0132497468-Ch13 ISM

Advanced Topics in Shear Strength of Soils and Rocks
Chapter 13
CHAPTER 13
ADVANCED TOPICS IN SHEAR STRENGTH OF SOILS
AND ROCKS
13-1. Evaluate the and for the conditions shown in Fig. 13.6.
SOLUTION:
1 tan
1 tan
From drawing, 18
(Eq. 13.4) K
1 tan18
0.51 during sedimentation and sampling
1 tan18
K 1 for specimen in the lab
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Chapter 13
13-2. The initial stress conditions in a soil sample are v = 10 MPa and h = 5 MPa, draw stress
paths for v being held constant while (a) h increases to 10 MPa and (b)h decreases to 0.
SOLUTION:
Initial conditions : v 10 MPa and h 5 MPa
q
(Eq. 13.1)
v h
;
2
(Eq. 13.2)
v h
2
10.0
Part (a)
q (MPa)
8.0
Part (b)
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0 10.0 12.0
p (MPa)
13-6. A soil sample is subjected to an initial equal-all-around hydrostatic state of stress of 50

kPa. Sketch the stress paths for the loading conditions when (a) h remains constant and v
increases to 100 kPa; (b) v is held constant while h increases to 100 kPa; (c) both h and v are
increased to 100 kPa; (d) v remains constant while h decreases to 10 kPa; and (e) v is
increased by 25 kPa at the same time that h is decreased by 25 kPa.
SOLUTION:
Initial conditions : v h 50 kPa (hydrostatic)
(Eq. 13.1)
v h
;
2
(Eq. 13.2)
v h
2
50
Part (a)
Part (b)
Part (c)
30
q (kPa)
Part (d)
Part (e)
10
-10 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
-30
-50
p (kPa)
Chapter 13
13-7. Given the same initial conditions as for Problem 13.6, draw the stress paths for loading
when (a) h = v/3 and (b) h = v/4.
SOLUTION:
Initial conditions : v h 50 kPa (hydrostatic)
(Eq. 13.1)
v h
;
2
(Eq. 13.2)
v h
2
50
Part (a)
Part (b)
q (kPa)
30
10
-10 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
p (kPa)
13-8. A triaxial sample of loose sand is tested in lateral extension (LE) (see Fig. 13.7). The
sample is first consolidated nonhydrostatically, with 1 = 15 kPa and 3 = 10 kPa. The sample is
then failed in LE, and the angle of internal friction is 30, c = 0. (a) Draw the Mohr circles for both
initial and at failure conditions. (b) What will be the major and minor principal stresses at failure?
SOLUTION:
For lateral extension: h (3 ) decreases, and v (1) remains constant
Initial conditions: 1 15, 3 10
Final conditions : 1 15,
At failue : 1f 15 kPa, 3f
'
tan2 45
2
5 kPa
15
30
tan2 45
2
9
7
final
5
initial
Shear stress (kPa
3
1
-1 0
5
2
15
10
6
10
12
14
16
18
Normal stress (kPa)

-3
Chapter 13
13-9. Another sample of the same sand tested in Problem 13.8 is tested in lateral compression
(LC). Complete parts (a) and (b) requested in Problem 13.8 for this test.
SOLUTION:
For lateral compression; h increases, and v remains constant.
Initial conditions: 1 15, 3 10
'
30
1f 3f tan2 45 (15) tan2 45

45
2
2
At failue : 1f 45 kPa, 3f 15 kPa
Final conditions : 3f 15,
25
20
final
15
Shear stress (kPa
10
initial
5
10
0
0
-5
10
15
15
45
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Normal stress (kPa)
Chapter 13
13-12. The test of Problem 12.22 is conducted undrained. An undrained triaxial test is performed
on a sand with 3c=3f = 450 kPa. At failure, max = 594 kPa. Find (1 3)f,, , total, and the
angle of the failure plane in the specimen. uf = 100 kPa.
SOLUTION:
radius max 594,
'3f 450
center 450 594 1044

'1f 450 2(594) 1638 kPa
3f 450 100 550 kPa
1f 1638 100 1738 kPa
1 3 f '1 '3 f 1188

Eq. (11.13)
sin '
kPa
'1f '3f
'1f '3f
1188
o
' sin1
34.68
1638 450
1188
sin1
31.28
1738 550
45
'
34.68
45
62.34
2
2
13-13. If the test of Problem 13.12 were conducted at an initial confining pressure of 1000 kPa,
estimate the principal stress difference and the induced pore water pressure at failure.
SOLUTION:
'3f 1000 kPa,
(Eq. 11.16)
' 34.68o
'1
'
tan2 45
'3
2
34.68
'1 (1000) tan2 45

3640
2
'1f '3f 3640 1000 2640 kPa

From Eq. 12.17, A f
uf 3f
1f 3f
100 0
0.084
1188
Thus, u 3 A f 1f 3f 0 (0.084)(3640 1000)
U sin g data from problem 13-12; A f

u 222 kPa
Chapter 13
13-14. A silty sand is tested consolidated-drained in a triaxial cell where both principal stresses
at the start of the test were 500 kPa. If the total axial stress at failure is 1.63 MPa while the
horizontal pressure remains constant, compute the angle of shearing resistance and the
theoretical orientation of the failure plane with respect to the horizontal. The silty sand of Problem
11.29 was inadvertently tested consolidated-undrained, but the laboratory technician noticed that
the pore pressure at failure was 290 kPa. What was the principal stress difference at failure?
SOLUTION:
(a) '3f 500, '1f 1630 500 2130
1 3 f '1 '3 f 2130 500 1630

'1f '3f
Eq. (11.13) sin '
'1f '3f
'1f
or, ' 2 tan1
'3f
45
1630
o
' sin1
38.3
2130 500
'
38.3
45 45
64.1
2
2
(b) From Problem 11.29: Two consolidateddrained triaxial tests were performed on specimens
of the same clay, with the following results at failure:
Test 1: 1 = 73.4 psi, 3 = 26.6 psi
Test 2: 1 = 48.0 psi, 3 = 12.0 psi
1 3 f '1 '3 f 73.4 26.6 46.8

1 3 f '1 '3 f 48 12 36
psi
psi
Or, using data from this problem;
1 3 f '1 '3 f 2130 500 1630
kPa
Chapter 13
13-15. If the consolidation pressure in the CU test of Problem 13.14 were 1000 kPa instead of
500 kPa, estimate the pore pressure at failure.
SOLUTION:
'3f 1000 kPa,
(Eq. 11.16)
' 32.04o
'1
'
tan2 45
2
'3
32.04
'1 (1000) tan2 45

