Manual Nivel b1

Ingls
B1
Contenidos.-
Diseo de Portada

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Ingls
NIVEL B1
INDICE B1
Grammar
Simple past
Comparatives and superlatives
Enough
Connectors
Vocabulary
The description
Give my opinion
Grammar
Can / Could / Be able to
Present perfect
Past simple Vs. Present perfect
How to express quantity
Vocabulary
Food
Express what you like or dont like
Grammar
Imperative
Reported Speech: Questions
Vocabulary
How to express my opinion
Ways of cooking
Grammar
Question tags
Modal verbs
Yet-already
To get + adjective
Prepositions of easy confusion
Vocabulary
Talking on the phone
Grammar
Past simple vs. past continuous
Present perfect vs. present continuous
Used to
Ever and never
Vocabulary
To travel
Boats
Activity
Make it count
Grammar
Questions: Basic rules
Vocabulary
Bedroom furnishings
Houses. Flats and rooms.
Activities
Dream house
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NIVEL B1
The bedroom
Grammar
Which vs. What
Open vs. Opened
Vocabulary
Wimbledon vocabulary
Bullfighting
Activity
Tennis
Grammar
Expressions with the verbs 'to come'
Things you might not know about the verb 'to be'
Vocabulary
Interesting facts
Forensics
Activity
Criminal Minds
Grammar
Reflexive and Ergative verbs
Delexical verbs: have, take, make, give, go and do
Vocabulary
Taboo words / Swearwords
Activity
Bad Words
Unit 1
B1
Ingls
NIVEL B1
B1 UNIT 1
1. PASADO SIMPLE
El pasado simple se usa en los siguientes casos:
Para hablar de acciones acabadas en un periodo de tiempo en el pasado.
I saw him yesterday. (Le vi ayer.)

Para narrar o describir hechos en el pasado.
They lived in the country; their house was very old.

(Vivan en el campo; su casa era muy vieja.)
Oraciones Afirmativas:
Para formar la oracin afirmativa en pasado, debemos tener en cuenta el verbo, que
puede ser Regular o Irregular:
Verbos Regulares: se forman aadiendo la terminacin ed al verbo. Si el

verbo termina en e aadimos solo la d.
I want > I wanted (Yo quiero > Yo quera).
She wants > She wanted (Ella quiere > Ella quera).
I love Paul > I loved Paul (Quiero a Paul > Quera a Paul).
Pero existen otros casos:
Los verbos monosilbicos acabados en una sola consonante precedida

por una sola vocal duplican la consonante final delante de -ed.
rob robbed
stop stopped
sin sinned
hug hugged
Los verbos de dos o ms slabas que acaban en una sola consonante

precedida por una sola vocal, duplican la consonante final si el acento
recae en la ltima slaba.
admit admitted
prefer - preferred
Los verbos acabados en consonante + y cambian la y por i y aaden ed, pero no los acabados en vocal.
occupy occupied
carry carried
study studied
play played
enjoy - enjoyed
Muchos verbos acabados en l o p duplican la consonante final

delante de ed aunque no cumplan la regla del acento.
travel travelled
worship - worshipped
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NIVEL B1
Verbos Irregulares: a continuacin mostramos la tabla.
Infinitive
Simple Past
Past Participle
Spanish
be
was / were
been
ser
become
became
become
convertirse
begin
began
begun
comenzar
bring
brought
brought
traer
buy
bought
bought
comprar
come
came
come
venir
do
did
done
hacer
dream
dreamt/dreamed
dreamt/dreamed
soar
drink
drank
drunk
beber
drive
drove
driven
conducir
eat
ate
eaten
comer
feel
felt
felt
sentir
find
found
found
encontrar
forget
forgot
forgotten
olvidar
get
got
got
tener, obtener
give
gave
given
dar
go
went
gone
ir
have
had
had
tener
keep
kept
kept
guardar
know
knew
known
saber
learn
learnt/learned
learnt/learned
aprender
make
made
made
hacer
meet
met
met
conocer, encontrar
pay
paid
paid
pagar
put
put
put
poner
read
read
read
leer
say
said
said
decir
see
saw
seen
ver
sell
sold
sold
vender
send
sent
sent
enviar
sleep
slept
slept
dormir
speak
spoke
spoken
hablar
spend
spent
spent
gastar
take
took
taken
tomar
tell
told
told
decir
think
thought
thought
pensar
write
wrote
written
escribir
Ingls
NIVEL B1
El verbo to be tiene dos formas: was y were
I was
Yo era / estaba
You were
T eras / estabas
He was
l era / estaba
She was
Ella era / estaba
It was
Eso era / estaba
We were
Nosotros ramos/
estbamos
You were
Vosotros erais / estabais
They were
Ellos eran / estaban
Oraciones Negativas:
Para negar, no importa si el verbo es regular o irregular. Usamos la forma pasada de

do not (did not/ didnt) seguido del verbo en infinitivo.
I did not read / I didnt read
Yo no le/ lea
You did not read / You didnt read
T no leste/ leas
He did not read / He didnt read
l no ley/ lea
She did not read / She didnt read
Ella no ley/ lea
It did not read / It didnt read
Eso no ley/ lea
We did not read / We didnt read
Nosotros no lemos/
leamos
You did not read / You didnt read
Vosotros no lesteis/
leais
They did not read / They didnt read
Ellos no leyeron/ lean
Para negar el verbo to be, no necesitamos did not/ didnt. Negamos directamente con
el to be (was not/ wasnt were not/ werent).
I was not
I wasnt
Yo no era / estaba
You were not
You werent
T no eras / estabas
He was not
He wasnt
l no era / estaba
She was not
She wasnt
Ella no era / estaba
It was not
It wasnt
Eso no era / estaba
We were not
We werent
Nosotros no ramos/
estbamos
You were not
You werent
Vosotros no erais / estabais
They were not
They werent
Ellos no eran / estaban
Oraciones Interrogativas:
Usamos tambin el auxiliar did o did not (didnt), seguida del sujeto y el verbo en
infinitivo para formular preguntas.
Did I read?
Le/ Lea?
Did you read?
Leiste/ Leas?
Did he read?
(l) ley/ lea?
Did she read?
(Ella) ley/ lea?
Did it read?
(Eso) ley/ lea?
Did we read?
Leimos/ leamos?
Did you read?
Lesteis/ leais?
Did they read?
Leyeron/ lean?
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Ingls
NIVEL B1
Exercise. Complete these sentences with the verbs between brackets:
a. My cousin buyed/bought (buy) a really bad book yesterday.

b. Did/does she sleep/slept (sleep) at home tonight?
c. I want/wanted (want) to eat something. I _was/were_ (be) hungry, so I
cook/cooked (cook) pasta.
d. You are not my friend anymore. You didnt tell/ not told (tell) me the truth.
Exercise. Write yes or no if the question is correct or no for these answers:
1.
Did you saw them?

No, I didnt see them.>
2.
When did you go th the disco?

