsula,

Appian informs us that on one

towards the

was only a

and

(evidently

side

but the words are wanting) there

sea,

single wall, because of the precipitous

nature of the ground; but that on the

the land side,

it

to particulars,

was

first,

tain whether the

threefold.

towards

But when we come

as to the sea side,

two eminences

S.,

of C.

it is

not cer-

Ghamart and

C. Carthage were included within the fortifications,

or were

left,

either wholly or in part, unfortified

In the

account of their natural strength.

siege,

we

find

on

final

Mancinus attacking from the side

of

the sea a part of the wall, the defence of which was

neglected on account of the almost inaccessible precipices

on that

side,

and establishing himself

fort adjacent to the walls.

On

the whole,

it

in a

seems

probable that on both the great heights the walls

were drawn along the summit rather than the base,

would not include the N. slope

so that they

Ghamart, nor the E. and

of C

S. slopes of C. Carthage.

The land side presents still greater difficulties.

The length of the wall which Scipio drew across the
isthmus to blockade the city, and which was 25
stadia from sea to sea, gives us only the measure of

the width of the isthmus (probably at

part), not of the land face of the city,

wider ground.

its

narrowest

which stood on

Strabo assigns to the whole walls a

circumference of 360 stadia, 60 of which belonged

to the wall on the land side, which reached from
sea to sea.

Explicit as this statement

is,

it

seems

102

Classical Atlas

impossible to reconcile
of the peninsula,

miles assigned to

The 60

it

with the actual dimensions

which even the 23 Roman

by Livy would seem too much.

for
it

stadia of Strabo have been obtained

by

taking in the walls along the N. and S. sides of

the peninsula, as well as that across
side,

which

meaning

is

it

on the land

quite inconsistent with the plain

of the writer;

gives the total length of

by supposing that Strabo

the triple line of wall, a most

or

arbitrary and improbable assumption.

Besides, the

language of Strabo seems obviously to refer to the

actual width of that part of the isthmus across which

The only feasible explanation

seems to be, that the wall was not built across the
narrowest part of the isthmus, but was thrown back
to where it had begun to widen out into the peninsula and it seems also fair to make some allowance
the wall was built.

from a straight

for deviations

line.

of the length assigned to the wall

confirmation

by Strabo

in Appian's statement, that Scipio

made

is

found

simultane-

ous attacks on the land defences of Megara alone

at points 20 stadia distant from each other, the

whole breadth of the isthmus being, as we have

seen, only 25 stadia.

Be

this as

it

formed by far

may, we know that this land wall

the most important part of the de-

fences of the city.

lines,

It consisted of three distinct

one behind the other, each of them 30 cubits

high without the parapets.

There were towers at

the distance of 2 plethra, 4 stories high, and 30 feet

Carthage

103

Within each wall were built two

deep.

stories of

vaulted chambers, or casements, in the lower range

of

which were stables

for

300 elephants, and in the

upper range stables for 4000 horses, with ample

stores of food for both.

In the spaces between the

and

walls there were barracks for 20,000 infantry

4000 cavalry, with magazines and stores of proportionate magnitude; forming, in fact, a vast fortified

camp between

the city and the isthmus.

would seem from Appian that

this

It

description

applies to the S. part of the landward wall, behind

which lay Byrsa.

The N. part

of the

landward

wall,

surrounding the suburb of Megara, seems to have

been

less strongly fortified,

some
it.

and accordingly we

find

of the chief attacks of Scipio directed against

Appian adds

to his description of the triple

wall, that its corner

which bent round towards the

by the Tcenia, or tongue of land mentioned above, was the only part that was weak and
low; and on this point also we find the Romans

harbours,

directing their attacks.

The

Roman

limits of the

greater certainty.
fortified

of

It

Theodosius

II.

can be denned with

remained, indeed, without a

down

enclosure,

city

to

(424 B.C.),

the fourteenth year

when the

increasing

dangers of the African province both from the

native and foreign barbarians suggested the policy
of fortifying its capital.

then built can

still

The remains

be traced, and

of the wall

sufficient ruins

of the city are visible to indicate its extent;

while

Classical Atlas

104
the limits are
of

still

further

marked by the

we know

the great reservoirs, which

position
to

have

been without the walls.

That

Roman

Carthage stood on the

site of

the

ancient Punic city, and not, as some maintain, on

that of the suburb of Megara, seems tolerably clear.
Not to lay too much stress on Pliny's phrase " in
vestigiis

magnae Carthaginis,"

new

was supplied from the same aqueduct and

city

and had

reservoirs,

the same

sites,

its

citadel

as of old.

appears that the

it

and

The

chief temples

on

restored temple of

iEsculapius was again the chief sanctuary, and that

of the goddess Ccelestis became more magnificent

than ever.
3.

Harbours.

In

accordance with that view of

the topography which

we

follow, the double

harbour

of Carthage must be looked for on the S. side of the

peninsula, at the angle which

it

forms with the

Tcenia described above, within the Lagoon of Tunis.

The

fact that Scipio Africanus the elder could see

from Tunis the Punic

fleet sailing

out of the harbour

seems a decisive proof of the position, which

confirmed

by many other

The port

is

indications.

consisted of an outer

and an inner har-

bour, with a passage from the one into the other;

and the outer had an entrance from the sea 70 feet

wide, which was closed with iron chains. The outer
harbour was for the merchantmen, and was
moorings.
.ships

of

The inner harbour was reserved

war.

Just

within

its

full of

for the

entrance was an

Carthage

105

island called Cothon, rising to a considerable elevation

above the surrounding banks, and thus serving the

double purpose of a mask to conceal the harbour from
without, and an observatory for the port-admiral,

whence he gave signals by

the trumpet and commands by the voice of a herald.
The shores of the island and of the port were built
up with great quays, in which were constructed

who had

his tent

upon

it,

docks for 220 ships (one,

with storehouses for
trance of each dock

would seem,

it

all their

for each),

The en-

equipments.

was adorned with a pair

of Ionic

columns, which gave the whole circuit of the island

and the harbour the appearance

colonnade on each

side.

of a magnificent

So jealously was

this inner

harbour guarded, even from the sight of those

fre-

quenting the outer, that, besides a double wall of

separation, gates were provided to give access to

the city from the outer harbour, without passing

through the docks.

4.

Byrsa.

for the

This name

is

most ancient part

used in a double sense,

of the city, adjoining to

the harbours, and for the citadel or Byrsa, in the

When Appian

stricter sense.

as "

land wall on the

S.,

the isthmus,"

may

uses the term;

it

but,

speaks of the triple

where the Byrsa was upon

be doubted in which sense he

when he comes

to describe the

storming of the city, he gives us a minute description

of the locality of the citadel.

Close to the harbours stood the

which three narrow streets

Forum, from

of houses six stories high

106

Classical Atlas

ascended to the Byrsa, which was by far the strongest

position

in

doubt of

its

eminence

the whole city.

There can be

identity with the Hill of S. Louis, an

rising

to the height

of

188 Paris feet

of

(about 200 English), and having

form

little

its

summit

in the

an almost regular plateau, sloping a

towards the

sea.

little

Its regularity suggests the pro-

an

bability of its being

artificial

mound

(probably

about a natural core) formed of the earth dug up in excavating the harbours

a kind of work which

we know

have been common among the old Semitic nations.

to

On

the sides of the

hill

there are

still

traces of

the ancient walls which enclosed the Byrsa and

made

it

a distinct fortress, and which seem to have

risen, terrace

above terrace,

like those of the citadel

Ecbatana.

of

On

the summit stood the temple of iEsculapius

(Esmun), by far the richest in the

city, raised

on a

platform which was ascended by sixty steps, and

probably resembling in
Belus at Babylon.
senate held in secret

its

was in this temple that the

their most important meetings.

It

The Byrsa remained the

its

later existence;

structure the temple of

citadel of Carthage in

and the temple

was restored by the Romans.

On

torium of the proconsul of Africa,

successively the palace of the

of iEsculapius

was the fircewhich became

it

Vandal kings and

of

the Byzantine governors.

Forum and Streets. As we have just seen, the

Forum lay at the S. foot of the hill of Byrsa, adjacent
5.

Carthage
to the harbours.

It

107

contained the senate house,

the tribunal, and the temple of the god

and Romans

Greeks

call

Apollo,

whom

the

whose golden

image stood in a chapel overlaid with gold to the

weight of 1000 talents.

The

three streets already

mentioned as ascending from the Forum to the

Byrsa formed an important outwork to
tions;

its fortifica-

and Scipio had to storm them house by house.

The centre

street,

which probably led straight up

was called, in Roman

Carthage, Via Salutaris. The other streets of the
city seem to have been for the most part straight
and regularly disposed at right angles.
to the temple of jEsculapius,

6.

Other Temples.

on lower terraces
temples, which

On the N.

side of the Byrsa,

of the hill, are the

some take

remains of two

for those of Coelestis

and

We know

Saturn; but the localities are doubtful.

that the worship of both these deities was continued

Roman city.
On the W. and S.W.

in the
7.

side of the

Byrsa are

ruins of Baths, probably the Thermce Gargiliance, a

locality

famous

in the ecclesiastical history of Car-

thage; of a spacious Circus, and of an Amphitheatre.

Aqueduct and Reservoirs.

8.

The great aqueduct

50 miles long, by which Carthage was supplied with

water from Jebel Zaghwan,

is

supposed by some to

be a work of the Punic age; but Barth believes

to be

Roman.

The

Reservoirs are

among

it

the most

interesting remains of Carthage, especially

on

ac-

count of the peculiarly constructed vaulting which

108

Classical Atlas

They are probably of Punic workBesides some smaller ones, there are two

covers them.

manship.

principal sets;

those on the

W.

of the city,

the aqueduct terminated, and those on the

where

S.,

near

the Cothon.
9.

Besides the above, there are ruins which seem

to be those of a Theatre,

and

also the remains of a

great building, apparently the largest in the city,

which Barth conjectures to be the temple

These ruins consist,

like

of Ccelestis.

the rest, only of broken

foundations.
10.

The Suburb

of

Megara, Magar, or Magalia,

afterwards considered as a quarter of the city, under

the

name of Neapolis (New

City),

was surrounded by

a wall, and adorned with beautiful gardens, watered

by

canals.

11. Necropolis.

From

the rocky soil of the

the few graves found in

hill of

C. Ghamart,

it

seems

probable that here was the ancient necropolis, N. of

the city, a position in which

it is

frequently,

generally, found in other ancient cities.

if

There

not
is,

however, some doubt on the matter, which the

evidence

is

insufficient to decide.

Constantinople

09

first

of

CONSTANTINOPLE
Ancient Byzantium was situated on the

upon which,

the seven hills

the

modern

city stands;

than the

first

bability

it

rising

but

its

In

pro-

all

extended over the three regions which

now

filled

by the

According to Dionysius of Byzantium,

Seraglio.
its

area occupied more

region of the later town.

behind the triangular space

lie

one above another,

circumference was 40 stadia.

It

was upon

this gently sloping

promontory, which

serves as a connecting link between the Eastern

and

Western world, that Constantine determined to

the city which bore the

The

walls

name

fix

of its founder.

Constantine across the enlarged

of

breadth of the triangle were begun at a distance of

15 stadia from the old fortifications, and stretching

from the port to the Propontis, enclosed

the seven

hills

upon which the

five

out of

city stood, but

were

not finished before the reign of Const antius.

401, Arcadius repaired these walls which
in the

had

In

fallen

earthquake that had taken place in that year.

In 413, during the minority of Theodosius

II.,

Anthemius, the Praetorian prefect, razed the old

new enclosure of walls. In

447 this was thrown down by an earthquake, and
rebuilt in three months by the diligence of the
fortifications

prefect
lofty

and

Cyrus.

built a

This double line of strong and

stone walls

has,

except on the land side,

almost disappeared, but in a dilapidated state they

no
still

Classical Atlas
extending from the port to the sea of

exist,

Marmora

for

about 4 English miles, presenting

magnificent and picturesque specimens of mural

ruins.

The wall was flanked

towers, mostly rectangular.

at short intervals

by

The extreme length

of

the city at this period, and

ceeded these

and the
Sycae,

never greatly ex-

it

was about 3 Roman

rather less than 13 R. M.

limits,

circuit

miles,

The

formed the thirteenth region

or fig trees,

beyond the harbour, and were much embellished by

The suburb

Justinian.

into the city

of Blachernas

was not taken

the reign of Heraclius.

till

In the new capital of Constantine, emancipated

from the restraint

Pagan

of

associations

and

art, the

Byzantine builders founded an architecture peculiarly their

Of

own.

characteristic,

subordinate.

this the cupola

to which every

consequence

In

was the great

other feature was

of

this

principle,

that which at Athens was straight, angular, and

became

square,

concave

rounded,

Constantinople

within,

and

curved

convex

and

without.

owed its destructhe same nation from which it had taken its

Thus the
tion to

in

old architecture of Greece

first birth.

At the

siege

of

Byzantium, Constantine had

pitched his tent upon the second

memorate

his success,

he chose

hill;

this site

to

com-

for the

principal forum, which appears to have been of an

elliptical

form.

The two opposite entrances formed

triumphal arches;

the porticoes, which enclosed

it

Constantinople
on every

side,

were

filled

1 1

with statues of the tutelar

deities of Greece.

At each end were two

shrines,

the statue of Cybele, which

was

one of which held

said to

have been

placed by the Argonauts upon Mt. Dindymus, but

deprived of her lions and of her hands from the

command

attitude of

distorted into that of a sup-

was the Fortune of

the Forum was occupied

pliant for the city; in the other

Byzantium.

by a

The centre

lofty pillar,

of

which, formed of marble and

porphyry, rose to the height of 120

feet.

On

this

column Constantine, with singular shamelessness,

placed his

own

statue with the attributes of Christ

and Apollo, and substituted the

for the rays of the

nails of the Passion

Sun; Constantine was replaced

by Julian, Julian by Theodosius.

In a.d. 1412 the

keystone was loosened by an earthquake.

statue

fell

under Alexius Comnenus, and was

placed by the Cross.

be buried under the

The Palladium was

pillar.

The
re-

said to

Besides the principal

forum was a second one, which has been sometimes

was square, with

porticoes surrounding it, consisting of two ranks of
columns; in this the Augusteum, or court of the
confounded with the other;

palace, stood the

it

Golden Miliarium, which was an

elevated arcade, embellished with statues.

The Circus or Hippodrome was a stately building.

The space between the two metae or goals was filled
with statues and obelisks.

Near

this stands

the

wreathed column of bronze, which, according to

H2

Classical Atlas
was

legend, bore the golden tripod of Delphi, and

by the

shattered

iron

mace

of

Mohammed

II.

Fourteen churches, fourteen palaces, several triumphal arches, and eight public baths are assigned to
the founder of the city.
his

Constantine, and in this

example was followed by

Rome

Ancient

his successors, imitated

in the construction of sewers.

Two

large subterranean cisterns or reservoirs of water,

constructed by the Greek emperors in case of a

remain;

siege, still

The

perfectly dry.

and

called

the

by the Turks the

One Pillars," is now

one, called

palace of the " Thousand and

other,

still

existing as a cistern,

" Subterranean Palace,"

may

be

described as an underground lake, with an arched

roof to cover

From

it,

supported on 336 marble

pillars.

the throne, seated upon which the emperor

viewed the games of the Circus, a winding staircase

called cochlea descended to the palace.

This was

a magnificent building, covering a great extent of

ground, on the banks of the Propontis, between the

Hippodrome and the church of Santa Sophia, now

the Seraglio. The baths of Zeuxippus, the site of
which it is difficult to fix, were so embellished by
Constantine with statues of marble and bronze,
that they became famed as the most beautiful in
the world.

While private houses and public buildings

business,

for

convenience,

for

amusement,

for

and

splendour rose with the rapidity of enchantment,

one class of

edifices

was wanting.

few temples,

Constantinople

113

such as those of the Sun, the Moon, and Aphrodite,

were permitted to stand in the Heropolis, though

deprived of their revenues.
built;

of these

Wisdom.

But few churches were

one was dedicated to the Supreme

The ancient Temple

of

Peace,

which

afterwards formed part of Santa Sophia, was appropriately transformed into a church.
of the

The Church

Twelve Apostles appears from Eusebius to

have been finished a few days before the death

Constantine;

it

to ruin

fell

was repaired by Constantius,

and demolished by

of

20 years afterwards,
rebuilt

Mohammed

by

Justinian,

II.

Theodosius the Great built the principal gate of

Constantinople, "

The Golden Gate,"

so celebrated

by the Byzantine writers; this gate, on the S. of

the town, was that by which the emperors made
their solemn entry, and stood at the beginning of
the principal street, which crossed the town up
to the Bosphorus.
The Empress Eudoxia, wife of
Arcadius, ornamented her city with a palace and
baths.

Theodosius

II.

encouraged

and executed considerable works;

architecture,

in his reign the

walls of Constantinople were in great measure rebuilt,

and the

city

and two palaces

adorned with thermcs, a forum,

for the sisters of Pulcheria.

In

447, after the great earthquake, the edifices of Con-

stantinople were restored with renewed splendour.

Marcian turned his attention chiefly to the aqueducts;

nople.

Leo

I.

Justin

Thrax
I.

to the churches of Constanti-

contributed to the embellishments^

Classical Atlas

114

The

or rather restoration of Constantinople.

of Justinian

is

the most brilliant epoch of the Neo-

Greek or Byzantine architecture; and,

this

reign

like

Hadrian,

emperor was entitled to the proud distinction

of being called

by

" reparator

his contemporaries

The great ornament of Constantinople was

the temple reared by Justinian in honour of the
orbis."

Eternal

Wisdom

(Santa Sophia).

This, the principal

church of Constantinople, had been twice destroyed

by

fire,

John Chrysostom, and

the Blue and Green factions.

after the exile of

during the Nika of

Anthemius

of Tralles,

the builders

and Isidorus

of Miletus,

were

employed by Justinian to rebuild the

Disregarding the cardinal rule that

church.

all

inconsistent with good taste,

architectural artifice

is

they endeavoured to

make

it

appear entirely hover-

ing in air without the least earthly resting-place.

The attempt was

unsuccessful,

for,

a.d.

in

558,

twenty-one years after the dedication, an earth-

quake

nearly

destroyed

it;

another

Isidorus,

was employed to restore it;

an elevation of 20 feet more than it had before its
fall was given to the dome, and the originally
circular was changed to an elliptical form.
Though
such was the lightness of the dome that it appeared
suspended " by a chain from Heaven/' the circle

nephew

of the former,

which encompasses the dome rested on four strong

arches, supported on four massive piles, assisted on

the N. and S. sides

of a shaft

40

by four columns

feet long.

Two

larger

of granite, each

and

six smaller

Issus

115

semi-domes sprouted out and encircled the central

The ground-plan

cupola.

describes the figure of a

Greek cross within a quadrangle, but on the inside

was

Besides this great model of Eastern

oval.

more than twentyConstantinople and its suburbs. In

architecture, Justinian erected

five

churches in

honour

of himself a colossal statue, representing the

emperor mounted on horseback and in an attitude

of

defiance,

was placed upon a column

in

the

August eum before Santa Sophia. The palace was also

restored

by

Justinian,

and magnificently adorned

with bronze, many-coloured marbles and mosaics,

representing the glories of the African and Italian

triumphs.

From

of her fall, the

the time of Heraclius to the hour

outward

glories of Constantinople

shared the same fate as her renown and greatness.

ISSUS

A town of Cilicia,
calls

on the gulf

Herodotus

of Issus.

the gulf of Issus the gulf of Myriandrus, from

the town of Myriandrus, which was on

The

gulf of Issus

is

now named

it.

the gulf of Isken-

derum or Scanderoon, from the town

of Scanderoon,

formerly Alexandria ad Issum, on the E. side.

It is

the only large gulf on the southern side of Asia Minor

and on the Syrian coast, and

it

is

an important

place in the systems of the Greek geographers.

N.E. direction into the land to the

47 miles, measured nearly at right angles

gulf runs in a

distance of

This

n6

Classical Atlas

to a line

drawn from the promontory Megarsus, on

the Cilician coast, to the Rhosicus Scopulus, on the

Syrian coast;

for these

two capes are respectively

W. and

and 25 miles
The width immediately N. of

the limits of the gulf on the

from one another.

the capes

is

somewhat

not diminish

much

extremity of the
in

this

less

till

than 25 miles, but

we approach
Issus

gulf.

E.,

is

it

does

the northern

the remotest city

part of Cilicia which Ptolemy mentions.

Xenophon

also speaks of

as the last city of Cilicia

it

on the road to Syria.

Xenophon says that Cyrus marched 15 parasangs

from the Pyramus " to Issi, the uttermost city of
Cilicia, on the sea, great and prosperous/'
From
Issus to the Pylae of Cilicia

between Syria and

and Syria, the boundary

Cilicia,

here was the river Carsus.

was 5 parasangs, and

The next stage was 5

parasangs to Myriandrus, a town in Syria on the

sea,

occupied by Phoenicians, a trading place, where

many merchant
The

ships were lying.

nearest road to Susa from Sardis

the Cilician plains.

into the plains

way

The

by the

difficulties

Cilicias

was through

were the passage

Pylae or pass,

and the

out of the plains along the gulf of Issus into

The great road to Susa, which Herodotus

describes, went N. of the Taurus to the Euphrates.
The land forces in the expedition of Datis and
Artaphernes, 490 B.C., crossed the Syrian Amanus,
Syria.

and went
there

as far as the Aleian plain in Cilicia;

they embarked.

and

They did not march by

Issus

117

land through the Cilician Pylae over the Taurus

into the interior of the peninsula;
in the previous expedition
Cilicia,

had

but Mardonius

led his troops into

and sent them on by land to the Hellespontus,

The land

while he took ship and sailed to Ionia.

force of

by the

Mardonius must have passed out to

difficult

Shortly

pass in the Taurus.

the

before

Alexander was
Darius with

Cilicia

at

all his

battle

Mallos,
force

of

Issus

(333 B.C.),

when he heard

was

that

at Sochi in Assyria;

which place was distant two marches from the

Assyrian Pylse. " Assyria " and " Assyrian " here
mean " Syria " and " Syrian." Darius had crossed
the Euphrates, probably at Thapsacus, and was en-

camped
well

in

an open country

suited

for

his

in Syria,

cavalry.

Curtius

which was
says

that

Alexander only reached Castabalum on the second

day from Mallos; that he went through

Issus,

and

there deliberated whether he should go on or halt.

Darius crossed the Amanus, which separates Syria

from the bay

Pylse,

of Issus,

by a pass

and advancing to

Issus,

called the

was

Amanicse

in the rear of

who had passed through the Cilician

and Syrian Pylse. Darius came to the pass in the
Alexander,

Amanus, says Curtius, on the same night that

Alexander came to the pass by which Syria is
entered. The place where Darius crossed the
Amanus was so situated that he came to Issus first,
where he shamefully treated the sick
donians

who had been

left

there.

of the

Mace-

The next day

n8

Classical Atlas

he moved from Issus to pursue Alexander, that

is,

he moved towards the Pylae, and he came to the

banks

of the river Pinarus,

where he halted.

Issus

was, therefore, N. of the Pinarus, and some

distance from

little

it.

Alexander, hearing that the Persians were in his

rear,

turned back to the Pylae, which he reached at

midnight, and halted

till

daybreak, when he moved

So long as the road was narrow, he led

on.

army

in

column, but as the pass widened, he ex-

tended his column into

tains

his

and part on the

line,
left

part towards the

towards the

moun-

When

sea.

he came to the wide part he arranged his army

order of battle.

Darius was posted on the N.

side of the Pinarus.

tion, that

in

It is plain,

from

this descrip-

Alexander did not march very far from

the Pylae before he reached the wider part of the

valley,

and the

river.

and the mountains on

As the sea was on

his left,

his right, the river

was a

stream which ran down from the Syrian Amanus;

and
is

it

can be no other than the Deli Tschai, which

about 13 miles N. of the Carsus.

that

Darius descended

Pylae Amanides,

into

Polybius states

Cilicia

through the

and encamped on the Pinarus,

at

a place where the distance between the mountains

and the sea was not more than 14 stadia; and that
the river ran across this place into the sea, and that
in its course

and

difficult

through the level part "

eminences. "

This

is

it

had abrupt

explained by what

Arrian says of the banks of the river being steep in

many

Issus

119

parts on the N. side.

Callisthenes further

said, that
defile,

when Alexander,

after

heard of Darius being in

having passed the

stadia from him, and, accordingly, he

through the

marched back

not clear, from the extract

whether the 100 stadia are to be

Polybius,

in

It is

defile.

he was 100

Cilicia,

According

reckoned to Issus or to the Pinarus.

when Alexander heard of Darius being

behind him, he sent some men in a galley back to
Issus, to see if it was so; and it is most consistent
to Arrian,

with the narrative to suppose that the

men saw

the

Persians at Issus before they had advanced to the

but this

river;

army was
be,

if it

visible,

being near the coast, as

were seen at

Strabo,

The Persian

not quite certain.

is

following

it

would

Issus.

the historians of Alexander,

adds nothing to what Arrian has taken from them.

Alexander, he says, led his infantry from Soli along
the coast and through the Mallotis to Issus and the

an expression which might mis-

forces of Darius;
lead,

if

we had no

after Mallos

is

other narrative.

^Egse, a small

He

also says,

town with a harbour,

then the Amanides Pylae, where there

is

a harbour;

town with a harbour,

and the river Pinarus, where the fight was between
Alexander and Darius. Accordingly he places

and

after JEgsz

is

Issus, a small

Issus N. of the Pinarus.

Cicero, during his pro-

consulship

his

of

Cilicia,

led

forces

against

the

mountaineers of the Amanus, and he was saluted as

imperator at Issus, " where/' he says, " as I have

120

Classical Atlas

often heard from you,

Clitarchus

you that

told

Darius was defeated by Alexander."

In another

passage, he says that he occupied for a few days the

same camp that Alexander had occupied

And

against Darius.

camped

for four

at Issus

again, he says that " he en-

days at the roots

at the Arae Alexandri."

Amanus,
the same fact

of the

If this is

that he mentions in his letter to Atticus, the Arae

were at

Issus,

and Issus was near the

foot of the

Amanus.

JERUSALEM
Jerusalem was situated in the heart of the mountain district

which commences at the

plain of Esdraelon and

is

S. of

the great

continued throughout the

whole of Samaria and Judaea quite to the southern

extremity

of

the

Promised Land.

It

is

almost

equidistant from the Mediterranean and from the

river Jordan, being

about 30 miles from each, and

situated at an elevation of 2000 feet above the level

of the Mediterranean.
its

Its site

is

well denned

by

circumjacent valleys.
Valleys.

(1)

In the N.W. quarter of the city

is

a shallow depression, occupied by an ancient pool.

the head of the Valley of Hinnom, which

This

is

from

this point takes a southern course, confining

makes a sharp
and forms the southern boundary

the city on the western side, until

angle to the E.,

it

121

Jerusalem
where

of the city to its S.E. quarter,

it

is

met by

another considerable valley from the N., which

must next be described.

At the distance

(2)

of

somewhat

than 1500

less

yards from the " upper pool " at the head of the
Valley of Hinnom, are the "

Tombs

of the

Kings,"

situated at the head of the Valley of Jehoshaphat,

which runs
distance

at first in

N.

the

of

sharply to the

an eastern course

modern

S., it skirts

city,

angle, as already described,

Hinnom

at the S.E.

from whence they run

together in a southerly direction to the

The space between the basin

Valley of

Hinnom and

Jehoshaphat

is

swell of land,
little

The

turning

the eastern side of the

town, and meets the Valley of

off

until,

some

at

at the

Dead

head

Sea.

of the

the head of the Valley of

occupied by a high rocky ridge or

which attains

its

highest elevation a

without the N.W. angle of the present town.

city,

then, occupied the termination of this

broad swell of land, being isolated, except on the

N.,

by the two great

valleys already described,

towards which the ground declined rapidly from

parts of the city.
ever,

is,

how-

broken by one or two subordinate valleys, and

the declivity

There

(3)

inferior in
city,

This rocky promontory

all

is
is,

not uniform.

example, another valley, very

for

magnitude to those which

encircle the

but of great importance in a topographical

view, as being the

tioned

main geographical feature men-

by Josephus
451

in his description of the city,

122

Classical Atlas

This valley of the Tyropoeon (Cheesemakers) meets

the Valley of

near

Hinnom

junction with the Valley of Jehoshaphat,

its

and can be

W.

Damascus

gate,

Temple

side of the

where

it

through

the

city,

enclosure, to the

opens into a small plain.

Ancient Jerusalem, according to Josephus,

" two

occupied
other,

traced

distinctly

along the

Hills.

at the Pool of Siloam, very

eminences,

which

each

fronted

and were divided by an intervening ravine,

which the

at the brink of

To

minated."

these

closely-built houses ter-

was

added

later

third

eminence on the N.E., called the Temple Mount.

But when

in process of

time the city overflowed

old boundaries, the hill Bezetha, or

its

was added

to the ancient hills, as

by Josephus: " The

city,

is

New

thus described

being over-abundant in

population, began gradually to creep beyond

walls,

and the people joining to the

which lay to the N.

hill (of

of the

City,

its

old

city the region

temple and close to the

Acra), advanced considerably, so that even

a fourth eminence was surrounded with habitations,

viz.

that which

to the Antonia,
for the

is

called Bezetha, situated opposite

and divided from

it

by a deep ditch

ground had been cut through on purpose,

that the foundations of the Antonia might not,

joining the eminence, be easy of approach,

and

by
of

inferior height."

The Antonia was a

castle situated at the north-

western angle of the outer enclosure of the Temple,

occupying a precipitous rock 50 cubits high.

Jerusalem

123

Walls
Upper City and Old Wall."Oi the three
walls, the old one was difficult to be taken, both on
1.

account of the ravines, and of the eminence above

them on which

it

was

situated.

was also strongly

David and Solomon, and the kings after

the advantage of the position,

built, as

But, in addition to
it

them, were very zealous about the work.

from the tower called

ginning towards the N.,

Hippicus,

Be-

and passing through the place

called
it

was

united to the western cloister of the Temple.

In

Xystus, then joining the council chamber,

the other direction, towards the W., commencing

from the same place, and extending through a place

called Bethso to the gate of the Essenes,

and then

turning towards the S. above the fountain Siloam,

thence again bending toward the E. to the Pool of

Solomon, and running through a place which they

called Ophla,
of the
it

is

was joined to the eastern

it

Temple."

To understand

cloister

this description,

only necessary to remark that the walls are

described, not

by the

direction in

which they run,

but by the quarter which they face,

" turning towards the S."

is

i.e.

the wall

the S. wall, and so

with the others; so that the Hippie Tower evidently

lay at the

N.W.

angle of the

The Hippie Tower

is

Upper

City.

mentioned

in connection

with two neighbouring towers on the same N. wall,


Classical Atlas

124

by Herod the Great, and connected with

built

all

N.W.

his splendid palace that occupied the

Upper

the

of

City.

" These

towers/'

angle

the

says

" surpassed all in the world in extent,

historian,

beauty, and strength, and were dedicated to the

memory

of his brother,

his

and

friend,

his

best

loved wife.

"

To

these towers, situated on the N.,

within
" The Royal Palace,
description.

It

was

surpassing

was joined
powers

all

entirely surrounded

by

a wall

30 cubits high, with decorated towers at equal

tervals,

besides

and contained enormous banqueting

numerous chambers

were also

many

richly adorned.

of

in-

halls,

There

porticoes encircling one another,

with different columns to each, surrounding green

courts, planted with a variety of trees, having long

avenues through them; and deep channels and

reservoirs

everywhere around,

statues, through

filled

with bronze

which the water flowed; and many

towers of tame pigeons about the fountains."

As the Xystus is mentioned next to the Hippicus

by Josephus, in his description of the N. wall of the
Upper City, it may be well to proceed at once to
that.
The Xystus is properly a covered portico
attached to the Greek Gymnasium, which commonly
had uncovered walks connected with

it.

As the

Jerusalem Xystus was a place where public meetings

must be understood
be a wide public promenade, though not neces-

were occasionally convened,

to

it

Jerusalem

25

connected with a gymnasium, but perhaps

rather with another palace which occupied " this
sarily

extremity of the Upper City."

The House of the Asmonceans was above the

Xystus, and was apparently occupied as a palace by
the Younger Agrippa;

for,

when he addressed

the

multitude assembled in the Xystus, he placed his

sister

Berenice in the house of the Asmonasans, that

she might be visible to them.

The Causeway.