3259.9
2
'1f '3f 3259.9 1000 2259.9 kPa

From Eq. 12.17, A f
uf 3f
1f 3f
290 0
0.257
1630 500
Thus, u 3 A f 1f 3f 0 (0.257)(3259.9 1000)
U sin g data from problem 13-14; A f

u 580 kPa
13-16. If the sample of Problem 13.15 were sheared undrained and the induced pore pressure at
failure were 200 kPa, estimate the principal stress difference at failure. What would be the angle
of shearing resistance in terms of total stresses?
SOLUTION:
'3f 1000 kPa,
(Eq. 11.16)
' 38.3o , uf 200 kPa
'1
'
tan2 45
'3
2
38.3
'1 (1000) tan2 45

4260 kPa
2
'1f '3f 4260 1000 3260 kPa

Eq. (11.13)
sin
1f 3f
1f 3f
3260
o
sin1
35.1
4260
200
1000
200
Chapter 13
13-19. The data presented in Fig. 8.20(b) are for a black fissured organic silty clay or clayey silt.
At a depth of 6 m, estimate the expected value or range of values of the undrained modulus.
SOLUTION:
The soil is overconsolidated: OCR
'p
'v
39
1.4
28
From Table 13.3, for a medium-stiff clay: Eu (40)(101.3 kPa) to (80)(101.3 kPa)
Eu 4052 kPa to 8104 kPa
From Fig. 13.43, for PI = 85 to 125: Eu 425f
From Fig. 13.44, for OCR = 1.4: Eu 420f to 820f
From Fig. 13.46, for PI = 85 to 125, and OCR = 1.4: Eu 120f to 300f
Chapter 13
13-20. The medium gray silty clay of Fig. 8.23(b) at a depth of 20 m had an LL of 38 and a PL of
23. Estimate the following parameters for this soil: (a) coefficient of earth pressure at rest; (b)
effective angle of internal friction; (c) ratio of f/vo; (d) activity; (e) sensitivity; and (f) the
undrained Youngs modulus.
SOLUTION:
The soil is overconsolidated: OCR
(a) (Eq. 12.13) K o 0.44 0.42 PI
'p
'v
100
450
1.9, PI 38 23 15
240
0.44 (0.42)(0.15) 0.50
Fig. 12.55 : K o 0.48 to 0.75

(b) Fig. 12.27a : For PI 15, ' 34
Fig. 12.27b : For PI 15, ' 31
f
0.3
(c) From Fig. 13.87, for LI = 0.07:
'vo
From Fig. 13.86, for PI =15:
f
0.65
'vo
From Eq. 13.90c, for PI =15:
f
1.0
'vo
(for NC clay)
(d) From Fig. 4.14, for PI =15 and LL = 38, the clay likely contains illite
From Table 4.1, Activity, A ranges from about 0.5 to 1.3 for illite
w PL 0.24 0.23
(e) (Eq. 12.13) LI
0.07
PI
0.15
Fig. 12.55 : Sensitivity, S t 1
(f ) From Table 13.3, for a medium-stiff clay: Eu (40)(101.3 kPa) to (80)(101.3 kPa)
Eu 4052 kPa to 8104 kPa
From Fig. 13.43, for PI = 15: Eu 1200f
From Fig. 13.44, for OCR = 1.9: Eu 400f to 820f
From Fig. 13.46, for PI = 15, and OCR = 1.9: Eu 600f to 1500f
Chapter 13
13-23. Suppose an identical specimen of the same clay as in Problem 12.38 was sheared
undrained, and the induced pore pressure at failure was 85 kPa. Determine the principal stress
difference, total and effective principal stress ratios, , total, Af, and f for this test.
SOLUTION:
From Problem 12.38
'
f 54 45
' 18
2
'1
'
18
tan2 45 tan2 45
1.89
'3
2
2
'3 220,
'1 (1.89)(220) 416.8
'1 '3 416.8 220 196.8
kPa
Pr oblem 13.23
'1
1 (220) 1.89 1 195.8 kPa

'3
1 3 f '3
'1
1.89 (same)
'3
1 416.8 85
1.64
3
220 85
Af
u 3
85 0
0.43
1 3 195.8
' 18 and f 54 (same)

1
tan 45
2
3 f
2 tan1
1f
2 tan1
3f
45
1.64 45 14.0
Chapter 13
13-24. A series of drained direct shear tests were performed on a saturated clay. The results,
when plotted on a Mohr diagram, gave c = 10 kPa and tan = 0.5. Another specimen of this clay
was consolidated to an effective pressure of 100 kPa. An undrained direct shear test was
performed, and the measured value of ff was 60 kPa. What was the pore water pressure at
failure? Was the specimen normally consolidated? Why?
SOLUTION:
From M-C plot, '3 62.92 kPa for the drained test
For the undrained test, n 3 100 kPa
thus: u 3 '3 100 62.92 37.1kPa
100
100
Shear stress (kPa
50
197.08, 0
62.92, 0
0
0
50
100
130
150
200
250
300
Normal stress (kPa)

-50
Chapter 13
13-25. The following information was obtained from laboratory tests on specimens from a
completely saturated sample of clay: (a) The sample had in the past been precompressed to at
least 200 kPa. (b) A specimen tested in direct shear under a normal stress of 600 kPa, with
complete drainage allowed, showed a shearing strength of 350 kPa. (c) A specimen which was
first consolidated to 600 kPa, and then subjected to a direct shear test in which no drainage
occurred, showed a shearing strength of 175 kPa. Compute and T for the undrained case.
Sketch the Mohr envelopes which you would expect to obtain from a series of undrained and
drained tests on this clay. (After Taylor, 1948.)
SOLUTION:
tan
ff
ff
350
' tan1
30.3
600
175
tan1
16.3
600
Effective: 30.3 deg
300
250
200
Total: 16.3 deg

150
Shear stress (kPa
100
50
0
0
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
-50
Normal stress (kPa)
-100
Chapter 13
13-26. Triaxial tests were performed on undisturbed samples from the same depth of organic
clay whose preconsolidation load, determined from consolidation tests, was in the range 90 to
160 kPa. The principal stresses at failure of two CD tests were Data from one CU test on the
same clay are shown below. The effective consolidation pressure was 330 kPa and the specimen
was loaded in axial compression. Test No. 1: 3 = 200 kPa, 1 = 704 kPa, Test No. 2: 3 = 278
kPa, 1 = 979 kPa Stress Difference (kPa) Strain (%) Pore Pressure (kPa) (a) Plot the Mohr
circles at failure and determine from the CD tests for the normally consolidated portion of the
failure envelope. (b) For the CU test, plot curves of principal stress difference and pore pressure
versus strain. (c) Assuming that the single CU test for which data are given is representative for
CU tests run at pressures well above the preconsolidation stress: (a) What is in terms of total
stresses above the effects of preconsolidation? (b) What is determined by the CU test above
the effects of preconsolidation? (After A. Casagrande.)
SOLUTION:
From the Mohr circles, c' = 0.
Eq. (11.13)
sin '
'1f '3f
'1f '3f
704 200
o
' sin1
33.9
704
200
Continued on next page.
Chapter 13
Problem 13-26 continued.