Last Thursday night. >
3.
were did she be? >

She was at the train station.
4.
Where did you find it?

We found it lost in the forest.>
5.
Why did she leave the room?

Because she said that the film was very sad. >
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2. Formas Interrogativas del pasado simple
DID
ENGLISH
CASTELLANO
Did + subject + (infinitive of the verb)
Did + sujeto + (forma infinitiva del verbo)

(en castellano es distinto...)
play tennis
DID you study

French
DID
he
house
paint the
DID
she work
DID
It
DID
DID
yesterday ?
Jugaste al tenis
ayer?
yesterday
morning ?
Estudiaste francs
ayer a la
maana?
yesterday
afternoon?
Pint la casa
ayer a la
tarde?
last night ?
Trabaj
anoche?
last week?
Llovi
la semana
pasada?
in 1999?
Comenzamos la escuela
en 1999?
Nos visitaron
hace dos
das?
rain
we start school
they visit us
two days ago?
Exercise: now try to order the following

questions
At/ start / work/ time /what / did / you /yesterday?'I started at two.'
At/ time /bed/ did/ to / last/ go / night/ what / he? 'He went at midnight.'
in Italy /did/ where/ you/ stay?
'I stayed with some friends.'
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Ingls
enjoy /show/ did/ they/ the?
NIVEL B1
'No, they didn't. They did not like it.'
when /your cousin /arrive/ did? 'He arrived at three I believe.'
do /did/ you/ what/ night/ last?
'I watched the news on television.'
who /you/ did/ stay/ yesterday/ with? 'I stayed with Sara.'
happened / last/ what/ month?
'The president resigned.
did /to/ school/ how/ come/ you/ yesterday? 'I came on foot as usual.
play /did/ you/ Tim/ with/ chess? 'Yes, he did. Tom is very good at it.
3. Pronunciacin de la Terminacin -ED de los Verbos en Tiempo Pasado

Bsicamente, existen en ingls tres formas de pronunciar la terminacin -ed de los
verbos cuando se enuncian en tiempo pasado. Vamos a ver cada uno:
Sonido [d]
Cuando el verbo termina en sonido vibrado (es decir, cuando al pronunciar la ltima
letra sientes que el sonido vibra en tu garganta), entonces, para pronunciar el pasado
en -ed, se utiliza el sonido vibrado [d]
listen
listened
[lsend]
study
studied
[stdid]
enter
entered
[nterd]
receive
received
[risvd]
memorize memorized [mmoraizd]

jam
jammed
[ymd]
rob
robbed
[rbd]
clog
clogged
[clogd]
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Sonido [t]
Cuando el verbo termina en sonido sordo (es decir, cuando al pronunciar la ltima letra
el sonido no vibra, solo truena en la garganta o en los labios y dientes), entonces, para
pronunciar el pasado en -ed, se utiliza el sonido sordo [t]
walk
walked
[ukt]
talk
talked
[tkt]
stop
stopped
[stopt]
jump
jumped
[yompt]
laugh
laughed
[laft]
practice practiced [prctist]

match
matched [matcht]
watch
watched [utcht]
wash
washed
[usht]
close
closed
[clost]
Sonido [d]
Cuando el verbo termina en sonido [t] o en sonido [d] (observa que en los grupos
anteriores ninguno de los verbos termina en esos sonidos), entonces, para pronunciar
el pasado en -ed, se utiliza el sonido [d] , cuya vocal suena muy cerrada y breve.
repeat repeated [riprd]

invent invented [invntd]
wait
waited
[uird]
want
wanted
[untd]
decide decided [disidd]
14
Ingls
add
NIVEL B1
added
[dd]
include included [incldd]

need
needed
[ndd]
No consigues coger la pronunciacin de los verbos regulares en pasado? En este

artculo te dar algunas pistas que te ayudarn a conseguirlo.
Cules son las reglas?

Todos los libros de gramtica inglesa hablan de tres formas de pronunciar los verbos
que acaban en -ed .
Estos tres sonidos son /d/, /t/ y /id/.
Para saber cundo poner cada uno de estos sonidos hay que conocer el sonido que
antecede a -ed. La explicacin sigue: si acaba en /b, v, g, g, dz, etc (alfabeto fontico)
entonces el sonido es /d/; si acaba en /p, k, tf, etc. el sonido es /t/ y si acaba en /t/ el
sonido es /id/ .
La regla ms importante (que nadie te ha dicho nunca)

Hay una regla que nunca dice nadie y que es muy importante para los
hispanohablantes . Esta regla s la debemos recordar (adems es fcil recordarla).
LA REGLA MS IMPORTANTE:
No hay que pronunciar la e delante de la d. Ya s que en espaol suena e pero en

ingls hay que borrarla; es como si no existiese, no se pronuncia nunca, en ningn
verbo regular en pasado (o participio). O sea que jams deberemos decir loved
played , walked, talked, worked [guorked], tal y como se leen en espaol.
Nota: Esto es lo que hace la mayora de los estudiantes a los cuales doy clases;
ponerse pronunciar la e de los pasados porque es as como se lee.
15
Algunas pistas ms:
El ingls es un idioma en el cual predominan los sonidos de las consonantes puras

(sin una vocal al lado), es decir, decimos t o d (no te, de, ta, da, etc.). Insisto
un poco ms para que se quede la idea. Si en espaol vemos la letra t
automticamente pronunciaremos te, es decir, acompaaremos a la consonante t
de la vocal e porque el espaol es un idioma en el que predomina el sonido de las
vocales . En ingls, en cambio, si vemos la letra t podemos decir ti (alfabeto) o
simplemente t sin vocal. Repito: tttt (sin vocal).
Tras esta explicacin, doy tres pistas ms para aprender a pronunciar

correctamente los verbos acabados en -ed.
1. En principio escogemos entre pronunciar el sonido /t/ sin vocal el sonido /d/ sin
vocal. Nota: Respecto a id (el tercer sonido al que se refieren las explicaciones) decir
que la i es tan corta que casi la podemos asimilar a la d, as nos quedamos slo
con d" sobre todo cuando empezamos a aprender los sonidos. Ms tarde, con ms
practica, podemos intentar distinguir el sonido /id/.
2. La nica manera de saber cundo el verbo regular acaba en un sonido /t/ en /d/ (
/id/)es escuchar mucho ingls. Dejo unos enlaces para ir haciendo odo.
1.Write the verbs in past tense
1. clean
2. cook
3. dive
4. do
5. drive
6. eat
7. go
8. hit
9. live
10. pay
11. play
12. read
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Ingls
NIVEL B1
13. run
14. sit
15. speak
16. study
17. swim
18. think
19. type
2. Write what the people did yesterday
You cook dinner every day.