At

we

the Xystus

are told a

causeway joined the Temple to the Upper City,

and one

Temple gates opened on to

of the

this

causeway.
It is highly
else

probable that the Xystus was nothing

than the wide promenade over

adorned with a covered

cloister

this

mound,

between the

trees,

with which the Rabbinical traditions assure us that

Solomon's causeway was shaded.
the N. wall of the

the valley

which

is

by

this

It is clear that

Upper City must have crossed

causeway to the Gate

explained to

mean

Shallecheth,

the Gate of the

Em-

bankment.

The Council-Chamber
on the northern

is

the next place mentioned

line of wall, as the point

where

it

joined the western portico of the Temple.

We have now

to trace the wall of the

in the opposite direction

the Hippie

Tower

at the

from the same point,

N.W.

noticed are comparatively few.

ward

(i.e.

Upper City

angle.

" It

The

first

viz.

points

ran south-

with a western aspect), through a place

126

Classical Atlas
Gate of the Essenes;

called Bethso, to the

turning E.,

then,

ran (with a southern aspect) above

it

the fountain of Siloam;

thence

it

bent northward,

and ran (with an eastern aspect) to the Pool

of

Solomon, and extending as far as a place called

Ophla, was joined to the eastern cloister of the

Temple."

Along the

may

still

S. face of

the Upper City the old wall

be traced, partly by scarped rock and

by foundations

partly

of the ancient wall,

have served as a quarry

bouring buildings for
the

Upper City was

wall

of

its

may

it

of the

for the repairs of the neigh-

many

ages.

entirely

As

it is

clear that

encompassed with a

own, nowhere noticed by Josephus,

except so far as
wall,

which

it

was coincident with the outer

be safely conjectured that

Upper City followed the brow

from the S.E. angle

this E. wall

of the ridge

of the Hill Sion, along a line

nearly coincident with the aqueduct;

while the

main wall continued

down

easterly course

its

the

steep slope of Sion, across the valley of the Tyro-

Pool of Siloam
it

mouth a little above the

and then up the ridge Ophel, until

poeon, not far from

its

reached the brow of the eastern valley.

The

further course of the wall to the eastern

cloister of the

Temple

is

equally obscure, as the

several points specified in the description are not

capable

of

by any other notices.

Solomon and a place called

identification

These are the Pool of

Ophla, in the description already cited, to which

Jerusalem
may be

from

added,

Basilica of Grapte or

The Pool

127

an incidental

notice,

the

Monobazus.

of Solomon has been sometimes iden-

with the Fountain of the Virgin, from which

tified

the Pool of Siloam

is

supplied,

and sometimes with

Both solutions are unsatisfactory,

for Siloam would scarcely be mentioned a second
time in the same passage under another name, and
that very pool.

the fountain in question cannot, with any propriety,

be called a pool.

The place called Ophla in Scripture Ophel is

commonly supposed to be the southern spur of the
Temple Mount, a narrow rocky ridge extending
down to Siloam. But it is more certain that it is
used in a restricted sense in this passage, than that
it

ever extended to the whole ridge.

is

It

was

apparently a large fortified building, to the S. of

the Temple, connected with an outlying tower, and

probably situated near the southern extremity of

the present area of the Mosque of Omar.
2.

The Second Wall, and

the

Lower

City.

account of the second wall in Josephus

He

meagre.

merely says that

it

The

is

very

began at the Gate

Gennath, a place in the old wall; and, after encom-

Lower

passing the

City,

had

its

termination at the

Fortress Antonia.

There

is

Gennath.

here no clue to the position of the Gate

It

is,

however, quite certain that

between the Hippie Tower and the Xystus

N.W.

angle of the

it

was

and the

Upper City was occupied by the

128

Classical Atlas

Herod the Great, and

extensive palace of

im-

its

posing towers stood on the N. front of this old wall,

where a rocky
which would

crest rose to the height of

of course preclude the possibility of

an exit from the city

third

for

some distance

to the E. of

Other incidental notices make

the tower.
that there

30 cubits,

it

clear

was a considerable space between the

and second wall

comparatively

at their southern

from

free

and,

buildings,

quarter,

conse-

quently, a considerable part of the N. wall of the

Upper City unprotected by the second

There is the head of an old archway
above a heap

of ruins, at a point

wall.
still

existing

about half-way

between the Hippie Tower and the N.W. angle

Mount
brings

N.

Sion,
it

where a

slight depression in that hill

nearly to a level with the declivity to the

This would afford a good starting-point for the

may

second wall, traces of which

in a line

are

of

N. of

this,

quite to the

two chambers

of

still

be discovered

Damascus Gate, where

ancient

and very massive

masonry, which appear to have flanked an old gate

of the second wall at its

weakest part, where

crossed the valley of the Cheesemakers.

From

it

this

gate, the second wall probably followed the line of

the present city wall to a point near the Gate of

Herod, now blocked up;

along the brow of the
Fortress

hill to

it

was

carried

the N.E. angle of the

Antonia, which occupied a considerable

space on the
3.

whence

N.W.

of the

The Third Wall, and

Temple
the

New

area.
City.

The third

Jerusalem

129

which enclosed a very considerable space to

wall,

the N. of the Old City, was the

Agrippa the Elder,

work of Herod
and was only commenced about

thirty years before the destruction of Jerusalem,

and never completed according to the

original de-

consequence of the jealousy of the

sign, in

Roman

government. The following is Josephus's account:

" This third wall Agrippa drew round the super-

added

city,

which was

all

exposed.

It

commenced

Tower Hippicus, from whence it extended to

the northern quarter, as far as the Tower Psephinus
then, passing opposite to the Monuments of Helena,
and being produced through the Royal Caves, it
bent, at the angular tower, by the monument called
at the

the Fuller's, and, joining the old wall, terminated

at the valley of the Kedron."
(1)

As the

site

already fixed, the

third wall

is

of the
first

Hippie Tower has been

point to be noticed in this

the Psephine Tower, which, Josephus

informs us, was the most wonderful part of this

great

work, situated at

N.W.

its

quarter,

over

against Hippicus, octagonal in form, 70 cubits in

height,

commanding a view

of

Arabia towards the

E., of the Mediterranean towards the

the utmost limits of the

(2)

Hebrew

The next point mentioned

of Helena, which,

we

W., and

of

possessions.
is

the

Monuments

are elsewhere told, were three

pyramids, situated at a distance of 3 stadia from

the city.

Notwithstanding repeated notices of the

sepulchral

monuments

of the

Queen

of Adiabene,

it

Classical Atlas

130
is

not

now

possible to fix their position with any

degree of certainty, some archaeologists assigning

them

to the

Tombs of the

of the Martyrs,

W.

Kings, others to the

Tombs

about three-quarters of a mile to the

of the former.

point half-way between these

two monuments would seem to answer better to the

incidental notices of the monuments, and they may
with great probability be fixed to a rocky court on the
right of the road to Nebi Samwil,

Opposite the Monuments

several excavated tombs.

of

Women

Helena was the Gate of the

wall,

which

where there are

in the third

mentioned more than once, and

is

must have been between the Nablus road and the

Psephine Tower.
(3)

The Royal Caves are the next point mentioned

They

on the third wall.

are, doubtless, identical

with the remarkable and

still

called the

Tombs

extensive

of the Kings,

excavations

most probably

the same which are elsewhere called the

Monument

of

Herod, and, from the character of their decorations,

may
(4)

very well be ascribed to the Herodian period.

The

Fuller's

new

point on the

occupied this

site,

monument
wall,

and

is

the last-mentioned

as an angular tower

monument must have been

the

at

the N.E. angle of the

New

many rock graves cut

in the perpendicular face of the

Valley of Jehoshaphat.
third wall followed the

phat until
its

it

City; probably one of the

From

brow

this

N.E. angle the

of the Valley of Jehosha-

reached the wall of the Outer Temple at

N.E. angle.

Jerusalem

131

The Temple Mount

The Temple Mount,

tain of the Lord's House,

the S.E. of the city, and

site of

It

the

was

Moun-

called in Scripture the

and Moriah,

is

is

situated at

easily identified with the

Dome of the Mosque in modern

originally a third hill of the

Jerusalem.

Old City, over

by a broad
ravine, which, however, was filled up by the Asmonaean princes, so that these two hills became one,
and are generally so reckoned by the historian.
The Temple, in the widest
1. The Outer Court.
signification of the word, consisted of two courts,
against Acra, but separated from

it

one within the other, though the inner one

is

some-

times subdivided, and distributed into four other

courts.

part

The area

artificial,

summit

of the

of the

Outer Court was in great

for the natural level space

mount being found

the Temple, with

its

on the

too confined for

surrounding chambers, courts,

was gradually increased by mechanical

expedients. This extension was commenced by
Solomon, who raised from the depth of the eastern
valley a wall of enormous stones, bound together
with lead, within which he raised a bank of earth,
and

cloisters,

to a level with the native rock.

On

this

was erected

a cloister, which, with its successors, always retained

the name of " Solomon's Porch." This process of
enlarging the court

by

artificial

embankments was

13 2

Classical Atlas

continued by successive kings;

but particularly

by Herod the Great, who, when he reconstructed

the Temple proper, enlarged the Outer Court to
double

its

former

and adorned

size,

it

with stately

cloisters.
2.

The Inner Court.

The

Inner Temple was

separated from the Outer by a stone wall 3 cubits in

height,

on which stood

equal distances,

pillars at

with inscriptions, in Greek and Latin, prohibiting

from

aliens

To

access.

court there was an

this

ascent of fourteen steps, then a level space of 10

cubits,

and then a further ascent

of five steps to

the gates, of which there were four on the N. and S.

sides,

and two on the

E., but

none on the W., where

stood the Sanctuary.

The place

of the Altar

is

determined with the

utmost precision by the existence

Rock

of the Moslems,

of the very cesspool

in

the Sacred

under their venerated dome,

and drain

of the

Jewish

which furnishes a key to the restoration

altar,

of

the

whole Temple.

The Altar was 32 cubits square at

gradually contracted, so that

24 cubits square.
ascent

by an

It

its

its

base, but

hearth was only

was 15 cubits high, and had an

inclined plane on. the S. side, 32 cubits

long and 16 wide.

Temple
was a space of 22 cubits, rising in a gentle ascent by
steps to the vestibule, the door of which was 40
cubits high and 20 wide.
The total length of the
Between the Altar and the porch

of the

Jerusalem
Holy House

itself

was subdivided

was only 100

into three parts:

133
cubits,

and

the Pronaus

this

n,

the Sanctuary 40, the Holy of Holies 20, allowing

29 cubits for the partition walls and a small chamber

behind (i.e. W. of) the Most Holy place. The total

width

of the building

was 70 cubits;

of

which the

Sanctuary only occupied 20, the remainder being

distributed into side chambers, in three stories, as-

signed to various uses.

The Pronaus was, however,

30 cubits wider, 15 on the N. and 15 on the S.,

giving it a total length of 100 cubits, which, with a
width

of only 11 cubits,

must have presented the

proportions of a Narthex in a Byzantine church.

Its interior height

was 90

cubits, and, while the

Temple rose only to the

height of 60 cubits, there was an additional story
of 40 cubits above the Sanctuary, also occupied by
chambers, rising into a clerestory of the same elevachambers on the

sides of the

tion as the vestibule.

The

Temple was plated with gold,

and reflected back the beams of the rising sun with
dazzling effect; and, where it was not encrusted
with gold, it was exceedingly white. Some of the
stones of which it was constructed were 45 cubits
long, 5 deep, and 6 wide.
E. of the Altar was the Court of the Priests,
135 cubits long and 11 wide; and, E. of that again,
was the Court of Israel, of the same dimensions.
E. of this was the Court of the Women, 135 cubits
front of the

square, considerably below the level of the former,


134

Classical Atlas

to which there

was an ascent

of 15 semicircular

steps to the magnificent gates of Corinthian brass,

50 cubits in height, with doors of 40 cubits, so

ponderous that they could with

difficulty

by 20 men, the spontaneous opening

of

be shut

which was

one of the portents of the approaching destruction

of the

Temple, mentioned by Josephus and repeated

by Tacitus.
We must now notice the Acropolis, which occupied the N.W. angle of the Temple enclosure, and
which was, says the

historian, the fortress of the

Temple, as the Temple was of the

name was

to Antonia, in

and beautified

honour

ficence of a palace,

changed

of a castle

and was

comprehending within

it,

of his friend

combined the strength

It

Its original

Herod the Great, having

Baris, until

greatly enlarged

city.

its

its

name

Mark Antony.

with the magni-

like a city in extent

walls not only spacious

apartments, but courts and camping ground for

was situated on an elevated rock,

which was faced with slabs of smooth stone, upon
which was raised a breastwork of 3 cubits high,
within which was the building, rising to a height of
40 cubits. It had turrets at its four corners, three of
them 50 cubits high, but that at the S.E. angle was
70 cubits, and commanded a view of the whole
soldiers.

It

Temple.

The
an

fortress

was protected towards Bezetha by

artificial fosse, so as to

prevent

its

from being assailed from that quarter.

foundations

Jerusalem
It

is

certain,

.135

from several passages, that the

Fortress Antonia did not cover the whole of the

northern front of the Temple area;

and, as the

second wall, that encircled the Lower City, ended at

the fortress,

it is

clear that this wall could not

coincided with the

of the

modern city.

allusions

and

modern wall
It is

historical

have

at the N.E. quarter

demonstrable, from several

notices,

that there must

have been a considerable space between the second

and third wall on the northern front

area.

of the

Temple

Classical Atlas

136

MARATHON
The
on the

plain of
E.,

Marathon

and

is

is

open to a bay

of the sea

shut in on the opposite side by

the heights of Brilessus (subsequently called Pentelicus)

and Diacria, which send forth roots ex-

tending to the sea, and bounding the plain to the N.

and

S.

The

principal shelter of the

bay

is

afforded

by a long rocky promontory to the N., anciently

called Cynosura and now Stomi.
The plain is about
6 miles in length and half that breadth in its broadest
part.
It is somewhat in the form of a half-moon,
the inner curve of which is bounded by the bay,
and the outer by the range of mountains already
described.

There are four roads leading out of the

1.

One runs along

plain.

the coast by the south-western

extremity of the plain.

Here the plain

of

Marathon

opens into a narrow maritime plain, 3 miles in

length, where the mountains fall so gradually

towards the sea as to present no very defensible

impediment to the communication between the

Marathonia and the Mesogaea.

The road afterwards

passes through the valley between Pentelicus and

Hymettus, through the ancient demus

This

is

of Pallene.

the most level road to Athens, and the only

one practicable

for carriages.

which Pisistratus marched to

at Marathon.

2.

was the one by

Athens after landing
It

The second road runs through

Marathon

137

the pass of Vrand, so called from a small village of

this

name, situated

in the southern

which branch

valleys,

off

from the

the two

of

interior of the

This road leads through Cephisia into the

plain.

northern part of the plain of Athens.

3.

The

third

road follows the vale of Marathona, the northern of

the two valleys already named, in which
village of the

The two
a

same name, the

lies

the

largest in the district.

valleys are separated from one another

by

Kotrdni, very rugged, but of no great

hill called

This third road leads to Aphidna, from

height.

which the plain

of

The fourth road

Athens

may

be reached.

also

leaves the plain on the N.E.

by
a narrow pass between the northern marsh and a
round naked rocky height called Mt. Kordki or
It leads to Rhamnus; and at the
Stavrokordki.
4.

entrance of the pass stands the village of Lower Suit.

Three places in the Marathonian

district particu-

retain vestiges of ancient demi.

larly

It lies

Vrand,

demus of
upon a height fortified by the

which Leake supposes to be the

Marathon.

1.

site of

the

ravine of a torrent, which descends into the plain

after flowing

between Mts. Argaliki and Aforismd,

Which are parts

2.

There

are

of Mt. Brilessus or Pentelicus.

several

fragments

of

antiquity

situated at the head of the valley of Marathona at

a spot called Inoi, which

is

no doubt the

site of

the

ancient QLnce, one of the four demi of the district.

3.

There are also evident remains of an ancient

demus
F

situated
45i

upon an insulated height

in

the

Classical Atlas

138
plain of

Stilt,

near the entrance of the pass leading

out of the Marathonian plain to

These ruins are

Stilt.

probably those of Tricorythus, the situation of which

agrees with the order of the maritime demi in Strabo,

where Tricorythus immediately precedes Rhamnus.

The

site

of

Probalinthus

is

uncertain,

but

it

should probably be placed at the S.W. extremity

of the

from

Marathonian
Strabo's

This might be inferred

plain.

enumeration,

who mentions

first

Probalinthus, then Marathon, and lastly Tricory-

Between the southern marsh and

thus.
liki

ML

Arga-

there are foundations of buildings at a place

called

Valari,

which

is,

perhaps, a corruption of

Probalinthus.

The principal monument in the Marathonian plain

was the tumulus erected to the 192 Athenians who
were slain in the battle, and whose names were inscribed upon ten pillars, one for each tribe, placed
upon the tomb. There was also a second tumulus
for the Plataeans and slaves, and a separate monuAll these monuments were
ment to Miltiades.
seen by Pausanias 600 years after the battle. The
tumulus

of the

Athenians

still exists.

It

stands in

the centre of the plain, about half a mile from the

sea-shore.

The exact ground occupied by the Greek and

Persian armies at the battle of Marathon can only
be a matter of conjecture.
that the Athenian

near

its

camp was

Col.

Leake supposes

Vrand
that on the day of

in the valley of

opening into the plain;

Mycenae

139

battle the Athenian line extended from a

little in

front of the Heracleum, at the foot of Mt. Argaliki,

to the

bend

of the river of

and that the Persians, who were

front of them, had their right resting on

village of Seferi

8 stadia in

Marathdna, below the

Mt. Kordki, and their

left

extending to the southern

marsh, which prevented them from having a front

much

greater than that of the Athenians.

When

the Persians defeated the Athenian centre, they

pursued the latter up one or both of the two valleys

on either side

of

Mt. Kotrdni, since Herodotus says

that the pursuit continued quite into the interior.

Nearly at the same time the Persian

left

and

right

were defeated; but instead of pursuing them, the

Athenians returned towards the field to the aid of

own

their

centre.

The Persian

right fled towards

the narrow pass leading into the plain of Tricory-

thus

and here numbers were forced

into the marsh,

as Pausanias relates.

MYCENAE
One

of the

(sometimes

MYCENE)

most ancient towns

celebrated as the residence of

in Greece,

Agamemnon.

and
It is

situated at the north-eastern extremity of the plain

of

Argos upon a rugged height, which

two commanding summits

is

shut in by

of the range of

moun-

Classical Atlas

140
tains

which borders

From

retired position

its

Argeian plain.

this side of the

it

is

described by

Homer
The

as situated in a recess of the Argeian land.

position

was one

place

commanded

it

of great importance.

In the

the upper part of the great

Argeian plain, which spread out under

W. and

towards the

first

S.;

walls

its

and secondly the most im-

portant roads from the Corinthian gulf, the roads

from Phlius, Nemea, Cleonae, and Corinth, unite

in

the mountains above Mycenae, and pass under the

height upon which the city stands.

The

ruins of Mycenae are

still

very extensive,

and, with the exception of those of Tiryns, are more

They

ancient than those of any other city in Greece.

belong to a period long antecedent to

records,

all historical

and may be regarded as the genuine

relics

of the heroic age.

Mycenae consisted of an Acropolis and a lower

town, each defended by a wall.

The Acropolis was

summit of a steep hill, projecting

from a higher mountain behind it. The lower town
situated on the

lay on the south-western slope of the

side of

hill,

on either

which runs a torrent from E. to W.

Acropolis

is

in

form

of

an irregular

triangle, of

The
which

the base fronts the S.W., and the apex the E.

the southern side the

cliffs

On

are almost precipitous,

overhanging a deep gorge; but on the northern side

the descent
of the hill

is less

is

The summit

steep and rugged.

rather

more than 1000

feet in length,

and around the edge the ruined walls

of the Aero-

Mycenae

141

polls still exist in their entire circuit,

with the ex-

ception of a small open space above the precipitous

cliff

on the southern

side,

defended by a wall.

which perhaps was never

The

walls are

than those of any other fortress

more

in Greece;

They

places they are 15 or 20 feet high.

perfect

some

in

are built

of the dark-coloured limestone of the surrounding

mountains.

Some

parts of the walls are built, like

those of Tiryns, of huge blocks of stone of irregular

shape, no attempt being

made

another, and the gaps being

of polygonal stones, skilfully

them into one

up with smaller

fit

filled

But the greater part

stones.

to

of the walls consists

hewn and

fitted to

one

another, and their faces cut so as to give the masonry

a

The

smooth appearance.

walls also present, in

a few parts, a third species of masonry, in which the

stones are constructed of blocks of nearly quad-

rangular shape;
to the

The

Gate

this

is

the case in the approach

of Lions.

chief gate of the Acropolis

angle of the wall.

It

is

at the

N.W.

stands at right angles to the

adjoining wall of the fortress, and

is

approached by

a passage 50 feet long and 30 wide, formed by that

by another wall exterior to it. The opening

the gateway widens from the top downwards but

wall and
of

at least two-thirds

of its height

is

now buried

The width at the top of the door

This door was formed of two massive
ruins.

is

in

9J feet.

uprights,

covered with a third block, 15 feet long, 4 feet wide,

and 6

feet

7 inches high in the middle, but dimmish-

142

Classical Atlas

ing at the

gap

in the

two ends.

Above

masonry

of the wall,

this block

is

a triangular

formed by an oblique

approximation of the side courses of stone, continued

from each extremity

its

centre.

of the lintel to

The vacant space

is

an apex above

occupied by a block

of stone, 10 feet high, 12 broad,

and 2

thick,

upon

the face of which are sculptured two lions in low

relief,

standing on their hind-legs, upon either side

upon which they rest their forefeet.

The column becomes broader towards the
top, and is surmounted with a capital, formed of a
row of four circles, enclosed between two parallel
of a

covered

fillets.

pillar,

The heads

of the animals are gone, together

with the apex of the cone that surmounted the

column.
Besides the great Gate of Lions, there was a
smaller gate or postern on the northern side of the
Acropolis, the approach to which

the same
It is

manner

was

fortified in

as that leading to the great gate.

constructed of three great stones, and

is

5 feet

4 inches wide at the top.

Near the Gate

city

may

the lower

which are

of

Lions the wall of the lower

be traced, extending from N. to

S.

In

town are four subterraneous buildings,

evidently the same as those described by

Pausanias, in which the Atreidae deposited their

treasures.

Of these the

largest, called

the " Treasury of Atreus,"

state of preservation.

now

in

ruins,

It is

is

by the learned

in nearly a perfect

approached by a passage

and contains two chambers.

The

Olympia

143

passage leads into a large chamber of a conical form,

about 50

width and 40

feet in

chamber there

is

in height ;

and

in this

a doorway leading into a small

There are remains of a second

interior apartment.

subterraneous building near the Gate of Lions; and

down

those of the two others are lower

towards the

the

hill

W.

OLYMPIA
The Temple and Sacred Grove
situated at a small distance
nesus.

originally

It

plain in which

it

W.

of

Zeus Olympius,

of Pisa in Pelopon-

belonged to Pisa,

and the

stood was called in more ancient

times the plain of Pisa;

but after the destruction

by the Eleans in 572 B.C., the name of

Olympia was extended to the whole district. Besides the Temple of Zeus Olympius, there were
several other sacred edifices and public buildings
in the Sacred Grove and its immediate neighbourhood; but there was no distinct town of Olympia.
The plain of Olympia is open towards the sea on
of this city

the W., but

hills of

surrounded on every other side by

is

no great height, yet in

and precipitous.
sandy

cliffs of

pine, ilex,

many

places abrupt

Their surface presents a series of

light yellow colour, covered

and other evergreens.

On

with the

entering the

Classical Atlas

144

valley from the W., the

most conspicuous object

is

a bold and nearly insulated eminence rising on the

N. from the level plain in the form of an irregular

This

cone.

which

is

is

Mt. Cronius, or the

like

Cronus,

by Pindar and other

which bound the plain

frequently noticed

ancient writers.

on the

hill of

S. are

The

hills

higher than the Cronian ridge, and,

the latter, are covered with evergreens, with

the exception of one bare summit, distant about

half a mile
Tyftceus,

from the Alpheus.

This was the ancient

from which women, who frequented the

Olympic games, or crossed the

river

on forbidden

condemned to be hurled headlong.

Another range of hills closes the vale of Olympia to

days,

were

the E., at the foot of which runs the rivulet of

Mirdka.

On

the

W.

the vale was bounded by the

Cladeus, which flowed from N. to S. along the side

of the Sacred Grove,

and

fell

into the Alpheus.

river rises at Lata in Mt. Pholoe.

which flows along the southern edge

constantly changes

its

course,

This

The Alpheus,
of the plain,

and has buried be-

neath the new alluvial plain, or carried into the

river, all the

which stood

remains of buildings and monuments

in the

southern part of the Sacred Grove.

Olympia lay partly w ithin and partly outside of

the Sacred Grove. This Sacred Grove bore from
It was
the most ancient times the name of Altis.
T

adorned with

trees,

S. its

in its centre there

was a

On the W. it ran along the Cladeus

direction may be traced by a terrace

grove of planes.

on the

and

Olympia
raised

145

above the Alpheus; on the E.

by the Stadium.

it

was bounded

There were several gates

but the principal one, through which

wall,

processions passed,

was situated

in the

in the
all

the

middle of the

western side, and was called the Pompic Entrance.

From

Pompic Way, ran

and entered the Stadium by a gate-

this gate, a road, called the

across the Altis,

way on

the eastern side.

The Olympieum, Olymputm, or Temple of Zeus

Olympius. An oracle of the Olympian god existed
1.

from the most ancient times, and here

on

this spot

temple was doubtless

built,

even before the

Olympic games became a Pan-Hellenic

But

after the conquest of Pisa

by the Eleans

cities

mined

festival.

and the surrounding

in 572 B.C., the latter deter-

to devote the spoils of the conquered cities

Olympian god.

new and splendid temple of the

The architect was Libon of Elis.

The temple was

not, however, finished

to the erection of a

a century afterwards, at the period

school of art

was supreme

till

when

in Greece,

nearly

the Attic

and the Par-

thenon on the Athenian Acropolis had thrown into

the shade

all

previous works of art.

Shortly after

the dedication of the Parthenon, the Eleans invited

Phidias and his school of artists to remove to Elis,

and adorn the Olympian temple

of the king of the gods.

at

Olympia

manner worthy

Phidias probably remained

from about 437 b.c.

The colossal statue of Zeus in the

for four or five years

to 434 or 433.
cella

in a

and the

figures in the

pediments of the temple

146

Classical Atlas

were executed by Phidias and his associates.

pictorial

embellishments

relative Panaenus.

were

work

the

The temple stood

western portion of the

Altis, to

of

The
his

in the south-

the right hand of the

Pompic Entrance.

The Pelopium stood opposite the temple of

Zeus, on the other side of the Pompic Way. Its
position is detned by Pausanias, who says that it
2.

stood to the right of the entrance into the temple of

Zeus and to the north of that building.

enclosure, containing trees

opening to the

and

It

was an

statues, having

an

W.

The Herceum was the most important temple

It was also a Doric
in the Altis after that of Zeus.
peripteral building.
The two most remarkable
monuments in the Herseum were the table, on which
3.

were placed the garlands prepared for the victors

in the

Olympic

contests,

of Cypselus, covered

and the celebrated chest

with figures in

The Great Altar of Zeus

relief.

by Pausanias as equidistant from the Pelopium and the

Herseum, and as being in front of them both. The
It had two
total height of the altar was 22 feet.
platforms, of which the upper was made of the
cinders of thethighs sacrificed on this and other altars.
5. The Column of (Enomaus stood between the
4.

great altar

and the temple

is

described

of Zeus.

have belonged to the house

of

It

was

said to

(Enomaus, and to

have been the only part of the building which

escaped when it was burnt by lightning.

Olympia

147

The Metroum, or temple of the Mother of the

Gods, was a large Doric building, situated within
6.

the Altis.

The Prytaneum is placed by Pausanias within

the Altis, near the Gymnasium, which was outside
7.

the sacred enclosure.

8.

The

Bouleuterion, or Council-House, seems to

have been near the Prytaneum.

9.

by

The Philippeum, a

circular building, erected

Philip after the battle of Chaeronea,

left in

was

to the

proceeding from the entrance of the Altis to

the Prytaneum.
10.

The

Theecoleon, a building belonging to the

superintendents of the sacrifices.

The Hippodamium, named from Hippodamea,

who was buried here, was within the Altis near the
Pompic Way.
12. The Temple of the Olympian Ilithyia (Lucina)
11.

appears to have stood on the neck of Mt. Cronius.

13.

The Temple of

the

Olympian Aphrodite was

near that of Ilithyia.

14.

The Thesauri

or Treasuries, ten in number,

were, like those of Delphi, built

by

different cities,

for the reception of their dedicatory offerings.

They

by Pausanias as standing to the N.

the Heraeum at the foot of Mt. Cronius, upon a

are described
of

platform

made

of the stone poros.

15. Zanes, statues of Zeus, erected

duce

of fines levied

upon

athletae,

the regulations of the games.

from the pro-

who had

violated

They stood upon

148

Classical Atlas

stone platform at the foot of Mt. Cronius, to the

left

of a person going

from the Metroum to the

Stadium.
16.

The Studio of

Phidias, which

was outside

Pompic Entrance.
17. The Leonidceum, built by Leonidas, a native,
was near the Studio of Phidias. Here the Roman
the Altis, and near the

magistrates were lodged in the time of Pausanias.

18.

near

The Gymnasium,
the

northern

also outside the Altis,

entrance

into

Gymnasium was (19) the Palcestra.

20 and 21. The Stadium and
were two of the most important

it.

and

Near the

the Hippodrome

sites at

Olympia, as

together they formed the place of exhibition for

all

the Olympic contests.

The Stadium

by Pausanias as a
mound of earth, upon which there was a seat for the
Hellanodicae, and over against it an altar of marble,
on which sat the priestess of Demeter Chamyne to
behold the games. There were two entrances into
the Stadium, the Pompic and the Secret. The
latter,

is

described

through which the Hellanodica? and the

agonistse entered,

was near the Zanes; the former

probably entered the area in front of the rectilinear

extremity of the Stadium.

One
other,

Hippodrome was longer than the

and was formed by a mound of earth. There
side of the

was a passage through this side leading out of the

Hippodrome; and near the passage was a kind of
circular altar, called Taraxippus, or the terrifier of

Pompeii

149

horses, because the horses were frequently seized

with terror in passing

broken.
pillars,

it,

that chariots were

so

Beyond the Taraxippus were the terminal

On

round which the chariots turned.

one

Hippodamea about
to bind the taenia on Pelops after his victory.
The
other side of the Hippodrome was a natural height

of

them stood a brazen statue

of

no great elevation.

On

of

extremity stood the

its

Temple of Demeter Chamyne. The course of the

Hippodrome appears to have been two diauli, or
four stadia.
22.
it

The Theatre

is

mentioned by Xenophon, but

does not occur in the description of Pausanias.

Besides the buildings already mentioned, there

was a very

large

number

of the Sacred Grove,

of statues in every part

many

of

which were made by

the greatest masters of Grecian art.

POMPEII
An ancient city of Campania, situated on

the coast

of the beautiful gulf called the Crater or

Naples, at the

mouth

of the river Sarnus,

mediately at the foot of Mt. Vesuvius.

Bay

of

and imIt

was

intermediate between Herculaneum and Stabiae.

The famous eruption

Vesuvius in a.d. 79, buried

Pompeii, as well as Herculaneum, under a dense
of

bed of ashes and cinders.

The

loss of life in the

former city was the greater, because the inhabitants

Classical Atlas

150
were assembled

in the theatre at the

time when the

catastrophe took place.

The area occupied by the ancient

city

was an

irregular oval, about 2 miles in circumference.

was surrounded by a

wall,

round the whole of the

towards the

sea.

considerable and

which

city,

is still

It

preserved

except on the side

There were seven gates, the most

ornamental of which was that

which formed the entrance to the city by the high

road from Herculaneum:
called respectively the
of

Gate

the others have been

of Vesuvius, the

Gate

Capua, the Gate of Nola, the Gate of the Sarnus,

the Gate of Stabiae, and the Gate of the Theatres.