600
33.9 deg
400
Shear stress (kPa
200
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Normal stress (kPa)

-200
Dev. Stress (kPa)
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
10
15
20
15
20
Strain (%)
Dev. Stress (kPa)
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
10
Strain (%)
Chapter 13
13-27. An undrained triaxial compression test was performed on a saturated sample of normally
consolidated clay. The consolidation pressure was 100 kPa. The specimen failed when the
principal stress difference was 85 kPa and the induced pore water pressure was 67 kPa. A
companion undrained test was performed on an identical sample of the same clay, but at a
consolidation pressure of 250 kPa. What maximum principal stress difference would you expect
at failure for this second test specimen? What are and T? Predict the angle of the failure
planes for the two undrained tests.
SOLUTION:
Test #1:
'c 100 3 ;
1 3 f '1 '3 f 85;
uf 67
1f 85 100 185
'1f 185 67 118;
Eq. (11.13)
sin '
'3f 100 67 33
'1f '3f
'1f '3f
118 33
o
' sin1
34.3
118 33
85
o
T sin1
17.4
185
100
'
34.3
45
62.1
2
2
'
17.4
T 45 45
53.7
2
2
' 45
1f

17.4
tan2 45 T tan2 45
1.85
3f
2
2
3f 250, 1f (1.85)(250) 462.5
1 3 f 462.5 250 212.5
kPa
Chapter 13
13-28. Triaxial compression tests were run on specimens from a large undisturbed block sample
of clay. Data are given below. Tests 1 through 4 were run so slowly that complete drainage may
be assumed. In tests 5 through 8, no drainage was permitted. Plot the Mohr failure envelopes for
this soil. Determine the MohrCoulomb strength parameters in terms of both total and effective
stresses. (After Taylor, 1948.)
SOLUTION:
Estimate strength parameters from the Mohr Circle diagrams shown below.
Effective stresses: ' 26.6, c ' 10 kPa
Total stresses NC range: c T 65 kPa, T 0
Total stresses OC range: c T 10 kPa,
T 15
26.6 deg
(effective)
400
300
15 deg
(total)
Shear stress (kPa)
200
100
7
8
-100
-200
0
-300
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Normal stress (kPa)
-400
Chapter 13
13-29. A CU triaxial test is performed on a cohesive soil. The effective consolidation stress was
750 kPa. At failure, the principal stress difference was 1250 kPa, and the major effective principal
stress was 1800 kPa. Compute Skemptons pore pressure coefficient A at failure.
SOLUTION:
'c 3f 750 kPa,
'1 1800 kPa
'1 '3 f 1 3 f 1250
kPa
'3f 1800 1250 550

u 3f '3f 750 550 200
Af
u 3
200 0
0.16
1250
1 3
13-30. Suppose another specimen of the soil in the preceding problem developed a major
effective principal stress of 2200 kPa at failure. What would Skemptons pore pressure coefficient
A at failure be, if c = 900 kPa?
SOLUTION
'c 3f 900 kPa,
assume ' and
'1 2200 kPa
'1
are the same as Problem 13.29
'3
'1 1800
3.27
550
'3
2200
672.2
3.27
1 3 f 2200 672.2 1527.8 kPa
thus, '3f
'1 '3 f
u 3f '3f 900 672.2 227.8

Af
u 3
227.8 0
0.149
1527.8
1 3
Chapter 13
13-31. Two samples of a slightly overconsolidated clay were tested in triaxial compression, and
the following data at failure were obtained. The preconsolidation stress for the clay was estimated
from oedometer tests to be about 400 kPa. (a) Determine the Skempton pore pressure
parameter A at failure for both tests. (b) Plot the Mohr circles at failure for both total and effective
stresses. (c) Estimate in the normally consolidated range, and c and for the
overconsolidated range of stresses.
SOLUTION:
(a) Test X : A f
Test Y : A f
u 3
5 0
0.0189
265
1 3
u 3
450 0
0.726
620
1 3
(b) Test X (overconsolidated) : '1 '3 f 1 3 f 265 kPa

'c 3f 75 kPa,
1f 265 75 340 kPa
'3f 3f u 75 5 80 kPa
'1f 1f u 340 5 345 kPa
Test Y (normally consolidated) : '1 '3 f 1 3 f 620 kPa

'c 3f 750 kPa,
1f 620 750 1370 kPa
'3f 3f u 750 450 300 kPa

'1f 1f u 1370 450 920 kPa
(see plot below)
(c) For the normally consolidated range (Test Y):
'1
920
3.067

'
3 f 300
'1
'
2
tan 45
'
2
3 f
' 2 tan1
'1f
2 tan1
'3f
45
3.067 45 30.5
Chapter 13
600
400
Shear stress (kPa
200
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Normal stress (kPa)

-200
-400
-600
Chapter 13
13-32. Two identical specimens of soft saturated normally consolidated clay were consolidated to
150 kPa in a triaxial apparatus. One specimen was sheared drained, and the principal stress
difference at failure was 300 kPa. The other specimen was sheared undrained, and the principal
stress difference at failure was 200 kPa. Determine (a) and total; (b) uf in the undrained
specimen; (c) Af in the undrained specimen; and (d) the theoretical angle of failure planes for both
specimens.
SOLUTION:
'c 150 kPa
CD test:
'1f '3f 300
kPa
'1 300 150 450 kPa

Eq. (11.13)
'1f '3f
'1f '3f
sin '
300
o
' sin1
30.0
450 150
CU test:
1f 3f 200
kPa
1 200 150 350 kPa

Eq. (11.13)
sin
1f 3f
1f 3f
200
o
T sin1
23.6
350 150
'1
'
30
tan2 45 tan2 45
3.0
'3
2
2
1 3 f 200 kPa,
3c 150 kPa
'1
1
'3
1 3 f '3
'3
1 3 f
200
100 kPa;
3 1
'1 (100)(3) 300 kPa

'1
'3
(b) u 3 '3 150 100 50 kPa

(c) A f
u 3
50 0
0.25
1 3
200
(d) f 45
'
30
45
60
2
2
Chapter 13
300
= 30.0o
200
T = 23.6o
Shear stress (kPa
100
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Normal stress (kPa)