1. I clean my room after breakfast.
2. He dives in the sea.
3. We live in Salacgriva.
4. You cook very tasty meals
5. He eats salad for dinner.
6. It swims in the lake.
7. We speak three languages.
8. He sits at the window at his work.
9. She sits at the table.
10. We run in the park in the morning.
11. You hit the empty can in the street.
12. They run to work every morning.
13. He plays the guitar very well.
14. She drives a nice new car.
15. They swim in the river in summer.
16. You think about your future.
17. He lives in Latvia.
18. She reads different magazines.
19. We cook meals in the evening.
20. I have some bread on the table.
21. I have a pocket in my new jacket.
22. You have a candle on the table at the window.
23. They have a lot of candles in their room.
24. She has a little brother.
25. I have some friends in different countries
26. I work every day.
27. I have a black car.
28. I like black coffee.
29. I have a party in summer.
17
3. Now write the correct past forms of the verbs:
1. Yesterday I ..... (REMAIN) in the house. I ........ (COOK) dinner and ........ (DO) some
housework.
2. I ......... (REST), ......... (READ) books, ......... (WATCH) television and ........ (GO) to
sleep.
3. I ....... (BE) at school most of the day. I ............. (STUDY). I ........ (GO) to the gym
and ........... (WORK) out, ....... (WORK) in my computer, ......... (WATCH) a little TV.
4. I ............. (GO) to work in the morning and I ............ (GO) to school in the afternoon.
5. I ............ (teach) yesterday. I teach at school two days a week.
6. This morning I ........... (GET) up at eight and ............ (WATCH) news.
7. We ............. (walk) around the city.
8. Yesterday I ............. (ATTEND) a speech at Columbia University.
9. I .............. (GO) to my shrink.
10. I ............... (BE) pretty good at school.
18
Ingls
NIVEL B1
5 Now find the infinitive forms of the previous verbs in the wordsearch: ( 12
verbs )
19
COMPARATIVOS Y SUPERLATIVOS
Comparative adjectives Adjetivos comparativos
Utilizamos la forma comparativa de los adjetivos para describir y comparar
diferentes objetos o personas, necesariamente con dos elementos a comparar como
mnimo.
Tipos de comparaciones: (a) Inferioridad, (b) Igualdad y (c) Superioridad.
Algunos adjetivos tienen una forma de comparacin de superioridad irregular (ver
tabla).
Cmo se hace la forma comparativa de un adjetivo?

(a) Inferioridad: less than (menos que)
Rosi de Palma is less attractive than Elsa Pataki.
(Rosi de Palma es menos atractiva que Elsa Pataki)
(b) Igualdad: as as (tan como)
Rafael Nadal is as good as Roger Federer.
(Rafael Nadal es tan bueno como Roger Federer)
(c) Superioridad: se forma dependiendo de las slabas de un adjetivo. Para hacer una
oracin siempre es necesario poner than (que) detrs del adjetivo.
Adjetivos de 1 slaba:
Aadimos er al adjetivo:
cheap cheaper
high higher
(barato ms barato ,
rich richer .
alto ms alto ,
rico ms rico).
Cuando estos adjetivos acaban en vocal + consonante, se dobla la

ltima consonante:
hot hotter
fat fatter .
(caliente ms caliente , gordo ms gordo).

Adjetivos de 2 slabas acabados en y:
Cambiamos la y por i y despus se le aade er.
happy happier , funny funnier .
(feliz ms feliz , divertido ms divertido) .
Adjetivos de 2 slabas acabados en y , -er , -ow , -le: aadimos -er
20
Ingls
NIVEL B1
narrow narrower
gentle gentler
Adjetivos de 2 o ms slabas:
Ponemos more delante del adjetivo:
expensive more expensive , interesting more interesting.
( caro ms caro ,
interesante ms interesante ).
Superlative adjectives Adjetivos superlativos

Utilizamos la forma superlativa de los adjetivos para destacar la cualidad de un
objeto o persona sobre el resto; ya no son necesarios mencionar dos elementos como
mnimo como en la comparacin, sino que hablamos de un solo elemento.
La forma superlativa de un adjetivo se forma dependiendo de las slabas que tenga.
Siempre es necesario poner el artculo definido the delante del adjetivo, ya que
hablamos de algo/alguien en concreto.
Adjetivos de 1 slaba:
Aadimos est al adjetivo:
cheap the cheapest , high the highest , rich the richest.
(barato el ms barato , alto el ms alto , rico el ms rico)
Si acaba en y, cambiamos la y por i y despus se le aade est.

happy the happiest , funny the funniest .
(feliz el ms feliz , divertido el ms divertido) .
Adjetivos de 2 o ms slabas:
Ponemos most delante del adjetivo:
expensive the most expensive, interesting the most interesting.
( caro el ms caro ,
interesante el ms interesante ).
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adjetivo
comparacin
superlativo
good
better
the best
bad
worse
the worst
far
further-farther
the furthest / farthest
old
older / eldest
the oldest / eldest
many/much
more
the most
little
less
the least
Estos son los adjetivos que tienen una forma comparativa y superlativa irregular:
Exercise5. choose the comparative form of superiority of these adjectives:

Ej. small - smaller
1. good: gooder/better
2. intelligent:
intelligenter/more
intelligent
3. old: older/old
4. bad: worse/ bader
5. large: larger/large
22
Ingls
NIVEL B1
Ejercicio6. Correct or no?
Ej. My flat isnt very big. - I want a bigger flat.
1. My motorbike isnt very fast. Id like a faster

2. My husband isnt very rich. I need a rich
3. His camera isnt very good. He needs one better
4. It isnt very hot today. It was hotter yesterday.
5. Im not very interested in football. Im more interested in tennis.
Ejercicio7. Complete these sentences with a superlative form:
Ej. Hes a very good footballer. Hes the best footballer in Europe at the moment.
1. Shes a pretty girl. Shes THE PRETTIEST/PRETTIEST girl in my class.

2. There are many exciting cities in North America, but I think New York is THE MOST
EXCITING/EXCITEST.
3. August is a hot month in Spain. Its usually THE HOT/ THE HOTTEST month of the
year.
4. I was so happy when I got married. My wedding day was THE BEST/BETTER day of
my life.
5. Its such an expensive restaurant. I think its THE MOST EXPENSIVE/MORE
restaurant in Madrid.
6. Its a very interesting book. Its one of THE MORE INTERESTING/THE MOST
INTERESTING books Ive ever read.
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Comparing people...
:
Compare the following people:
Bob
28 years old
55 kilos
1.50 mt
Bob is
Homer
39 years old
80 kilos
1.55 mt
(YOUNG) than Homer.
Homer is
(OLD) than Alice.
Alice is
(SLIM) than Bob.
Bob is
Homer is
Alice is
(SHORT) than Homer.

(FAT) than Bob.
(SHORT) than Homer.
Homer is
(UGLY) than Alice.
Homer is
(SLOW) than Bob.
Bob is
Alice
9 years old
33 kilos
1.20 mt
(TIDY) than Homer.
Alice is
(BEAUTIFUL) than Bob.
Alice has got
(LONG) hair than Bob.
Homer can play the guitar

Alice can run
Alice draws
Bob is
(GOOD) than Alice.
(FAST) than Homer.