The entrances to the town from the side of the sea

had ceased to be gates, there being no longer any
The walls were strengthened
walls on that side.
with an Agger or rampart, faced with masonry, and

having a parapet or outer wall on

front:

they were further

its

external

fortified at intervals

with

square towers, which in some parts occur regularly

at about 100 yards

are added

from each other,

much more

The general plan

in other parts

sparingly.

of the city is

very regular, and

the greater part of the streets run in straight lines:

but the principal line of street, which runs from the

Gate

of

Herculaneum

to the

Forum,

is

an exception,

being irregular and crooked as well as very narrow.

Though

must undoubtedly have been one of the

chief thoroughfares of the city, and the line followed
by the high road from Capua, Neapolis, and Rome
it

Pompeii

does not exceed 12 or 14 feet in width,

itself, it

5
in-

cluding the raised footpaths on each side, so that

the carriage-way could

only have admitted the

passage of one vehicle at a time.

streets are broader;
in width,

They

but few of

and the widest yet found

is

only about 30.

are uniformly paved with large polygonal

blocks of hard lava or basalt.

was

Some of the other

them exceed 20 feet

crossed, a little before

it

The

principal street

reached the Forum, by

a long straight line of street which, passing by the

Temple

of Fortune, led direct to the

Gate

of Nola.

In the angle formed by the two stood the public

baths or Thermae, and between these and the Temple
of

Fortune a short broad

Forum,

of

which

cipal entrance.

it

seems to have formed the prin-

From

streets struck off in

have been followed

of

street

street led direct to the

the

Forum two

an easterly

till

other parallel

direction,

which

they cross another main line

that leads from the Gate of Vesuvius

directly across the city to the gate adjoining the

theatres.

This last line crosses the street already

noticed, leading from the

Gate

and the two divide the whole

though

of

Nola westward,

city into four quarters,

of irregular size.

The Forum was situated in the S.W. quarter of

the city, and was distant about 400 yards from the
Gate of Herculaneum. As was commonly the case
in ancient times, it was surrounded by the principal
public buildings, and was evidently the centre of
the life and movement of the city. The extent of

Classical Atlas

152
it

was

not, however, great;

(exclusive of the porticoes

the actual open space

which surrounded

it)

did

not exceed 160 yards in length by 35 in breadth,

and a part

was occupied by the Temple

of this space

was surrounded on three sides by a

Grecian-Doric portico or colonnade, which appears
of Jupiter.

to

It

have been surmounted by a gallery or upper

though no part of

story,

would seem that

this

this portico

is

now

preserved.

It

had replaced an older

arcade on the eastern side of the Forum, a portion

of

which

still

remains, so that this alteration was

not yet completed

At the N. end
into the

when the catastrophe took

place.

Forum, and projecting out

of the

open area, are the remains

of

an

edifice

which must have been much the most magnificent

of

any

in the city.

commonly known, with

foundation, as the Temple of
It is

at least a plausible

Jupiter;

others dispute

and have

called

it

being a temple at

its

the Senaculum, or place of meet-

ing of the local senate.

It

was

raised on a

or base of considerable elevation,

of six Corinthian

all,

columns

podium

and had a portico

in front.

At the N.E.

angle of the Forum, adjoining the Temple of Jupiter,

stood an arch which appears to have been of a trium-

phal character, though

now deprived

of all its orna-

was the principal entrance to the Forum,

and the only one by which it was accessible to
carriages of any description.
On the E. side of the
ments

it

Forum were
public

four edifices,

character.

The

all

first

unquestionably of a
(towards the N.)

is

Pompeii
generally

known
an

contained

153

as the Pantheon, from its having

altar

the

in

with

centre,

pedestals placed in a circle round

it,

twelve

which are sup-

posed to have supported statues of the twelve chief

Next

gods.

to this building

monly regarded

is

one which

com-

is

as the Curia or Senaculum;

it

had

a portico of fluted columns of white marble, which

ranged with those of the general portico that sur-

rounded the Forum.

S. of this

commonly

Temple

called the

and very

size

a building

is

Mercury, of small

Between

irregular form.

known

the street

of

again

this

and

as the Street of the Silversmiths,

which issued from the Forum near

its

S.E. angle,

was a large building which, as we learn from an

was erected by a female

It consists of a large
priestess named Eumachia.
and spacious area (about 130 feet by 65) surrounded
inscription

still

existing,

by a colonnade, and having a

raised platform at

the end with a semicircular recess similar to that

usually found in a Basilica.

The

S.

end

of the

Forum was occupied by

three

buildings of very similar character, standing side by

side,

each consisting of a single hall with an apse

or semicircular recess

at

The most probable opinion

the further extremity.

is

that these were the

courts of justice, in which the tribunals held their

The western side of the Forum was principally occupied by a Basilica, and a large temple
which is commonly called the Temple of Venus.
The former is the largest building in Pompeii; it
sittings.

+5i

Classical Atlas

154

an oblong form, 220

by 80 in
breadth, and abutted endwise on the Forum, from
which it was entered by a vestibule with five doorways. The roof was supported by a peristyle of
is

of

28 Ionic columns of large

coated with stucco.

feet in length

size,

There

is

but built of brick,

a raised tribunal at

the further end, but no apse, which

in buildings of this class.

the temple

is

Between

usually found

this edifice

and

a street of greater width than usual,

which extends from the Forum

tion,

is

in a westerly direc-

and probably communicated with the

port.

The Temple of Venus, on the N. side of this street,

was an extensive building consisting of a peripteral
temple with a small cella, elevated on a podium or
basement, surrounded by a much more extensive
portico, and the whole again enclosed by a wall,
forming the

fteribolus or sacred enclosure.

All parts

of the building are profusely decorated with painting.

The temple

itself is

Corinthian, but the columns

seem to have been

of the portico

originally Doric,

though afterwards clumsily transformed into Corinthian, or rather

The buildings

an awkward imitation of Corinthian.

at the N. W. corner of the

Forum

are

devoid of architectural character, and seem to have

served as the public granaries and prisons.

The open area

of the

Forum was paved with

broad slabs of a kind of marble, thus showing that

was never designed for the traffic of any kind of

It was adorned with numerous statues,
vehicles.
the pedestals of which still remain: they are all of
it

Pompeii

155

white marble, but the statues themselves have uni-

formly disappeared.
Besides the temples which surrounded the Forum,
the remains of four others have been discovered;
three of which are situated in the immediate vicinity

Of these the most interesting

of the theatres.

one which stood a

little

to the

S.W. of the great

and which

theatre, near the wall of the city,

evidently

much more

temples at Pompeii:

pure Greek

style,

is

is

ancient than any of the other

it is

of the Doric order

and

of

but of very ancient character.

Unfortunately only the basement and a few capitals

and other architectural fragments remain.

commonly
in

called the

an open area

Temple

of Hercules.

It

and

of considerable extent,

It

is

stood
of a

triangular form, surrounded on two sides

by por-

commonly

called a

ticoes:

but this area, which

is

Forum, has been evidently constructed

and with no reference

later period,

which

is

at a

much

to the temple,

placed very awkwardly in relation to

Another temple

in the

same quarter

of the town,

immediately adjoining the great theatre,

ing because

we

scription that

it

been rebuilt by
foundations "

it.

is

interest-

learn with certainty from an in-

was consecrated

to Isis,

and had

N. Popidius Celsinus " from the

after

its

earthquake of a.d. 63.

overthrow
It

is

of a

in

the

great

good style of

architecture, but built chiefly of brick covered with

stucco (only the capitals and shafts of the columns

being of a soft stone), and

is

of small size.

Like

Classical Atlas

156
most

of the temples at Pompeii,

raised

it

consists of a cella,

on an elevated podium, and surrounded ex-

by a more extensive portico. Adjoining

this temple was another, the smallest yet found at
Pompeii, and in no way remarkable. It has been
ternally

variously called the

Temple

iEsculapius,

of

and

that of Jupiter and Juno.

The only temple which remains

to be noticed

is

one situated about 60 yards N. of the Forum at

by the long main

the angle formed

street leading

the Gate of Nola, with a short broad street

to

which led

from

direct

it

was the Temple

the Forum.

to

of Fortune, as

we

This

learn from an

inscription.

Pompeii possessed two Theatres and an Amphi-

The former were

theatre.

the larger one

theatrical

being intended

and adapted

performances properly so called;

smaller one serving as an

music.

situated close together;

Odeum,

Both are unquestionably

of

for

the

or theatre for

Roman

date.

Adjoining the two theatres, and arranged so as

to

have a direct communication with both,

is

a large

quadrangular court or area (183 feet long by 148

wide), surrounded

On

the

W.

on

all sides

by a Doric

feet

portico.

of this, as well as of the great theatre,

was the triangular area or forum

in

which the

The opening of this

communicated with the street,

Greek temple was situated.

on the N., where

it

was ornamented by a portico or Propylaeum composed of eight Ionic columns of very elegant

style,

Pompeii

157

common

volcanic tufo, cased

but consisting of the

with stucco.

The Amphitheatre

is

situated at the distance of

above 500 yards from the theatres, at the extreme

S.E. angle of the city. It offers no very remarkable
differences

from other

edifices of the

same kind;

its

dimensions (430 feet by 335) are not such as to

place it in the first rank even of provincial structures of the class;

and from being

excavated out of the

has not the imposing

soil, it

character

architectural

of

and about 20,000

that

it

amphitheatres

of

It

had 24 rows

of

of

sitting-room,

so

the

Verona, Nemausus, or Pola.

seats,

in great part

feet

was adapted to receive

at

least

10,000

spectators.

The only public building which remains

noticed

is

to be

that of the Thermae or Baths, which

were situated in the neighbourhood of the Forum,

adjoining the short street which led into

it

from the

Temple of Fortune.
The streets were narrow, but with few exceptions
straight and regular, and the houses were certainly
low, seldom exceeding two stories in height; and
even of these the upper story seems to have consisted only of inferior rooms, a kind of garrets, pro-

bably serving for the sleeping-rooms of slaves, and

in

some cases

only on the
slopes

of the females of the family.

W.

side of the city,

steeply towards the sea,

It is

where the ground

that

houses are

found which consisted of three stories or more.

Classical Atlas

158

Externally the houses had

ornamental character;

little

or nothing of an

not a single instance has

been found of a portico before a private house; and

towards the street they presented either dead walls,
with here and there a few small and scanty openings
as windows, or ranges of shops, for the

low and
(as

mean

in character,

was often the

even when

most part

the}'

occupied

case) the front of dwellings of a

superior description.

The

style of decoration of these houses presents a

very general uniformity of character.

The

walls

are almost invariably ornamented with painting, the

atrium and peristyle being decorated with columns;

but these are composed only of a soft and coarse
(volcanic

stone

The
enriched with mosaics, some of

tufo)

floors are generally

covered with stucco.

which possess a very high degree

of merit as

works

The most beautiful yet discovered adorned

the house known as the House of the Faun, from a
bronze statue of a dancing Faun which was also

of art.

found

in

it.

Outside the gate leading to Herculaneum, in a

kind of suburb, stands a house of a different description,

extent,

being a suburban villa of considerable

and adapted to have been the abode

person of considerable wealth.

space at

command

From

this villa comprises

of a

the greater

much

not found in the houses within the town;

that

is

among

others a large court or garden (Xystus), a complete

suite of private baths, etc.

Between

this villa

and

Pompeii

159

the gate of the city are the remains of another villa,

on a larger scale and more richly decorated

said to be

than the one just described;

but

its ruins,

which

were excavated in 1764, were rilled up again, and

are not now visible. The approach to the Gate of

Herculaneum

is

bounded on both

sides

by rows

of

tombs or sepulchral monuments, extending with

only occasional interruptions for above 400 yards.

Many

them are on a very considerable scale, both

of size and architectural character.
Besides the tombs and the two villas already
of

noticed, there

have been found the remains

and small houses outside the Gate

of

We

shops

Herculaneum,

and there would appear to have been on

the city a considerable suburb.

of

this side of

have as yet no

evidence of the existence of any suburbs outside the

It is evident that

other gates.

any estimate

of the

population of Pompeii must be very vague and un-

but

certain;

the space
houses,

it

still,

the town

of

occupied, as well as the character of the

we may

mation, and

from our accurate knowledge

it

an approxi-

seems certain that the population of

itself

20,000 persons.

arrive at something like

could not have exceeded about

160

Classical Atlas

SALAMIS
An

island lying

between the western coast

of

Attica and the eastern coast of Megaris, and forming

the southern boundary of the bay of Eleusis.

It is

separated from the coasts both of Attica and of

Megaris by only a narrow channel.

of

form

Its

is

that

an irregular semicircle towards the W., with many

small indentations along the coast.

length,

from N. to

S., is

in its broadest part,

about 10 miles, and

from E. to W.,

Its length is correctly

Its

is

greatest
its

little

width,

more.

given by Strabo as from 70

to 80 stadia.

The

old city of Salamis, the residence of the

Telamonian Ajax, stood upon the southern side

of

the island towards iEgina.

When
city

was

Salamis became an Athenian demus, a

built at the

side of the island,

head

of a

new

bay upon the eastern

and opposite the Attic

coast.

In

the time of Pausanias this city also had fallen into

decay.

There remained, however, a ruined agora

and a temple
hero in ebony

of Ajax, containing a statue of the

;

also a temple of Artemis, the trophy

erected in honour of the victory gained over the

Persians,

and a temple

of Cychreus.

Pausanias has

not mentioned the statue of Solon, which was erected

in the agora,

with one hand covered by his mantle.

In Salamis there was a promontory Sciradium

Salamis

161

containing a temple of the god of war, erected by

Solon, because he there defeated the Megarians.

Budorum was the name

promontory

and distant only 3 miles from

of Salamis,

port of Megara.
fortress of the

On

made

Piraeeus, they first sailed

of

Nisaea, the

this peninsula there

same name.

the Peloponnesians

montory

of the western

was a

In the attempt which

in

429 B.C. to surprise

from Nisaea to the pro-

Budorum, and surprised the

fortress;

but after overrunning the island, they retreated

without venturing to attack Piraeeus.
Salamis

is

chiefly

memorable on account

great battle fought off

fleet of

The

its coast, in

of the

which the Persian

Xerxes was defeated by the Greeks, 480

battle took place in the strait

B.C.

between the

eastern part of the island and the coast of Attica.

The Grecian
front of

was drawn up in the small bay in

the town of Salamis, and the Persian fleet

opposite to
battle
coast,

fleet

them

off

the coast of Attica.

The

was witnessed by Xerxes from the Attic

who had erected for himself a lofty throne on

one of the projecting declivities of Mt. iEgaleos.

62

Classical Atlas

SPARTA
The

and the

capital of Laconia,

was

Peloponnesus.

It

was the

name

original

chief city

also called Lacedcemon,

of the country.

of

which

Sparta stood

at the upper end of the middle vale of the Eurotas,

and upon the

built

right

upon a range

bank

of

low

of the river.
hills,

ately above the river.

and

Ten

city

These

rise

hills

is

are

almost immedi-

stadia S. of the point

where the (Enus flows into the Eurotas, the

river

was

and upon an adjoining

plain stretching S.E. to the river.

offshoots of Mt. Taygetus,

The

latter

divided into two arms by a small island over-

grown with the oleander, where the foundations of

an ancient bridge are visible. This is the most
important point in the topography of the
Sparta.

site of

Opposite to this bridge the range of

hills

upon which the ancient city stood; while a

hollow way leads through them into the plain to
rises

Magula, a village situated about half-way between

Mistrd and the island of the Eurotas.

Upon emerg-

ing from this hollow into the plain, there rises on

hand a hill, the south-western side of which

is occupied by the theatre.
The centre of the building was excavated out of the hill but the two wings
the

left

Sparta
cavea were entirely

of the

enormous masses

163

artificial,

being built of

The

quadrangular stones.

of

ex-

two wings are about 430 feet from

one another, and the diameter or length of the
tremities of the

orchestra

is

about 170

wall around this

There are traces of a

feet.

which

hill,

embraces

also

a.

con-

siderable part of the adjoining plain to the E.

This

hill is

the largest of

all

the Spartan heights,

by the wall which surrounds it,

and by containing traces of foundations of some
ancient buildings.
From it two smaller hills proand

is

ject

towards the Eurotas, parallel to one another,

distinguished

and which may be regarded as portions

Upon

hill.

of the larger

the more southerly of the two there are

considerable remains of a circular brick building.

West

of this building

is

a valley in the form of a

by walls

horse-shoe,

enclosed

parently

stadium, to which

of

and ap-

earth,

its

length nearly

corresponds.

To

the N. of the hollow

way

leading from the

bridge of the Eurotas to Magula there

insulated

hill,

with a

flat

more precipitous than the

this

is

a small

summit, but higher and

larger hill to the S. of

way.

The two

hills

above mentioned, N. and

S. of this

hollow way, formed the northern half of Sparta.

The other portion

of the city occupied the plain

between the southern

into the Eurotas.

hill

and the

rivulet falling

Classical Atlas

164
The

site of

Grecian

Sparta

cities.

from that

differs

of almost all

Protected by the lofty ramparts of

mountains, with which nature had surrounded their

fertile valley,

the Spartans were not obliged, like

the other Greeks, to live within the walls of a city

pent up in narrow streets, but continued to dwell

and gardens,

in the midst of their plantations

their original village trim.

It

was

and comfort which formed the

this rural

chief

in

freedom

charm and

beauty of Sparta.
It

must

not, however, be supposed that Sparta

was destitute

of

handsome public

The

buildings.

temples of the gods were built with great magnificence,

and the

spoils of the Persian

wars were em-

ployed in the erection of a beautiful stoa in the

Agora, with figures of Persians in white marble

upon the columns, among which Pausanias admired

the statues of Mardonius and Artemisia.
Sparta continued unfortified during the whole
period of autonomous Grecian history;
first

and

it

was

surrounded with walls in the Macedonian period.

We learn from

Polybius that

its

walls were 48 stadia

in circumference.
It

has been observed that Sparta resembled

in its site,
hills

comprehending a number

Rome

of contiguous

of little height or boldness of character.

also resembled

Rome

earlier settlements,

in being

formed out

It

of several

which existed before the Dorian

conquest, and gradually coalesced with the later

Sparta
which was founded

city,

earlier places

in

165
These

midst.

their

were four in number, Pitane, Limnae

or Limnaeum, Mesoa, and Cynosura, t which were

united by a

was

common

at the ford of the Eurotas,

the northern part of the city.

and fashionable place

Artemis.

sacrifice to

Pitane

and consequently
It

was the favourite

of residence at Sparta.

are also told that Pitane

stronghold of Issorium.

We

was near the temple and

Limnae was situated upon

the Eurotas, having derived

its

name from

marshy ground which once existed there; and

the

Dromus occupied a

as

it is

probable that

It is

probable that

in the S.E. part of the city,

and Cynosura

Limnae occupied the northern.

in the

the

great part of the lower level

towards the southern extremity,

Mesoa was

in

S.W.

In the midst of these separate quarters stood the

Acropolis and the Agora, where the Dorian invaders
first

planted themselves.

The chief building on the Acropolis was the temple

of Athena Chalcicecus, the tutelary goddess of the
city.
It was said to have been begun by Tyndareus,
but was long afterwards completed by Gitiadas, who
was celebrated as an architect, statuary, and poet.

He

caused the whole building to be covered with

whence the temple was

called the Brazen House, and the goddess received
the surname of Chalcicecus. On the bronze plates
plates of bronze or brass,

there were represented

in

relief

the

labours of

Hercules, the exploits of the Dioscuri, Hephaestus

66

Classical Atlas

releasing his

mother from her chains, the Nymphs

arming Perseus

the birth of # Athena,

Gitiadas also

made

and Amphitrite and Poseidon.

a brazen statue of the goddess.

The Brazen House stood

in a sacred enclosure of

considerable extent, surrounded

nade,

Medusa,

for his expedition against

by a

stoa or colon-

and containing several sanctuaries.

was a separate temple

of

Athena Ergane.

There

Near the

southern stoa was a temple of Zeus Cosmetas, and

before

it

the

tomb

of

Tyndareus; the western stoa

contained two eagles, bearing two victories, dedicated by Lysander in commemoration of his victories

over the Athenians.

was a temple

To the left

of the Muses;

of the

behind

Brazen House
it

a temple of

Ares Areia, with very ancient wooden statues; and

to its right a very ancient statue of

Zeus Hypatus,

by Learchus of Rhegium, parts of which were fastened

together with nails. Near the altar of the Brazen
House stood two statues of Pausanias, and also
statues of Aphrodite Ambologera (delaying old age),
and

of the brothers Sleep

and Death.

The Agora was a spacious

place, surrounded with

colonnades, from which the streets issued to the

different quarters of the city.

buildings of the magistrates,

Here were the public

the council-house

of

the Gerusia and senate, and the offices of the Ephori,

The most splendid

building was the Persian stoa, which had been frequently repaired and enlarged, and was still perfect
when Pausanias visited the city. The Agora conNomophylaces, and

Bidiaei.

Sparta

167

tained statues of Julius Caesar and Augustus: in

the latter was a brazen statue of the prophet Agias.

There was a place called Chorus, marked

off

from

the rest of the Agora, because the Spartan youths

here danced in honour of Apollo at the festival of the

Gymnopaedia.

Pythian

of the

and near
of

it

This place was adorned with statues

were temples

Athena Agoraea,

and

Hera.

of

Artemis, and Leto;

deities, Apollo,

of Earth, of

Zeus Agoraeus,

Poseidon Asphaleus,

of Apollo, of

In the Agora was a colossal statue

representing the people of Sparta, and a temple of

the Mcerae or Fates, near which was the

Orestes.
of

Near the tomb

King Polydorus, whose

of the state.

of Orestes
effigy

tomb

of

was the statue

was used

as the seal

Here, also, was a Hermes Agoraeus

bearing Dionysus as a child, and the old Ephorea,

where the Ephors originally administered

in

which were the tombs

and

of

of

justice,

Epimenides the Cretan

Aphareus the iEolian king.

The Agora was near the Acropolis. Lycurgus,

it is said, when attacked by his opponents, fled for
refuge from the Agora to the Acropolis; but was
overtaken by a fiery youth, who struck out one of
his eyes.
At the spot where he was wounded,
Lycurgus founded a temple of Optiletis or Ophthalmitis,

which must have stood immediately above

the Agora.

Plutarch says that

temenos of the Brazen House;

tions

way

it,

in

it

lay within the

and Pausanias men-

descending from the Acropolis, on the

to the so-called Alpium,

beyond which was a

68

Classical Atlas

temple of

Ammon, and

probably also a temple of

The Agora may be placed

Artemis Cnagia.

great hollow E. of the Acropolis.

in the

Its position is

most clearly marked by Pausanias, who, going

westwards from the Agora, arrived immediately
the

at

theatre,

after

passing

tomb

only the

of

Brasidas.

The principal street, leading out of the Agora, was

named Aphetais. It ran towards the southern wall,
through the most level part of the city, and was
bordered by a succession of remarkable monuments.
First came the house of King Polydorus, named
Booneta, because the state purchased

widow

for

some oxen.

who

Bidiaei,

race-course;

originally

Next came the

from

his

office of

the

it

had the inspection

and opposite was the temple

of

of the

Athena

Celeuthea, with a statue of the goddess dedicated

Lower down the Aphetais occurred the

lops, Amphiaraus, and Lelex,
the sanc-

by Ulysses.
heroa of

a statue of Athena,
Tarentini, the place called Hel-

tuary of Poseidon Taenarius,

dedicated by the

lenium, so called because the Greeks are said to have

held counsel there either before the Persian or the

Trojan wars,
of

the

tomb

of Talthybius,

an

altar

a place sacred to the earth

Gaseptum, a statue of Apollo Maleates,

Apollo Acritas,

named
and
and

close to the city walls the temple of Dictynna,

the

royal

sepulchres

of

the

Eurypontidae.

Pausanias then returns to the Hellenium, probably

to the other side of the Aphetais,

where he mentions


Sparta

169

a sanctuary of Arsinoe; then a temple of Artemis

near the so-called Phruria, which were perhaps the

temporary

thrown up before the com-

fortifications

next the tombs of the

pletion of the city walls;

sanctuaries of Maro
at Thermopylae, the temple

Iamidae, the Elean prophets,

and Alpheus, who

fell

Zeus Tropaeus, built by the Dorians after con-

of

quering the Achaean inhabitants of Laconia, and

especially the Amyclaei,

the gods,

of

Aulon.

and

the temple of the mother

the heroa of Hippolytus and

The Aphetais upon

quitting the city joined

the great Hyacinthian road which led to the

Amy-

claeum.

The next most important

Agora ran

in

from the

street leading

south-easterly

direction.

It

is

Near the Scias was a round

usually called Scias.

Olympian Zeus
and Aphrodite; next came the tombs of Cynortas,

structure, containing statues of the

Castor, Idas,
Sotira.

and Lynceus, and a temple

The other

in this direction,

if

buildings along this street or

there

was no

temple of Apollo Carneus,

Aphetaeus,

of Core

street,

statue

a quadrangular place

were the
of

Apollo

surrounded with

colonnades, where small-wares were anciently sold

an altar sacred to Zeus, Athena, and the Dioscuri,

all

surnamed Ambulii.

called Colona

Opposite was the place

and the temple

of

Dionysus Colonatas.

Near the Colona was the temple

On

a neighbouring

hill

of

Zeus Euanemus.

was the temple

of the Argive

Hera, and the temple of Hera Hyperchiria, conh 451

Classical Atlas

170

wooden statue of Aphrodite Hera.

To the right of this hill was a statue of Hetcemocles,
who had gained the victory in the Olympic games.
taining an ancient

After

describing

Agora to the

S.

and

the

leading

streets

from the

S.E., Pausanias next mentions a

third street, running

westward from the Agora.

It

led past the theatre to the royal sepulchres of the

In front of the theatre were the tombs of

Agiadae.

Pausanias and Leonidas.

After proceeding to the

tomb

of Taenarus,

and the

sanctuaries of Poseidon Hippocurius and the Mgi-

netan Artemis, Pausanias returns to the Lesche, near

which was the temple

Limnaea.
Thetis, of

Artemis

Issoria, also called

Pausanias next mentions the temples of

Demeter Chthonia,

He

Olympian Zeus.
which was used in
It

of

of Sarapis,

and

of the

then reached the Dromus,

his

day

as a place for running.

extended along the stream southwards, and con-

The Roman amphitheatre and

the stadium were included in the Dromus. In the
Dromus was a statue of Hercules, near which, but
outside the Dromus, was the house of Menelaus.
Proceeding from the Dromus occurred the temples
tained gymnasia.

of

the

Dioscuri,

of

the

Graces,

of

Ilithyia,

of

Apollo Carneius, and of Artemis Hegemone; on the

of

the

Agnitas;

at

right

Dromus was

a statue of Asclepius

the beginning of the

Dromus

were statues of the Dioscuri Aphetarii; and a

further the her own of Alcon

Poseidon Domatites.

there
little

and the temple

of

Sparta

171

South of the Dromus was a broader

was

level,

which

from the plane-trees with

called Platanistas,

was thickly planted. It is described as a

round island, formed by streams of running water,
and was entered by two bridges, on each of which
which

there

it

was a statue

of Hercules at one

The heroum

Lycurgus at the other.

the

first

in the

female

who conquered

Olympic games, stood

end and
of

of

Cynisca,

in the chariot-race

close to the Plataniston,

which was bordered upon one side by a colonnade.

Behind

this

colonnade there were several heroic

monuments, among which were those

of Alcimus,

Enaraephorus, of Dorceus, with the fountain Dorceia,

and

of Sebrus.

of the poet

Near the

Alcman;

this

latter

was the sepulchre

was followed by the sanc-

tuary of Helena and that of Hercules, with the

monument

The temple

of CEonus.

close to the city walls.

whose tomb was

citizen of Mesoa,

of Hercules

was

Since the poet Alcman,

in this district, is described as a

it

is

position of Mesoa, the

probable that this was the

name

of

which might indicate

a tract lying between two rivers.

After reaching the S.E. extremity of the city,

Pausanias returns to the Dromus.

Here he men-

two ways: the one to the right leading to a

temple of Athena Axiopcenus, and the other to the

tions

left to

another temple of Athena, founded by Theras,

near which was a temple of Hipposthenes, and an

ancient

wooden statue

of

Eny alius

in fetters.

then describes the painted Lesche, with

its

He

surround-

Classical Atlas

172
ing heroa of

Cadmus, (Eolycus, iEgeus, and Amphilo-

Hera iEgophagus. He
the theatre, and mentions the

and the temple

chus,

afterwards returns to

monuments

different

of

neighbourhood; among

in its

which were a temple of Poseidon Genethlius, heroa

and CEbalus, a temple

of Cleodacus

of Asclepius,

near the Booneta, with the heroum of Teleclus on

its

on a height not

left;

far distant,

an ancient

temple of Aphrodite armed, upon an upper story of

which was a second temple of Aphrodite Morpho;

in its

neighbourhood was a temple of Hilaeira and

Phoebe, containing their statues, and an egg sus-

pended from the

roof, said to

have been that

of Leda.

Pausanias next mentions a house, named Chiton, in

which was woven the robe

for the

Amyclaean Apollo

and on the way towards the city gates the heroa

Chilon and Athenaeus.

house of Phormion,
Dioscuri

when they

who

of

Near the Chiton was the

hospitably entertained the

entered the city as strangers.

Pausanias next mentions a temple of Lycurgus;

behind

it

the

tomb

altar of Lathria

of his son

and Alexandra

Eucosmus, and an
opposite the temple

were monuments of Theopompus and Eurybiades,

and the heroum

of Astrabacus.

Limnaeum stood the temples

Leto.

This

common

temple

of

of

In the place called

Artemis Orthia and

Artemis Orthia was

the

place of meeting for the four villages of

Pitane, Mesoa, Cynosura, and Limnas.

Limnae was

partly in the city and partly in the suburbs.

Syracusae

173

SYRACUSE
The most powerful and important

on the E. coast of the

cities in Sicily, situated

Greek

of all the

island,

about midway between Cat ana and Cape Pachynus.

Syracuse was situated on a table-land or tabular
hill,

forming the prolongation of a ridge which

branches

off

from the more elevated table-land

and projects quite down to the

interior,

known

sea,

of the

between

Harbour of Syracuse
and the more extensive bay which stretches on the
the bay

as the Great

N. as far as the peninsula of Thapsus or Magnisi.

The broad end

of the kind

of

promontory thus

formed, which abuts upon the sea for a distance of

about 2\ miles,

may

be considered as the base of a

triangular plateau which extends for above 4 miles

into the interior, having its

now

point

called Mongibettisi,

apex formed by the

which was occupied

by the ancient fort of Euryalus. This communicates by a narrow ridge with the table-land of the
interior, but is still a marked point of separation,
and was the highest point

whence the table-land

sea.

Though

bounded on

of

of the ancient city,

slopes very gradually to the

small elevation,

all sides

from

this

plateau

by precipitous banks or

is

cliffs,

varying in height, but only accessible at a few points.

It

may

be considered as naturally divided into two

portions

by a

across

from N. to

it

slight valley or depression

S.,

running

about a mile from the sea:

Classical Atlas

174
of these the

upper or triangular portion was known

as Epipolce, the eastern portion adjoining the sea

bore the

name

Achradina, which thus forms

of

some degree a
though belonging,
in

distinct

and separate plateau,

in fact, to the

same mass with

Epipolae.

The S.E. angle of the plateau is separated from

the Great Harbour by a small tract of low and level
ground, opposite to which

lies

the island of Ortygia,

a low islet about a mile in length, extending across

mouth of the Great Harbour, and originally

divided by only a narrow strait from the mainland,
the

whilst

its

southern extremity was separated from

the nearest point of the headland of

by an

Plemmyrium

interval of about 1200 }^ards, forming the

entrance into the Great Harbour.

This

last

was a

spacious bay, of above 5 miles in circumference;

thus forming a very nearly land-locked basin of a

somewhat oval form, which afforded a secure shelter

But between the island
to shipping in all weather.
of Ortygia,

and the mainland to the N.

deep bight or

inlet,

of

it,

was a

forming what was called the

Lesser Port or Portus Laccius, which, though very

inferior to the other,

was

still

equal to the ordinary

requirements of ancient commerce.

S. of

the Great Harbour again rose the peninsular

promontory
bounded,

of

Plemmyrium, forming a table-land

like that

on the N.

cipitous escarpments
elevation.

and

cliffs,

of the bay,

though

of

by

pre-

no great

This table-land was prolonged by an-

Syracusae

175

other plateau at a somewhat lower level, bounding

the southern side of the Great Harbour, and ex-

tending from thence towards the interior.