-100
13-33. A clay sample is hydrostatically consolidated to 1.0 MPa and then sheared undrained.
The (1 3) at failure was also equal to 1 MPa. If drained tests on identical samples gave =
22o, evaluate the pore pressure at failure in the undrained test and compute Skemptons A
parameter.
SOLUTION:
'1
'
22
tan2 45 tan2 45
2.198
'3
2
2
1 3 f 1MPa,
3c 1MPa
'
'3
1 3 f '3 1 1
1 3 f
0.8347 MPa
'1
2.198 1
1
'3
u 3 '3 1 0.8347 0.1653 MPa
'3
Af
u 3
0.165 0
0.165
1 3
1.0
Chapter 13
13-34. The following data were obtained from a CU test with pore pressures measured on an
undisturbed specimen of sandy silt. The consolidation pressure was 850 kPa and the specimen
was sheared in axial compression. (a) Plot curves of principal stress difference and pore
pressures versus strain. Plot on one sheet. (b) Plot the stress paths on a pq diagram. (c) What
is the maximum effective principal stress ratio developed in this test? Is it the same as the
maximum obliquity for this specimen? (d) Is there any difference in as determined when the
principal stress difference or the principal effective stress ratio is a maximum? (After A.
Casagrande.)
SOLUTION:
s1 - s3
s1
s3
s'1
s'3
p'
q = q'
s'1/s'3
0
226
415
697
968
1470
2060
2820
3590
4160
4430
4310
4210
0
81
187
323
400
360
219
-9
-281
-530
-703
-767
-789
850
1076
1265
1547
1818
2320
2910
3670
4440
5010
5280
5160
5060
850
850
850
850
850
850
850
850
850
850
850
850
850
850
995
1078
1224
1418
1960
2691
3679
4721
5540
5983
5927
5849
850
769
663
527
450
490
631
859
1131
1380
1553
1617
1639
850
963
1057.5
1198.5
1334
1585
1880
2260
2645
2930
3065
3005
2955
850
882
870.5
875.5
934
1225
1661
2269
2926
3460
3768
3772
3744
0
113
207.5
348.5
484
735
1030
1410
1795
2080
2215
2155
2105
1.000
1.294
1.626
2.323
3.151
4.000
4.265
4.283
4.174
4.014
3.853
3.665
3.569
'
4.28
(c) 1
'3 max
'
Yes, maximum obliquity is defined as: 1
'3 max
'
(d) ' defined from 1
is from 0 to 3 greater than ' defined by '1 '3 max .
'3 max
(see plots on next page)
Chapter 13

5000
Deviator Stress (kPa
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0 12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
Axial Strain (%)
Volumetric Strain (%)
600.0
400.0
200.0
0.0
-200.0
-400.0
-600.0
-800.0
-1000.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0 14.0
16.0 18.0
20.0
Axial Strain (%)
4000
ESP
TSP
q = q' (kPa)
3000
2000
1000
0
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
p, p' (kPa)
Chapter 13
13-43. A 2-m-thick fill is constructed at the surface of the soil profile of Example 6.8. If the clay is
slightly overconsolidated, estimate the change in pore pressure at point A of Fig. Ex. 6.8.
SOLUTION:
v 141.3 kPa, u 58.9 kPa,
Assume : fill 2.0
Mg
m3
'v 82.4 kPa
, K o 0.6, A 0.30, B 1
v (2 m)(2.0)(9.81) 39.24 kPa

h 1 v 13.08 kPa
3
u 3 A 1 3 13.08 0.30 39.24 13.08
u 21 kPa
13-44. A soil sample is taken from the midpoint of the clay layer of Example 6.8that is, from a
depth of 6 m. If the pore pressure parameter Au for unloading is 0.90, estimate the effective
vertical and horizontal stresses acting on the sample just before testing in the laboratory. Assume
for the clay is 25 deg. (Hint: Draw elements with stresses similar to Fig. 12.36, and use the
definition of stress increments in Appendix B.3.) (After G.A. Leonards.)
SOLUTION:
Before sampling:
v 141.3 kPa, u 58.9 kPa,
'v 82.4 kPa,
A u 0.30
K o 1 sin ' 1 sin 25 0.58

'h 'v K o (82.4)(0.58) 47.8,
h 47.8 58.6 106.4
After sampling:
v 0, h 0
u 3 A 1 3 106.4 0.90 141.3 106.4 137.82
u 58.6 137.82 79.2

'h 'v 79.2 kPa
Chapter 13
13-46. A sample of normally consolidated clay is removed from -10 m below the ground surface.
The effective vertical overburden stress is 250 kPa, and Ko is 0.8. If the pore pressure parameter
due to sampling is 0.7, estimate the change in pore pressure in the sample when it is removed
from the clay layer. What effective stresses act on the specimen after extrusion from the sample
tube? Assume the groundwater table is at the surface.
SOLUTION:
Before sampling:
'v 250 kPa, u (10 m)(9.81)(1) 98.1kPa,
'h 'v K o (250)(0.8) 200,
v 250 98.1 348.1kPa,
A u 0.7
h 200 98.1 298.1
After sampling:
v 0, h 0
u 3 A 1 3 298.1 0.7 348.1 298.1 333.1 kPa
u 98.1 333.1 235 kPa

'h 'v 235 kPa
13-48. A normally consolidated clay has a of 30o. Two identical specimens of this clay are
consolidated to 200 kPa in a triaxial cell. Predict the maximum and minimum possible axial
stresses in the specimens for a constant cell pressure. (Hint: The first test is an axial compression
test, the second test is an axial extension test.)
SOLUTION:
'3 200 kPa,
(Eq. 11.16)
' 30o
'1
'
tan2 45
'3
2
30
'1 (200) tan2 45

600 kPa
2
and
30
'1 (200) tan2 45

66.7 kPa
2
Chapter 13
13-49. The effective stresses at failure for three identical triaxial specimens of an
overconsolidated clay are shown in Fig. P13.49. Plot the Mohr circles at failure and determine
and c. Determine the theoretical angle of inclination of the failure planes in each test specimen,
and show these on a small sketch. Also sketch the effective stress paths for the three tests. (After
C.W. Lovell.)
SOLUTION:
From plot, ' 25 and c ' 390 kPa
25
45
57.5
2
2
25
32.5 (measured from 1 as shown in plot)
Sample C: =45- 45
2
2
Plot effective stress paths on p', q' diagram
Samples A and B: =45+
'v 'h 100 100