(BAD) than Bob.
(INTELLIGENT) than Homer.
24
Ingls
Homer is a
NIVEL B1
(INTERESTING) person than Bob.
Now, compare the following people:
Harry
32 years old
75 kilos
1.90 mt
Garfield
10 years old
60 kilos
0.57 mt
Sponge Bob
6 years old
3 kilos
0.20 mt
ex: Harry is older than Garfield. (OLD-YOUNG)

Write ONE word per gap
Garfield
Sponge Bob
Harry
Sponge Bob. (YOUNG-OLD)

Harry. (FAT-SLIM)
Sponge Bob. (SHORT-TALL)
Garfield
Harry. (SHORT-TALL)
Garfield
Harry. (FUNNY-BORING)
Harry's. (SMALL-BIG)
Sponge Bob's eyes

Harry
Garfield. (STRONG-WEAK)
Garfield
Bob Sponge
Harry. (BEAUTIFUL-HORRIBLE)
at sports
Garfield. (GOOD-BAD)
25
Much, far, etc with comparatives

We cannot use very with comparatives. Instead, we use, for example, much,
far, very much, a lot (informal), lots (informal), and no, rather, a little, a bit
(informal) and even.
Examples:
My boyfriend is much / far older than me. (NOT ..very older than me)
Russian is much / far more difficult than Spanish.
Very much nicer
Rather more quickly
A bit more sensible (informal)
She looks no older tan her daughter
A lot happier
A little less expensive
Is your mother any better? (Se encue tra

tu madre un poco mejor?)
Your cooking is even worse than Henrys.
Quite cannot be used with comparatives except in the expression quite better
meaning recovered from an illness. Any, no, a bit and a lot are not normally used to
modify comparatives before nouns.
There are much/far nicer shops in the centre. (BUT NOT a bit nicer shops)
1. Many more / less/ fewer

When more modifies a plural noun, it is modified by many instead of much.
Compare:
Much/ far/ a lot more money
Many /far / a lot of more opportunities
2. Much / by far / quite / etc. with superlatives
Superlatives can be modified by much and by far, and by other adverbs of
degree such as quite (meaning absolutely), almost, practically, nearly and
easily.
Hes much the most imaginative of them all.
Shes by far the oldest.
Were walking by far the slowest.
26
Ingls
NIVEL B1
Hes quite the most stupid man Ive even met.
Im nearly the oldest in the company.
This is easily the worst party I have been to this year!
3. Very with superlatives

Note the special use of very to emphasize superlatives and first, next and last.
Bring out your very best wine Michaels coming to dinner.
Youre the very first person Ive spoken to today.
This is your very last chance
Using the adjective modifiers that we have seen in this lesson, compare two of
the ideas given below:
Reading /
watching movies
Travelling /
staying at home
English / other
languages
Big city/ small

town
Paintings / photos
A computer/ a
tablet PC
Classical music/
rock music
Education/
experience
How do you want to be remembered?

After watching the movie answer the question below and come up with practical ways
in which we can be kind to other people in our everyday life.
Which characteristic the narrator says is BY FAR the most important. Do you agree?
http://vimeo.com/11083824#at=25
27
Listening 2:
http://vimeo.com/19890458
You are going to watch a short film about a single day in the life of Amar, a fourteen
year-old Indian boy. As you watch the film you should think how your daily routine is
similar or different to that of Amar. Use as many adjectives modifiers as possible.
Speaking:
The title of the film in Amar (All great achievements require time). What does all great
achievements require time mean?
ENOUGH BASTANTE/ SUFICIENTE

El adverbio enough significa bastante o suficiente y lo colocamos de la siguiente
manera:
- Antes de un sustantivo.
We dont have enough bread for tonight.

(No tenemos suficiente pan para esta noche.)
- Despus de un adjetivo, un adverbio o un verbo.
She doesnt have to worry; she is good enough.

(No tiene que preocuparse; es suficientemente buena.)
28
Ingls
NIVEL B1
Do you rest enough? (Descansas lo suficiente?)
Exercise8. Put enough in the right position:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
The kitchen is (YES/NO ) clean (YES/NO ).

The supermarket doesnt have (YES/NO ) milk (YES/NO ) today.
My room isnt (YES/NO ) tidy (YES/NO )
This exercise is (YES/NO ) easily (YES/NO)
Is your car (YES/NO ) big (YES/NO)?
Does he (YES/NO ) eat (YES/NO)?
LOS CONECTORES
29
CONNECTORS:
1. Read the pairs of sentences below. Which pair expresses similar ideas? Which
pair expresses contrasting ideas?
similar ideas vs. contrasting ideas
1. Their team has got the best players. Moreover, their coach is
fantastic.
2. Their team has got the best players. Nevertheless, they lost the last
game.
2.Choose the correct connector:

CONNECTORS OF ADDITION: in addition, furthermore, moreover, as well as, also,
and
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST: however, nevertheless, on the one hand / on the
other hand, in spite of / despite, although /even though, but
In addition;despite,however,but,as well as,nevertheless

1. Lorena seems to be quite clever. ......., she often gets low marks.
30
Ingls
NIVEL B1
2. The service at this restaurant is excellent. .........., the food is delicious.
3. I've never been to Argentina, .........having relatives there.
4. Jordi is a careful driver. .........., hes had several accidents.
5. Cristina loves playing sport, ........ shes not very good at it.
6. Anna is talented at music.......... art.
Some connectors have got similar meanings but are followed by different
structures. Despite and in spite of are followed by a noun phrase or a
gerund.
We did not wear coats despite the cold weather.
I tried to look happy in spite of feeling terrible.
Even though and although are followed by a clause.
My car constantly needs repairs even though its new.

My cousin and I arent very close, although were the same age.
Choose the correct connector.

1. We're studying now there's an interesting film on TV.
2. Id like to talk to you I know youre busy.
3. her efforts, she failed the exam.
4. we were having difficulties, we felt optimistic.
5. We didnt win the game all all our hard work
31
VOCABULARY:
La descripcin:
This is: esto/a es.
This is a house
That is: eso/a, aquel/la es
That is the orange house
These are: estos/as son
These are the English books
32
Ingls
NIVEL B1
Those are: esos/as, aquellos/as son
Those are the English books:
Appearance
I am / You are / He is / She is