On

its

N.E. angle and opposite to the heights of Epipolae,

stood

the

temple of Jupiter Olympius,

or

the

Olympieum, overlooking the low marshy tract which

intervenes between the

two

which the river Anapus

The

table-lands,

and through

way

to the sea.

finds its

beautiful stream of the Cyane rises in a source

about if mile to the N. of the Olympieum, and joins

its waters with those of the Anapus almost immedi-

From

ately below the temple.

crowned by the

latter extends a

the foot of the

hill

broad tract of very

low marshy ground, extending along the inner side

of the

Great Harbour to the walls of the city

This marshy tract, which

is

above a mile

itself.

in breadth,

extends towards the interior for a considerable

distance,

ments

till

it

met by the precipitous escarp-

is

of the great table-land of the interior.

The

proximity of these marshes must always have been

prejudicial to the healthiness of the situation.
in every other respect the situation

and the prosperity

of Syracuse

But

was admirable;

was doubtless owing

in a great degree to natural as well as political causes.

It was,

moreover, celebrated for the mildness and

serenity of

that there

its

climate,

it

being generally asserted

was no day on which the sun was not

visible at Syracuse.

The topographical
existed in the days of

description of Syracuse as
its

it

greatness cannot better be

Classical Atlas

176

introduced than in the words of Cicero, who has

described it in unusual detail. " You have often

heard (says he) that Syracuse was the largest of

all

Greek

And

is

it

cities,

and the most beautiful

For

so indeed.

it

of all cities.

both strong by

is

its

natural situation and striking to behold, from what-

ever side
It

it is

approached, whether by land or sea.

has two ports, as

buildings of the city

from every point

it

were, enclosed within the

itself,

of view,

so as to

combine with

which have

different

it

and

separate entrances, but are united and conjoined

together at the opposite extremity.

The junction

of these separates

from the mainland the part

the town which

called the Island, but this

is

of

is re-

united to the continent by a bridge across the nar-

row

strait

that

it

them
I

which divides them.

may

So great

be said to consist of four

one of which

of very large size;

is

the city

cities, all of

is

that which

have already mentioned, the Island, which

rounded by the two ports, while

the

mouth and entrance

it

tomary residence

of our praetors.

several sacred edifices, but

far surpass the others,

two

sur-

projects towards

of each of them.

the palace of King Hieron, which

is

is

now

In

it is

the cus-

It contains, also,

in particular,

which

one a temple of Diana, the

other of Minerva, which before the arrival of Verres

was most highly adorned.

island

name
of fish

is

At the extremity

a fountain of fresh water, which bears the

of Arethusa, of incredible magnitude,

:

of this

this

and

full

would be whollv overflowed and covered

Syracusae
by the waves were

177

not separated from the sea by

it

a strongly-built barrier of stone.

at

Syracuse

is

that which

Forum

contains a

is

The second

called Achradina,

city

which

of very large size, beautiful por-

a most highly ornamented Prytaneum, a

ticoes,

spacious Curia, and a magnificent temple of Jupiter

Olympius;
city,

not to speak of the other parts of the

which are occupied by private buildings, being

divided
length,

by one broad
and many cross

that which

is

called

through

street
streets.

The

Tycha, because

third city

and

it is

The fourth

because

it

was the

the top of which

this

it

last built, is

is

is

a very

is

many sacred

the quarter of the town which

thickly inhabited.

is

contained a

it

very ancient Temple of Fortune; in this

spacious gymnasium, as well as

whole

its

edifices,

the most

city is that which,

named

Neapolis: at

a theatre of vast size;

besides

contains two splendid temples, one of Ceres,

the other of Libera, and a statue of Apollo, which

is

known by

the

name

beauty and very large

size,

have hesitated to carry

remove

of

Temenites, of

great

which Verres would not

off if

he had been able to

it."

Cicero here distinctly describes the four quarters

of Syracuse,

In later times, also, we find

"
alluded to as
the quadruple city/' Others,

four separate
it

which were commonly compared to

cities.

however, enumerated
us that

it

five quarters, as

was formerly composed

of

Strabo

tells

five cities,

probably because the heights of Epipolse towards

Classical Atlas

178

the castle of Euryalus were at one time inhabited,

and were reckoned as a

town.

fifth

more commonly known simply as

" the Island," was the original seat of the colony,
and continued throughout the flourishing period of
1.

Ortygia,

the city to be as

were the citadel or Acropolis

it

most

of Syracuse, though, unlike

lower than the rest of the city,

fortress being derived
is

from

in breadth,

and

lay

it

strength as a

its

insular position.

its

about a mile in length, by

citadels,

It

less

than half a mile

of small elevation,

though composed

wholly of rock, and rising perceptibly in the centre.

There

is

no doubt that

was

it

an

originally

island,

naturally separated from the mainland, though in the

time of Thucydides

it

was united with

it

probably,

however, this was merely effected by an

mole or causeway,

for the

purpose of facilitating the

communication with " the outer city/

the mainland was then called.
it

was again severed from the

the elder Dionysius,

artificial

At a

as that on
later period

land, probably

when he constructed

docks in the two ports.

It

was,

by

his great

however, un-

doubtedly always connected with the mainland by

a bridge, or series of bridges, as

day.
sius,

The

it is

at the present

citadel or castle, constructed

by Diony-

stood within the island, but immediately front-

ing the mainland,

and

closely adjoining the docks or

navalia in the Lesser Port.

Its front

towards the

mainland, which appears to have been strongly

fortified,

was known

as the Pentapyla;

and

this

Syracusae

179

seems to have looked directly upon the Agora or

Forum, which we know to have been situated on the

mainland.
Ortygia was considered from an early time as
consecrated to Artemis or Diana, whence Pindar
terms it " the couch of Artemis," and " the sister
of Delos."

Hence one

of the principal edifices in

the island was a temple of Diana.

of this are

supposed to be

modern

corner of the

still

city,

Some remains

extant in the N.E.

where two columns,

with a portion of their architrave, of the Doric

order, are built into the walls of a private house.

Much more

considerable remains are extant of the

temple of Minerva.

This was one of the most

magnificent in Sicily.

Its doors,

and ivory, and conspicuous

were

workmanship,
Grecian world

composed

for

celebrated

their

beautiful

throughout

the

while the interior was adorned with

numerous paintings, among which a

series repre-

senting one of the battles of Agathocles

ally celebrated.

of gold

No

was

especi-

other ancient remains are

now

extant in the island of Ortygia; but the celebrated

fountain of Arethusa

visible, as described

by

Cicero, near the southern extremity of the island,

on

its

is still

western shore.

At the extreme point

of the island,

and outside

the ancient walls, was situated a temple of the

Olympian Juno. Of the other edifices in the island

the most remarkable were the Hexecontaclinus,
built, or at least finished, by Agathocles; the public

180

Classical Atlas

granaries, a building of so massive

and

lofty a con-

struction as to serve the purposes of a fortress,

the palace of King Hieron.

of the ancient walls or
island,

cealed

No

now remains

trace

works on

and

this side of the

which have been wholly covered and con-

by the modern

The remains

fortifications.

of a tower are, however, visible

on a shoal or rock

near the N. angle of the modern city, which are

probably those of one of the towers built by Agathocles to guard the entrance of the Lesser Harbour,

or Portus Laccius.
2.

Achradina, or " the outer city," as

termed

it is

by Thucydides, was the most important and extensive of the quarters of Syracuse.

It consisted of

two portions, comprising the eastern part

of the

great triangular plateau, which extended from the

angle of Epipolae to the sea, as well as the lower and

more

level space

which extends from the foot

of this

table-land to the Great Harbour, and borders on the

marshes of Lysimelea.

This level plain, which

is

immediately opposite to the island of Ortygia, has a

rocky

soil,

land above, of

Hence the

same limestone with the tablewhich it is as it were a lower step.

of the

city, as

soon as

it

extended

itself

beyond

the limits of the island, spread at once over this

area;

but not content with

this,

the inhabitants

occupied the part of the table-land above

the sea, which

is

partly separated

by a

it

nearest

cross valley

or depression from the upper part of the plateau, or

the heights of Epipolae.

Hence

this part of the city

Syracusae
was

181

of considerable natural strength,

and seems to

by a wall.
Of the buildings noticed by Cicero as still adorning Achradina in his day there are scarcely any
vestiges; but the greater part of them were cerhave been early

fortified

tainly situated in the lower quarter, nearest to the

island

and the two

ports.

The Forum

or Agora

was

apparently directly opposite to the Pentapyla or

was surrounded
Dionysius. The Temple

entrance of the island;

fortified

with porticoes by the elder

of Jupiter

Olympius

it

also adjoined the Agora.

The

Prytaneum, which was most richly adorned, and

among

its chief

ornaments possessed a celebrated

statue of Sappho,

was probably

also situated in the

neighbourhood of the Agora; as was certainly the

Timoleonteum, or monument erected to the memory

The splendid sepulchral monument

which had been erected by the younger Dionysius
in memory of his father, but was destroyed after his
own expulsion, seems to have stood in front of the
of Timoleon.

Pentapyla, opposite the entrance of the citadel.

The only other ruins now visible in this quarter of

the city are some remains of Roman baths of little
importance. But beneath the surface of the soil
there

exist

complete

extensive

necropolis.

catacombs,

There

points on the slope of the

sive quarries

hewn

exist,

hill of

constituting
also,

at

two

Achradina, exten-

in the rocks.

Traces of the ancient walls of Achradina, crowning

the low

cliffs

which bound

it

towards the

sea,

may

82

Classical Atlas

be found from distance to distance along the whole

line

extending from the quarries of the Cappuccini

round to the

N.W. angle
3.

little

bay or cove

we

Temple

W.

are told

ancient

of Achradina,

northern face of the

by

and

Cicero,

celebrated

was situated on the plateau

of Fortune,

or table-land

Tycha

an

containing

its

Panagia at the

of the plateau.

Tycha, so called, as

from

of Sta

cliffs

probably grew

and adjoining the

looking towards Megara.

up

after

the

great

wall

by Dionysius along the northern edge of

the plateau had completely secured it from attack.
Its position is clearly shown by the statement of
Livy, that Marcellus, after he had forced the Hexapylum and scaled the heights, established his camp
between Tycha and Neapolis, with the view of carrying on his assaults upon Achradina.
It is evident
therefore that the two quarters were not contiguous,
erected

but that a considerable extent of the table-land

of

Achradina was
4.

still

implied,

unoccupied.

New

Neapolis, or the

W.

City, was, as its

name

the last quarter of Syracuse which was

inhabited, though the

New Town

seems to have

eventually grown up into one of the most splendid

portions of the city.

had spread

itself

In the time of Cicero, Neapolis

over the whole of the southern slope

of the table-land,

which here forms a kind

of second

step or underfall, rising considerably above the low

grounds beneath, though

heights of Temenitis

still

separated from the

by a second

line of cliff

or

Syracusae
The name

abrupt declivity.

183

of Temenitis for the

district

on the height seems to have been

merged

in that of Neapolis,

or

lost,

which was gradually

applied to the whole of this quarter of the city.

But the name was retained by the adjoining gate,

which was called the Temenitid Gate, and seems
to

have been one

of the principal entrances to the

city.

Of the buildings described by Cicero as

in Neapolis, the only

one

which he justly extols

still

extant

is

existing

the theatre

for its large size.

It is

not

than 440 feet in diameter, and appears to have

had 60 rows of seats, so that it could have accommoless

dated no

less

than 24,000 persons.

Near the theatre have been discovered the

re-

mains of another monument, an altar raised on

steps

and a platform not

by 60

in breadth.

remains of

than 640

less

little

down

are the

an amphitheatre, a structure which

undoubtedly belongs to the

traces

lower

feet in length

have been discovered

Roman

colony.

No

of the temples of Ceres

and Libera or Proserpine on the height above.

Immediately adjoining the theatre are extensive
quarries.
5.

Epipolce was the

name

originally given to the

upper part of the table-land which slopes gradually

from

its

highest point towards the sea.

Its

that of a tolerably regular triangle, having

at Euryalus,

and

of Achradina.

its

its

form

is

vertex

base formed by the western wall

The name

is

always used by Thucy-

Classical Atlas

184

dides in this sense, as including the whole upper

part of the plateau, and was doubtless so employed

was uninhabited; but as the

Tycha and Temenitis gradually spread

as long as the space

suburbs of

themselves over a considerable part of the heights,

the

name

restricted

came

of Epipolae

to be applied in a

more

sense to that portion only which was

No

nearest to the vertex of the triangle.

vestiges

of any ancient buildings remain within the walls;

but the

may

line of these

the top of the

be distinctly traced along

which bound the table-land both

cliffs

towards the N. and the

in

S.;

many

places

two or

three courses of the masonry remain; but the most

important ruins are those at the angle or vertex of

the triangle, where a spot

crowned by the ruins

The

Euryalus.

best examples
castle,

and

named

Mongibellisi

is still

of the ancient castle or fort of

ruins in question afford one of the

extant of an ancient fortress or

designed at once to serve as a species of citadel

to secure the approach to Epipolae

from

this

quarter.

The main entrance

gate, flanked

to the city

on both

sides

by

was by a double

walls

with a smaller postern or sally-port a

right of

it.

quadrangle,

The

fortress

projecting

itself

about

and towers,
little

was an

to the

irregular

200 yards beyond

the approach to the gate, and fortified by strong

towers of solid masonry with a deep ditch cut in the

rock in front of

it,

to

which a number of subter-

raneous passages gave access from within.

These

Thebae

185

passages, communicating with the fort above

narrow openings and

to

facilitate

the

were evidently designed

stairs,

exposing the fortress

the besieged without

of

sallies

by

itself to peril.

THEB.E
Thebae

(or

Thebes) stood on one of the

hills of

Mt.

Teumessus, which divides southern Boeotia into two

distinct parts, the northern being the plain of

Thebes

and the southern the valley of the Asopus. As Boeotia

lies

between two

seas, the founders of

Thebes chose a

spot in the centre of the country, where water was

very plentiful, and where the nature of the ground

was admirably adapted

which the town stands
the plain, and

lies

The

for defence.
rises

about 150

hill

feet

upon
above

about 2 miles northward of the

highest part of the ridge.

and W. by two small

It is

bounded on the E.

rivers, distant

from each other

about 6 or 7 stadia, and which run in such deep

ravines as to form a natural defence on either side
of the city.

These

rivers,

which

rise

the city, and flow northward into

little S. of

the plain of

Thebes, are the celebrated streams of Ismenus and

Between them flows a smaller stream, which

divided the city into two parts, the western division

Dirce.

containing the Cadmea, and the southern the

Ismenius and the Ampheon.

and Dirce, though

Both the Ismenus

so celebrated in antiquity, are

nothing but torrents, which are only

1

451

hill

full of

water in

86

Classical Atlas

The Ismenus is the

eastern and the Dirce the western stream. Though
the winter after heavy rains.

the position of Thebes and of

its

celebrated streams

certain, almost every point connected with its

is

topography

more or

is

less doubtful.

trace of an ancient building remains;

Not a

single

and with the

exception of a few scattered remains of architecture

and sculpture, and some fragments

walls, there

is

nothing but the

of the ancient

site to indicate

where

the ancient city stood.

The

city

was divided

into

two parts by the torrent

Strophia, of which the western half between the

Strophia and the Dirce was the Cadmea, while the

eastern half between the Strophia and the Ismenus

was the lower

city said to

have been added by

The Cadmea is again

Amphion and Zethus.
divided by a slight depression near the fountain oi
Dirce and the Crenaean gate into two

hills, of

which

the larger and the higher one to the S. was the acropolis proper, while the

of the acropolis.

also divided

two

into

the

hill

The eastern

hill

formed the agora

half of the city

was

between the Strophia and the Ismenus

parts, of

which the southern consisted of

Ismenius, and the northern of several minor

eminences,

pheon.

northern

known under

name of Amtomb of Amphion

the general

^Eschylus describes the

as standing near the northern gate.

Hence Thebes

consisted of four parts, two belonging to the acropolis,

and two to the lower

city,

the former being

the acropolis proper and the agora of the acropolis,

Thebae
and the

being the

latter

hill

187
Ismenius and the

Ampheon.
Pausanias, leaving Potniae, entered Thebes on the

by the Gate

S.

Electrae, before

the Polyandrium, or

tomb

which he noticed

Thebans who

of the

Upon

fighting against Alexander.

fell

entering the city

through the Gate Electrae, he notices the hill Ismenius,

named from the river Ismenus

flowing by it. Upon the hill was a temple of Apollo,
containing several monuments enumerated by
Above the Ismenium, Pausanias
Pausanias.
sacred to Apollo,

noticed
Ares,

fountain of

the

the Ismenus, sacred to

and guarded by a dragon.

Next Pausanias, beginning again from the Gate

Electrae, turns to the left

He

does not mention the acropolis by name, but

evident from the

gives that he

the

house

chamber
of

and enters the Cadmea.

was

of

of

list

of the

in the

it is

monuments which he

Cadmea.

He

enumerates

Amphitryon, containing the bed-

Alcmena, said to have been the work

Trophonius and Agamedes; a monument of the

children of Hercules

by Megara; the stone

called

Sophronister; the temple of Hercules; and, near

a gymnasium and stadium, both bearing the

of this

god

and above the Sophronister an

it,

name

altar of

Apollo Spodius.

Pausanias next came to the depression between

the acropolis and the agora of the

Cadmea where he

noticed an altar and statue of Athena, bearing the

Phoenician surname of Onga, or Onca according to

88

Classical Atlas

other authorities, and said to have been dedicated

by Cadmus.
In the agora of the
is

said to

Cadmea

have stood; and

ruins of the

bedchamber

statues of Dionysus, of

in this place

of

Cadmus

the house of

were shown

Harmonia and Semele;

Pronomus, the celebrated

musician, and of Epaminondas

a temple of

Am-

nion; the place where Tiresias observed the flight of

birds;

a temple of Fortune; three wooden statues

of Aphrodite, with the

mus, and Apostrophia;

surnames

of Urania,

and a temple

of

Pande-

Demeter

Thesmophorus.
Crossing the torrent Strophia, Pausanias saw near

the Gate Prcetides the theatre with the temple oi

Dionysus.

In this part of the city, the following

monuments

are mentioned

the house of Lycus and a

monuments

by Pausanias:

monument

of the children of

of Artemis Euclea, and, near

pile

of

of Semele;

Amphion; a temple
it,

statues of Apollo

Hermes Agorasus; the

the children of Amphion, distant

Bcedromius and

ruins of

of

funeral
half a

stadium from their tombs; two statues of Athena

Zosteria;

and the monument

phion, being a

mound

of

of earth.

Zethus and

Am-

Thermopylae

THERMOPYLAE
That

is,

(or

189

simply PYL^E)

the Hot Gates or the Gates,

celebrated

3.

narrow pass, leading from Thessaly into Locris,

and the only road by which an enemy can penetrate

from northern into southern Greece. It lay between
Mt. (Eta and an inaccessible morass, forming the

edge of the Maliac

gulf.

the river Sperchius

In the time of Herodotus

flowed

into

the

sea

in

an

town of Anticyra, considerably W. of the pass. Twenty stadia E. of the

Sperchius was another river, called Dyras, and
easterly direction at the

again, 20 stadia further, a third river,

named

5 stadia from which was the city Trachis.

Melas,

Between

the mountains where Trachis stands and the sea the

plain

is

Still

further E.

was the Asopus,

from a rocky gorge, and E. again

issuing

stream,

From

widest.

named

is

a small

Phoenix, flowing into the Asopus.

the Phoenix to Thermopylae the distance,

Herodotus says,

is

15

stadia.

Near the united

streams of the Phoenix and the Asopus, Mt. (Eta

approached so close to the morass of the gulf as

to leave space for only a single carriage.

immediate vicinity of the pass

is

Anthela, celebrated for the temples of

and

of the

for the

In the

town of
Amphictyon

the

Amphictyonic Demeter, containing seats

members

of the

Amphictyonic council, who

held here their autumnal meetings.

At Anthela

Classical Atlas

190

Mt. (Eta recedes a

plain a

little

little

more than

from the

half a mile in breadth, but

again contracts near Alpeni, the

Locrians, where the space

single

springs,

carriage.

sea, leaving a

At

is

first

town

of the

again only sufficient for

pass

this

were some hot

which were consecrated to Hercules, and

were called by the natives Chytri or the Pans, on

account of the

cells

here prepared for the bathers.

Across this pass the Phocians had in ancient times

built

a wall to defend their country against the

attacks of the Thessalians, and had

let loose

the hot

water, so as to render the pass impracticable.

It

appears from this description that the proper Ther-

mopylae was the narrow pass near the Locrian town

of Alpeni ;

but the name was also applied in general

to the whole passage from the

to Alpeni.

mouth

Taking the term

of the

Asopus

in this acceptation,

Thermopylae consisted of the two narrow openings,

with a plain between them rather more than a mile

and about half a mile in breadth. Herodotus describes the path as beginning at the gorge of
in length

the Asopus, passing over the crest of the mountain,

and terminating near Alpeni and the rock called

Melampygus, and the seats of the Cercopes, where
the road
of

is

narrowest.

The

history of the defence

Thermopylae by Leonidas

require to be related here.

which Leonidas repaired,

is

too well

known

to

The wall of the Phocians,

was probably built a little

eastward of the hot springs.

When

the Spartan

king learnt that Hydarnes was descending in his

Thermopylae
rear,

191

he advanced beyond the wall into the widest

part of the pass, resolved to

possible.

Upon

hill in

wards erected

as dearly as

the arrival of Hydarnes, the Greeks

retired behind the wall,

upon a

sell his life

and took up

their position

the pass, where a stone lion was afterin

honour of Leonidas.

INDEX
TO THE

CLASSICAL ATLAS

..

..

,..

INDEX
TO THE

CLASSICAL ATLAS
Name

Lat.

Long.

Page

36n
Abacaenum
38n
Abarim, Mt.
32n
Abdera (Hispania) 37n
Abdera (Tbracia)
41n
Abdon
33n
Abelbethmaachab 33n
Abella
41n
Abellinum
4lN
Abel Shittim
32n
Abia
37n
Abila
33n
Abingaunum
44n
Abintimilium
44n
Abirse
24n
Abisaris
34n
Abnola, Mt.
48n
Abolla
36n
Abrettene
40n
Abu Hommos
31n
Abukir Bay
3lN
Abuksa
29n
Abu Mina (Amira) 31n
Abus, R.
54n
Abusina
.
49n
Abydos
40n
Abyla, Mt.
36n
Acamas, Pr.
35n
Acanthus .
4 On
Acarnania .
39n
Accad
.
34n
Accho
33n
Accipitrum, Isl.
39n
Ace
33n
Acelum
46n
Acerroa
45n
Acesta
38n
Aceste
45n
Acbaia
38n
Achaia (Thessalia) 39n
Acbelous, R.
39n
Acheron, R.
39n
Ad Badias
35n
Ad Decimum
42n
Addua, R.
46n

68e
15e
36e

59
25
62
50
10
62
60

Aarnus

Achilles,

Tomb

of

3w
25e
35e
36e
15e
15e
36e
22e
36e
8e
8e

70e
75e
8e

15e
28e
30e
30e
31e
30e
12e
26e

5w
32e
24e
21e
44e
35e
8e
35e
12e
10e
12e
12b
22b
22e
21e
2lE
6e
12e
9e
.

18
21
62

36
63
20
20
59
13

Name

Lat.

35N
Achzib
33n
Aciris, R.
40n
Acium
37n
Ackling Dyke
5lN
Acrae
37n
Acrath
35n
Acriae
37n
Acritas, Pr.
37n
Acroceraunium, Pr. 40n
Acholla

Acropolis (Athenae)
Acroria
38n
.

Acte (Argolis)
Acte (Chalcidice)
Acte (Piraeus)

38n
40n

Actium

39n
13n
37n
34n
34n
34n
39n
32n

Adana

Adania

56
54
54
55
54
45
48

Adhion, R.
Ad Maiores

Ad Mercurium
Adopti
Adorain

Ad Pontonem
laminium
(Piraeus)

50
56
33
32
61
60
21
41
20
22
18
23
32
32
32
32
53
26
20
64
64

2w
15e

4w
23e
22e
20e
.

21e
23e
24e

2lE
50e
22e
44e
7e

8w
22e
35e

53
62
21

21
45
21
50
37
32
18
38
36
32
33
39
19
6

32
61
53
52
32
62

Savia

Ad Querqum
Ad Quintanaa
Adrabaecampi
Adramyttenus,

He
35e
16e
15e

47
25

Long. Page

S.

Adramyttium

46n
42n
48n
39n
40n

12e
12e
15e
27e
27e

33n
42n
42n
42n
51N
5lN
46n
10n
32n
40n

20e
17e
12e
13e
6e
5e
9e
70e
35e
22e

38
23
26
48
33
33

Adrianopolis (Cyrenaica)

Adriaticum Mare
Ad Sponsas

Ad

Statuas.

Aduatuca
Aduatucorum
.

Adula, Mt.
Adulis

Adullam

iEane
^Eantium
iEas, R.

Mcee

.SCculanum

M&to
!95

4lN
4lN
41N
45n

19e
17e
15e
12e

52
20
26
26
47
47
47
4

62
24
64
32
24
24
23

Index

196
Name
tttula
ttgos (Achala)

Mgs& (Euboea)
Mgee (Macedonia)
.Egoeum Mare
Mge&vel
yEgates,
JEgiale

Isl.

/Egilum Tuticum
yEgimori
yEgimurus, Isl. .
yEgina,

Isl.

vEginium

/Egira

/Egium
yEgusa
/Egyptus Superior
/Egyptus Inferior

Emilia
/Enaria,

Isl.

/Enea
-Enos
/Enus
/Eoliae, Isls.

iEolis

/Equam

/Equi
/Equicull
yEsernia
yEsis
.Eta, Mt.
yEtae .
.

^Ethiopes
/Ethiopia

.
.

-Etna

yEtna, Mt.

yEtolia

Agammia,
(Troas)

.
.

Page

13e
22e
23e
22e
25e
22e
12e
26e
15e

27

41n
36n
41n
38n
37n
41n
37n
39n
38n
40n
38n
38n
38n
27n
30n
45n
41n
40n
41n
30n
39n
39n
42n
42n
42n
42n
44n
39n
45n
26n
20n
37n
38n
39N

He
He
23e
22e
22e
22e
12e
32e
30e

He
14e
23e
26e
32e
16e
27e
12e
13e
13e
14e
14b
22e
27e
62e
20e
15e
15e
21E

32
35
32
33
42
21
33
24
18
53
32
32
36
32
21
8
8

23
21
32
33
55
21
33
26
20
19
20
20
32
43
59
6

25
19
32

Agathymum
.

Agedincum.
Ager Gallicus
Agines
.

Agisymba, L.

Agma
Agnianes, R.

Agora (Athena?)

43n
3e
On IOOe
3Sn 15e
47n 23e
48n
3e
44n 13e
31n 49e
44n
16n IGe
33n 10e
41n 27e

64
40
7

25
10
47
20
61
46
6

53
43
38

Agoranomhun
(Athenoe)
Agra? (Athense)

Agrigentum
Agrioium .

Agrsei

Agri Decumatos

Name

Lat.

Long.

5lN
Agryium
37n
Agy lla
42n
Ahava
34n
Ai
32n
Ajalon
32n
Akeman Street
52n
Akkad
32n
Alalcomenae
38n
Alara, R.
52n
Alauna Silva
51N
Alauni
48n
Alba
42n
Alba Fucens
42n
Albania
42n
Albanus, Mt.
42n
Alba Pompeia
45n
Albici
44n
Albis
54n
Albium Ingaununi 44n
Albium Intemelium 44n
Albona
45n
Aleppo (Syria)
36n
Aleria (Alalia)
42n
Alesia
48n
Aletium
40n
Aletrium
42n

7E
15e
12e
42e
35e
35e

Agrippina Colonia

39n
49n
37n
39n

21E
8e
14b
21e

38
38
32
47
21
32

lw
45e
21e
10e

2w
13e
15e
13e
49e
13e
8e
6e
9e
8e
8e
14e
37e
9e
4e
18e
13e

Alexandria (/Egyp-

31n

30e

Alexandria Arachosiorum
3lN
Alexandria Ariana 35n
Alexandria (Cau-

66e
63e

35n

7 0e

40n

7 0e

35n

64e
49e
26e
68e
13e
9e
14e
6e

tus)

casus)

Alexandria

(es-

chata)
Alexandria (Seleucia)

Agathodeemonis

Aginnum

Long.

Pr.

Agatha
Agathyrsi

Lat.

42n
38n
39n

Alexandria(Susiana) 30x
Alexandria Troas
40n
Alexandri Portus
25n
Algidus, Mt
42n
Alisia
Allifee

Allobroges
Alonae

Alopeonnesus
Alorus
Alpes Carnicre
Alpes Cottiffl
Alpes Graiaa
Alpes Julia.
Alpes Maritima
Alpes Norica?
Alpes Pceninea
Alpes Rheetioee
Alpheius, R.
Alsium

42n
4lN
46n
38n
40n
41n
46n
45n
46n
46n
44n
47n
46n
47N
38N
42n

Ow
26e
22e
13e
7e
7e
14e
7e
13e
7b
10e
22e
12k

N
.

Index
Name

Lat,

Alta Semita (Roma) .

Altava
.
35n
.

Altiaum
Altinum

Alyzia
Amalekites

Amantia .
Amantini
.
Amanus, R.
Amardu8, R.
Amasenms, R.
Amasia (Pontus)
Amastorus
Amatbus (Cyprus)
Amatbus (Pereea)
Ambiani
.

Ambibarri

Ambiliati
Ambivariti
Ambivariti

Ambracia
Ambracicus
Ameria
Amisia, R.

Amisus
Amiternum
A mm on

Ammonium
Amorgos,

Isl.

Amorium

Ampbilochium
Amphipolis
Ampbipyrgus, Pr.

46n
4 on
39n
31n
41n
45n
36n
37

41n
4 In
32n
35n
32n
50n
49n
50n
48n
51n
39n
39n
42n
52n
4lN
43n
32n
29n
37n
39n
39n
41n
39n
38n

Amphissa
Ampbitbeatrum
Castrense (Roma)
Ampbitheatrum
Flavlum (Roma)
Ampsaga, R.
37N
Ampsanctus, L.
41N
Ampsivari .
53N
3lN
Amu
Amudarsa
35N
Amutria
44n
Amy else (Laconica) 37n
Amy else (Latium) 4 In
Anactorium
39n
Anagnia
42n
Anamatia
46n
Ananis, R
27n
Anaphe, Isl
36n
Anapus, R.
37n
Anarti
48n
Anas, R.
38n
Anatbo
35n
Anatboth
32n
Anauni
46n
Anchlalus
43n
.

Long.
.

lw
18b
12e
21b
35b
19b
19b
36b
49b
13b
36e
2 Ob
33b
36b
2b

lw
2e
4b
6b
21e
2lB
13b
8b
36b
13e
36b
26b
26b
31b
21b
24b
29b
22e

Page

29

52
42
20
32
62
32
42
60
58

7w
42b
35e

He

28b

Name
.
Ancona
Ancyra
Andania

Long.

14e
33b
22b
5e

57

Andematunnum
Andenida Silva
Andes
.

Andros,

Lat,

44n
4 On
37n
48n

Isl.

Angrivarii

Angrus, R.
Anio, R.

.
.
.

19
57

Anneianum
Annesel

52

Antandrus

57
63

Antbana
Antbemus

46
46
46
47

Anticyra
Antigoneia

47

32
34
23
48
10
19
60
10
33
56
32
33
34
32
29

6b
15e
7e
31e
10e
24e
22b
13b
21e
13e
19b
58b
26e
15e
22b

197

29
53
19
48
54
53
43
32
19
32
19
42
59
33
21
42
50
61
62
20
43

.
.

48n
38n
53n
44n
42n
45n
32n
4 On
37n
4 In
38n
4 On

Antilocbus, Tomb of .
Antiocbia (Pbrygia) 38n
Antiocbia (Syria)
36n
4 In
Antipatreia
.
Antipatris .
.
32n
.
Antipolls
.
44n

33n
39n
Antium
42n
Anxa Callipolis
4 On
Anxanum (Apulia) 42n

Antipyrgos
Antissa

Anxanum
num)
Anxur
Aous, R.

Apamea
Apamea
Apamea

(Syria)

Aparytae
.
Apenestse .
Apennines, Mts.
Aperantia .
.

.
.
.
.

Apbroditopolis

Apbytis
.
Apiaria
.
Apidamis, R.
Apis (.aCgyptus)

.
.

.
.
.