' 'h 100 100
100, q' v
0
2
2
2
2
' 'h 100 ( 450)
' 'h 100 ( 450)
final: p' v
175, q' v
275
2
2
2
2
' 'h 0 0
' 'h 0 0
initial: p' v
0, q' v
0
2
2
2
2
' 'h 1230 0
' 'h 1230 0
615, q' v
615
final: p' v
2
2
2
2
' 'h 460 460
' 'h 460 460
460, q' v
0
initial: p' v
2
2
2
2
' 'h 460 2350
' 'h 460 2350
final: p' v
1405, q' v
945
2
2
2
2
Sample A: initial: p'

Sample A:
Sample B:
Sample B:
Sample C:
Sample C:
continued on next page
Chapter 13
' = 25o
1200
= 57.5o
Shear stress (kPa)
800
c = 390 kPa
400
B
= 32.5o
= 57.5o
A
-400
-800
-400
400
800
1200
1600
2000
2400
Normal stress (kPa)
Sample A
Sample B
Sample C
1000
q'
500
0
-200
200
400
600
800
1000 1200 1400 1600
-500
-1000
p'
Chapter 13
13-50. Three identical specimens (same e, w) of a clay are normally consolidated and sheared
consolidated-drained (CD) in both compression and extension. The stresses at failure for the
three specimens are as shown in Fig. P13.50. (a) Plot the Mohr circles at failure, and determine
and T (b) Determine the inclination of the predicted failure planes (from the Mohr failure
hypothesis). Sketch the failed specimens, showing their failure planes. (c) Sketch the three stress
paths. (After C.W. Lovell.)
SOLUTION:
Estimate strength parameters from the Mohr Circle diagrams shown below.
' 24.5, c ' 0
45
24.5
57.25 from '1, or 32.73 from '3 (as shown in diagram)
2
10
' = 24.5
=57.3
Shear stress (kPa)
5
=32.7
=32.7
0
0
AE
10
15
20
LC
AC
-5
Normal stress (kPa)

-10
Chapter 13
13-51. A series of conventional triaxial compression tests were conducted on three identical
specimens of a saturated clay soil. Test results are tabulated below. (a) Sketch the total and
effective stress paths for each test, and determine the MohrCoulomb strength parameters in
terms of both total and effective stresses. (b) Estimate the theoretical angle of the failure planes
for each specimen. (c) Do you believe this clay is normally or overconsolidated? Why?
SOLUTION:
Estimate parameters from the Mohr Circle diagrams shown below.
28.2
Drained condition: ' 28.2, c ' 20 kPa, ' 45
59.1
2
19
Undrained condition: 19, c 28 kPa, 45
54.5
2
This clay is slightly overconsolidated as indicated by the y-intercept (c > 0).
= 54.5
400
' = 28.2 deg, c' = 20 kPa
blue ==> effective stress

red ==> total stress
(drained)
300
= 19 deg, c = 28 kPa
(undrained)
' = 59.1
Shear stress (kPa)
200
100
B (t)
A (t)
B (e)
C (t)
C (e)
0
A (e)
-100
-200
0
-300
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Normal stress (kPa)
-400
Chapter 13
13-52. Assume that the induced pore pressures at failure for Problem 13.51 were: specimen A, 15 kPa; specimen B, -40 kPa; and specimen C, -80 kPa; and that everything else was the same.
Now do parts (a) and (b) above, and then answer part (c).
SOLUTION:
Estimate parameters from the Mohr Circle diagrams shown below.
15
Drained condition: ' 15, c ' 40 kPa, ' 45
52.5
2
19
Undrained condition: 19, c 28 kPa, 45
54.5
2
This clay is slightly overconsolidated as indicated by the y-intercept (c > 0).
= 54.5
400
blue ==> effective stress
red ==> total stress
300
= 19 deg, c = 28 kPa
(undrained)
' = 52.5
' = 15 deg, c' = 40 kPa
Shear stress (kPa)
200
(drained)
100
B (e)
A (e)
B (t)
C (e)
C (t)
A (t)
-100
13.53 An axial compression CU test has been performed on an undisturbed specimen of 100%
saturated organic
-200
clay. The
data for the test is given in Problem 13.26. A lateral extension test is to be performed on
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
an identical 0
specimen at the same consolidation pressure and with the same time of consolidation and time of
-300
Normal stress (kPa)
loading
as in the axial compression test.
-400
(a) Plot the total and effective stress paths. Determine the curve of pore pressure versus (1)
principal stress
difference and (2) axial strain that you would predict theoretically for the lateral extension test.
Chapter 13
13-54. The following data were obtained from a conventional triaxial compression test on a
saturated (B = 1), normally consolidated simple clay (Ladd, 1964). The cell pressure was held
constant at 10 kPa, while the axial stress was increased to failure (axial compression test). (a)
Plot the and u versus axial strain curves. Determine Af. (b) Plot the total and effective stress
paths for the AC test. (c) What is (Assume c = 0 for normally consolidated clay.)
SOLUTION:
u 4.4
0.76
5.8
(Eq. 13.7) sin tan
Af
' sin1 tan15.94 16.6

T sin1 tan11.66 11.9
(%)
(1 - 3)
'1
'3
p'
0
1
0
3.5
0
1.9
0
0.543
10
13.5
10
10
10
12
10
8
10
9.85
10
11.75
0
1.75
2
4
6
8
4.5
5.2
5.4
5.6
2.8
3.5
3.9
4.1
0.622
0.673
0.722
0.732
14.5
15.2
15.4
15.6
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
12
7
7
6
6
9.45
9.1
8.8
8.7
12.25
12.6
12.7
12.8
2.25
2.6
2.7
2.8
10
12
5.7
5.8
4.3
4.4
0.754
0.759
15.7
15.8
10
10
11
11
6
6
8.55
8.5
12.85
12.9
2.85
2.9
Chapter 13
delta sigma
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
Strain (%)
delta u
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
Strain (%)
ESP
TSP
4
2
0
0
10 12 14
p, p'
Chapter 13
13-55. A conventional triaxial compression (AC) test was conducted on a saturated sample of
overconsolidated clay, and the following data, normalized with respect to the effective confining
pressure, were obtained. A lateral extension (LE) test was conducted on an identical specimen of
the same clay. While the vertical stress was maintained constant, the cell pressure was
decreased until failure occurred at the same principal stress difference as the AC specimen
(/c = 2.33). From your knowledge of stress paths and soil behavior, determine (a) the
effective and total stress paths for both tests and (b) the pore pressure versus strain response of
the LE test. (c) Can the MohrCoulomb strength parameters be determined? Why? (After C.W.
Lovell.)
SOLUTION:
strain (%)
'c
u'c
p'/'c
AC Test
p/'c
q/'c
p/'c
0
0.5
1
2
4
6
0
0.57
0.92
1.36
1.77
1.97
0
+0.07
+0.05
-0.03
-0.22
-0.35
8
10
12
14
16
2.10
2.17
2.23
2.28
2.33
-0.46
-0.52
-0.58
-0.62
-0.67
1
1.215
1.41
1.71
2.105
2.335
2.51
2.605
2.695
2.76
2.835
1
1.285
1.46
1.68
1.885
1.985
2.05
2.085
2.115
2.14
2.165
0
0.285
0.46
0.68
0.885
0.985
1.05
1.085
1.115
1.14
1.165
1
0.715
0.54
0.32
0.115
0.015
-0.05
-0.085
-0.115
-0.14
-0.165
LE Test
q/'c
0
0.285
0.46
0.68
0.885
0.985
1.05
1.085
1.115
1.14
1.165
u'c
0
-0.50
-0.87
-1.39
-1.99
-2.32
-2.56
-2.69
-2.81
-2.90
-3.00
Chapter 13
AC TSP
AC ESP
LE TSP
1.5
q/s'c
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
p/s'c, p'/s'c
Strain (%)
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0
0.0
LE Triaxial Test
delta u/s'c
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
-2.5
-3.0
Chapter 13
13-56. A consolidated-undrained triaxial compression test was conducted on an undisturbed