Tall
small
33
El verbo To be es el verbo descriptivo ms utilizado
Character
I am / You are / He is / She is
shy
quiet
lively
active
easygoing
outgoing
nice
friendly
funny
happy
annoying
sad
aggressive
a pain in the neck
a little chatter box
overweight, fat
slim
young
old
years old.
beautiful / pretty ,
handsome
sun-tanned
pale
Con el verbo tener y haber TO HAVE tambin podemos utilizarlo para la

descripcin fsica
I have / You have / He has / She has (got)

blue / green / grey / brown eyes
freckles
a beard
a full beard
a moustache
34
Ingls
NIVEL B1
a goatee
a stubbly beard
blond hair
red hair
brown hair
black hair
dyed hair
blond highlights
short hair
long hair
straight hair
curly hair / curls
a bald head
a square / round / triangular / oval face
a big / small / long nose
big / small ears
Clothing and Accessories
I wear / You wear / He wears / She wears
glasses
contact lenses
I am wearing / You are wearing / He/She is wearing
earrings
a necklace
a wristband
a bracelet
35
a cap
a red scarf
a tie
Expressing Opinions
English Vocabulary
Below are some phrases that you can use to help express opinions. Some of these
phrases are more appropriate for written English such as giving your opinion in an
essay whereas some can also be used in spoken English.
Personal Point of View
We use these words and phrases to express a personal point of view:
In my experience
As far as I'm concerned
Speaking for myself
In my opinion
Personally, I think
I'd say that
I'd suggest that
I'd like to point out that
I believe that
What I mean is
36
Ingls
NIVEL B1
General Point of View

We use these words and phrases to express a point of view that is generally thought by
people:
It is thought that...
Some people say that...
It is considered...
It is generally accepted that...
Agreeing with an opinion

We use these words and phrases to agree with someone else's point of view:
Of course.
You're absolutely right.
Yes, I agree.
I think so too.
That's a good point.
Exactly.
I don't think so either.
So do I.
I'd go along with that.
That's true.
Neither do I.
I agree with you entirely.
That's just what I was thinking.
I couldn't agree more.
Disagreeing with an opinion

We use these words and phrases to disagree with someone else's point of view:
That's different.
I don't agree with you.
However
That's not entirely true.
On the contrary
I'm sorry to disagree with you, but
Yes, but don't you think
That's not the same thing at all.
I'm afraid I have to disagree.
I'm not so sure about that.
I must take issue with you on that.
It's unjustifiable to say that...
EXPRESSIONS YOU MAY USE
37
Introduce your opinion:

In my opinion
En mi opinion
I(personally)) think/I believe/
Personalmente creo que/no creo que
I feel/I dont feel that
Me parece/no me parece que
In my view/ In my point of view .
Bajo mi punto de vista
As I see it
Como lo veo yo
As far as Im concerned
En lo que a mi respecta
Its clear to me that
me parece evidente que
I agree/I dont agree that
Estoy de acuerdo en que/ No...
Sequence ideas:
To begin with
Para empezar ...
The first point is
El primer argumento es ...
First of all /First/Firstly,...
En primer lugar ... / Primeramente,...
Secondly/ Thirdly
En segundo lugar/ en tercer lugar
Finally/Lastly
Por ltimo
Add information
Furthermore,
Adems (formal)
Moreover, .
Adems (formal)
In addition,
Adems (less formal)
Besides,
Adems (the least formal)
What is more,
Es ms, ...
Also/...too
Tambin
As well as
al igual que
Apart from (that)
Aparte de (eso)
38
Ingls
NIVEL B1
Give a reason
Due to(+noun)/Due to the fact that(+sentence)
Owing to(+noun)/Owing to the fact that(+sentence)
Because(+sentence)
Debido a/Debido al hecho de que
porque
Because of(+noun e.g.: the rain)

lluvia)
a causa de / por ... (e.g.: la
Since/As(+sentence e.g.: he is the boss)

es el jefe)
ya que, puesto que(e.g.: l
Thats why ...
por eso ...
For this/that reason
por esta/esa razn
Express a consequence
Cosequently
en consecuncia
Therefore
por lo tanto
So
as que, por eso
As a result of
como consecuencia de
This means that
esto significa que
Introduce the conclusion

In short
en resumen
In brief
In summary
To sum up
In conclusion
en conclusin
To conclude
39
CONJUNCTIONS
According to - de acuerdo con / segn
Namely - a saber
After - despus que
Neither... nor - ni... ni
Although - aunque, si bien
Nevertheless - sin embargo, no obstante
And - y
Nor - ni
As - cuando, mientras, a medida que,

como
Notwithstanding - no obstante
As if - como si
Or - o
As long as - mientras, con tal que
Or else - sino
As soon as - en cuanto
Otherwhise - de otra manera, si no
As though - como si
Provided - siempre que , con tal de que
As well as - adems de
Providing - siempre que , con tal de que
Because - porque
Since - puesto que, ya que, desde que
Because of - debido a
So as to - para
Before - antes que
So as not to - para no
Both...and - tanto...como
So that - para que
But - pero
Still - sin embargo, no obstante
But - sino
Than - que ( en comparaciones )
Either... or - o... o
Therefore - por lo tanto
Even though - aunque
Though - aunque
Except - excepto, salvo
Unless - a menos que
For - porque
Until - hasta que
Furthermore - adems
Whenever - cada vez que, cuando
However - sin embargo
Whereas - siendo que, mientras
40
Ingls
NIVEL B1
If - si
Whether - si
In case of - en caso de
Whether... or - si... o
In order to - para
While - mientrar, mientras que, aunque
Moreover - adems, por otra parte
Yet - sin embargo, no obstante
More Expressions you can use to introduce an opinion
In my opinion, ...
In my eyes, ...
To my mind, ...
Speaking personally, ...
As far as I am concerned, ...
From my point of view, ...

say that ...
As for me / As to me, ...
I would say that ...

opinion that ..
It seems to me that ...
I am of the
My impression is that ...

impression that .
I am under the impression that ...
It is my
I have the feeling that ...
My own feeling on the subject is that ...
I have no doubt that ...
I dare
I am sure / I am certain that ...
I hold the opinion/ the view that ...
(I form / adopt an opinion.)
I guess that ...
It goes without saying that ...
My view / opinion / belief / impression / conviction is that ...

I think / consider / find / feel / believe / suppose / presume / assume that ...
41
1. Read the text about St. Patrick.
St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, was born in Wales around 385 AD. His
real name was not Patrick but Maewyn Succat. He had wealthy parents and
they had a good life in the country. When he was 16 years old he was captured
by pirates who took him to Ireland and sold him to a farmer.
He worked as a shepherd, tending sheep and pigs. He was very lonely and prayed all
the time. One night, after more than six years as a prisoner, Patrick heard a voice
which he believed to be Gods - telling him to escape. He walked for more than 200
miles until he reached the coast. He boarded a ship that took him to France where he
became a priest.
He went back to Wales but, several years later, another vision told him that he had to
return to Ireland to convert the Druid Irish people to Christianity.
St. Patrick lived and preached in Ireland for many years. Instead of disregarding
native Irish beliefs, he incorporated traditional customs and rituals into his lessons. He
used the shamrock, a three-leaf clover, to explain the Christian concept of God (Father,
Son and Holy Spirit).
According to a legend, St. Patrick drove all the snakes from Ireland. This is not true.
Ireland never actually had snakes.
Saint Patrick died on March 17 the day we now celebrate St. Patricks Day. Lots of
cities in Ireland and in the US have St. Patrick's Day parades. Most people wear
green and one of the fun Irish traditions is to pinch anyone who is not wearing green
on St. Patrick's Day.
42
Ingls
NIVEL B1
Complete the sentences.
1. St. Patrick's Day is an annual feast day celebrating the patron saint of
2. St. Patrick's Day is celebrated on
3. People wear something
4. A
is a three-leaf clover.
5. Several cities celebrate the holiday with a

6. If you do not wear green on St. Patrick's day someone might
you!
5. Have fun with a Crossword Puzzle. Use the picture clues.
1.
2.
5.
6.
3.
4.
7.
9.
43
8.
Across
1
3. St. Patrick is the patron saint of

______
8. The ______ has a pot of gold.
4
3
5
9. You must wear something ______

6
Down
1. The ______ is the Irish national

emblem.
2. The ______ is a three-leaf clover.