Apollinis, Pr.
.
Apollonia (Bisaltia)

Apollonia Cbalc. .
Apollonia (Cyrenaica)

Apollonia
Apollonia
donia)
Apollonia
tine)

16e
27e
23e
23e
23e
20e

31b
36e
20e
33e
7e
24e
26e
13e
18b
16b

(Illyria)

42n
4lN
41n
35n
38n
34n
35n
42n
44n
39n
33n
29n
4 On
44n
39n
3 In
39n
41n
4 In

14e
13e
19e
53e
30e
36e
68b
16b
9e
21e
36e
31e
23e
26e
22e
30e
10e
24e
23e

33n
41n

22e
19b

4 In

24b

32n

35e
15e
28e
53e

(Myg.

(Pales.

Apollonia (Sioilia)
38n
Apollonia (Thracia) 42n

Apostana

He

(Pice.

(Media) .
(Pbrygia)

Apbek

Ow
25e
9b
20e
13e

27 N

..

Index

198
Nam*
Apsinthil

Lat,
.

Apsorus, Isl.
Apsus, R. .

Apuani

Apulia

Apulum
Apulum

(Apulia).
(Dacia) .

Aquae Amarae
.
Aquas Apollinares
Aquaeductua
(Athenee)
Aquae Herculis

Aquae
Aquae
Aquae
Aquae
Aquae

Sextiae
Sirensis

.
.

Statiellae

Sulis (Bath)
Tarbellicse.

Aquileia
.
Aquileia (Venetia)
Aquilonia .
.
.

Aquincum
Aquinum

Aquitania

Arab

Arabia
,
Arabia Petraea
Arabicus, Sinus

Arachosia
Aracbotua, R.
Aracbthus, R.
.

Arad
Aradus
.

Arae

.
.

.
.
.

Aramaeans
.
Ara Martis (Roma)
.

41n
45n
4lN
44n
41n
42n
46n
32n
42n
35n
43n
35n
45n
5lN
44n
49n
46n
4lN
48n
41n
44n
31n
3 On
35n
20n
31n
32n
4 On
31n
35n
27n
34n

.
.

Araxes

Araxes, R.

Araxia
.
Araxus, Pr.
Arba, Isl. .
Arbela
.
Arbocala .
Arcadia
.

.
.
.
.

Arcesine
.
Arcbous, R.

Arcitis, Isl..

27B
14b
20e
10e
16b
16e
24b
15b
12b

6b
5b
9b

3w
lw
10e
14e
15e
19e
14e

Ow
35e
50b
35e
40e
67e
68e
21e
35e
36e
58e
40e

38
53
47
52
20
45
46
47
20
21
42
24
46
62
6
6
6

11
59
32
62
8

59
8

22e
26e
43e
27e
..

28

..

28

26e
12e

28
43
19
50

47n
40n
3 On
41n
4 In
38n
45n
36n
42n
38n
36n
36n
37n

43
23
32
20
21
24
43
52
26

30
28
47
15
58
10
24
32
23
58
50
32
33
61
33

Ara Pacis (Roma)

Arar, R.
.
Ararat, Mt.

Long. Page

6e
43e
53e
44e
16e
21e
15e
45e

5w

Arcus Claudil

(Roma)

Arcus Diocletiani

(Roma)

Arcua Hadriana

(Roma)
Arda .
Ardea
Ardobrica

.
.

42n
42n
43n

8w

Name
Arduenna Silva

Lat

Long.

50n
48n
44n

5e
15e
5b

Areopagus (Athenae)
Arethuaa
4lN

24e

Arelap
Arelate

Arexea, R. (Meao-

potamia)

Argennum,

Pr.

Argentariua, Mt.

Argentomagus
Argentoratum
Argidava
.

Argilus
Argitas, R.

Argitbea
Argolicus Sin.
Argolis

Argonauts, Voyage
of the
Argos
Argos (Argolis)
Aria .
Aria .
.

Aria, L.

Ariana
Ariaspe
Arica

Aricia
Arii

Arimathea

Ariminum

Ariolica
Ariovisti
Aris .
Arisbe (Troas)
Arius, R.
.

36n
38n
43n
47n
48n
45n
41n
55N
39n
37N
38n

39n
38n
34n
35n
30n
33n
31n
20N
42n
51n
32n
44n
46n
48n
31n

34n
40n
.
.
39n
Ar Moab
31n
Arnissa
.
.
4lN
Aruu9, R. .
44n
Aroer (Reuben)
31n
Aroer (Simeon)
3lN
Aromata, Pr.
15n
Arpad
36n
Arpi
42n
Arpinum .
.
41n
Arrabo, R.
48n
Arretium .
43n
Arsenaria .
36n
Arsesa
39n
Arsia, R.
45n
9Q\r
Arsinoe (^Egyptus) 29n
Arsinoe (Cyrenaica) 33n
Artacana
33n
Artacauan
.
34n
Artaxata .
.
39n
Artemia
.
.
39n

Armavira
Armenia

.
.

'.

41e
26e

He
2e
8e
22e
24e

7w
21e
23e
23b

31b
23e
63e

HOe
62e
57e
64e
75e
13e
19e
35e
13e
7e
7e
61b
63e
44e
40e
36e
22e

He

36b
35e
52b
37e
16e
14E
18b
12e
IE
43e
14e
2lE
54e
63e
45e
23e

..

Index
Name

Lat.

Artemisium, Pr.
Artemita .
Arunci
Arurius, R.

Arrad
Arx (Roma)
Asbystae
Ascania, L.

.
a

Asciburgium

Asciburgius, Mt.

Asculum
Asbdod

.
.

Asher

Ashmun

Ashtorotb

Asine,

Isl.

Asine (Rhion)
Askelon

Asopus
Asopus, R.
Aspacarse

Aspadana
Aspeudus

a
..

a
.

Aspis (Africa)
Assaria

Asshur

23s
45b
14e
8e
36b

33n
40n
51N
5lN
43n
32n
33n
30n
33n
38n
37n
32n
37n
38n
35n
33n
37N
32n
34n
35n
40n

23b
30b
6b
16e
13e
35e
35b
31e
36b
23e
22b
35e
23b
24b
9 0e
52e
31e
16e
13e
44b
26b

a
.

Assos
.
Assus (Troas)
a
a
Assyria
35N
A8tacus
.
39n
Astapa, or Ostippo 37n
.

Astigi

Astura

Asturia
.
Asturica Augusta
Astypaleea, Isl. .

Astyra (Troas)
Ata, Mt.
.

38n
41n
43n
42n
37n

Aternus, R.
Atbsean Gate

39n
38n
39n
43n
42n

Atbamania

Atameus

Aterne

Aternum

Athense
Atbenopolis

Athenus

Atbesis, R.

Athos, Mt. .
Atbribis
Atina (Latium)
Atina (Lucania)
Atlas, Mt. .
Atraae
Atrebates .
Atrebutes .

,
.
.

a
.

Atropatene.

Attica

39n
38n
44n
4 On
45n
40n
30n
42n
4 On
31n
40n
51n
50N
37n
38n

Lat,

Attrium, Pr.
Aturius, R.
Auaa, R.
.
Aufidena
Aufldus, R.

43N
44n
40n
42n
4lN
33n

47
49
20
60
62
54
63
32
32
60
32

Augustabriga

33

Augustodunum
Augustonemetum

norum
daua)

Augusta Praetoria
Augusta Taurino-

rum
rum
corum
Augustobona
.

Augustoritum
Aulan

58
56
52
52

.
Aulis
Auloeitichus

45
47

Azania

10
33

26b
,

22b
27b
27e
14e
14b
.

2lE
24e
7e
23e
12e
24b
31e
14e
16e

5w

.
.

Aulon

3e
47b
24b

6w
6w

21e
14e
16e
10e

44n
40n

7e

45n
46n

12e
8b

45N

8b

50n

7e

5w

Augusta Vendeli-

lw

13e

9e

Ow

Augusta Trivero-

Axius, R.
Axona, R.
Azaii

5w
5w

Long.

Augusta (Cispa-

22b

45e
21e

Auganni
Augusta Bagien-

33
64
58
32
50
50
24
50
50
33
64
35
41
56
23
20
64
32
10
40
35
20
33
53
19
24
52
32

Name

35
58
19
47
60
28
52
56

Long. Page

39n
34n
4lN
47n
35n

199

Aurasius, Mt.

Aurea
Aurelia Aquensis.
Aureus, Mt.

Aurunci
Auschisae

Ausci

Ausculum

Ausenses
Auser, R.
Ausetani
Ausouia

.
.

Ausugum

Autariatee

Automalax
Autricum .

Auximum
Auzia
Auziqua

Avaricum
Aveia
Avenes, R.
Avenio

.
.

.
.

Aventicum

Mods

Aventinus,

(Roma)

48n 11b
48n
4b
Ow
49n
46n
3e
46n
0e
41n 19e
38n 24e
42n 28e
40n 20e
35n
6e
5n 165b
49n
8b
42n
9b
41n 14b
32n 21e
44n
0e
41n 15e
32n
9e
44n 10e
42n
2e
43n 13e
46n 12e
43n 20e
3 On
19e
48n
2e
43n 13e
37n
4b
32n 16e
47n
2b
42n 13e
43n 13e
44n
5e
47n
7b

Azekah

Azotus

41n
49n
48n
38n
32n
32n

23e
4b
16e
22e
35e
35b

Index

200
Name
BaalHazor.
Baal-Meon .

Lat.
.

32n

32n
35n
Babel, Tower of
32n
.
Babylon
.
33n
Babylon (iEgyptus) 30n
.
Bacchia
.
30n
Bactriana
.
37n
Basippo
.
.
56n
Baestarnee .
.
50n
Baeterroa
.
.
43n
Baetica
.
.
38n
Baetii, Mt. .
.
26n
Baetis, R.
.
.
37n
Baeturia
.
.
38n
.
Bagac
.
39n
Bagacum .
5 On
.
Baghdad .
34n
Bagistana .
34n
Bagradas, R.
.
37n
.
Baias .
.
41n
.
3 In
Balah, L.
.
Baleares, Isls.
39n
.
Balla
40n
.
Baltim
.
.
3 In
Banasa
.
.
35n
Baniuri
.
36n
.
.
.
4 In
Bantia
Baquatae
.
35n
.
Baracae Sinus
22n
Barathrum(Athenae)
.
.
Barba
37n
Barbarium, Pr.
38n
.
Barbesula .
36n
Barca
33n
Barcino
41n
4 In
Barduli
Bargasii
42n
Baria
37n
Barium
41n
Barra
46n
Barygaza
21N
Bas Amelia et Fulvia (Roma)
Basante, R.
45N
Basilia
48n
Basilius, R.
37n
Basra
30n
BastarnicaB Alpes
47n
Batat, W. .
3 On
Batavi
52n
Batia
42n
Beba
29n
Beeroth
32n
Beer-Sheba
31n
Begorritia, L.
41N
Beirut
34n
Belasgiotis .
40n

Babba

35e
36e

6w

.
.

Name

Long. Page

44e
44e
31e
31e
67e

6w
28e
3e

6w
64e

6w
6w
64e
4e
44e
47e
10e
14e
32e
4e
22e
31e

6w
4e
16e

5w
69e
.

5w
9w
5w
2lE
2e
16e
2e

2w
17e
9e
75e

62
62
52
61

Belbina,

Isl.

Belemina

Belgae
Belgica
Bellonoe

(Roma)
Bellunum
Benacus Lacus
Beneventum
Benha
Benjamin

55
55

50
6

Berea

47
50
59
50
50
59
47
61
58
53
19
54
51
35
54
52
53
21
52
11
38

Berenice

Berguloe
Beroea
Bescera

Besidiae

Bessi

Bethabara
Bethany
Betharbel

Beth Dagon
Bethel

Beth Haran
Beth-horon.
Beth Jeshimoth
.

Ion)

Beth Nimrah
Bethsaida

Beth Shemesh
Beth Zur .
Betriacum
Bezek
.

Bezer Br.
Bibracte
Bibrax

24
51
51
21
22

Bigerriones
Bilbilis
Bilitio

Birejik

18e
8e
39e
48e
26e
32e
5e
12e
31E
35e
35e
22e
36e
22e

Bethlehem
Bethlehem (Zebu-

50
50
50
52
51

30
42
47
61
61
43
55

Bir Hooker

47
27

Blanda Julia
Blatum Bulgium

55
62
60
34
60
32

Blavia
Blera
Boderia Ost.
Bodetia
Bodotria, R.

Birs Nimroud
Bisaltia

Bithynia
Bitter Lakes
Bituriges-Cabi

turigea - Vibisci

Boebe

24e
22e

46n
46n
41N
30n
32n
42n

12e

15e
31e
33e
24e

33n
46n
41n
41N
35n
40n
42n
33n
32n
33n
32n
32n
32n
32n
32n
32n

20e
10e
28e
22e
6e
16e
24e
36e
35e
35e
35e
35e
36e
35e
36e
35e

33n
32n
33n
32n
32n
45n
32n
31n
47n
49n
43n
42n
46n
37n
3 On
32n
41n
4lN
30N
47N
45N
40n
55n
45n
41n
56N
44n
56n
39n

35e
36e
36e
35e
35e
10e
35e
35e
4e
4e

2w
OE

He

(Cyre-

naica)

Bergonum

Long.

37N
37n
51n
48N
.

11

Lat.

'

Ow
2w
9e
38e
30e
44e
24e
31e
32e
2e

lw
16e

3w
lw
17e

3w
10e

3w
23r

..

..

.
.

Index
Name

40n
38n
48n
31n
50n
40n
29n
4 In
31n

Boeotia
Boii .

Boino

Boiohaemum
Boms, Mt.
.

Bolan Pass
.
.

Bolbitinic

23B
23e
16e
15b
14e
21e
68e
23e
30e

35
32
49
52
49
34
11
35
54

Mouth
.

Bonania
Bononia
Borbetomagus

30e

He

22e
9e
22e
8e
45e
33e
8e
29b
22e
15e
12e

8w

He

17b
4e
12b
17e
3e

2w
3w
22e

6w
2w
8w

54
20
42
48
35
22
9

10
21
43
32
20
23
50
53
21
47
48
20
47
44
45
36
50
45
45

Brigantium (Hispania)
43n
Brigantium ( Rheetia ) 4 8n
Brigetio
48n
Brilettus, Mt.
38n
Brixellum .
45n
Brixia
46n
Bromiscus .
41n
Brough
54n
Braca, Pt.
36n
Brucla
46n
Bructeri
52n
Brundisium
40n
Brundulum
45n
Bruttii
39n
Bubastis
31n
Buca
42n
Buchetiuru
39n
Budrium
45n
Bukiris
31n
Bulis
38n
BuUa
38n
.

45i

Bullis

Burcum

Ost.

Burdigala .
Burdipta
Burgundiones
Buri
.

Burlus, L.

Burnum
Burridava

Busiris

31N
44n
44n
50n
Borboris, L.
41n
Bonnani
44n
Borsippa
33n
Borysthenes, R. .. 48n
Bosa
40n
Bosporus
41n
Bottiaeis
41N
Bovianum
41N
Bovillae
42n
Bracara Augusta
42n
Brachodes, Pr.
35n
Bradanus, R.
40n
Brannorices
47n
Bratananium
48n
Brattia
43n
Bratuspantium
49n
Bremenium
55n
Bremetsnacum
54n
Breutbe
38n
Brigaecium
42n
Brigantes
54n
Brigantes(Ivernia) 52n
(NUe)

Name

Long. Page

Lat.

Bcebeie, L.

Bolbe, L.
Bolbitine

201

8w
10e
18k
24e
10e
10k
24e

0w
14b
24e
8e
18b
12e
17e
31e
15e
21k
12e
30e
23b
9b

50
48
42
37

20
20
35
44
35
42
48
21
23
21
8

24
32
23
54
35
53

Buthrotum
Buto
Butuntum
.

Buvinda, R.

Buxentum

Byblus
Bylazora
Byllis

Byrin, Mt.

Byzacium .
Byzantium

Long.

41N
46n
45n
42n
53n
50n
31n
44n
45n
3lN
40n
31n
4lN
53n
40n
34n
42n
41n
38n
35n
4lN

2 0e
30e

lw
26b
18b
19b
31e
16e
24e
31e
20e
30e
17e

7w
15b
35k
22k
20k
4k
10k
29k

36n 22k
34n 118k

Caeenepolis

Cabura
Caeliolus (Roma)
Caelius, Mons

(Roma)

Lat.

Cabillonum
Cabira
Cabul
Cabura Ortospana

47N
4lN
33n
34n
Cadianum
45n
Cadurci
45N
Cadusii
38n
Caecina, R.
43n
Cselia
41n
36n
Caenae
Ceeni .
41N
.
Caere .
42n
Caereni
58n
Caeroesi
50n
Caesaraugusta
42n
Cassarea
32n
Caesarea, Isl.
49n
Caesarea Philippi
33n
Caesariensis
34n
Caesarodunum
47n
Caesena
44n
Caestobogi .
48n
Caestonia
41n
Caicus, R.
39n
Caieta
41n
Cairo
3 On
Calabria
4 On
Calagurris Nassica 42n
Calah
36n
Calauria, Ial.
37n
Calcaria
54n
.

>

6k
37k
35k
69k
11k
IK
47k
11k
17k
44k
27k
12k

5w
6k

lw
35k

2w
36k
IK
12k
28k
23k
27k
14k
31k
18k

2w
43e
25e

lw

..

202

Index
Name

Lai,

38n
Caledonia .
57n
Caledonius, Saltus 56n
Cales (Campania)
41n
Cales (Umbria)
43n
Caletes
50n
Callatii
25n
Callatis
44n
Calleva (Silchester) 5lN
Callipolis (Calabria) 40n
Callipolis (Thracia) 40n
Calpe (Bithynia) . 41n
Calpe, Mt. .
36N
Calydon
38n
Caleacte

Calyduae,
(Troas)

Long. Page

14b

4w
4w
14e
13e
IB
74e
28e

lw
18e
27e
30e

5w
22b

21

44
44
19

38n
37n
36n
43n
32n
41N
45N

Calymna,
Camarina

Isl.
.

Camerinum
Caminus
Campania
Campi Raudii
Campus Agrippse
(Roma)
Campus cohortium
.

21b
27e
14e
13e
2 Ob
14e
9b

23

Capitolias

Capitolium vetus

11
43
45
21
33
56
50
32

64
34
33
21
20
52
21
20
28

Praetoriarum

(Roma)
(Roma)

Chester)

Camuni
Cana
Canaan
.

(Col

Canastraeum, Pr.

Canatba
Candavii, Mts.

Candidum, Pr.

Candium
Canelata
Caninefates
Cannae

Cannarum, Pr.
(Nile)

Canopus
Cantabri

Cantharium, Pr.
Cantharus Porta

Isl.

Capsa
Caraceni

.
.

Caralis

Carantonus, R.
Caravanca, Mt.

.
.

Carbilo

Carcaso

Carcesium .
Carchemish
Carcoe
Cardamyle (Chios)
Cardamyle (La-

Careiae

52n
46n
33n
31n
40n
34n
41n
39N
41n
43n
53n
41n
35N

Oe
10e
35e
35e
24e
53e
20e
10e
15e
9e
5e
16e

31N
31N
43n
38n

30e
30e

4w

51N
5lN
41N

4w
27e

IB
16e

(Roma)
Carmana

28

Carinae

28

Carmania
Carmel

45
20

Carmel, Mt.
Carnos, Isl.

Cantii

Cantium
Canusium

Capreae, Isls.

28

63

Camuntum
Camutes

21
20

Carrodunum

48

Carteia

21
52

Cartenna

54
53
46
33
39
45
46
21

Carpathos,
Carpetani
Carpis
Carrhee

Long.

42N
33n
38N

12e
35e
25e

33n

36e

42>7

13k
36e
10e
16e
14e
9e
14e
15e
14e
9e

Isl.
.
.

Carseoli

Carthaea

Carthago
Carthago Nova

Cartilis

Caruentum
Carusa
Carusadrus, Mt.
Carystus
Casilinum .

Casmenae

Casmonium

38n
43x
40N
4lN
34n
4lN
38N
42n
39n
46N
46n
48n
43n
35n
37n
31n
39n

lw
15E

2w
3b
41e
38e
63e
26e

37n
40n
38n
^2n
37n

22b
27e
44e
12e
28e

30x
29n
31n
33n
39n
48n
48n
36n
40n
38N
37n
46n
42n
36n
36n
38n
3SN
38n
37n
42n
42n
46n
38n
41n
37n
45n

57b
57e
35e
35e
21e
17e
2e
27e

60
33
58
42
53

Canopio Mouth

(Piraeus)

Caprasia

Capua
Capytium

Lat.

Caria

Camulodunum

Capraria,

Cardia
Carduchi

Campus Vaticanus
(Roma)

(Roma)
Capitulum
Cappadocia

29

Tiberinus

(Roma)

conia)

Campus Martiua
Campus

Caphereus, Pr.
Capitalium (Roma)

46

Isl.

Calydunius Sinus

Name
Capena
Capernaum

4w
10E
38b
17e
13e

5w
IE

24e
10e

lw
2e
13e
35e
14e
24e
14e
15e
9e

Index
Name
Casperia

Caspireei

Caspium Mare

Lat.
.

Cassiope (Corcyra)
Cassiterides, Isls.

Cassope (Epirus)
Castellum Fir-

manum

Castoria, L.

43n
40n

Long. Page,

13e
75e
50e
20e

6w
2lE
14e
21e

19
11
11
32
14
32
23
34

Mm,

Castra

Batava
Castra
Castra
Castra
Castra

42n
34n
40n
40n
5 On
39n

48n
5 On
50n
49n

Crassi

Labieni
Planei

14e
3e
4e
3e

Castrimoenium

Castrum Inui
Castrum Minerrae
Castrum Novum
Castrum Truenti-

num

52n
42n
41n
40n
43n

Castulo

6e
12e
12e
18e
14e

14e

Castulonensis, Saltua
.
.
.

Cattigara .
.
Catuvellauni
.
Caucasus Indicus
Cauci.
.
.
.

.
.

Cebren (Troas)

Cecryphalse

Cedron Br.

Celadussae, Isls.

Celeenae

Celeia
Celenderis

Celetrum

CelLse

Cemenetum

Cenchreae .
.
Cenchreae (Troas)

Ceneta
Cenomali

Cenomani
Cenomani

F.
.

Cepi (Athenae)
Ceramicus Exterus

47
47

Ceramicus Interior

(Athenae)

29
47
26
19
21
20

Ceramon Agora

Cerasus
Ceraunid, Mt.
Ceraunii, Mts.
Cercar
Cercina,

Isl.

Cereatae

4w

23
50

4w

50

Cerfennia

21

Cerillae

53
53
58
21
57
44
11

Cerintbus

16e
25e
27e
53e
15e
36e

2w

Ceba

Cepbisus,

Cerenna, Mt.
Ceresius, L.

38n
Casuentus, R.
40n
Catabatbmus Major 32n
Catabatbmus Minor 31n
Cataea, Isl. .
.
26n
Catana
37n
Cataonia
38n
Cataractonium
54n
Cathsei
.
.
32n

Cayster, R.
Caystri Pedion

Cephaloedium
Cephissus, R.

Cercinitis, L.

43n
38n

CentumceUae
Centuripae .
Ceos, Isl.
Cephalae, Pr.
Cephallenia, Isl.

Lat Long.
4e
5lN
42n 12e
37n 15e
38n 24e
33n 15e
38n 20e
38n 14e
39n 23e

(Atbense)

Castra Vetera

Caulonia

48
47

Prsetoria

Nas&s

Centrones

(Piraeus)

(Roma)

203

9s

76e
171E

Ow

52n
36n
53n
38n
38n
39n
44n

16e
28e
31e
8e

38n
32n
44n
38n
46n
36n
4 In
36n
44n
38n

23e
35e
15e
30e
16e
33e
21e
5e
7e
23e

46n
46n
48n
45n

12e

73e

6w

He
He

45
59
45
21
56
56
22
64
37
62
20
56
42
41
32
53
20
32
64
20
22
46
20

39n
41n
40N
42n
33n
35n
41n
42n
45n
46n
42n
40n
39n

Cermalus (Roma)
Cerne (Libya)
Certonium
Cerva

39n
35n
Cestria
40n
Cetius, Mt.
48n
Cbaeroneia
38n
Cbalastra
41n
Cbalcedon
4lN
Cbalcidice
40n
Cbalcis
36n
Cbalcis (Eubcea) .
38n
Cbalcis (Tymphaca) 40n
Cbaldaea
31n
Chaldean, L.
31n
Chalia
38n
Cbamavi
53n
Cbaonia
40n
Cbaradriae
40n
Cbaradrus, R.
39n
Cbaraora
29n
Cbarax (Africa)
31n
Charax (Chaldea)
3 On
Cbaridemi, Pr.
37n
Cbarybdis
38n
Cbauci
54n
Cbebar, R.
36n
Gheimerium, Pr.
39n
.

30e
39e
20e
13e
13e

He
24e
13e
4e
9e
14e
16e
24e

27*e

9e
20e
16e
23e
23e
29e
23e
37e
24e
21e
45e
48e
23e
7e
20e
24e
21e
57e
17e
48e

2w
16e
8e
41e
20e

Cbersonesus (Cyrenaica)

34n

24e

Index

204
Name

Lat.

39n

24e

33

39n

9e

21

36n

15e

25

40n
52n
38n
40n
36n
37n
33n
38n
33n
30n

26k
10e
21e
20e
30e
IE
36e
26e
35e
67e

33
48
32
32
56
52
62
33
62
59

Chersonesus
(Thrace) .
Cherusci
Chetonates, Pr. .
Chimsera
Chimaera, Mt.
Chinalaph, R.
Chinnereth, Sea of

Choarene

36n

73e

59

34n 47e
37n 45e
5e
38n
37n 70e
40n 53e
33n 35e
5n IOOe
40n 26e
41n 29e
7e
39n
44n 26e
45n 19e
38n 30e
44n 24e
37n 29e
41n 26e
39n 22e
37n 35e
37n 26e

58
58
53
59
11
63

42n
37n
42n
41n
35n

19
33
21
19
15

Choaspes, R.
.

Choba
Cholbisina

Chorasmia
Chorazin
Chryse
Chryse (Troas)
Chrysopolis
Chullu
Ciagisi

Cibaloe

Cibotus
Cibrus
Cibyra
Cicones
Cierium
Cilicia

Cimaros, Isl.
Ciminius, L. and
Mts.
Cimolos, Isl.
Circei
Circeji

Circesium
Circus Flaminius
.

33
56
53
43
42
56
43
56
43
32
10
?3

28

28

Ciriadee (Athense)
.
.

38n
45N

6e

He

Mons
(Roma)

28
38
53
20

Cispius

Cissi
Cissis

Clastidium

Clausentum
Clavenna
Clazomense
Cleonae
Cliternia
Clitor
Clota, R.

Cocosates

Cocylium (Troas)
Cocytus
Coela
Coela (Troas)
Coele (Athense)
Colapis, R.
Colchis

Cole

Colias, Pr. (Piraeus)

Collatia
Collis Latiaris

(Roma)

38n
41N

4e
2e

29
53
51

Lat Long.
4lN 23e
39n 27e
38n 24e
35n 34e
41n 29e
39N 16e
43n 12e
38n 28e
43n 13e
44n 12e
45n
9e
lw
51n
46N
9e
38n 27e
38n 23e
42n 13e
38n 22e
43n 13e
56n
5w

42n
43n
39n
37n
35n
54n
44n

Clusium
Clypea
Cnidus
Cnosus
Coccium

4w
12e

He
27e
25e

3w
lw

39n
39n

20e
24e

46n
43n
41n

16e
40e

42n

13e

On

69e

38n
38n
41N

27e

9w

Collis Quirinalis

Collis

Viminalis

(Roma)

Collytus (Athenae)
Coloe, L.
Colonus (Athense)
Colonus Agoraeus
(Athense)
.

Colophon

(Roma)
Circus Maximus
(Roma)
nis

Cirta

R.

(Roma)
12e
25e
13e
13e
41e

Circus Gai. et Nero-

Cispadana

Clasia,
Classis

Clunia

(Susiana)

(Roma)

Claros

Clitum, R.

Choathras, Mts.

Clamp etia
Clanis, R.

Choaspes, R.
(India)

Citium
Cius

Chersonesus, Pr.

Chios, Isl. .
Chisloth Tabor

Cisthene
Cithaeron, Mt.

(Sardinia)
(Sicilia)

Name

Long. Page

Cissus, Mt.

Chersonesus, Pr.
(Eubosa)
Chersonesus, Pr.

Colossae

Columbarium, Pr.
Columna, Mt.
Aurelii (Roma)
Columna? Hercules,
Mt.
Comaria, Pr.

Cominium
Comitium (Roma)
.

Commagene

9e

5w

36n
9n
42n

74e
14E

38n

38e

..

Index
Name

Lat.

Complutum
Compsa

41n
4lN
46n
46n
48n
47n
50n
39n
50n

Comum

Concordia

Condate
Condivincum
Condrasi

Cone

Confluentes
Coniaci, Pr. (India)

40n
39n
39n
Consentia
38n
Copais, L.
34n
Cophen, R.
Coprates, R.
32n
42n
Cora
36n
Corasium
38n
Corassiae, Isl.
50n
Corconti
Corcyra, Isl.
40n
Corcyra Nigra, Isl. 43n
Corduba
38n
Coressus
38n
Corfinium
42n
Coria
56n
Coriallum
50n
Corintbia
38n
Corintbiacus Sinus 38n
Corintbus
38n
Coriondi
53n
Coritani
53n
Cornacum
45n
Cornavii
58n
Corona
37n
Coronea (Tbessalia; 39n
Coroneia (Bceotia) 38n
Corsi
41n
Corsica
42n
Corsula
43n
Cortona
43n
Corycium, Pr.
38n
Corycus
36n
Corypbasium
37n
Cos, Isl.
37n
Cosa (Etrnria)
42n
Cosa (Lucania)
40n
Cossaei
34n
Cossyra, Isl.
37n
Cotini
50n
Cotrica
28n
Cottabara
27n
Cotyora
.
41n
Cragus, Mt.
36n
Crane
38n
Cranii
38n
Crannon
40n
Crater Sinns
41n

Conimbriga
Conope

.
.

205
Name

Long. Page

3w
17e
9e
13e

2w
2w
5e
27e
8e

50
21
20

20
46
46
48
33
47
3

8w
21E
16e
23e
72e
49e
13e
34e
27e
15e
20e
17e

5w
24e
14e

3w
2w
23e
23e
23e

7w
Ow
19e

4w
22e
23e
23e
9e
9e
13e
12e
27e
34e
21e
27e

He
16e
48e
12e
19e
67e
64e
38e
29e
21e
21e
22e
14e

Crenides

Crepsa
Creta,

Isl.

Crexa, Isl. .
Crimisa, Pr.
Crisa

Crisia,

21
32
11
61
19

Crobyzi

60
33
49
32
20
50
33
20
44
46
32
32
32
45
45
42
44
32
35
32

Crunoi

56
34
32
32
24

Creticum Mare

R.

Crrxia

Crommyon,

Pr.

Croton

Crumemm

Crunisus, R.
Crysaeus Sinus

Ctesipbon
Cularo

Cumae
Cumaeus

S.

Cumanus Sinus

dime
Cunaxa
Cupra Maritima

Cures
Curetus, Mt.
Curia
Curialias,

R.

Curias, Pr. .
Curieta, Isl.

Curium
Curubis

Cutbah
Cuttiae

Cyclades

Cyclopum Scopuli
Cyd-Atbenaeum
(Atbenae)

Cyllenius Sinus

Cyme
Cyme

(Eubcea)
(Lydia)
Cynaetbia .
Cynetes
Cynia, L. .
Cynopolis .

Cynuria

Cynus
.

Cyparissius Sinus

Cypbanta
Cyprus,
Cypsela

Isl.

45n
41n
45n
35n
36N
45N
39n
38n
47n
45n
44n
35n
39n
48n
38n
43n
38n
33n
45n
41n
39n
40n
39n
33n
43n
42n
43n
47n
39n
34n
45n
35n
38n
33n
45n
37n
37n
,

Cydnus, R.
Cydonia
Cyllene, Mt.

Cyparissiae

Long.

16e

Cremona

50
32

21
20
27
20
33
57
32
33
19
24
10
21
49
59
59
57

Lat
39N

Cratbis, R.
Cremaste (Troas)

.
.

