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Highly
specialized cell
lack ability to
divide
EX: nerve,
muslce, red
blood cell
divide when
apporpiate condition
is present
Categories of
Cell
normally did
not divide
high level of
mitotic activity
M-PHASE
o 2 stages
- Meiosis or Mitosis
- Cytokinesis
o MITOSIS
induced to poliferate
by surgical (removal of
part of liver)
EX:
lymphocytes
induced to poliferate by
appropiate antigen
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Stages of Mitosis
Anaphase
Telophase
1. Prophase
- Formation of spindle fibre
- Fragmentation of golgi body,
endoplasmic reticulum,
cytoskeleton, nuclear envelope
- Chromosomal material condense
into compact mitotic chromosome
and move to opposite sites while
organizing spindle
2. Prometaphase
- Chromosomal microtubules attach
to kinetochores of chromosome
- Chromosome moved to spindle
equator and assemble there
3. Metaphase
- Chromosome align at the
metaphase plate ready to be
segregated
4. Anaphase
- Centromere split
- Chromatid separate
- Chromosome move to opposite
spindle poles
- Spindle poles move farther apart
5. Telophase
- Chromosome cluster at opposite
spindle poles
- Chromosome become dispersed
- Nuclear envelope assembles around
chromosome cluster
- Golgi complex and endoplasmic
reticulum reforms
o CYTOKINESIS
Cell separate into 2 daughter cells
Animal cell
Form cleavage furrow (made up contractile ring of microfilament)
that pinch the cell until it divides into 2
Plant cell
Making partition (cell plate) between 2 daughter cell
o MEIOSIS (2 STAGES)
Interphase
synapsis (homologous chromosome pairing) forming
tetrad/bivalent
Prophase 1
Meiosis
1
Metaphase
Anaphase 1
disolution of chiasmata that hold bivalent together
Telophase 1
Cytokinesis
Prophase 2
chromosome is recompacted
Meiosis
2
Metaphase 2
Anaphase 2
Telophase 2
Cytokinesis
Protein Kinase
Control of the
cell cycle
Checkpoints
Cyclin as regulatory
protein
brakes & accelerator
3) Cdk inhibitor
- The blocking of Cdk activity
4) Controlled proteolysis
- Regulation of cell cycle b controlling concentration of cyclin
& other key cell cycle protein
- Regulation of cell cycle by adjusting rate of synthesis &
destruction of Cak (cyclin activating kinase) on different
point at cell cycle
- Require classes of multi-subunit complex ligand called
ubiquitin
Ubiquitin recognize and bind the protein that want
to be degraded to polyubiquitin chain thereby
ensuring their destruction by proteasome
5) Subcellular localization
- Dynamic process where cell cycle regulator moved into
different compartment where regulatory molecules can be
united or separated from the protein they interact with at
different stages
Activation of Cyclin-Cdk complex which led to the phosphorylation of other
key substrate is needed through the cell cycle
Mammalian cell produce different Cyclin-Cdk complex at different pints to
inhibit inappropriate event that may happen
Cyclin-Cdk complex pairing is specific
In the cell cycle the absence of one cyclin from a certain stage of the cell
cycle may cause cell abnormality
2. CHECKPOINT
Are surveillance mechanism that halt the progress of cell cycle if any
chromosomal DNA is damaged or when processes (EX: DNA replication,
chromosome alignment) have not been properly completed
Functions:
Ensure each event that make up cell cycle occurs accurately and in
proper order
Act when abnormality in cell appears
Activated throughout the cell cycle by system sensor hat recognize DNA
damage/cellular abnormalities
If the damage is beyond repair cell will send 2 signal
1. Death of the cell
2. Conversion into a permanent cell arrest state (senescence)
HOW SENSOR WORKS
1. Sensor detect the presence of defect
2. Trigger response that arrest further cell cycle to progress
temporary
3. Use the delay during the arrest to repair the damage/correct
defect rather than continuing as if the cell still run its cycle
with damage it has risk to be a cancer cell