4. There is a pot of gold at the end of
the ______.
9
5. Leprechauns have a pot of

______.
6. Many cities celebrate St. Patrick's
Day with a ______.
7. St. Patrick's Day is celebrated on
______.
1. What do you think about this tradition?

2. Write a text about a tradition you know.
44
Ingls
NIVEL B1
CAN / COULD / BE ABLE TO
Can y could son formas invariables (no se conjugan) y aparecen siempre seguidas
de un verbo en infinitivo (sin to).
Can slo se utiliza en las oraciones en presente y could es su forma en las

oraciones en pasado, aquellas que implican un tono de cortesa o en oraciones
condicionales.
Estos son los principales usos de can y could:
Expresar capacidad para hacer algo:
She can swim very well. ([Ella] Sabe nadar muy bien).
She could swim very well. ([Ella] saba nadar muy bien).
Pedir algo de forma educada:
Can I have a beer, please? (Me pone una cerveza, por favor?).
Could I have a beer, please? (Me podra poner una cerveza, por favor?).
Expresar posibilidad o imposibilidad de hacer algo:
I can give you her phone number. (Puedo darte su nmero de telfono).
I could give you her phone number. (Podra darte su nmero de telfono).
Expresar y pedir permiso:
Can I smoke here? (Puedo fumar aqu?).

Could I smoke here? (Podra fumar aqu?).
45
Forma negativa: se aade not detrs de can y could: cannot / could not.
I cannot / cant believe it! (No me lo puedo creer!).

We cannot / cant meet tonight. (No podemos quedar esta noche).
Forma interrogativa: El sujeto se coloca entre can/could y el verbo en infinitivo.
She can play the saxophone > Can she play the saxophone?
You can drink alcohol > Can you drink alcohol?
Exercise1. Complete the sentences with can or could. In some sentences you can use
both options although the meaning changes:
1. Mike can/could drive, but he doesnt have a car.

2. Smoking can/could be dangerous for your health and those around you.
3. When we were kids, we can not/could not go to bed very late.
4. Extreme rain could /cancause the river to flood the city.
Be able to corresponde a la expresin en espaol ser capaz de.
El verbo to be nunca aparecer en infinitivo, sino que se conjugar en cualquier

tiempo verbal y siempre de acuerdo con el sujeto de la oracin.
Despus de la preposicin to debe aparecer un verbo en infinitivo.
La negativa o interrogativa se hace segn el tiempo verbal usado del verbo to be.
It seemed difficult, but I was able to learn the list of irregular verbs.
(Pareca difcil, pero fui capaz de aprenderme la lista de verbos irregulares).
46
Ingls
NIVEL B1
I will be able to speak fluent English very soon.

(Ser capaz de hablar ingls fluido muy pronto).
She is not able to pronounce the word literature correctly.

(Ella no es capaz de pronunciar la palabra literature correctly).
Are you able to sing a song in English?

(Eres capaz de cantar una cancin en ingls?).
Debemos tener en cuenta que en muchos casos podemos usar tanto can como be
able to en una misma oracin. Como en espaol, la diferencia de significado de ambos
verbos es mnima.
Ejercicio2. Complete the sentences with can or be able to:
1. When Tom went to Wales, he can/was able to save a lot of money.

2. Can/are able to they play paddle well?
3. She was not able/ cant to not understand the plot of the film.
4. My girlfriend cannot come/ is not able to with us to the Rolling Stones concert.
PRESENT PERFECT
How do we make the Present Perfect Tense?
The structure of the present perfect tense is:
subject + auxiliary verb + main verb
have
past participle
47
Here are some examples of the present perfect tense:

subject
auxiliary verb
main verb
have
seen
ET.
You
have
eaten
mine.
She
has
not
been
to Rome.
We
have
not
played
football.
Have
you
finished?
Have
they
done
it?
Contractions with the present perfect tense

When we use the present perfect tense in speaking, we usually contract the subject
and auxiliary verb. We also sometimes do this when we write.
I have
I've
You have
You've
He has
She has
It has
John has
The car has
He's
She's
It's
John's
The car's
We have
We've
They have
They've
Here are some examples:
I've finished my work.

John's seen ET.
They've gone home.
48
Ingls
NIVEL B1
He's or he's??? Be careful! The 's contraction is used for the auxiliary verbs have and
be. For example, "It's eaten" can mean:
It has eaten. [present perfect tense, active voice]

It is eaten. [present tense, passive voice]
It is usually clear from the context.

How do we use the Present Perfect Tense?
This tense is called the present perfect tense. There is always a connection with the
past and with the present. There are basically three uses for the present perfect tense:
1. experience
2. change
3. continuing situation
1. Present perfect tense for experience
We often use the present perfect tense to talk about experience from the past. We are
not interested in when you did something. We only want to know if you did it:
I have seen ET.
He has lived in Bangkok.
Have you been there?
We have never eaten caviar.
past
present
future
!!!
The action or state was in
the past.
In my head, I have a
memory now.
Connection with past: the event was in the past.

Connection with present: in my head, now, I have a memory of the event; I know
something about the event; I have experience of it.
49
2. Present perfect tense for change

We also use the present perfect tense to talk about a change or new information:
I have bought a car.
past
present
Last week I didn't have a

car.
Now I have a car.
future
John has broken his leg.

past
present
Yesterday John had a

good leg.
Now he has a bad leg.
future
Has the price gone up?

past
present
Was the price $1.50

yesterday?
Is the price $1.70 today?
future
The police have arrested the killer.

past
present
50
future
Ingls
NIVEL B1
Yesterday the killer was

free.
Now he is in prison.
Connection with past: the past is the opposite of the present.

Connection with present: the present is the opposite of the past.
***Americans do not use the present perfect tense so much as British speakers.
Americans often use the past tense instead. An American might say "Did you
have lunch?", where a British person would say "Have you had lunch?"
3. Present perfect tense for continuing situation

We often use the present perfect tense to talk about a continuing situation. This is a
state that started in the past and continues in the present (and will probably continue
into the future). This is a state (not an action). We usually use for or since with this
structure.
I have worked here since June.
He has been ill for 2 days.
How long have you known Tara?
past
present
future
The situation started in the

past.
It continues up to now.
(It will probably continue

into the future.)
Connection with past: the situation started in the past.