37N
35n
38n
38n
39n
39n
38n
37n
38n
29n
37n
39n
37n
37n
37n
35n
41n

10e
25e
14e
25e
24e
14e
17e
23e
20e
8e
28e
33e
17e
18e
13e
28e
23e
44e
6e
14e
27e
14e
27e
46e
14e
12e
13e
10e
22e
33e
15e
33e

He

48e
9e
25e
15e
.

35e
25e
22e
21e
24e
27e
22e

8w
2lE
3lE
23e
23e
22e
21e
23e
33e
26e

206

..
.

.
..

Index
Name

Long. 'Page

Lat.

32n
33n
40n
40n
4 On
36n
37n
39n
42n

23e
22b
69e
22e
47e
23e
27e
22e
32e

33n
33n
Dabronas, R.
52n
Dachiaabad.es
15n
Dacia
46n
Deesitiales
44n
Dahee
38n
Dalmatia
44n
Damanhur
31n
Damascus
33n
Damnonii
56n
Dan (City)
33n
Dan (Tribe)
32n
Danubius, R.
47n
Danum (Doncaster 54n
Daphnse
31n
Daphnus
39n
Daphnus, R.
39n
Dara
.
.
37n
Dardae
.
.
36n
Dardana .
.
43n
Dardanus
.
40n
Darini
54n
Dariorigum
48n
Darna?
33n
Daunia
41n
Dead Sea
32n
Debir
31n
Decantae
58n
Decapolis .
33n
Decelea
38n
Decetia
47n
Dechalia
38n
Deir Makarius
30n
Deleus
41n
Delingat
3lN
Delminium
44n
Delos, Isl.
37n
Delphi
38n
Denieta?
52n
Demetrias
39n
Derbe
37n
Derrhis, Pr.
40n
Dertona
45n
Dertosa
41n
Desuq
31n
Deulis
38n
Deva (Chester)
53n

35e
35e

Cyrenaica
Cyrene
Cyreschata

Cyretioe

Cyrus, R. .
Cythera, Isl.
Cythnos, Isl.

Cytinium
Cytorus and Mt.
.

Dabbasheth
Daberath

.
.

42
33
44
46
53
19
60
62
44
63
33
47
18
54
43
54
42
33
32
45
32

23e
16e
35e
35e

4w
36e
24e
4e
24e
30e
27e
30e
17e
25e
22e

4w
23e
33e
24e
9e

11

6w
3w

57
33

IE

30e
23e
1

Diablintes
Diachersis
Diacria

44
60
62
16
45
54
32
36
59

lw

11

32e
23e
22e
59e
74e
21e
26e

36e
35e
15e

Develtum

43
42
10
42
54

4w

62
62
45

72e
24e
19e
58e
18k
30e
36e

Deva, R.

32
58
32
33
3G
56

8w

3w|

Narna

52
10

20
51
54
32
45

.
.

Dialas, R.

Dianium
pania)

Isl.

Dicte, Mt.

Didyme,

Long.

Pag

57n
42n
48n
32x
4 On
34n

3w

44
43
46
52
37
58

28e

Ow
20e
24e
45e

(His-

Dianium,
Dibon

Lat.

Isl.

Digdica
DinaretUm, Pr.
Dindymus, Mt.

(Galatia)

0e

39n
42n
31n
35n
39n
3 On
36n

36e
25e
l0E
18b
35e

51
20
62
18
21
52
57

40n

32e

56

39n
44n

30e
6b

56

He

Dindymus, Mt.
(Phrygia)
Dinia
Diomea Porta
(Athenee)

Dion

32n
29n

Dionysias

36e
30e

47

38
63
55

Dionysium
(Athense)
.

Dioscurias .
Dipylum (Athense)
Dire .
Diria .
Ditiones
Dium (Euboea) .

Dium

(Pieria)

Diur, Mt.

Divodurum
Divona
Dobuni
Doclea

Dodona
Dodone
Doliche
Dolopia

15n
43n
,

38

Dioscaridis, Isl.

ION
41N
44n
39n
4 On
35n
49n
44n
52n
42n
40n
26n
40n
39n

55e
41e
.

75e
17e
18b
23e
22e

4w
6e
IB

2w
19e
2 IE
54e
22e
22e

41
38
4
24

42
32
32
52
47

46
45
42
32
58
32
32

Domus Augustana
(Roma)

Domus Latevanorum (Roma)

Domus Tiberiana
(Roma)
Donussa,

Dor

Isl.

Dorak, R.
Dorchester

Doris
Doriscus

Dothan
Drangiana
Dravus, R.
Drecanum, Pr.
.

28

29

37n
33n
31N
52n
39n
41n
32n
31n
46n
37n

26e
35e
49e

lw
22b
26e
35e
63e
16e
27e

28
33
60
61
45
32
33
62
11
42
33

Index
Name

Drepanum

Lat.

(Sicilia)

Drepanum,

(iEgyptus)

Drepsiani

Drilee.

Drilon, R.

Drums, R.

.
Drobetee
Dryalah, R.

Dumuovii
Dunax, Mt.
Dura

38n
38n
41n
42n
44n
45n
34n
39n
47n
51n
30n
50n
42n
35n
45n
33n
45n
41n

.
.

Dubis, R. .
Dubrse (Dover)

Duma

.
.

.
.
.

.
Duranius, R.
.
Durdus, Mt.
.
Duria, R. .
Durius, R. .
Durnovaria (Dor.

chester)

12e

21

27b

53

Pr.
.

Dryopes

3lN

Durobrivee
(Rochester)

22e
67e
39e
20e
19e
23e
45e
22e
6e
1e
40e

4w
24e
44e
1e

2w
8e

7w

32
59
57
42
42
42
61
18
48
45
9
45
43
58
46
52
20
50

5 In

3w

45

51n

Ow

45

Durocoruovium
(Cirencester)

Durocortorum
Durostorum

52n
49n
44n

.
.
.

2w
4e
27e

45
47
43

Durovernum (Canterbury)

Dyme

Dyrrhachium
Dysopus
.
Dystus

5lN
38n
41n
31n
38n

.
.

Name

Long. Page

Pr.

Drepanum,
(Locris)

38n

Oe
21e
20e
16e
24e

45
32
42
52
33

207

Eglon
Eion .

.
.

Ekron

Elsea (Acolis)
Elaea (Epirus)
Eleetes Sinus
Eleeus (Argolis)
Eleeus (Epyrus)
Eleeus (Thrace)
Elateia
Elaver, R. .

W.

El Ayan,
El Ayat
Elea

Eblana
Ebora

Eburacum (York)
Eburodunum

Eburones

Eburovices

.
.

Eburum

Ebussis

Ecbatana

Ecetra
.
Echedorus, R.

.
.
.

32n
53n
39n
54n
49n
5 In
49n
41n
39n
35n
41n
4 In

35e

38n
39n
37n
41n
39n
31n
41n
33n

21b
23e
22e
22e
37e
30e
24e
36e

6w
8w
Ow
17e
6e
2e
15e
IE
49e
13e
23e

Echelidse (Pireeus)

Echinades,

Isl.

Echinus

Eciritis

Edessa
Edessa Callirrhce
Edku, L. .
Edones
.
.

Edrei.

.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.

Elealeh

Eleusis
Eleuteti

.
.

El Gharag

Elima
Elimberrum

.
.
.

Elimeia

Elis

El Korn-el-Tawil
El Lahun .
El Safl
Elusa

Elymeans
Elymi
Emathia

.
.

.
.
.

Embaba

Emerita Augusta

Emesa

Emmaus

Emodus, Mts.

Emona

Emporia

Emporiee
Ebal, Mt.

62
45
50
44
49
48
46
21
51
10

Emporium (Romaa)

27

Ephraim (City)
Ephraim (Tribe)
Ephyra (Epirus)

35
39
32
35
32
32
57
54
43
62

Endidee

Endor
Engannim

Engedi

Enipeus, R.

En Rimmon

Entella

Eordsea

Ephesus

Ephyra,

Isl.

Epidanmus
Epidaurum

.
.
.

.
.

Epidaurus
Epidelium, Pr.
.

.
.

Epidii

Epidium, Pr.

Epirus

Lat.

Long.

32n
4lN
32n
39n
39n
39n
37n
40n
40n
39n
46n
29n
30n
40n
32n
38n
44n
29n
40n
44n
40n
38n
31n
29n
29n
44n
34n
38n
4lN
30n
39n
35n
32n
28n
46n
34n
42n

35e
24e
35e
27e
20e
37e
23e
20e
26e
23e
3e
31e
31E
15e
36e
24e
Oe
31e
2lE
IE
22e
21e
31e
31e
31e

49e
13e
22e
31e

6w
37e
35e
90e
14e
10e
3e

..

47n
33n
32n
3lN
39N
3lN
38n
4lN
38n
32n
32n
39n
37n
42n
42n
37n
37n
56n
55N
40N

llE
35e
35e
35e
22e
35e
13e
22e
27e
35e
35e
21e
24e
19e
18e
23e
23e

6w
5w
20e

208

Index
Name

Epitlum
Eporedia
Erech

Lat.

44n
45n
31N

18k
8e
46b

41
20
61

Erechtheum
Eretia

Eretum
Eribcea
Ericuaa,

Isl.

Ericussa,

Isl.

39n
38n
42n
42n
40n
40n
39n

26e
24e
12e
16e
20e
20e
14e

41n
40N
53n
39n
37n
38n
38n

22e
22e

(Piraeus)
.

Eritium

Ermine Street
Erochus
Eryce
Erymantkus, Mt.
Erythrse

Erythraeum Mare

Eryx
Esdrsslon, Plain of

Eshtemoa
Eski Bagdad
Esquilinus, Mona
(Roma)
.

23n
38n
33n
31n
34n

Ow
23e
15e
22e
26e
65e
12e
35e
35e
44e

Estobara
Esubii
Esuris

Etam
Etham

Etorissa
Etruria

Etsa

Etymander, R.
Euboea,

Isl.

Euboicum Mare
Eudemia,

Isl.

Euemus, R.
Euganei Cami
Euhesperides
Eulasus, R.

Euonymos,

Isl.

Euphrates, R.
Euripus
Europus, R.
Eurotas, R.
Eurymenffi

Eurytanes .
Euxinua Pontus

Faliscum

Fanum

Fortunes

38
33
35

Faventia

23
24
34

Ferentinum
Ferentium .

32

Fescennium

21

Fidenae
Fidentia

38
42
32
45
35
25
32
33

Fiflcula

Eridanus, R.
Erigon, R.

Falerio

36n
48n
37n
32n
30n
40n
43n
29n
32n
39n
39n
39n
38n
46n
31n
32n
39n
39n
38n
40n
37n
40n
39n
43n

66e

42n

13e

8w
35e
32e
Oe

He

31e
65e
24e
23e
24e
22e
12e
20e
47e
15e
43e
24e
22e
22e
23e
22e
29e

21
63
62
61

29
59
46
50
62
54
51
20
55
59
33
35
33
32
20
41
58
25
8

33
32
32
32
32
43

Feltria

Fennlcoe

Feronia

Faesulao

Fagua
Fagutal (Roma)
Falerii

44 n

He

31N

32e

42n

12e

20
20
55
31
19

Firmum
Fiscellus, Mta.

Flaminia, R.
Flanaticus, St.

Flanona
Flaviobriga
Flevo, L.
.
Florentia .
Flusor, R. .

Forcona
Fordaea

Forentum

Formiee
Formio, R.

Fortinum

(Roma)
Fortunatse,
Foruli

(Roma)

Isl.

13e
13e
13e
31e
12e
12e
30e
13e
12e
10e
12e
12e
10e
13e
14e
14e
13e
14e
14e

30n
42n

15W

42n
44n
44n
45n

12e
10e
12e
9e

45n
43n
46n
44n
42n

7e
7e
13e
12e
13e

41N
44.V

16e
13e

40N

9e

53N
47n
42n
42n
42n

18e
14e
12e
15k

3w
6e

He
14e
13e
22e
16e
14e
14e
13e

13e

Cassu
Clodii
Cornelii

Fulvii

GermanoJulii

JuUum
Livii

Novum

Pacia

(Roma)

Forum Popilii
Forum Sempronii
Forum Traiani
Forum Traiani
Fosse

Long.

Forum (Roma)
Forum Boarium
Forum
Forum
Forum
Forum
Forum
rum
Forum
Forum
Forum
Forum
Forum

Lat

43N
42n
44n
29n
44n
46n
65n
42n
42n
41n
42n
42n
45n
42n
43n
43n
43n
45n
45n
43n
52n
44n
43n
42n
40n
41n
41N
46N
42n

Templum

Fortunes

(Roma)
Fabrateria

Fasnn

(Atheme)
Eresus

Ergitium

Name

Long. Page

Way

.
.

Fravisci
Fregelloa

Fregenoe
Frentani

0w

..

Index
Name

Lat.

42n
Fretum Gaditanum 36n
Fretum Gallicum
41n
Friniateons
44n
Friniates
44n
Frisii
53n
Frusino
42n
Frusteniee
42n
Fua
31n
Fucinus, L.
42n
Fulgmium
43n
Furfo
42n
Frento, R.

Name

Long. Page

15E

6w
9s

He
10e
6e
13e
13e
30e
14e
13e
14e

24
50
21
22
20
48
27
27
54
19
20
27

Gabreta Silva

Gabromagus

Gad

Gadara
Gades
Geetulia

Galafa
Galatia
Galepsus

34n
40n
41n
Galilee
33n
Galilee, Sea of
33n
Gallacia
42n
Gallia Cisalpina
45n
Gallia Transpadana 45n
Gallicum Fretum
51n
Gallicus, Sinus
43n
Galu .
43n
Gamala
33n
Ganges, R.
25n
Gangeticus, Sinus
10n
Garamantes
25n
Garapba, Mt.
35n
Garganus, Mt.
42n
Gargara
40n
Gargarus, Mt.
.

Uo4)

iGarumria, R.

iGaVumm

jGates^^T^x
GathZ7

)).
7

^Wesrt&L/

j&\\Y\ohyJ\,

Gaza-^x' V
Gazaca r^JX.

Gebk

Gedrosia

Geidumni

Gelasum

.
.

GebeK^V-/Gedor
z ^
Gela

.
.

Gaugamela//
Gaulanite

.
.
.

44n
44n
44n
32n
36n
36n
33n
38n
32n
37n
32n
34n
32n
28n
50n
37n
37n

3e
13e
13e
14e
36e
36e

6w
.

4w
33e
24e
35e
36e

8w
10e
9e
IE
4e
12b
36e
85e
90e
18e
Oe
16e
27e
.

Oe
35e
14e
44e
36e
25e
34e
47e
35e
36e
35e
63e
4e
14e
14e

Geloni

Genabum

Genauni
Geneva
Genna
Genusia
Gereestus, Pr.

Gerar
Gereatis

45n
42n
49n
48n
32n
33n
36n

Gaball
Gabii

209

47
19

Gerepa
Gergesenes .
Gergis (Troas)
Gergithus .
Gergovia
Gerizi, Mt. .

48
49
62
63
50
52
52
56
33
63
60
50
20
22
46
47
18
63
7

52
18
33
64
46
46
46
60
21
10
63
23
10
58
62
60
62
11
47
21
25

Lat.

Long.

5 On

43e
2e

48n
47n
46n
44n
41n
38n
31n
33n
34n
33n

6e
9e
17e
24e
34e
25e
51e
36e

40n
46n
32n
51n

27k
3e
33e
6e

Germania Inferior
Germania Magna
Germania Superior 49N
Germanic um
49n
Germanicus Oceanus
55N
Gerontia, Isl.
39n
Gerra
26n
Gerrha
20n
Gerrheei
25n
Gerunda
42n
Gerusa
.
32n
Geshurites
33n
Gesocribate
48n
Gesoriacum
51n
Getse
45n
Gezer
32n
Gibeon
32n
Gigonus
40n
Gilboa, Mt.
32n
Gilda
34n
GUead, Mt.
32n
Gilgal
32n
Giligammse
32n
Gilva
36n
Gimzo
32n
Gingia
43n
Girba
33n
Gitana
.
40n
.
Gitnis
33n
Giza
30n
Glemona
46n
.

.
.

Glevum

He

8e
12e
0e
24e
50e
80e
50e
3e
36e
36e

5w
2e
25e
35e
35e
23e
35e

6w
36e
35e
24e

Ow
35e

6w

He
20e
He
31e
13e

(Glouces-

ter)

Gnatnia

Gogana
Gogarene
Golan

.
.

Gomphi
Gonnus
Gorditanum, Pr.

Gordium
Gordyene

52n
41n
27n
41n
33n
39n
40n
41n
40N
37n

2w
17e
52e
43e
36e
22e
22e
8e
32e
43e

..

2IO

Index

Name
Gortyna

Lat.

Gortys
Goshen, Land of
Graiocelli

Granicu8, R.

Grannonum
Graupius, Mt.
Graviscee
Grudii

Grumentum

Grynium
Guriana
Guttalus, R.

Guttones
Gyaros, Isl.

Gythium

Hadad Rimmon

Hadria
(Epirus)

12e
4e
16e
27e
61e
21e
19e
24e
23e

18
59
49
49
33
32

33n
45n

35e
12e

62
20

40n

20e

32

25E
22e
32e
7e
27e

18
32
54
47
56
46
44
19
47

2w
4w

21

Hadrianopolia
(Thracia)

Haemus, Mt.
Haifa
Hala
.

Halah
Haley onium Mare
Halex, R. .
Halieemon, R.
Haliartus .
Halicarnassus
Halice

Halimus
Halimus (Pireeus)
Halipedum
(Pireeus)

37n

Halycus, R.
Halys, R. .

Hamath
Hamaxitos
.

Hannathon
Hara
.

Harcea

Haran Charran
Harmozia
.

Harudes
Hasor
Hasti.
Hateesa

Hatera

Halniyris (Pireeus)

Hasta

42n
36n
43n
33n
36n
35n
38n
35n
40n
38n
37n
37n
38n

Halus

Hammath

W.

Hatria

Hawara
!

Hazor
Hebrides,

26e
10e
25e
35e
41e
46e
23e
16e
22e
23e
28e
23e
24e

43
53
43
60
61
61
37
21

32
32
56
32
33
39

39
33
39
32

27e

39n
37n
41n
35n
39n
33n
33n
34n
38n
37n
27n
4Sn
33n
30n
43n
45n
38n
40n

23e
13e
34e
36e
26e
36e
35e
46e
22e
39e
58e
10e
35e
31E

HE
Se
14e
22e

21
10
9

33
62
62
61
32
61
11
47
62
55
23
20
25
32

Isls.

Hebron
Hebrus, R.
'<

Hecatompylos
Helene
Helice
Helicon, Mt.
Heliopolis .
Hellespontus

Lat.

Long.

43n
29n
36n
58n
31n
4lN
36n
38n
38n
38n

14e
31e
43e

7w
35e
26e
55e
24e
22e
23e
31e
26e
15e
17e
8e
31e

30n
40n
36n
53n
47n
30n
38n
37n
39n

14e
27k

44n

33e

37n
39n
(Lucania) 40n
Lyncestis 40n
(Media)
34n
Minoa
37n
(Mygdonia)
41n
Heraclea PontiGa
4lN
Heracleum
40n
Hereei, Mts.
37n
Hereeum
36n
Herakleopolis
29n
Herculeum, Pr.
38n
Herculis, Isl.
41n
Hercynia Silvia
50n
Herdoniac
41n
Hermeeum, Pr.
3lN
Hermeeus S.
37n
Herman dica
41n
Herminius, Mt.
40N
Hermione
37n
Hermiones
51n
Hennon, Mt.
33n
Hermonassa
41n
Hermonicus S.
37n
Hermopolis
27n
Hermopolis Parva 31n
Hermunduri
5lN
Hermus
38n
Hermus, R.
39n
Hernici
42n
Heroopolis .
31n
Heshbon
32n
Hibernicus Oceanus 53n
Hiddekel, R.
32n

25e
22e
17e
21e
49e
13e

Helorus
Helveconee
Helvetii

Helwan
Hemeroscopium
Henna
Heraclea (iEolis)
Heraclea Chersonesus
.

Heraclea,

Hadrumetum

Halisarna

Name

Long. Page

35n
38n
31n
45n
40n
49n
56n
42n
51n
40n
38n
34n
54n
54n
38n
37n

Hadrianopolia

Hassani,

..

Isl.

(Cy-

clades)

Heraclea
Heraclea
Heraclea
Heraclea
Heraclea
Heraclea

(Etolia)

.
.

25e
31e
23e
15e
15e
31e
16e
8e
13e
16e
28b
27e

6w
8w
23e
13e
36e
40e
23e
30e
30e
12e
27e
28e
13e
32e
36e

5w
46e

.....
.

,.
.

.
..

..

Index
Name

Hieracia, Isl.
Hierasus, R.

Hierosolyma
Hilara, R.
Himella, R.
.

Hiniera
Hiraera, R.
Hippi, Pr. .

Hippo Diarrhytus
Hipponiatea Sinus

Hipponium
Hipponon
Hippo Regius
.

Hippos
Hirpini
Hispalis
Hissarlik (Troas)

Histria

Homeric Ilium
Horat

6w
.

23e
22e
15e
14e
.

42n
56n
56n
36n

Horesti

Horrea
Horrea Ceelia
Horrea Galbae

(Roma)
Horreum Margi
Horta

12e
15e
24e
26e
35e
10e
13e
14e
14e
8e
10e
16e
16e
31e
8e
36e
15e

39n
40n
42n
45n

Histisea Oreus
Histiaeotia .

Histonium

38n
38n
37n
47n
33n
48n
42n
38n
37n
38n
39n
39n
41n
29n
38n
33n
41n
37n

I2e

3w
3w

He

21
21
37
43
10
47
19
21
21
53
53
21
41
53
53
63
21
50
64
32
32
20
20
64
19
44
44
53

44n
43n

22e
12e

(Roma)

Hybla
Hyccara
Hydaspes, R.
Hydrea, Isl.

Hydruntum

Iberia, see Hispania

Iberus, R.

Icaria, Isl.

Icarium Mare
Iceni .
Ichara,

Isl.

Ichtbyophagi
Ichthys, Pr.
Icknield Way

Iconium
Icos, Isl.

Icosium
Ida, Mt. (Crete)
Ida, Mt. (Troas)
Idalium

Idimum
Campus

Igilgiles

28

Ilici

Isl.

Ilerda
.

Hipula
.

28

28

29

Hisus, R. (Piraeus)
Ilium (Epirus)
Hium (Troja)
Hium, Tbe, of the

Greek Colony

28

Hliberris
IUiturgis

29

Illyria
Ilorei

Ilus
.

29

. #

28

Horti Sallustiana
Hostilia

Iberia (Asia)

Iguvium

Horti Pompeiani

(Roma)

Ibera

28

Horti Pallantiani

(Roma)

Iapygium

Horti Maecenatis

(Roma)

Hypsas, R.
Hyrcauia .

Horti Lucullani

(Roma)

Hypota

Igilium,

Horti Lamiani

(Roma)

Hypanis, R.
Hyphasis, R.

Idumaea

Horti Domitiae

(Roma)

Hymettus, Mt.

42
19

Horti Caesariani

(Roma)

Hylaethus, R.

Idubeda, Mt.

Horti Agrippinee

(Roma)

Isl.

28

Horti Aciliorum
.

Hyetussa,

Idisiaviso

(Roma)

Name

Long. Page

Lat,

Hiera (Martima)
Hiera (Thercnessa)

211

45n
37n
38n
33n
37n
40n

He
(

15e
13e
74e
24e
18 E

29
23
25
21
11
33
21

Long.

27e
22e
24e
40e
74e
22e
13e
54e

40n
41n
42n

18b
0e
44e

43n
38n
37n
53n
29n
25n
38n
52n
38n
39n
38n
35n
40n
35n
44n
52n
41n
3lN
38n
42n
43n
41n
39n
37n
.

Hva, Isl.
Imaus, Mts.
Imbros, Isl.
Incerum

India
Indoseythia
Indua, R.
Industria .
Inessa
Ingaevones
.

3w
26e
26e
0e
48e
63e
21e
32e
24e
3e
24e
27e
33e
21e
9e

lw
35e
6e

He

13e
0e

lw
4w
.

40n
40n

42n
38n
41n
38n

Ingaunum

Lat.

38n
39n
38n
45n
30n
39n
38n
37n

43n
30n
40n
46n
25n
30n
30n
45n
37n
53n
44n

20e
26e
.

3e

4w
20e

2w
,

10e
8e
26e
18b
80e
70e
70s
8e
15e
8e
8e

212

Index
Name

Lat.

49n
Insubrea
46n
Intemclii
44n
Interamna (Latium) 41n
Interamna (Urnbria)
.
.
43n
Interamnium
.
40n
Interocrium
43n
Iol
.
.
.
37n
Iolcus
.
.
39n
Iomnium .
.
39n
Ionia
.
37n
Ionium Mare
.
39n
Ios, Isl.
.
.
37n
Iresia
.
.
39n
Iria
.
.
45n
Iria Flavia
43n
Irinum Stagnum
24n
Iris, R.
.
40n
Isara, R. (Gallia)
45n
Isara, R. (Ger.
mania)
48n
.
Isarcus, R.
47n
Isatichse
32n
Isatis.
32n
Isca (Exeter)
51n
Isca Silurum (Caerleon)
.
52n
Iseum (^Egyptus)
3lN
Iseum (Roma)
Insani, Mt.

10E
9e
8e
14e
13e
16e
13e
2e

23e
4e
27e
20e
25e
24e

He

9w

12e

.
.

21
20
20
23

Lat.

Long.

32x
32n

35e
35b

33x
32x
32n
45n
32n
32x
32x
33n
32n
33n
32n

35e
35e
35e
65e
36e
35e
35e
35e
35e
35e
35e

Jordan, R.
Joseph's Tomb
32n
Jovis Victoris Tern-

35e

Jamnia
Janiculum Arx

(Roma)

Mons

Janiculus,

70e
37e
6e

Name
Jacob's Well

Long. Page

He
54e
54e

4w
3w
3lE

20
20
23
41
32
53
56
20
33
33
22
50
59
57
47
48
20
58
11
44

45
54
23

(Roma)

Japhia

Japho (Joppa)
Jarmuth
Jaxartes, R.
Jazer
Jericho

Jerusalem

Jezreel and R.
Jezreel, Val. of

Jokneam
Joppa

plum (Roma)
Judah
Juliobona

Juliobriga

Juliomagus
Julium Camicum
Jura, Mt. .
Juttah

Juvanum
Juvavum

.
.

32x
50n
43n
48k
46n
47x
31n
42x
48n

35e
IE

31n
3lN
37n
33x
32x
35x
36n
20x
33x
32n
32x
36x
31n
15N
31N
33x
30x
29N

30e
31e
23e
35e
3oe
50e
37e
32e
35e
35e
35e
44e
35e
33e
36e
35e
32e
31e

20x
31X
20x
33x

30e
48e
30e
45e

42x
36X

12e
55e

4w
Ow
13e
6e
35e
14e
12e

Isidis et Seraphis,

T.

(Roma)

Ispahan

Issa

Mare

Issa, Isl.

Issachar
Issedones
Issicus
Issus .
later,

R.

Istevones
Istria.
Istropolis

Isurium (AJdborough).
Ithaca,

Isl.

Ithome
Itonus
Ituna, R.
Itureea

Iuga Carpetana
Ivah, see
lvernia

Jabadiu,

54n
38n
39n
39n
55n
33n
41n

lw

29
11
27
20
62
5

57
10
10
48
10
15

4w

44
32
32
32
44
63
50

7w

45

21e
22e
23e

4w
36e

Ahava
53n
Isl.

Jabbok, R.
Jabesh Gilead

Jabneh

33n 52e
43n 13e
43n 16e
33n 35e
45n 160e
37n 36e
37n 36e
45n 24e
8e
52n
44n 29e
44n 29e

100e
32n 36e
32n 36e
32n 35e
10s

62
62
62

Kafr-el-Dawar
Kafr-el-Sheikh

Kaimeni,

Isl.

Kanah
Kanah, Br.
Kara Chai, R.
Karkar

Kas

Kedesh
Kedron, Br.
Keilah
Keremlis .
Kerioth
.

Khartum

Kir-Moab

Kishon, Br.

Klysma
Krokodilopolis
Kum-kaleh (Troy)
Kum-keul (Troy)

Kummeh

Kurun, R.

Kush
Kutha

Labici

Labus, Mt.

Index
Name

Lac.

Lacedsemon

Laceter, Pr.

Lachish
.
Lacinium, Pr.
Lacobriga .
Laconia
.
Laconicus S.
Ladesta,

Isl.

Ladon, R.

Lagusse (Troas)
Laii .
Laish, see

.
.

.
.
.

22b
27b
35b
17e

38n

26b

44n
36n
45n
36n
39n
39n
39n

10e
6b
17e
6e
16e
26e

9w
22e
23e
17b
22e
.

32
33
60
25
50
32
32
20
32
64
33

Dan

Lama

Lamasba

Lamatis

Lambasa

Lametini

Lamia

..

Lammium

Lamponeia (Troas)
40n
Lampsacus
40n
Lancia Oppidana
39n
Landobris, Isl.
Langobardi
53n
Lanobriga
.
42n
Lanuvium
42n
Laodicea
38n
Laodicea (Pontus) 41n
Laodicea (Syria)
36n
Lapatbus
35n
40n
Lapygium, Pr.
.
Larinum
42n
.

lOw

27e

2w

7w

He

5w
13e
29b
36e
36e
34e
18e
15e

20
53
42
53
25
33
51
64
56
50
50
48
50
24
56
57
57
41
18
20

Larissa (Meso-

36n
40n
46n
Larix
.
.
47n
30n
Larsa
.
.
.
39n
Larymna .
36n
Latakia
.
.
42n
Latium
.
.
48n
Latovici
.
Laumellum
.
45n
42n
Laurentum
Lauriacum
48n
38n
Laurius, Mt.
45n
Laus Pompei
Lavinium (Brutii) 40n
Lavinium (Latium) 42n
34n
Lebanon, Mt.
Lebedos
38n
37n
Lebintbos, Isl.
32n
Lebonah
38n
Lecbseum
39n
Lectum, Pr.
46n
Lemanus, L.
35n
Lemnis
40n
Lemnos, Isl.
potamia)

Larissa (Thessalia)
.
Larius, L. .

.
.

Name

Long. Page

37n
37n
32n
39n
37n
37n
37n
43n
38n

213

43e
22e
9e
14e
45e
23e
36e
13e
9e
9b
12e
14b
24e
10b
16b
12e
36b
27e
26b
35e
23e
26e
8e

2w
25b

10
32
20
23
9

32
60
19
48
22
26
49
32
20
21
24
60
33
33
62
32
33
22
52
33

Lemovices .
Lemorii
.
Leontes, H.
Leontini

Leontium

.
.
.

Leontopolis
Lepidi
Lepinus, Mts.
Lepontil

Lepreum
Lepsia, Isl.
Leptis Magna
Leptis Minor
Leros, Isl. .
Lesbos, Isl.

Lete

Lat.

Long.

46n
54n
33n
37n
38n
30n
44n
42n
46n
37n
37n
33n
36n
37n
39n
4lN

2e
18e
35e
15e
22e
31e
12e
13e
8e
22e
27e
14b

He

27e
26e
23e

Letocetum (Lichfield)

Letopolis
.
Letrini
Leucas, Isl.
Leucate, Pr.
Leuceree

Leuci
Leuctra (Boeotia)
Leuctra (Laconia)
Levaci
Lexobii
Libarna
Libeates, L.

Liburnia

Libya
Libyca Palus
Licus, R.
Liger, R.

Liguria
Ligusticus Sinus

Lilybeeum

Limera

Limne

Limonum

Lindum
Lindum

(Lincoln)

Lindus
Lingones (Belgica)
Lingones (Italia)
.

Lipara,

Isl.

Lipareese, Isls.
Liris,

R.

Lisht
Lissee

Lissus
Lista
Litani, R.

Lixus
Locra, R.
Locri (Africa)
Locri Epizepbyrii

53n
30n
38n
39n
38n
46n
48n
38n
37n
51n
49n
45n
42n
45n
30n
33n
48n
46n
45n
44n
38n
37n
29n
47n
56n
53n
36n
48n
45n
39n
39n
42n
29n
42n
42n
42n
34n
35n
42n
33n
38n

2w
31b
21e
2lE
2lE
9e
6e
23e
22e
4e

lw
9e
19e
16b
27e
6b

He
4e
8e
8e
12e
23e
31e
0e

4w
Ow
28e
5e
12e
15e
16e
13e
31e
24e
20e
13b
36b

6w
9e
12e
16b

Index

214
Name

Lat.