specimen of sensitive Swedish clay. The initial conditions were as shown in Fig. P13.56a.The
stress-strain and pore pressure responses of the specimen are shown in Fig. P13.56b. (a) Find
the stress conditions at failure and symbolically show the total, neutral, and effective stresses
(like the initial conditions shown above). (b) Sketch the total and effective stress paths. (c) Plot
A versus . What is Af? What are and T?
SOLUTION:
From given plots, at failure:
1 3 f 270 kPa,
uf 120 kPa,
0.75 %
1f 280 270 550 kPa

(Eq. 12.18) A
u 3
1 3
(Eq. 13.7) sin tan

' sin1 tan 24.6 27.2
T sin1 tan18 19.0
Total
550
280
120
Effective
430
160
Chapter 13

(%)
(1 - 3)
(1 - 3)
'1
'3
p'
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.5
120
190
240
270
260
230
0
70
120
150
140
110
0
40
85
120
135
160
0
0.571
0.708
0.800
0.964
1.455
400
470
520
550
540
510
280
280
280
280
280
280
400
430
435
430
405
350
280
240
195
160
145
120
340
335
315
295
275
235
340
375
400
415
410
395
60
95
120
135
130
115
24.6
200
ESP
18.0o
TSP
100
(340, 60)
0
0
200
400
600
p, p'
1.5
1.0
0.5
Af = 0.80
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Strain (%)
Chapter 13
13.57. If an LE test were conducted on a sample of Swedish clay identical to that tested in
Problem 13.56, predict the pore pressure versus strain response of the clay. What are uf and Af?
What is T?
SOLUTION:
Construct LE-TSP path by assuming 1 constant.
From diagram, scale uf 30 kPa
u
30
1
0.80
h
150
A f LE 1
q
p (LC)
(1 - 3)
(%)
60
95
120
135
340
305
280
265
0
-30
-35
-30
120
190
240
270
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
400
300
200
ESP
TSP (AC)
TSP (LC)
100
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
p, p'
140.0
120.0
delta u
100.0
80.0
AC
LE
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
-20.00.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
-40.0
Strain (%)
Chapter 13
13-58. The data shown in Fig. P13.58 are obtained from several CU tests on a saturated clay
which has an OCR of 10 and a preconsolidation stress of 800 kPa. It is assumed that these
results are valid for all compression stress paths on this clay. You are going to run a special
stress path test on this clay. After consolidation at vo, the cell pressure will be increased in such
a way that 3 = 0.21 until failure occurs. For this special stress path test, fill in the table below
and plot the total and effective stress paths. (After C.W. Lovell.)
SOLUTION:
1 'c 1
3 'c 3 'c 0.21
1 3 1 0.21 0.81
1 3 0.81 ; ' 80 kPa
'c
'c
3
1 100 1
100 plotted data
'
c
u 3 A 1 3 0.2 0.8A 1
thus;
(%)
(13)
'1
'3
p'
0.00
0.50
0.00
16.00
0.00
20.00
0.00
4.00
80.00
100.00
80.00
84.00
0.00
5.28
0.10
0.08
80
95
80
79
80
86.72
80
92
0
8
2.50
5.00
7.50
96.00
137.60
152.00
120.00
172.00
190.00
24.00
34.40
38.00
200.00
281.60
352.32
104.00
144.00
200.32
4.80
-6.88
-10.64
-0.20
-0.30
-0.32
195
288
363
99
151
211
147.2
219.68
286.96
152
212.8
276.32
48
68.8
76
150
200 250
150
100
ESP
TSP
50
0
0
50
100
300 350
400
p, p'
Chapter 13
13-59. A series of CU compression tests on a simple clay (Ladd, 1964) provided the following
test results: (a) In an axial compression test, if c = 200 kPa, determine qf, pf, and pf. (b) Find
and c. A special lateral extension stress path test was conducted on this clay in which the
decrease in lateral stress was exactly equal to the increase in axial stress; that is, -3 = 1. For
this case, if c = 400 kPa, determine 1, q, p, p and u (c) when the axial strain is 4% and (d) at
failure. (After C.W. Lovell.)
SOLUTION:
1
1 3
2
At failure
2 f
0.58;
'c
f (0.58)(200)(0.5) 58
f 1 3 f 2(58) 116
For 'c 3f 200;
(Eq. 13.9) A f
1f 116 200 316
u
0.945
v
u (0.945)(116) 109.6
'1f 316 109.6 206.4