Connection with present: the situation continues in the present.
For & Since with Present Perfect Tense

We often use for and since with the present perfect tense.
We use for to talk about a period of time - 5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6 years.

We use since to talk about a point in past time - 9 o'clock, 1st January,
Monday.
51
for
since
a period of time
a point in past time

x------------
20 minutes
6.15pm
three days
Monday
6 months
January
4 years
1994
2 centuries
1800
a long time
I left school
ever
the beginning of time
etc
etc
Here are some examples:
I have been here for 20 minutes.

I have been here since 9 o'clock.
John hasn't called for 6 months.
John hasn't called since February.
He has worked in New York for a long time.
He has worked in New York since he left school.
For can be used with all tenses. Since is usually used with perfect tenses only.
52
Ingls
NIVEL B1
Exercises:
Fill in the gaps with the most appropriate word from the list below:
Present Perfect - 1
Has he eaten? Has she eaten? Hasn't he

eaten? Hasn't she eaten? Have I eaten? Have
they eaten? Have you eaten? Haven't we eaten?
Haven't you eaten? He hasn't eaten I have eaten
I haven't eaten She has eaten They haven't
eaten We have eaten We haven't eaten You
have eaten
EAT
Affirmative
Form
Negative Form
Interrogative
Form
Haven't I
eaten?
he
He has
eaten
She hasn't
eaten
she
Have we
eaten?
we
You haven't
eaten
you
they
Interronegative
Form
They have
eaten
Haven't they
eaten?
53
Present Perfect - 2
Has she written? Hasn't he written? Hasn't she written?

Have I written? Have they written? Have you written?
Haven't we written? Haven't you written? He has written
He hasn't written I have written I haven't written She has
written They have written They haven't written We have
written We haven't written You haven't written
WRITE
Affirmative
Form
Interrogative
Form
Negative Form
Haven't I written?
he
Has he written?
She hasn't
written
she
Have we
written?
we
you
Interronegative
Form
You have
written
Haven't they
written?
they
54
Ingls
NIVEL B1
What have you done today?

Simple Present Perfect gap-fill exercise
1. I
2. We
3. I
a shower today. (to take)

the newspaper today. (to read)
to my English teacher today. (to speak)
4. She
television today. (to watch)
5. He
two cups of coffee today. (to have)
6. They
7. He
8. I
four e-mails today. (to send)

a new friend today. (to make)
a film today. (to see)
9. She
two postcards today. (to write)
10. You
this test today. (to do)
55
PASADO SIMPLE VS. PASADO CONTINUO
Para formar el Pasado Simple debemos tener en cuenta si el verbo es Regular o

Irregular [ver Mdulo 1; apartado 2. Pasado Simple].
El Pasado Simple lo usamos en las siguientes situaciones:
Para hablar de acciones acabadas en un periodo de tiempo en el pasado. Puede ir

acompaado de algunos marcadores como: yesterday, the day before yesterday, last
night, last week, last month, last year, three years ago, in 1971
I called you yesterday. (Te llam ayer).

Did she come last night? (Vino ella anoche?).
They didnt work last year. (Ellos no trabajaron el ao pasado).
Para narrar o describir hechos en el pasado:
When I was a child I was really shy, I liked playing the guitar but I didnt
study too much. How were you?
(Cuando yo era pequea era muy tmida, me gustaba tocar la guitarra pero no
estudiaba demasiado. T cmo eras?).
Para formar las condicionales de segundo tipo:
If you were busy I would do it for you.

(Si t estuvieras ocupado, yo lo hara por ti).
If we had a car we could go to the beach.

(Si tuviramos un coche podramos ir a la playa).
El Pasado Continuo se forma con el verbo to be en pasado simple + verbo en ing.
I was watching a film. (Estaba viendo una pelcula).

Were you waiting for me? (Me estabas esperando?).
56
Ingls
NIVEL B1
She wasnt working in this company. (No estaba trabajando en esta empresa).
El Pasado Continuo lo usamos en las siguientes situaciones:
Para hablar de acciones en proceso que ocurrieron en un momento especfico del

pasado:
At 10 oclock she was waiting for the bus.

(A las 10 ella estaba esperando el autobs).
Para describir el contexto o el ambiente en el que se desarrolla una accin en el

pasado:
It was raining; I was watching a film and thinking about the problem.
(Estaba lloviendo; yo estaba viendo una pelcula y pensando en el problema).
Para describir una accin que se estaba desarrollando en el pasado y es

interrumpida por otra accin tambin en el pasado (pasado simple).
I was reading the newspaper when she called me.

(Yo estaba leyendo el peridico cuando ella me llam).
Para describir dos acciones que ocurren al mismo tiempo:
They were drinking and talking while I was cooking alone. (Ellos estaban
bebiendo y hablando mientras yo estaba cocinando sola).
Para hablar de acciones habituales en el pasado que son molestas para el hablante.
Normalmente usamos el adverbio always.
57
She was always talking in class. (Ella siempre estaba hablando en clase).
Existen algunas reglas ortogrficas para aadir la ing:
Normalmente aadimos la ing al verbo sin que se produzca ningn cambio;

tambin a los verbos que acaban en y :
listen > listening
go > going
read > reading
try > trying

lay > laying
fly > flying
Los verbos acabador en consonante + -e, omiten la e para aadir ing:

live > living
write > writing
behave > behaving
Los verbos monosilbicos acabados en una sola consonante precedida de una

sola vocal duplican la consonante final delante de ing:

precedida de una sola vocal duplican la consonante final si el acento recae en
la ltima slaba:
refer > referring

occur > occurring
Los verbos acabados en ie cambian la ie por y delante de ing:
stop > stopping

swim > swimming
run > running
die > dying

lie > lying
Muchos verbos acabados en una sola vocal + l o p duplican la consonante

finaldelante de ing, aunque no cumplan la regla del acento:
travel > travelling
worship > worshipping
58
Ingls
NIVEL B1
Exercise1. A group of people were staying in a hotel. One evening the fire alarm went
off. Choose the sentences saying what each person was doing at the time.
Example: (I / have/ a bath) I was having a bath.
1. (Rachel / write / a letter to her sister)

1. Rachel was writing a letter to her sister
1. Rachel were writing a letter to her sister
2. (Peter / get / ready to go out)

2. Peter were getting ready to go out
2. Peter was getting ready to go out
3. (Charles and Dennis / have / a drink)

3. Charles and Dennis were having a drink
3. Charles and Dennis was having a drink
4. (Tom / make / a phone call)

4. Tom was making a phone call.
4. Tom were making a phone call.
59
Exercise2. Choose the correct simple past or continuous sentences:
1.
(it be) easy to do the exercise?
2.
Sam (take) another cake while his mum was not looking.
3.
George (walk) his dog when he hear a strange noise.
4.
He (get) lots of presents for his birthday.
5.
(He, work) on his computer at 5 oclock?
6.
(You, buy) a blue skirt yesterday?
7.
I (eat) and my brother was watching TV.
8.
He (have) a shower when the phone rang.
Write down the correct form (pronoun + verb).