39n
55n

Locris
Logius, R.

Long. Pagel

23e

6w

32
44

12k

45
26

Londinium (Lon51n
42n
33n
44n
40n
42n
44M
42n
43n

don)

Lorium
Lotophagi

Luca

Lucania
Ln^firia

Lucus
Lucus Angitiae
Lucus Augusti

Lugdunum

46n

tica)

venatum)

43n

Ob

46

lisle)

Luna
Lunae, Mts.
Lunonis Lucinee,
T. (Roma)
Lupiae
.
.

Luppia, R.

.
.

.
.

Lyclinitis, L.

Lyncestis

Lymessus

52n
58n
45n

4b

(Thracia)

Lystra

Macs

Macellum
(Roma)
Machlyes

.
.

55n
44n

salia)

Magnum, Pp.
Mahanaim
.

40n
39n
32n
37n
56n
25n

44

Malea, Pr. (Lesbus) 39n

Maliacus S.
39n
Malis
39n

10e
35e

20
6

Isl.

Malana

36n

Mallaea

Malthace,

40n
40n
41N
52n
53n
32n

40N
52n
40n
49n
38n
41N
41N
36n
35n
40n
32n
38n
41n
39n

2b
33e
21e
45e
30e
25e
37e
35e
28e
21b
27e

40n
38n

27e
32e

33
56

Manapil
Manasseh
Manasseh (Beyond
Jordan)
33n
Mancunium (Manchester)
53n
Mandesic Mouth
(Nile)
31n
Mandubii .
47n
Manduria
40n
.
Mansura
3 In
Mantineia .
3Sn
.
Mantua
.
45n
.
4 On
Maracanda
Marathon
3Sn

11
32
52

Marcaeus, Mt.
(Troas) .
Marcianopolis
Mareotis, L.

18b
7b

7w

25n
37n
30n
41n

56e
22e
20e
23e

10

32n
36n
38n

9e
Ik
22k

29
53
52
32

3w
10e
29e
37e
85e
16e
35e
6b
31e
28e
23e

IOw
36e

4w
6w
65e

Malea, Pr. (La-

29
24
48
50
46
56
42
58
10
18
57
63
10
34
56

Isl.

Maluentum
Manapia
.

Mareshah
Margiana
Margus, R.

Mariani, Mt.

Marianum
Maridunum

Marisus, R.

34n

10e

53

Marmaridae
Maroneia .

36n
38n

8k
24e

53
33

Marrucini

Macomades (Numidia)
Macris

Magnesia (Caria)
Magnesia (Thes-

3w

Macomades (Byzacium)

Magetobriga

conia)

Os

Magdala

Maghagha

28e

8e

4w

.
.

38n
37n
5 On
39n
46n
20n
44n
33n
47n
29n
38N

Malaeus,

Magnum

Machusii
Macistus

Maesolia
Maezaei

Long,

47
44
20

Lysimachia

Macaria
MacatutaB
Macedonia

Meeotis, L.

Lat.
.

Maea rider, R.
Maenaca
Maenus, R. .
Maeonia

Malaca

Lyddas
Lydia

47

(Ger-

mania) .
Lugi
Luguria
Luguvallium (Car-

Lycia
Lyctus
Lycus, R.

4e

(Con-

Lugdunum

Lycaonia
Lychnidus

8w

53
20
21
20
22
27
50

10e
16e
15e
8e
13e

(Cel-

Lugdunum

Lusitania
Lutetia

He

Name
Madytus (Troas)

Marruvium

43n
31n
32n
37n
44n
38n
41n
52n
46n
31n
41n
42n
42n

23e
26e
23e
22e
22e
20e
15e

6w
7w
35e
36e

2w
32e
5b
17e
30e
22e

He
69e
24b

28b
30e
35e
63e
21e

6w
9e

4w
20e
23e
25e
14e
14e

Index
Name

Lat.

Marsi (Germania)
.
Marsi (Italia)
Marsonia .
Marta, R. .
.

52n
42n
45n
42n
3 In
36n
35n
42n
29n
43n
43n

Masada

Masdorantis, Mt.
Massaesyli

Massageta
Massani

.
.

Massa Veternensis
Massilia

Mastusia,
(Troas)

8e

14e
18b
12e
35e
60e
66e
69e

He
5e

47
20
42
20
62
59
52
11
59
23
47

Mateola
.
Matianus, L.
Matiaco
.
Matrica
.
Matrona, R.

-In

38n
46n

47 N

Mattiaci

Mauretania

49n
5 On
35n

17e
45e
5e
19e
4e
8e

Mausoleum Augusti
(Roma)
Mausoleum Hadriani (Roma)
.

46n

Ow

46

49n
45n
49n
45n
42n
37n
38n
37n
38n
34n
32n
31n
29n
38n
20n
40n
49n
43n

IE
9e
6e
12e
13e
22e
23e
15e
23e
13e
35e
31e
3lE
26e
5w*
26e
2e
23e

46
20
47
20

Medebah

Media
.
.
Medina
.
Mediolanum (Aqui-

Mediolanum (Are.

Mediolanum

(Italia)

Mediomatrici
Medoacus, R.
Mefula
Megalopolis

Megara (Achaia)
Megara Hybleea
Megaris
Megerthis

Megiddo
Mehalla-el-Kubra

Meidum
Melsena, Pr.
Melanogaetuli

Melas S.
Meldi
Meldia

.
.

Meletis Porta
(Athenae)
Isl.
Isl.

matia)

Melta

Memphis

Menapii

Mende

Isl.

Menur
Menuthias,

Mercurii, Pr.

Merinum
Meroa
Meroe Insula
of

27
32
33
21
33

52
9

54
55
33
6

33
47
43

Messapii

Messene
Messenia
Messeniacus
Metaena, Pr.

23b
14e

38
32
21

(Dal-

S.

Metagonium
Metapontum
Metaris
Metaurus, R.

Metellinum
Methana, Pr.
Methone (Mace-

18e

20

Long.

38N
38n
36n
38n
48n
37n
43n
30n
52n
4 On
31n
33n
35n
30n

2lB
38e

3lN
39n
42n
17n
14n
33n
43n
41n
35n
38n
41n
37n
37n
37n
39n
35n
40n
53n
44n
39n
38n

4 On
donia)
Methone (Messenia) 37
37n
n
Methymna
39n
Mevania
43n
Mevaniola
44n
Michmash
32n
Migdol (Pelusium) 31n
Migdol (Suez)
30n
Milesiorum
31n
Miletus
.
.
37n
Mileum
.
36n
.
Mina
36n
.
.
Minagara .
.
28n
Mincius, R.
.
45n
Minio, R.
42n
Minius, R.
43n
Minoa (Amorgos)
37n
Minoa (Siphnos)
37n
Minturnae
41n
Moab
31n
.

.
.

43n

Lat.

10a

Isl.

Menzala

40n
36n

Melibcea
Melita,
Melita,

Isl.

Merom, Waters
Mesembria
Mesombria
Mesopotamia
Messana

morica)

Melodunum
Melos,

28

28
59
10
21
52
62
10
21

Meninx,
Mennis

63e
35e
12e
2e
36e
50e
16k

Mazices

tania)

64
21
11
47
42
47
47
51

27n
39n
38n
36n
32n
35n
39n

Mazaca Caesarea
Mazara
.

Melite (Athenae) .
Melite, L. .
Melitene
Mellaria
Mellaria (Bacturia)

Maxates, R.

Mendes
c

Name

Long. Page!

Pr.
.

215

6w
6w
3e
24e
25e
31e
5e
23e
31b

He
44e
31b
40b
32e

He

16e
34e
35e
36e
28e
26e
42e
16e
18e
22e
22e
22e
26e

3w
17e
0e
12e

6w
23e
23b
22e
26e
13e
12e
35e
32e
32e
30e
27e
6e
0e
69b

He
12e

8w
26e
25e
14e
36b

2l6

Index

Name
Modaura

Lat.

Moeris, L.

36n
29n
43n
50n
40n
53n
44n
54n
54n
52n
25n
42n
49n
36n
41n
9n
38n
44n
34n
37n
40n

Moesia

Mogontiacum
Molossis

Mona,

Iel.

Monseci

Monapia,

Isl.

Moricambe

S.

Mosa, R.

Mosarna
Moschi
Mosella, R.

Mosul
Mosynoeci

Mosyton
Motya
Mugelli

Muluchath, R.

Munda
Munda, R.
Munichia

Long.

53
55
42
47
32
45

31e
23e
8e
21e

4w
8e

22
45
45
47
59
58
47
61
10

4w
3w
6e
64e
42e
6e
43e
38e
80e
12e
10e

21
20
52
50
50
39
24
21
42
22

4w
5w
8w

(Piraeus)

Murandum
Murgantia

40n
37n
46n
47n

Mursa
Munis
Murus Hadriana

16b
15e
18b
10e

(Athenae)

38

Murus Medius
(Piraeus)

Murus, R. .
Murus Themisto-

47n

16e

15n

74e

cleus (Athenae)

32n
45N
42n
10n
38n
37n
41n
37n
38n
37n
33n

Musti Vicus

Mutina
Mutusca
Muziris

Mygdonia

Isl.
.

Mygdonius, R.
Mylae

Myndus
Myriandrus
Myricus (Troas)
Myrina

Mysia
Mytilene
Nabataei

Naharina .
Naharnavall

Namnetes

Nantuates
Naparis, R.

12b

He
13e
75e
23e
25e
23e
41e
15e
27e
36e

40n
38n
37n
40n
39n
27n
36n
52n

25e

8w
24e
28e
27e

38e
37e
20e

Napata
Naphtah
Napoca
Nar, R.
Naraggara

Narbo Martius
Narnia
Naro, R.

Narona
Nasamones
Nasavath, R.

Nasium

Natiolum
Natrum Lakes
.

Naucratis

Naupactus
Nauplia
Nauportus
Naustathmus
.

Nautica
Navalia (Roma)
Naxos, Isl.

Naxos

(Sicilia)
.

Neapolis (Africa).
Neapolis (Apulia)
Neapolis (Campania)
Neapolis (Sardinia)
Neapolis (Thracia)
Nebo, Mt. .
Nebrodes, Mt.

Neetum

32
33
32
61
21
56
10
64
33
50
33
10
33

Negrash

49

Nekheb
Nemausus
Nemetes
Nemetocenna
.

Nepet
Nepte
Neretum
Nericum
Nerium, Pr.
Neronia
Nersae

Nerulum
Nervii
Nessonis, L.
Nestus, R. .

Neriodunum

Lat.

Long.

33N
43n
48n
46n
45n
19n
33n
47n
43n
36n
43n
43n
44n
43n
30n
36n
49n
41n
30n
31N
38n
37n
46n
33n
39n

35e
22e
7e
27e
31e
35e
24e
13e
8e
3e
13e
18e
18e
20e
4e
5e
17e
30e
30e
22e
23e
14e
22e
67e

37n
38n
33n
40n
39n

25b
15e
35e
25e
17e

37n
41n

11b
17e

41N
40x
41n
32n
38n
37n
31n
25n
44n
49n
50n
42n
33n
40n
39n
43n
45n
42n
40n
50n
40n
42n
46k

14e
9e
24e
36e
15e
15e
30e
33e
4e
8e
3e
12e
Se
18e
21e

2w

Neandreia (Troas)

6
1

39
42

Myrtitis

Myrtoum Mare

Naissus

Neae .
Neaethus, R.

38
52
20
19

(Athenae)

Mycenae
Myconos,

39

38

Musa

Museum

Nain

Nazareth

Murus Phalericus
(Piraeus)

Name

Page

8e

9w

12e
13e
16e
4e
22e
24e
16e

Index
Name
Newstead .

Lat.

56n
.
32n
Nezil
44n
Nicaea
40n
Nicaea (Bithynia)
36n
Nicephorium
41n
Nicomedia
Nicopolis (Armenia) 40n
Nicopolis (Epirus) 39n
Nicopolis (Moesia) 43n
Nicopolis (Thracia) 42n
38n
Nicotera
.
.
52n
.
Nidum
18n
.
Nigir, R.
.
.

35e
7e
30e
39e
30e
38e
21e
26e
24e
16e

4w

Nile,
Nili Ostia

Nimrud

Nineveh

Ningus, R.

Ninus
Nippura
Nisa

Nisace

Nisaea

Nissei Cainpi, R.

Nisibis

Nitiobroges

Nola

.
.

Nomentum.

.
Nora
Norba
Norba Caesarea
.

.
.
.

Noreia

Noricum

.
Novse
Novse Athenae

33n
36n
36n
45n
37n
3 In
36n
3 In
35n
36n
38n
44n
41n
42n
39n
42n
40n
47 N
47n
44n

30e
43e
43e
14e
43e
46e
58e
53e
65e
50e
41e

41n
55n

14e

15e
13e
9e
13e

7w
14e
13e
26e

(Athenae)

Novafundi
Novantae

Name

Long. Page

2w

4w

Nuba^ans
Nuceria

44
62
20
56
61
56
57
32
43
43
25
45

Novaria

Numana
Nursia

Nymphseum,
Oalamsha

Oaracta,

Noviodunum
gica)

lia Celtica)

Ocelum
Ocra, Mts.

Odessus

Odeum

55n
46n

5W
9s

44n

28e

Odrysaa

Odysseum, Pr.
GSa Macarcea

21
19
21

OEnussaa,

20
50
49
49
43

GSsyme

G2antheia

GSniadse
ffinoe

CEnotria
Isl.

QSseus and R.
Gisporia
CEtasa
CEtylus
Oglasa,

Isl.

Olbia
Olbia (Liguria)
Olbia (Sardinia)
Olcades

38
24
44

Olearos,

44
20

Oliaros
Olisipo
Olives, Mt. of
Olive turn (Piraeus)

43

Olizon

48n

Ow

46

Ollius, R.
Oltis, R.

49n

4e

47

Olympia

46n

6e

47

47n

3e

47

52n

6e

48

L45I

29n
3 On
27n

31e
3lE
57e

50n
45n
46N
46N
43n

7e
14e
7e
28e

2w
7e
13e
24e

2w

.
.

42n
36n
34n
38n
38n
38n
40n
37n
44n
31n
4lN
39n
37n
42n
47n
43n
41n
40n
37n
38n
37n
39n
32n

26e
15e
13e
22e
21e
26e
16e
22e
24e
18e
24e
22e
22e
10e
31e
7e
9e

39n
45N
44n
38n

23e
10e
2e
23e

40n

22e

35n

33e

40n
40n
20n
40n
40n

29e
23e

3w
25e
21e
25e

9w
35e

Olympieum

Noviomagus (Normandy) .
Novius, R.

Isl.

(Athense)

Olympus, Mt.
Olympus, Mt. (Cyprus)

Olympus, Mt.
!

(Mysia)

30e
15e
14E

Herodis

59
58
59
58
61
46

Noviomagus (Germania)

Long.

17n
41n
43N
42n
35n
43n
4 On

Attici (Athenae)

(Gal-

(Nevimum)
Noviomagus (Ba.

Octodurum

N oviodunum
tavia)

Isl.

cus

6
6
53
61
61
20
58

(Bel-

Noviodunum

Lat.

Oceanus Britanni-

Noviodunum (Are.

Pr.

Oalyut

Noviodunum
morica)

Olenua

(Scythia)

Numantia
Numidia

Novantarum
Paenins

217

49n

9e

47
j

49n
55n

Oe

46

4w

44

!|

Olynthus
Omanitse

Omphalium
Onchesmus

55e
20e
20e

2l8

Index
Name

Lat.

Long. PageJ

Name

Lat.

Long.

Oxianae, L.

45n
40n
29n
40n
38n

60e
65e
31e
22e
24e

37n
41n
30n
37n
45n
45n
42n
50n
42n
41n
40n
40n
38n
39n
39n

15e
27e
67e
74e
7e
12e
14e
5e
22e
15e
15e
27e
23e
23e
23b

40n
33n

19b
35e

Ono
Onoba
.

Onochonus, R.

Otrugnathos, Pr.

Opbiones
Opbiusa
Opbiusa, Isl.
.

32n
37n
39n
37n
39n

46n
39n

35e

7w
22e
23e
22e
30e
2e

Ophrynium(Troas
Opise

Opis
Opitergium
.

.
.

Oppidum Novum
Oppius, Mons
(Roma)
Opus (Elis).
Opus (Locris)
Ora (Alexandra)

49n
34n
46n
35n

10b
44e
12e

6w

Oxyrhynchus
Oxyneia
Oystus

Pachynus, Pr.
Pactye
Pactyes
Padaei

Padua, R.
Padusa, R.

46E

38n

22e

32

38n
45n
53n
39n
41n

23e
26e

32
42
45
50
32

4w

.
.
.

.
.

22e
23e
73e
24e

3w
4w

Paeniani
Pseonia
Paestanus Sinus

Paestum
Paesus

Pagasae
Pagasaeus S.

Orchomenua (Arcadia)

Pagus Janiculensis
(Roma)
Pagus Montanus
(Roma)
Pagus Sucusanus
(Roma)
.

Orcbomenus
(Boeotia)

Ordessus, R.
Ordovices

Oreiana

Orestis

3w
4w
21e

Palaepercote
(Troas) .

Oretum Germano-

rum

Orontes, Mt.
Orontes, R.

Oropus

39n
4 In
38n
30n
35n
36n
38n

37 N

Oricum

Ornese

Oroatis, R.

Orrboe
Orriculum

.
.

42n
42n
Ortygia
.
37n
Orvinium .
42n
Osca
.
42n
Oscela
.
46n
Osismii
48n
Osones
.
48n
.
4 On
Ossa, Mt.
Ossonoba
37n
Ostia
42n
Ostippo (or Astapa) 37n
Otadini
56n
Otene
41n
Othronus, Isl.
40N
Othrys, Mt.
39n
Overborougb
54n
Ovilava
48n
42n
Ovium, Pr.
3SM
Qxiae, Is).
Ortona

.
.
.

20e
23e
50e
47e
36e
24e
39e
12e
14b
15e
13e

Ow

8e

3w

.
.
.

Paeligni

38n
39n
29n
42n
59n
59n
31n

Orbelus, Mt.
Orcades, Isls.
Orcas, Pr.

Oxus, R.

23
52
29
32
32
59
43
14
44
58

Orcboe

62
50
35
37
32
41
51
64
48

18b
23e

Sw
12e

5w
2w
47e
19b
23b

3W
14b

9w
2lE

50
32
32
58
58
57
33
10
26
20
18
27
51
22
46
42
32
50
20
50
44
15
32
32
45
49
50
34

Palaeste
Palaestina

Palatums, Mons

(Roma)

Palatium

Palibothra

Palmurum,

Pr.

Paliurus
Palla
Pallacopas, R.
Pallantia
Pallas, Pr.

Pallene

Palma
Palmaria,

Isl.

Palmyra
!

Pambotis, L.
Pamisus, R.

Pamodus
;

Pamphylia
Panarezon, R.
Pandateria, Isls.
Pandosia
Pangseus, Mt.

Panbormus
Pannonia

Panormus

Pantalia

Pantboon (Roma)

42n 12b
28n 141E
40n 16e
32n 24e
42n
9e
31n 45e
4w
42n
33n
8e
40n 24e
40n
3b
41n 13b
35N 38e
40n 21e
37n 22e
45n 15e
37n 31e
30n 17b
4lN 13e
41

41N
3Sn
46n
32n
42n

17e
24b
14e
16e
25e
23e

11

.
.

..

Index
Name

Lat,

Panticap8eum
Panysus
Paphlagonia

37b
28e
34e
32b
8e

41
43
10
56
53

38n
Paraetacene (Persia) 33n
Parsetonium
31n
Paralia
38n
Parauaea
40n
Pardua, Isl.
43n
Parentium
45n
Parium
40n
Parma
45n
Parnassus, Mt.
38n
Parnes, Mt.
38n
Parnon, Mt.
37n
Paropanisadae
33n
Paropanisus, Mt.
35n
Paros, Isl. .
37n
Parrhasia .
37n
Parthenon (Athena?)
Parthia
35n
Pasargada
30n
Pasitigris, R.
.
32n
Passaron
40n
Patara
36n
Patavium
41n
Patmos, Isl.
37n
Patres
38n

71b
51b
27e
24e
21e
18e
14e
27e
10e
23e
24e
23b
67b
69b
25b
22e

59
58
53
33
32
42
20

Paphos
Pappua, Mt.

Name

Long. Page

46n
43n
41n
35n
37n

Patroclus, Tomb of
(Troy)
.
Pattala

57e
54e
49e
21e
30e
12k
26e
32b

40n 22e
32n 20e
38n 24e
41n 14b
39N 24e
32n 36b
40n 27e
Pergamus
39n 27e
Perimula
In 161e
Perimulicus, Sinus 10n 100e
Perinthua
41n 28e
Perorsi
30n IOw
Perrhsebia
40n 22e
Persepolis .
30n 53e
Persicus Sinus
27n 51e
Persia
29n 51e
Perusia
43n 12e
Pessinus
39n 22e
Petaliae, Isl.
38n 24e
Petelia
39n 17e
Pethor Barbalissus 36n 38e
Petilia
39n 17e
Petra
31n 36e
Petra (Umbria)
38n 14e
Petras Minor
32n 24e
Petrocorii
0e
45n
Petronia amnis
(Roma)
Peuce, Isl. .
45n 30e
Peucelaotis
34n 73e
Phaestus
38n 32e
Phakusa
30n 31b
salia)

Pentapolis (Africa)
Pentecisus, Mt. .
Pentri
Peparethos, Isl.
Peraea
Percote

68e
9e

31n
Pelusium Sinus
31n
Peneius, R. Achaia 38N

32e
33e
21k

Pauca
.

Paxos, Isl.
Pedalium, Pr.
Pe-hbeyt
.

Pelagonia
Pelagusa,

Isl.

Peligini
Pelion, Mt.

Peliusium
Pella (Macedonia)
.

Pella (Palestine)
Pellone

Peloponnesus
Pelorum, Pr.
Pelso, h.
Peltas

Peltuinum
Pelusiac

.
.

33
20
32
33
32
13
59
32
36
38
11
11
61

32
56
20

33

32
64

25n
42n
38n
39n
35n
31n
38n
39n
41n
42n
42n
39n
31n
41n
32n
38n
37n
38n
47n
38n
42n

Peiraeus
Pelagiotis

8w
20e
34e
31e
24e
22e
21e
16b
14e
23e
33e
22e
36e
22e
23b
16b
18e
30e
14e

(Nile)

(Piraeus)

Phalerum

Phanae, Pr.

Phanagoria

Phara
Pharae (Achaia) .
Pharae (Messenia)
Pharbaethus
Pharbaethus (Goshen)

32
10
10
63
32
32
21
42
56

Pharcadon

27

Phasis
Phatnitic

54
53
32

Phalericus Sinus

11
20
50
32
57
54
33
35
42
20
19

Pharia
Pharnacotis, R.
Pharos, Isl.
(.Egyptus)

Pharpar, R.
Pharsalus

Pharus

Phaselis

Mouth
(

Long.

triana)

Julia

Lat.

Peneius, R. (Thes-

Paraetacene (Bac-

Pax

219

24e
26e
37e
21e
22e
22e
32e

30n
40n
43n
32n

32e
22e
17e
63e

32n
33n
39n
45n
36n
43n

30e
36b
22e
17e
30b
42e

31N
30n
3Sn

32e
10e
22k

Mouth

(Nile)

Phazania
Pheneus

38n
38n
46n
39n
38n
37n
31n

220

Index
Name

Lat.

39n
37n
37n
32n
30n
36n
41n
42n

PhersB

Pherse
Phigaleia .
Philadelphia
Philsenorum, Arse
Philea
Philippi
Philippopolis
Philopappi Mon.
(Athense)
Philoteras .
Phintias

Phistyum

Phlius

Phoccea
.
Phocis
Phocra, Mt.
Phoenice
Phoenicia
Phcenicodes, Isl.
Phoenicus
PhosnicuB (.ZEgyp.

frus)

Pholegandros, Isl.
Phorbantia, Isl. .
Phradus, R.

Phrygia
Phrygia Minor
Phthiotis
Phuloria

Name

Long. Page

23b
22e
22e
36e
19k
34e
24e
25e

32
32
32
63
52
60
43
43

29n
37n
39n
38n
39n
39n
33n
4 On
33n
39n
38n

32e
14e
21e
23b
27e
23e
20e
35e
14e
26e

38
55
21
34
32
33
32
52
32
10
21
33

31n
37n
38n
33n
39n
40n
39n
40n

28e
25e
12e
63e
31e
28e
23e
22e

53
33
21
59
10
10
18
32

40n

22e
23e
24e
22e
15e
14e

32
32
33
32
24
20
46
32

6w

Pityus
Pityusa,
1

donia)

40n

Pieria
Plncius,

lw
22e

Mons
(Roma)
40n
42n

21e
14e

45n

14e

Pisanus Port

38n
44n
44n

Pisatis

3H.N

22e
10e
10e
21e
13e
12e
31e

Pindus
Pinna
Pionia (Troas)

Piquentum
Piraeus
.

Pisae

Pisaurum

Placentia
Planasia,

Isl.

Plemyrium, Pr.

Plereei

PleumorU

Pleuron
Plotinopolis

Plumbaria,

Isl.

Pnyx

(Athenae)
Pcediculi
.
Poetovio
.

Isl.

Isl.

Polytimetus, R.

Pornarium
Pometia
Pompaslo
Pompeii
Pompeiopolis
Pomptinae Paludes
Pondosia
Pone Mill (New.

42N

16e

43n
38n
46n
37n
43n
50n
38n
42n
39n

10e
23e
12e
15e
18b
4b
21e
26e
8b

41n
46N
45n
45m

17e
16e
14e
14e

45n
37n
39n
40n
35n
41n
43n
41n
37n
41n
39n

8e
25e
24e
67e

Pola
Polaticum, Pr.
Polion (Troy)
Pollentia
Polyaegos,
Polyaegus,

40k
23b
IE
10e

(Ad-

Planasia, Isl. (Medi

terranean)
Plataeae
Plavis, R.

Long.

castle)
55n
Pons iElins (Roma)
Pons iEmilius
(Roma)
Pons Agrippae
(Roma)
Pons Aurelius(Roma)
Pons Cestius (Roma)
Pons Fabricius
(Roma)
Pons Neronlanns
(Roma)
Pontioe, Isl.
4lN
Pontus (Asia Minor) 41N
41n
Pontns (Tripolis). 34n
Populonia
43n

lw
13e

2w
14E
35e
13e
21e

lw

Pisa

Pityusae, Isls.

riatic)

Phylace (MacePhylace (Thessalia) 39n

Phyie
38n
Phytenm
38n
Picentia
41N
43n
Picenum
Pictones
46n

Isl.

Lat.

43N
37n
39n
45N

44N
Pisida (Africa)
33n
Pisidia (Asia Minor) 38n
Pi3toria
44n
41n
Pistyros
Pitch -springe
38n
42n
Pitinum
Pitone
39N
.

He
25e
21e
13e
27a

28
32
20
64
20
39
32
20
22
32
20
53
56
23
33
32
27
33

Porolissnm

47n
4lN

Porsulee
I

13e
38k
12e
10e
24e
25e

Porta Acharnica
(Athenae)

Porta Ardeatina
1

(Roma)

Porta Asinarla
1

(Roma)

29

Index
Name

Lat.

Long, Page

Porta Aurelia

(Soma)

28

29

29

29

38

28

28

Posidium, Pr.

38

Posidonia
.
Potentia (Lucania)
Potentia (Picenum)
Potidaea (Cassandrea) .
Practius, R.

29

Porta Neevia
.

Porta Navalis

(Roma)
Porta Nomentana
(Roma)

(Gallia)
(Italia)

Porta Ostiensis

(Roma)

Porta Pinciana

(Roma)

Porta

(Roma)

38
28

Porta Preenestina

(Roma)

Porta

28

Praetoria Augusta
Praetutii
Prasiae (Attica) .
Prasiaa (Laoonica)
Prasum, Pr.

29
29

Porta Sanqualis

(Roma)

29

(Roma)

42n

3e

44n
43n
32n

10e

40n

15e

4 On
4 On

41n
44n

23e
14e
16e
14e

40n

2e

42n
31n
32n
46n
43n
38n
37n
18s

13e
18e
16e
25e
14e
24e
23e
79e

37n
42n
44n
41n
40n
38n
39n
32n
41N

25e
13e
14e
13e
28e
21E
20e
63e
28e

4w
75e

29

Privernum

28
29

Portions Argonau-

tarum (Roma)

Prifernum .
Primodia, Isl.

Porta Viminalis

(Roma)

28

Porta Trigemina

(Roma)

10e

IE

Prepesinthos,

Porta Tiburtina

(Roma)

Ow

iw

Prata Quinetia

Porta Septimiana

(Roma)

Praesidium
Praetonium

Porta Salutaris

(Roma)

29

Porta Salaria

(Roma)

(Troas)
Prseneste

Rauduscu-

lana (Roma)

29

Porta Querquetulana (Roma)

(Pallene).

Pompeium

(Athenae)
Porta Portuensis

cania)

Porta Piraea
(Athense)

51n
36n
44n

Portus Victoria .
Porus
Posidium, Pr. (Lu

38

Porta Metrovia

(Roma)

(Roma)

29

(Athenae)

8e

28

Porta Hadrian!

(Roma)

(Roma)

Portus Veneris

44n

28

28

Porta Fontinalis

(Roma)

(Roma)

32e
10e
12e
9e

29

29

Porta Flaminia

(Roma)

(Roma)

Port Said .
Portus Argons
Portus Augusti
Portus Delphini
Portus Divini
Portus Herculia
Monaeci .
Portus Lemana
(Hythe) .
Portus Magnus
Portus Pisanus
Portus Veneris

3lN
43n
42N
44n
36n

Portious Vipsania

Porta Esquilinus

(Roma)

(Roma)

Portious Pompeiana

Porta Diocharis
(Athenae)

Long.

Porticus Maximee

Porta Collina

(Roma)

Lat,

Porticus Liviee

Porta Capena

(Roma)

Name
Portious Claudii

Porta Ceelimontana

(Roma)

221

Proconnesus
Proni
.
Propaxos, Isl.
Prophthasia
Propontis

Isl.

28

Propylaea (Athense)

..

Name
.

Psylli
Isl.

30e
21e
29k
22e
17e
25e
23b

31N
37n
40n
38n
31n
38n
39n
43n

Pruea
Psophis
Psyra,

Long. Page

Lat.

Prosopi8
Prote, Isl.

Pteleum
Ptianii

Ow

53
32
56
32
52
33
32
46

renaica)

tine)

Pullaria,

Ost.

Isl.

Putea
Putea Pallene
Puteoli

Pydna
Pylus (Coryphasium)
Pylus (Ellis)
.

Pyretus, R.
Pyrgi

Pyrrha
Pyrrhi Castra

Pythium
Quadi
Quadra ta

Quintiliana.
Quirini, T. (Roma)

35e
30e
14b
40e
61b
9e

63
42
23

Reuben
Rezeph
Rha, R.

He
14e
23e

37n
38n
30n
37n
43n
47N
42n
39n
40n
40n

28e
12e
26b
21e
22e

49n
45n
33N

17e
8e
14b

22e
22b
31e
36b

Ow

Ob

Raalbec

34n
32n
48n
32n
32n
31n
32n
31n
30n
32n
33n
30n
30n
53n
44n
46n
48n
44n
55n
42n

36e
36e
17b
35e
36e
30e
35e
30e
32e
36e
32b
32e
32k

Ammon

Racatce
Rachel's
Racraba

Tomb

Rakoti
Ram ah

Rameleh
Ramlia,

W.

Ramoth

Gilead

Ramses
Ras el Abadia
Ras Sudr
.

Ratce (Leicester)
Ratiaria
Isl.

Rauraci

Ravenna
Ravius, R.

(Mesopotamia).

33n
45n
45n

36N

Reate

lw
23e

2w

11
53
53
21

43
32
36
55
57
46
43
20
33
32
32
49
22
52
30
52
60
62
49
62
63
54
62
54
55
62
54
55
55
45
42
46

(Syria)
.

Rhoetia

Rhagae

Rhambacia

Rhamnus

Rhapta
Rhegium Julium
Rhium,

2w
12e

He
lw
lw
55b

8e

38n

22e

42n
42n
43n
46n
43n
42n
36n
41n
40n
36n
42n
38n
34n
43n
56n
45n
45n
32n
42n
42n

9e
18e
4e
7e
3e
24b
28e
28b
26e
38b
9e
22b
36e
13e

Pr. (Cor-

sica)

Rhizonius

S.