'3f 200 109.6 90.4
1 3 316 200
3 316 200
58; p f 1
258;
2
2
2
2
' '3 206.4 90.4
p 'f 1
148.4
2
2
3
' sin1 1
23, c ' 0
1 3
qf
Chapter 13
13-60. Figure P13.60 shows normalized data from an axial compression (AC) triaxial test and a
lateral compression (LC) triaxial test on saturated simple clay (Ladd, 1964). Make the appropriate
calculations, and plot the complete total and effective stress paths for both tests. What are the
MohrCoulomb strength parameters? Determine Af for each test.
SOLUTION:
Assume 'c 100
1 3 ;
'3
'
'1 '3 1 ;
'3
3 '3 u;
'1
1
'3
3
' '3
p 1
; p' 1
;
2
2
q q'
T sin1 tan12.22 14.7;
1 3
;
2
1 '1 u
ac
u
;
v
sin tan
' sin1 tan 23.2 25.4
A f 0.81
(%)
(13)
'1/'3
'3
'1
p'
0.00
1.00
0.00
30.00
0.00
1.30
0.00
19.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
119.00
100.00
130.00
100.00
149.00
0.0
0.63
100.0
115.0
100.0
134.0
0.0
15.0
2.00
4.00
12.00
45.00
52.00
57.00
1.60
2.00
2.50
29.00
40.00
46.00
75.00
52.00
38.00
104.00
92.00
84.00
120.00
104.00
95.00
149.00
144.00
141.00
0.64
0.77
0.81
97.5
78.0
66.5
126.5
118.0
112.5
22.5
26.0
28.5
100.0
23.2 deg
ESP
50.0
TSP
14.2 deg
0.0
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
p, p'
Chapter 13
13-61. Two specimens of a soft clay from the Sk-Edeby test field in Sweden were
reconsolidated to their initial in situ effective stress conditions and then sheared to failure. One
specimen was loaded in axial compression (AC), while the other was failed by axial extension
(AE). The normalized stress-strain and pore pressure strain data for both tests is shown in Fig.
P13.61 (after Zimmie, 1973). Pertinent specimen data is given in the accompanying table. (a) On
a pq diagram, sketch the total, total-uo, and effective stress paths for both tests. (b) Determine
and T in both compression and extension. (c) Calculate the Skempton pore pressure parameter
A at failure for both tests.
SOLUTION:
1
1 3
2
Initial on system
3A1: 'vc 30.2,
'hc (0.65)(30.2) 19.63
3A2 : 'vc 31.0,
'hc (0.65)(31.0) 20.15
Initial on system
3A1: 1 3 30.2 19.63 10.57;
(0.5)(10.57) 5.285
3A2 : 1 3 31.0 20.15 10.85;
(0.5)(10.85) 5.425
At failure for Test 3A1

f
0.41;
'vc
f (0.41)(30.2) 12.38
f 1 3 f 2(12.382) 24.76
For 'hc '3f 19.63;
at max ;
'1f 24.76 19.63 44.39
u
0.29 (from plot)
'vc
u (0.29)(30.2) 8.76
At failure for Test 3A2
f
0.2;
'vc
f ( 0.2)(31) 6.2
f 1 3 f 2( 6.2) 12.4
For 'hc '3f 20.15;
at max ;
'1f 12.4 20.15 7.75
u
0.05 (from plot)
'vc
u (0.05)(31) 8.76
Af
u
8.76
0.62 (for test 3A1)

v 44.4 30.2
From plots: ' 28

23
' sin1 tan 32.1
' sin1 tan 25.1
Chapter 13
(%)
'vc
u/s'vc
(1 - 3)
'1
'3
p'
p - TSP
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
0.17
0.24
0.33
0.38
0.41
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.27
0.29
10.27
14.50
19.93
22.95
24.76
29.90
34.13
39.56
42.58
44.39
19.63
19.63
19.63
19.63
19.63
0.00
3.02
6.04
8.15
8.76
0.00
0.09
0.15
0.19
0.20
29.90
37.15
45.60
50.74
53.15
19.63
22.65
25.67
27.78
28.39
24.76
29.90
35.64
39.26
40.77
24.76
26.88
29.60
31.11
32.01
5.13
7.25
9.97
11.48
12.38
44.76
49.90
55.64
59.26
60.77
60.00
70.00
30.00
ESP - 3A1
20.00
(T-uo)SP - 3A1
TSP - 3A1
10.00
0.00
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
p, p'
Chapter 13
13-63. For the oil tank problem in Chapter 10 (Problem 10.16), plot the complete total, total-uo,
and effective stress paths due to construction and filling of the tank for an element under the
centerline of the tank and at the midpoint of the clay layer. Assume that Ko at the site is 0.7 and
that the average value of the A parameter before failure is 0.4; assume Af = 0.5. Make reasonable
estimates of the strength parameters, and estimate the factor of safety against failure.
SOLUTION:
From Fig. 10.5: for r = 45 m and z = 30 m, z v 135 kPa (at center of clay layer)
At the center of the clay layer: 'vo (2)(1.7) (18)(0.81) (10)(0.94) 9.81
'vo 268.6 '1
'3 268.6(0.7) 188.09
uo (28)(1)(9.81) 274.68
u Av h ; (assume h 0.33v )
for full tank: u (0.4)(135) 45 99.0
Refer to tabulated values and plots.
For factor of safety estimate, assume cu = 2000 psf.
At full load, f 1 3 100.9(2) 201.8
FS
ff
2000
9.9 (at center of clay layer, which is not the most critical location)
f
201.8
'1
'3
p'
p - uo
0.00
50.00
0.00
36.50
268.60
318.60
543.28
629.78
134.30
159.30
408.98
470.48
201.5
239.0
476.1
550.1
67.2
79.7
201.5
275.5
75.00
100.00
135.00
54.75
73.00
98.55
343.60
368.60
403.60
673.03
716.28
776.83
171.80
184.30
201.80
501.23
531.98
575.03
257.7
276.5
302.7
587.1
624.1
675.9
85.9
92.2
100.9
312.5
349.5
401.3
300
ESP
TSP
200
TSP - u
100
0
0
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
p, p'
Chapter 13
13-64. What is the maximum safe height of the embankment for Examples 13.4 and 13.8? Plot a
graph of factor of safety versus height of the embankment.
SOLUTION:
z I v I(2.1)(9.81)H; I 0.9
z 18.54H
(at center of clay layer)
At the center of the clay layer: 'vo 24