Rhodanus

Ost.

Rhodanus, R.

Rhode
Rhodope, Mt.
Rhodos, Isl.
Rhcedestus

Rhoeteum (Troas)
Rhosus
Rhotanus, R.
Rhypae
Riblah
Ricina
Ricina,

38n
37n
49n

40k
34e
12b
43e
36e
39e
45e
10e
51e
67e
24b
75e
16e
25e

Pr.

(Achaia)

Rhium,

35n
31n
44n
36n
32n
36n
47n
47n
36n
25n
38n
9s

Rhenea, Isl.
Rhenus, R.

Isl.

Ricina (Liguria)

Rigomagus

Rimmon
Risinium

Rivium

6w
9e
8e
35e
18e
13e

Rivus Herculaneus

(Roma)

Robogii

Rome
Romula
Rotomagus
Roxanaca
Rubi

7b
12e

47
20

Rubico, R.
Rubricatus, R.
Rugii

8w

44
20

Rugiuium

Rusaddir

13b

Long.

Rehoboth

Renus, R.
Resin

Qiriza

Rabbath

Regnum
Reguma

52

27n
33n
33n
41n
40n

PjTamids
Pyramus, R.
Pyremei Montes

Regium Lepidum

2lB

15N

Lat.

48N
49n
45n
5lN
5lN
23n

Regni

33n

Ptolemais (Pales-

Pulchrum

Name
Redones
Regina

Rehoboth

Ptolemais (Cy-

Ratis,

Index

222

Punt
Pura

55n
42n
44n
50n
38n
41n
44N
37N
54n
45n
35n

7w
12e
24e
IE
73e
16k
12e
7e
14e
14e

3w

Index
Nama

Lat.

Rusazus
Ruseino
Rusellse

Rusgunise

Rusicada
Rusubbicari

Rusuccurram
Rutubis
Rutuli
Rutupise

Ryncbus, L.

39n
43n
43n
3Sn
38n
39n
39n
33n
41n
5lN
39n

Name

Long. Page

5E
3e

He
3e
7e
4e
4e

8w
13e
1e
21e

223

Salmydessua

53
47
20
53
53
53
53
52
19
45
34

Salonae
Salt Lagoon
(Troas) .
Salt Sea

Salurnum
Samara, R.
Samaria
Samarobriva
.

Same
Samnium

Lat.

Long.

42n
44n

28e
16e

32n
47n
51n
32n
50n
38n
41n

35b

38n
40n
40n
40n
31n
4 On
46n
46n
31n
39n
40n
39n
41n
33n
46n
50n
49n
46n
49n
37n
38n
41n
44n
46n
37n
41n
30n
37n
43n
48n
44n
45n
54n

27e
26e
24e
23e
32e
31b

He
1b
35b
2e
21e
15b

Samonius Campus
Sabatia
Sabatinus, L.
Sabini
Sabis, R.
Sabrata
Sabrina, R.
Sacellum Nym-

44n
42n
42n
50n
34n
52n

9e
12e
13e
4e
12e

2w

20
26
20
47
52
45

(Troas)

Sa'ne
Sangarius
Santones

pbarum
52n
45N

30e

38
45
42

(Corsica)
Sacrum, Pr.

43N

9e

20

(Hispania)
Ssena Julia

37n
43n
41n
4 On

9w

50
23
24
21
28
51
52
58
20
51
52

(Athenae)

Sacrom, Pr.

Sacrum

Ost.

6w

Seeprus, R.
Sseptalulia (Roma)
Sastabis

Safar
Sagarti
Sagrus, R.

Saguntum

Saguti
St.

(Troy)

Sardinia
Sardis

Sardoum Mare

39n
35n
33n
42n
40n
36n

He
15e
9e

Ow
2w
57e
14e

Ow
8w

Sarepta
Sarius, R.

Sarmatici, Mts.

Salasii
Salassi

Saldse (Illyricum)
Saldse (Mauretania)
Salentini

Salernum

Salbieh
Salina
SalinsB

Sallentinum, Pr.

Salluntum

Sarmizegutsa
Sarnia, Isl.
Sarnius, R.
1

64

31n
33n
34n
31n
35n
38n
41n
36n
46n
45n

Sarmatia

Saronicus Sinus
Sarpedon, Pr.
Sarsina
Sarui

Sala (Mauretania)
Salahib
.
Salamis (Cyprus)
Salamis, Isl.
Salapia

Sarange
Sarcapus

Demetrius

Sals .
Sala, R.

Santonum, Pr.

Sacrum, Pr.

Ssepinum

Samos, Isl.
Samothrace, Isl.
Sane (Acte)
Sane (Pallene)

30e

6w
7w
3lE
34e
24e
16e
4e
8e
18b

Sarus, R.

Sasau,

Sasu

Isl.

52
52
54
10
33
20
51
20
42

Sataf
Saturnia
Savaria

Savo

Savns, R.

Saxones

5e
18b
15e
32e
12e
16e
18b
18e

53
21
21
54
26
24
21
42

3w
55e
24e
26e
12e

He
35e
19b
35e
5b
12e
16e
9e
18e
10e

Saxnm Sacrum
!

(Roma)
Scaldis, R.
Scallabis

.
.

37n
40n
41n
31N
42n
41n
40n
43n

lw
61e
10e
9e
28e
8e
35e
10e
30e
18b
23e

Scamander
Scamandri (Troas)

4e

51n
40n
40n

26e

41N

2 0e

36n
55n
39n
48n

23e
15e
24e
16b

8w

Scampa
Scandia (Peloponnesus)

Scandia
Scandile,

Isl.

Scarbantia

Index

224
Name

Lot.

Scardona

44n
42n
38n
39n
40n
35n
40n
37n

Scardus, Mts.
Schoenus
Sciathos,
Scidrua
Scillium
Scione

Isl.

Sciritis

Sciron (Athense)

Scopelos, Isl.
Scultenna, R.

Scupi

Scylaceum
Scylacinus Sinus
Scylla
Scylletium
Scyros, Isl.
Scythia
Scythia Minor
Scythius Sinus
Scythopolis
.

Seaton
Sebennytic Mouth

Seduni

Sedusii
Seepsis (Troas)

Send Rud, R.
Segesta (Liguria)
Segesta (Sicilia)
Segni

Segusio
Segustani .
Seleucia
Seleucia (Babylonia)

Seleucia (Cilicia)
Selgovee
Selinus

Selorum
Selymbria

Semana
Semneh

Silva

Sena
Sena Gallica
.

Senjirli

Senones (Gallia)
Senones (Italia)
Sensii

Sentinum

20e
23e
24e

45n
41n
32n
50n

28b
54e
35e

He
22e
17e
17e
16e
17e
24e

3w

.
.

42
42
32
33
24
53
35
36
38
42
42
33
23
42
18
21
25
41
33
11
42
58
63
45

Senures
Senus, R.

Sepharvaim
Sepias, Pr.

Sepphoris

Septentrionale, Pr.

3lE
3lE
10e

He
25e
7e
10e

38n
44n
38n
50n
44n
53n
45n
46n
33n

50e
9e
13e
6e
3e

33n
36n
65n
37n
31n
41N
51N
21N
43n
44n
37n
48n
44n
45n
43n

44e
34e

4w
7e
4e
36e

4w
13e
17e
28e

He
30e
He
13e
37e
3e
13e
27e
13e

54
54
22
20
42
47
47

64
61
20
21
47
47
45
20
47
63
58
57
44
21
52

42
48
8

20
20
60
47
20
42
23

Lat.

Long.

29n
53N
33N
39N

3lE

33 N
55N

8w
44k
24k
35e

8w

Sepulcra (Piraeus)

Sepulcrum

C. Ces-

(Roma)
Sepulcrum Herodis
tius

(Athense)

Sepulcrum Scipio-

num (Roma)

Sequana, R.
Sequani
Sera .
Serdica
Serica
Seriphos,

Isl.

Serpa
Serrorum, Mts. .
Servitium
Sessorium (Roma)
.

Sestiaria, Pr.

Sestinum

Segodunum
Segontium

42n
42n
39n
45n
43n
39n
39n
38n
38n
39n

31N
3lN
46n
44n
44n
46n
50n

(Nile)

Sebennytos
Sebinus
Secia, R.
.
Securisca

16B
21e
23e
24e
16b
9b
24e
22e

Scodra
Scomius, Mts.

Name

Long. Page

Sestos
Setia .

Setidava
Sexi .
Sharon, Plain of
Shat-el-Arab, R.

Shebin-el-Kom

.
.
.

Shechem
Sherbin

ShUoh
Shubrakhit

Shunem
Shushan
Shuster
Siacus
Sibusates
Sicambrl
Sicani
Sicca Veneria
Sicelia (Pireeus)

Sicinos, Isl.

Siculum (Fretum)
Siculum (Mare)
Sicyon

Sidicini
Sidini
Sidi Salem

Sidon
Siga

Sigeum, Pr.
Signia

36n
44n
40n
41n
52n
37n
32n
31n
30n
32n
31n
32n
31n
32n
32n
32n
31n
44n
51n
37n
36n

3w
12e
26e
13e
18e

4w
35e
48e
31e
35e
3lE
35e
30e
35e
4Se
49e
53e

lw
8e
13e
9e

Sicilia

Side

Ye
48n
6e
47n
40n 180e
43n 23e
35n 100e
37n 25e
8w
38n
46n 24e
45n 17e

37n
37n
38n
37n
38n
35n
41n
53n
31n
34n
36n
40n
42n

14e
25e
16e
17e
23e
32e
14e
14e
31E
35e

2w
26e
13e

29
47
47
5

43
7

33
50
42
42
29
51

..

225
Name

Lat,

39*
36n
Sigrus
Sila, Mts.
.
38n
Silarus, R.
40n
BilensB Tubunenses 35N
Sileucia Preria
36n
52n
Silures
Bilvium (Apulia)
41n
Silvium (Istria)
45n
Simeon
31n
Simiuhu
37n
Simnuana
33n
Simois, R.
40n
Simylla
20n
Sinai
29n
Sinda
45n
Sindomana
26n
Singidava
46n
Singidunum
45n
Singiticus Sinus
40n
Sinonia, Isl.
41n
Sinope
42n
Sintica
4 In
Sinuessa
41n
Siphonos, Isl.
.
37n
Sipontum
42n
Sippar
33n
Sirabellawein
31n
Siraca
.
.
36n
Siracee
45n
Siris and R.
40n
Sirmio
46n
Sirmium
45n
Sirpium
41n
Sirrhoe
.
.
4lN
Siscia
46n
Sitacus, R.
28n
Sithonis
40n
Sitifis
36n
Sittace
34n
Skyropulo, Isl.
.
39n
Smertse
58n
Smynthium
40n
Smyrna
38n
Socoh
31n
Sogdiana
40n
Solaria
45n
Soli (Cilicia)
37n
Soli (Cyprus)
35n
Sigrium, Pr.

Solis

Page

26b
7b
16e

33
53
21
21
53
57
45
24
23
62
53
52
33

15e

4b
36e

4w
16e
14b
35b
9e
15b
26e
73b
35e
37e
69b
22b
20e
24e
13e
35b
24b
14e
25e
16e
45e
31e
61e
40e
16e
10e
20e
15b
24b
16e
53e
24e
5b
44b
24b

4w
26e
27e
35e
67e
9e
34e
33e

Sollium
Solorias, Mt.

Soluntum
Sontiates
Sontius, R.
Sopianee
.

.
.

39n
37n
38n
44n
46n
46n
42n

21e

3w
14e
14e
16e
14e

Name

Lat.

Long,

42n
42n
32n
39n
37n
38n
39n
37n
45m

12b
12b
49b
23e
22e
46e
22e
22e
12b

45n
43n
37n

12e
13e
26b

Soracte, Mt.
Sorrina
Sostrate

Spalauthra
Sparta
Spauto, L.

Sperobius, R.
Sphacteria, Isl.

Spima
Ostium

Spoletium
Sporadee

Stadium (Pireeus)
Stadium (Roma)

33
21
10
33
24
33
20
9

Sthrophades, Isl.
Stoa Attali (Athena?-)
Stoa Eumenia

(Athense)

Stagirus
Stagna, L.
Statonia
Stenyclarus

54
59

Pag
26
26
58
32
32
61
32
32
20

Spineticum

15
59
42
42

41N
33n
43n
37n
37n

33b
0e
11b
22e
21e

20
20
33
39
28
33
52
23
32
33
38

38

38

Stoa Gigantum
(Athenee)

Stoa Hadriani
(Athense)
Stobi

Stosni

6
21
22

Stotussa
Stratus
Strongyle,

42
24
43
42
58
33
53
10
37
44
33
33
62
11
22
57
10

Strophades
Strymon, R.
Strymonicus Sinu 9
Stura, R.

28
32
50
21
46
20
42
24

Sueones Gautee
Suessa
Suevi

Templum

(Roma)

Sora

t/>ng.

Iels.

Stymphalus
Styra

Styrme
Suana
Suardones
Suasa

Sublapueum
Subur, R.

Subura (Roma)
Succoth
Sucro and R.
Sucusa (Roma)
Sudeti, Mt.
Suel .

Suevicum Mare
Sufes
Sufetula
Sugdii, Montes
Suindinum
.

42n
46n
39n
39n
39n
37N
41n
40N
45n
38n
38n
41N
43n
54n
44n
42n
34n

22e

He
22b
21e
15b
21e
24e
24e
7b
22b
24e
26e
12e

He
13e
13e

7w

32n
39n

36e

50n
36n
55n
41N
50N
55N
36N
35n
39n
48n

13k

0w

4w
12e
14e
10e
15e
9b
9e
69e
Cb

38
42
20
32
32
21
18
33
33
22
32
33
33
23
48
23
27
52
29
80
51
31
48
50
6
21
6

49
53
53
59
46

. .

226

Index
Name

Sulci

Sullucu

Sulmo
Bumera
Sumlocenne
Buna
Sunium, Pr
Supereequum
Supinum
Surontium
Surrenturn

Susa

Susia
Susiana

Sutrium
Sybaris

Sybota
Sychar
Syene
Symeetbus, R.

Synnada
Syracusaa
Syria
Syrnee, Isl.
Syros, Isl.
Syrtis Major
Syrtis Minor

Taanacb
Tabactia
Tabee
Tabor, Mt.

Tabudium
Tacape
Tacona
Tacus, R.
Tader, R.

Tadinum
Tadmor
Tsenarum, Pr
Teezali

Tagee
Tagrus, Mt
Tagulis
Tagus, R.

Tabpanbes
Taiyibeb
Taliata

Talkha

Talmena

Tamanuna
Tainia
Tamiatbia

Tamuda
Tanagra
Tanais and R.
Tanarus,
Tanis.

Lat.

S9N
37n
42n
34n
48n
42n
38n
42n
42n
47n
41n
32n
37n
33n
42n
40n
39n
32n
24n
37n
38n
37n
36n
36n
37n
32n
34n

32n
33n
34n
33n
31n
33n
29n
45n
38n
43n
34n
36n
58n
36n
39n
31n
40n
31n
33n
44n
31n
25N
36n
29n
31n
36n
39n
47n
45n
31n

Mams

Long. Page

8K
8e
14k
44e
9k
13k

24k
14k
14b
15k
14k
47k
59k
47k
12k
17k
20k
35k
34k
15k
30k
15k
37k
27k
25k
18k

He
35e
15k
56k
35k
13k
10e
30k
10k

2w
13e
38k
22e

2w
54k

9w
18k

7w
32k
36k
22k
31k
59k
5k
31k
32k

5W
23k
39k
8e
32k

21
53
20
9

Tanitic
(Nile)

Tanta
Taphiae,

Isle.

47
27

Tapbos, Isl.
Taprobane, Isl.

33
27
27
49
21

Tarbelli

11
10
20
21
32
63
8

21
56
21
10
33
33
52
53

62
52
58
62
52
53
53
22
51
23
10
22
44
58
50
52
50
54
60
42
54
59
53
55
54
50
35
10
20
8

Lat.

Long.

31N
31N
39n
39n
8n
44n
31n
39n
4lN

32k
31e
21E
21e
80s

Mouth

Tareiana
Tarentinus Sinus

Tarentum
Tarentum (Eoma
Tarichiea Maco.

lw
49e
16e
17e

..

mada

33n 15e
46n
7k
3k
44n
Taron
38n 43k
Tarpodizus
42n 27k
Tarquiuii
42n 12k
Tarracina
41n 13k
Tarraco
4lN
IE
Tarsus
37N 35e
Taruedum, S.
4w
58n
Tarus, R.
44n 10e
Tarvisium
46n 12e
Taucbira
3lN 20e
Taurantii .
41N 20k
Taurasia
45n
8k
Tauriana
38n 16k
Taurica
45N 55k
Taurini
8k
45N
Taurisci
47N 15e
Taxn*oiaeniuni
38N 15e
Taurunum
45N 20e
Taurus, Mt.
38n 36e
Taus, R.
3w
56n
Taxafora
4w
34n
Taxila
34n 130e
Taygetus, Mts.
37n 22e
Teanum
42n 15e
Teanum Sidicinum 41n 14k
Teate
42n 14k
Tecmon
40n 21k
Tectosages
2b
43n
Tegea
37n 22e
Teh
31n 31e
Tekoa
32n 35e
Tela Martius
6b
43n
Telamon
43N He
Telesia
41n 15k
Temnua
39N 27e
Tempe
40n 23e
Templum Tyches
Tarnaiaa
Tarnis, R.

.
.

(Athenae)

Tempsa
Tencterl

Tenedos, Isl.
Tenos, Isl.
Tentyra
.

39N
51N
40n
38n
26n

16k
Se
26e
25e
32e

Page

22'

Index
Name

Lai.

Teos
Teredon
.

Tereatinus Sinus
Tergeste

Terina
Terineeus Sinus

Termes, R.
Tesana

38n
SON
46n
48n
39n
39n
4lN
46n

Loag. Page

27e
47b
14b
14b
16e
16e

6w
12e

33
10
23
20
21
25
50
23

(Roma)

Tetellua

Tetraphylia
Teurisci

Teuthrone

Thabraca

Thacia
Thaenae

Thagaste
Thala

Thambrax

Thamesa, R.
Thapsacus
Thapsus (Byza.

cium)

Thapsua
Thara

(Siciiia)

Tharroe
Thasarte
Thasos, Isl.
Thauraaci .
Theatrum Balbi

28
22
32
42
32

(Athenee)

Themiscyra

53

15b
54b
8b
10e
25e
22e

21
58
21
53
33
32

Thiar.
Thiges
Thignica
Thinee

28

Thracium Mare
Thubee
Thuburbo

(Roma)

Isl.

Thermae
Thermae Agrippae
.

28

33e
23e
35e
9e
22e
37b

4 On

S.

Therme
Thermodon

4lN
4lN
39n
39n
38n
39n
39n
39n
41n
39n
46n
35n
38n
33n
37n

Thermopylae

Thermum

Thespiae

Thesprotia
Thesaalia

Thessaliotis

Thessalonica

Theudoria
Theudosia
Theveste

.
.

2s

Thmius
Thospitis, L.

Isl.

Thuria

10n
36n
36n
38n

20w
25e
25b
14b

Thybrassene

Thymbrium

10
62
53
36
41

Thymcetadae

39

Thysdrus

33
33
21
23

Therma3 Anto-

(Roma)

Thyamus, R.
25n
38n
32n
35n
38n
42n

(Piraeus)

Thyreum

31n
39n
43n
40n
38n
37n
60n
40n
39n
31n
38n

23e
23e
37e
22b
22e
23e
20e
22e
22b
23e
21e
35e
Be

Ow
9b
10k
175b
31e
44e
25e
25e
24e
10b

3
I

S
3
a

a
s
i

I
4
t
*

I
e

]
1
i

Ow
17b
21e
64e
31b

Thyrea
.

Thyrsagetae
Thyrsus, R.
.

Tiberias

R. .
Tibiscum .
Tibur
Ticinum
Ticinus, R.
Tifernum
Tifernus, R.
Tiberis,

29

Thermaicus

Thule,
28

13e

Thermae Traianee

Thracia

Themistocleus

Murus (Piraeus)
Theonochema, Mt.

Thermae Selinuntiffi 37N

Thermae Titian as

He

38

Thebes

ninianae

(Roma)

36n
37n
35n
40n
33n
41n
39N

(Roma)

(Roma)

tiani

Thermae Neronianae

39e

Thebae (^Egyptus)
Thebae (Greecia) .

Isl.

48
48
47
53
53
53
53
53
59
45
10

Therasia,

8e
10e
5k
9e
9b
10e
8b
9b
53e

(Athenae)

Thera,

(Roma)

52n
54n
51N
37n
36n
35n
37n
36n
36n
52n
36n

Theatrum Marcelli
(Roma)
Theatrum Pompei
(Roma)

Thelepte
Thelpusa

Thermce Diocle-

10e
21k
26s
22b

(Roma)
Theatrum Dionysi
.

(Roma)

(Roma)

Teutoni
Texuandri

Long.

Thermae Decianse

46n
39n
48n
37n

Teutoburgiensis
(Saitus)

tini

Lat,

Thermae Romanae

Mons

Testacius,

Namp
Thermae Coastan-

37n
39n
50n
40n
35n
33n
42n
46n
42n
45n
46n
43n
42n

23e
21e
53e
9e
10e
35e
12b
22e
13k
9e
9b
12b
15e

]
1

e
s

i
<

t
&

5
5
i

228
Tigris,

Index
Name

L&t,

R.

37N
46n
44n
46n
32n
36n
33n
43n
42n
36n
38n
32n
46n
39n
32n
42n
40n
44n
44n
4lN
44N
43n
42n
40n
40n
39N
44N

Tilaventua, R.
Timacus, R.

Timaus, R.

Timnath
Tingis

Tingitana .
Tinia, R.
.
Tiora Matiena
Tipasa
Tiryntbus
Tirzah
Tisia, R.
.
Tithorea
Tob, Land of
Tolerua, R.
.

Toletum
Toloaa
Tolosates

Tomarus, Mt.

Tomi
Tomia
Tonaua, R.
Toronai.cus S.

Torone
Toryne
Tragarium

Tragasee (Troas)
Trajanopolis

Tralles

Transmarisca

Transpadana
Trapezus
Trasimenus, L.
Treba
Trebia, R. .
Trebula Mutuesca
.

TrestabernaB
Tretum, Pr.
Treveri
Triballi

Triboces
Tricca
Triobonia, L.
Tridentini .

Tridentum

Trilcucum, Pr.

Trimammium
Trimetus,
Triphylia

Isl.
.

Tripolis (Africa)
Tripolis (Syria)

Tripontium
Tritsea
Tritonis Palua

Troas
Trcesmis
Trogiliuin, Pr.

.
.

4lN
38N
44n
45n
41n
43N
42n
45n
42n
42n
37n
50n
43n
48n
40n
38n
46n
46n
44n
44n
42n
37n
33n
34n
42n
38n
33n
40n
45n
38n

Name

Loug. Page

43e
13e
22e
14e
35e

6w
5w
13e
13e
2e
23e
35e
22e
23e
35e
13e

4w
2e
IE
20e
29e
29e
27e
24e
24e
20e
16e
.

26e
28e
26e
10e
39e
12k
13e
10e
13e
13e
5e
7e
23e
Se
22e
21e
12e

He
8w
26e
16e
22e
13e
36e
13e
22e
9e
27e
28e
27e

and

57
27
32

53
33
42
56

Truentus, R.

.
.
.

.
.

Tucci

Tuder

Tueaia, R.

Tukb

Tulingi

(Tr< >y)

Tura

.
.
.

Turcilingi

Turduli

Turenum

Turmuli

Tumacum

Turones

Turris Libyaisonis.
Turris Taniselleni
.

Tusca, R.

Tuscana

Tuscia

Tusculum
Tyana

.
.

Isl.

Tympbsea

Tyndaris
Tyras
Tyriaeum

.
.
.

Tyrissa

Tyrrbenum Mare.
Tyrua (Tyre )

Ubaza

Ubii

Ubtu
1

3SN
43N
4 On
52n
35n
37n
38n
43n
57n
30n
48n
4SN

23e
14e
10e
Ge
5e
6e

Ufens, R.

Ulcinium

Uliarus

Ulpiana

Ulpionum
Umbria
Umbro, R.
Ur

Urag, W.
Uranopolis

.
.

Urbs Salvia
Urcinium .

Gvv

12a

4w
3lE
8e
6e

Tungri
Tunis
Tuniza
Tuola, R.

Tylos,

26e
.

Tullum
Tumuli

Lcng.

On

Trojji)

Trozene

Trumpli
Tubantes
Tubuuee
Tucca

27

53
47
43
47
32
34
48
20
50
42
20
32
52

Lat.

Troja.
.
Troy (and aee Ilium

10
20
42
20
62
50
52
20
27
51
32
62
42
35
62
27
50
46
46
42
42
10
43
33
33
32
42
64
43
56
42
20
10
20
23
20
27

.
.
.

5lN
37n
37n
42n
30n
53n
38n
4lN
40n
5lN
48n
4 In
33n
37n
43n
43n
42n
38n
26n
4 On
38n
46n
38n
4 On
4 On
33n
35n
50n
3lN
4lN
42n
46n
43n
47n
43n
43n
31N
30n
40n
43n
42n

5e
10e
9e
9e
31e
16e

4w
16e

6w
4e
IE
Se

9e
9e
12e

He
12e
34e
51e
2lE
15e
30e
32e
21e

He
35e
8e
8k

30k
13e
19e

lw
21e
22k
13e

He
46e
31e
24k
13k
9b

..

Index
Name
Urfa
Urgo, Isl. .
Uria (Apulia)
Uria (Calabria)

Lat.

Usdise

Usipetes
Ustica, Isl.

Ustnaz
Utica.

Uxantis

Uxellodunum

Uzentum

37n
43n
42n
41n
52n
52n
39n
36n
38n
48n
45n
40n

Vacalua

52n
Vacca
37n
Vacomagi
57n
Vada Sabatia
44n
Vada Volaterrana 43n
Valaterrse
43n
Valentia (Gallia).
45n
Valentia (Hispania) 39n
Valenunum
45n
Valetium .
40n
Vallis Murcia
(Roma) .
Vallum Antonini. 56k
Vallum Hadriaui
55n
Vandali
52k
Vangiones
50n
Varia
42n
Varini
54k
Varisti
49n
Varus, R.
44n
Vax .
33n
Vectis, Isl. .
50n
Veil
42k
Velabrum (Roma)
Veldidena .
47k
Veleia
45n
VeUa
40n
.

Vella (Roma)
Velinus, R.
Velio Casses
Velitrse

Vellaunodunuru
Veltoua

Venafrum

Venedas
Venedicus

S.

Venelli
Veneris, Portus

Veneti
Venetia

39b
10e
16b
18k

dam

48K
43k
57K
5on

VeDta
Venta Belgarum
Venta Icenorum
Veuusia

8w 45
6e
13e
4k
10b

5w
2e
18b

4k
10k

4w
9e

He
10b
5e

Ow
8b
18b
.

4w
2w
18e
8e
13b
12b
12b
7e
12b

lw
12k

He
10e
16e
13b
2e
12e
3e
12b
14e
21e
19b

2w
10e

3w
12b

48
21
53
53
46
46
24

3w
9b

3w
8w

Verbanus, L.
Verbigeni

Vercellae

Veretum
Verona
Verabium, Pr.
Veruedrum, Pr.
;

Verulse

Verulamium
Albans)
Vesontio

52n
47n
42n
45n
41n
43n
44n
42n
42n
43n

Vesuvius, Mt.
Vetulonia .

Via
Via
Via
Via
Via

44
44
49

Emilia
Amerina
Appia
.

Aurelia

(Roma)
Viadus, R.

3w
2w
IB
18e
7b
9e
8e
9e
18e

He
3w
3w
13b

Ow
6e
14b
7e
15e

He
He

12b
12e

He

43n

42n
52n
44n

(Roma)

Via Latina
Via Nomentana

(Roma)

Via Julia
Via Labicana

52
45

lw
llB

Campana

Via Cassia
Via Claudia

47
26
48
48
20

Long.

(St.

Vestinl
Vesulus, Sits.

28

48
47
44
44

Veragri

47
53
44
20
22
20
47
51
22
24

20
28
48
20
18
30
19
46
20
47
23
20
49
49
46
22
46
20

Lat.

52n
47N
52n
51n
53n
41N
46n
46n
47 K
45n
40n
45n
59n
59n
42n

Venonsa
Venostes

61
20
24
24

Venetorum OppiYenetus, L.
Venicoues .
Vsmiieouii .

Name

Long. Page

42n
49n
42n
48n
43n
42n
53n
54n
49n
44n
48n
45n

229

42n

12e
14b
16e
8b
,

14b

9 .

* *

Via per Ccelen

(Athenee)

Via Pbalerica
(Pirssus)

Via Portuensis

(Roma)
|

Via Publica
(Piraeus)

Via Seera (Athena?)

Via Salaria
Via Tripodes
(Athenae)

Vicus Augustanus
Vieus Aurelii
Vicua Judasorum.

ViousLongus(Roma)

Novms

42n
39n
46n
42n
49n
SON

Vicetia

Ylotis

42n

Via Valeria
Vibo Valencia

Vicua Matrini

42N
42k

12b
t

13b
16e
12e
12b
10b
31e

12b
12b

.,

Index

23
Natnt

Lat.

Long. Page

Vicus PatricluM

(Roma)

Vienna

46n

VIgenna, R.
47n
Villa Publica (Roma)
Vimjnaoium
45N

5k

Vindelioia

Vindilis

Vindius Mons

Vindobona
Vindoniasa
Viniolse

Vinovia
Vlrconhun

Viriballum, Pr.

Virodununi

Virunum
Visburgii
Vistula, R.
Vlsurgis, R.

Vitricium
Volanus, R.
Volas S.
Volaterrra
Volcei
Volci

Volene
Volga, R.
Volia
Volsci
Volainiensis
Volsinii
Volubilis
Voluntii
Vopiscianea

Voreda
Vosegus, Mt.
Vulcani, Isl.
Vuitur, Mt.

Vultumuin
Vulturnus, R.

48N
47n
43n
48n
48n
40n
55n
53n
42n
49n
46n
50n
50n
51n
46n
45n
58n
43N
41n
43N
46n
47N
40n
41n
42n
43n
34n
54n
35n
55n
48n
39n
4lN
4lN
41K

2lB

He
3w
6w
16e
8k
10e

2w
3w
9e
5e
14e
20e
20e
10b
8e
12e

5w

He

15k
11k

He
45e
15e
13e
12k
12k

5w
7w
5w
3w
7k
15k
16b
14b

Ha

Name
Wasta

Lat.

Long.

Page

3lB

Watling Street

29N
52n

55
45

Xanthus, R.
Xathri
Xerxis Fossa
Xois
Xynlas, L.

36n
32n
40n
31n
39n

29s
71e
24b
31 K
22e

57
59
35
54
32
39

Yarmuk, R.

32n

35b

63

Zabus, R.
Zabue Minor, R.
Zacynthus, lal.
Zadracarta
Zagazsena

37n
3 On
38n
37n
31n
35N
36n
38n
37n
33n
36n
31n
33X
34n
40n

44k
44e
21e
54e
18b
46k
10k
14k
23k
35k
66e
63e
35e
37k
36e
10e

61
61

29
47
46
30
42
48
46
50
49
47
21
44
45
20
47
49
49
49
48
22
20
44
22
21
23
23
10
21
19
20
20
52
44
52
44
47
25
18

Zoan
Zoba
Zonoah
Zorah
Zorambus, R.

21

Zure

21

Zurulum

Xypete

(PirreuB)

Zagrae, Mts.

Zama Regia
Zancle

Zarax
Zarephath
Zariaspa Bactra
.

ZariB

Zebulon

Zedad
Zela

Zeugitana

Zir?rae

Ziklag
Zilis

Ziph

Zitta

lw

.
.

37pt

32n
31n
35n
31n
3 In
31N
34N
32n
32n
26n
31n
41N

32
11
52
58
53
40
32
62
11

59
62
60
57
53
53
60
52
62

2 0e
35b

6w
35e
81k
32k
86k
35k
35k
63e
17k
28B

54

J
'

54
60
62
62
59
52
43

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CLAPP

3 5002 00223 4479

Atlas of ancient

&

classical

geography.

G
1033
A8
AUTHOR
TITLE

Atlas of ancient & clas

BORR

DATE DUE

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