'3 K o 'v ; K o 0.6
uo (4)(1)(9.81) 39.24
u Av h ; (assume h 0.33v )
Refer to tabulated values and plots.
For factor of safety estimate, c ' v ' tan ';
FS
ff
f
c 7,
' 23 (from Ex. 13.8)
see plot for distribution of FS vs. H
'1
'3
cu
FS
0.00
1.00
0.00
18.54
0.00
12.61
24.00
42.54
63.00
94.15
14.40
18.56
53.40
70.17
4.8
12.0
9.6
24.0
45.1
45.1
4.70
1.88
1.50
2.50
2.75
27.81
46.35
50.99
18.91
31.52
34.67
51.81
70.35
74.99
109.72
140.87
148.66
20.64
24.80
25.84
78.55
95.32
99.51
15.6
22.8
24.6
31.2
45.6
49.1
45.1
45.1
45.1
1.45
0.99
0.92
3.0
2.5
H
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
FS
Chapter 13
13-67. A CU extension test was performed on a normally consolidated specimen using axial
extension. The strength ratio was -0.280, and the effective failure angle, = 26.5 deg. Find Af.
SOLUTION:
A ae 1
Kf
u
v
'h
0.28
'v
tan
1 K
1 K
1 ( 0.28)
tan1
60.64
1 ( 0.28)
'
' 37
2
sin ' tan ' ' tan1 sin 37 31.04
' 45
Plot k lines on p,q diagram. At some selected value of q, say q = 40, determine
the corresponding u and v. Note, v decreases and h is constant in AE test.
A ae 1
u
45
1
0.72
v
160
p, p'
0
0
40
80
120
160
-40
31.04 deg
-80
-120
60.64 deg
Chapter 13
13-68. The following data was obtained from CD direct shear tests on NC and OC specimens of
a low plasticity clay. The OC specimens were originally consolidated to 600 kPa, then rebounded
to obtain the OCRs shown below. Determine the Hvorslev shear strength parameters e, ce, and
the Hvorslev coefficient K (After Perloff and Baron, 1976.)
SOLUTION:
Tabulate data using given data and develop consolidation plot (e vs. ').
Develop plot similar to Fig. 13.84, per Bishop and Henkel (1962).
From plot: c 3 0.45, 3 3.8
(Eq. 13.41) sin'e
tan 3
tan(3.8)
0.0623
1 tan 3 1 tan(3.8)
'e 3.6
(Eq. 13.42) c'e 'e
c 3 1 sin 'e
cos 'e
'e
(0.45) 1 sin(3.6)
cos(3.6)
0.42 'e
c'e 0.42 'e
c'e 0.42 'e
0.42
'e
'e
OCR
'c
('1'3)
ef
'1
'3
'e
('1'3)/2'e
'3/'e
1
1
200.0
400.0
100.0
200.0
200.0
400.0
1.070
0.935
400.0
800.0
200.0
400.0
200.0
400.0
0.50
0.50
1.00
1.00
1
3
6
2
600.0
200.0
100.0
300.0
300.0
165.0
115.0
200.0
600.0
330.0
230.0
400.0
0.855
0.923
0.965
0.900
1200.0
530.0
330.0
700.0
600.0
200.0
100.0
300.0
600.0
330.0
240.0
390.0
0.50
0.50
0.48
0.51
1.00
0.61
0.42
0.77
Chapter 13
0.80
('1 - '3)/2'e
0.60
0.40
3 = 3.8 deg
c3 = 0.45
NC
OC
0.20
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
'3/'e
1.100
1.050
1.000
0.950
0.900
0.850
0.800
100.00
'
Chapter 13
13-70. Undisturbed piston samples of grey silty Chicago clay were obtained from a depth of -9 m
as shown in the soil profile in Fig. P13.70a, for laboratory testing. Different types of strength tests
as well as a consolidation test were conducted, and the results of the consolidation test are
shown in Fig. P13.70b. Unconfined compression (UCC) tests on adjacent specimens from that
depth had an average unconfined compressive strength of about 100 kPa. (a) An additional
specimen was trimmed and consolidated hydrostatically in a triaxial cell to 300 kPa; then it was
sheared undrained (CU test). Estimate the compressive strength of this specimen. (b) A
companion specimen of the same clay was also consolidated to 300 kPa, but then it was sheared
drained (CD test). Estimate the compressive strength of this specimen. (c) Estimate the water
content at failure for both the CD and CU triaxial specimens. (d) Estimate and T for the two
specimens.
SOLUTION:
An approximate solution can be obtained using the Jurgenson-Rutledge hypothesis
as described beginning on page 716. Refer to Fig.s 13.93, 13.97, and 13.98 for
examples of the process.
'vo (3)(19.7) (3)(18.9 9.81) (3)(18.9 9.81) 113.64
'c 'vo
virgin compression range is valid for these conditions
(a) CU test:
From line approximately parallel to the compression curve (line B in Fig. 13.93)
1 3 f 100
kPa
e f 0.80
wf
eS (0.8)(1)
100% 29.6%
Gs
2.70
(b) CD test:
'1f 400,
e f 0.75
1 3 f '1 '3 f 160
wf
kPa
eS (0.75)(1)
100% 27.8%
Gs
2.70

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Advanced Topics in Shear Strength of Soils and Rocks

Advanced Topics in Shear Strength of Soils and Rocks

8.0 10.0 12.0

13-6. A soil sample is subjected to an initial equal-all-around hydrostatic state of stress of 50

Advanced Topics in Shear Strength of Soils and Rocks

Shear stress (kPa

Normal stress (kPa)

Advanced Topics in Shear Strength of Soils and Rocks

1f 3f tan2 45 (15) tan2 45

At failue : 1f 45 kPa, 3f 15 kPa

Final conditions : 3f 15,

Shear stress (kPa

Normal stress (kPa)

Advanced Topics in Shear Strength of Soils and Rocks

center 450 594 1044

1 3 f '1 '3 f 1188

'1 (1000) tan2 45

'1f '3f 3640 1000 2640 kPa

U sin g data from problem 13-12; A f

Advanced Topics in Shear Strength of Soils and Rocks

1 3 f '1 '3 f 2130 500 1630

1 3 f '1 '3 f 73.4 26.6 46.8

Or, using data from this problem;

1 3 f '1 '3 f 2130 500 1630

Advanced Topics in Shear Strength of Soils and Rocks

'1 (1000) tan2 45

'1f '3f 3259.9 1000 2259.9 kPa

U sin g data from problem 13-14; A f

' 38.3o , uf 200 kPa

'1 (1000) tan2 45

'1f '3f 4260 1000 3260 kPa

Advanced Topics in Shear Strength of Soils and Rocks

Advanced Topics in Shear Strength of Soils and Rocks

(a) (Eq. 12.13) K o 0.44 0.42 PI

0.44 (0.42)(0.15) 0.50

Fig. 12.55 : K o 0.48 to 0.75

From Eq. 13.90c, for PI =15:

Advanced Topics in Shear Strength of Soils and Rocks

'1 (1.89)(220) 416.8

'1 '3 416.8 220 196.8

1 (220) 1.89 1 195.8 kPa

' 18 and f 54 (same)

Advanced Topics in Shear Strength of Soils and Rocks

Normal stress (kPa)

Advanced Topics in Shear Strength of Soils and Rocks

Total: 16.3 deg

Shear stress (kPa

Advanced Topics in Shear Strength of Soils and Rocks

Continued on next page.

Advanced Topics in Shear Strength of Soils and Rocks

Problem 13-26 continued.

Shear stress (kPa

Normal stress (kPa)

Dev. Stress (kPa)

Dev. Stress (kPa)

Advanced Topics in Shear Strength of Soils and Rocks

1 3 f '1 '3 f 85;

3f 250, 1f (1.85)(250) 462.5

1 3 f 462.5 250 212.5

Advanced Topics in Shear Strength of Soils and Rocks

Shear stress (kPa)

Normal stress (kPa)

Advanced Topics in Shear Strength of Soils and Rocks