Simple Past / Present Perfect Simple
I / open
he / write
they / do
you / swim
she / give
Use
When do we use which tense?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
'Already' is a signal word for ...

'Just' is a signal word for ...
'2 years ago' is a signal word for ...
'Yet' is a signal word for ...
'Yesterday' is a signal word for ...
60
Ingls
NIVEL B1
Positive Sentences
Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple).
1. Mary (win)
the lottery last year.
2. We (prepare / already)
3. James (find)
4. He (come / just)
5. They (buy)
dinner.
your ring in the garden yesterday.
home.
their car two years ago.
Negative Sentences
Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple).
1. I (see / not)
anyone yet.
2. Phil (go / not)
to the cinema last night.
3. We (be / not)
to the zoo so far.
4. She (arrive / not)
yet.
5. Emily (visit / not)
me last week.
61
62
Unit 2
B1
Ingls
NIVEL B1
B1 - UNIT 2
QUESTION TAGS
Son preguntas breves empleadas cuando el emisor necesita aprobacin por parte
del interlocutor o quiere comprobar que est escuchando.
Corresponden a la muletilla utilizada en espaol al final de la frase: no? / verdad?

Como en ingls son abreviaturas de una oracin interrogativa completa, se utilizan los
mismos verbos auxiliares y el mismo orden de palabras que en las oraciones
interrogativas completas:
These documentaries are very interesting, arent they?

(Estos documentales son muy interesantes, verdad?).
Its not snowing, is it? (No est nevando, no?).

Principales question tags:
Frase afirmativa + question tag negativa:
We are going to Morocco, arent we? (Vamos a Marruecos, no?)

Ralph is a bit shy, isnt he? (Ralph es un poco tmido, verdad?)
Frase negativa + question tag afirmativa:
You dont like vegetables, do you? (No te gusta la verdura, no?)

Alice cant drive, can she? (Alice no puede conducir, no?)
63
Otros tipos de question tags:
Con el imperativo (se utiliza el auxiliar will en la tag question y la orden o

invitacin del imperativo se convierte en una orden brusca):
Sit down, will you? (Sintate, quieres?).

Con someone / somebody (el sujeto de la tag question es they):
Someone has called all the customers, havent they?

(Alguien ha llamado a todos los clientes, no?).
Con Lets(la tag question de esta expresin es shall we):
Lets go home, shall we? (Vamos a casa no?).

Con varios auxiliares (en este caso la question tag debe hacerse con el primero
de ellos):
They shouldnt have told her, should they?

(No deberan habrselo dicho, verdad?).
Entonacin de las tag questions:
Entonacin descendente: el hablante est seguro de lo que dice, por lo que no hara
falta una respuesta de su interlocutor. Corresponde a la muletilla del espaol eh?
Frank is a clever boy, isnt he?

(Frank es un chico listo, eh? [El hablante da su opinin]).
Entonacin ascendente: el hablante no est seguro de lo que dice, por lo que la tag
question es una forma de pedir informacin a su interlocutor.
64
Ingls
NIVEL B1
Frank passed his exams, didnt he?

(Frank aprob los exmenes, no? [El hablante duda y pide informacin])
Ejercicio 1. Choose the correct question tag to complete the following sentences:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
You will send me a postcard from Llangollen, WONT YOU/ WILL YOU?
Somebody answered the phone when I was out, DIDNT THEY/ WAS I?
You are not older than me, ARE YOU/ ARENT YOU?
Rachel has gone to Brussels, HASNT SHE/ HAS SHE?
She is invited too, ISNT SHE/ IS SHE?
Lets have another drink, SHALL WE/ SHALL NOT WE?
You dont know who I am, DO YOU/ DONT YOU?
65
VERBOS MODALES
Los verbos modales sirven para hablar de obligacin, voluntad, posibilidad o
capacidad. Solo tienen formas de presente o de pasado, es decir, que no tienen ni
infinitivo, ni participio ni gerundio (excepto must y ought to, que solo tienen formas de
presente). La siguiente tabla muestra los verbos modales ms importantes:
VERBO
USO
EJEMPLOS
Expresar capacidad para hacer

algo.
She can swim very well.

Puede/ Sabe nadar muy bien.
Can I have some more coffee, please?
Pedir algo educadamente.
Me puedes poner ms caf, por favor?
Can
I cant go with you; Im not feeling well.
Expresar posibilidad o imposibilidad
No puedo ir contigo; no me encuentro

bien.
Expresar y pedir permiso.
Can I open the door?

Puedo abrir la puerta?
It cant be raining. The ground is not wet.
En negativa: expresar deduccin.
No puede estar lloviendo. El suelo no

est mojado.
Expresar capacidad para hacer

algo en el pasado.
I could drive at the age of twelve.
Could you tell me the time, please?
Could
Yo saba conducir a los doce aos.
Podra decirme la hora, por favor?

The light was too bright. I couldnt open
my eyes.
Expresar imposibilidad en el
pasado.
La luz era demasiado brillante. No poda

abrir los ojos.
66
Ingls
NIVEL B1
We could have a drink in the pub.
Hacer conjeturas.
Podramos tomarnos una copa en el bar.
Pasado de Can en estilo indirecto.
They said they could do it again.

Dijeron que lo podan hacer de nuevo.
May I stay a bit longer?
Pedir permiso.
Puedo quedarme un poco ms?

You may play now.
Conceder permiso.
Ya podis jugar.
We may visit our friends on Monday.
May
Expresar posibilidad.
Puede que visitemos a nuestros amigos

el lunes.
She may still be asleep because the
room is dark.
Hacer conjeturas.
Puede que todava est durmiendo

porque la habitacin est oscura.
Expresar la posibilidad remota de

que algo ocurra.
Might
They might invite us to the party.

Puede que nos inviten a la fiesta.
They might have broken the window
while I was sleeping.
Hacer conjeturas.
Puede que rompieran/ hayan roto la

ventana mientras dorma.
You must go to school.
Expresar obligacin.
Must
Debes ir a clase.
You mustnt smoke in hospitals.
En forma negativa: expresar

prohibicin.
No se debe fumar en los hospitales.
67
They must be happy with the new

building.
Expresar deduccin afirmativa.
Deben de estar contentos con el nuevo

edificio.
I had to go to the doctor yesterday

because I didnt feel well.
Expresar obligacin.
Ayer tuve que ir al mdico porque no me

encontraba bien.
You dont have to buy anything; there is

plenty of food in the fridge.
Have to
En forma negativa: expresar
ausencia de obligacin.
No tienes que comprar nada; hay mucha

comida en la nevera.
Dar consejos.
You should do more physical exercise.

Deberas hacer ms ejercicio fsico.
Should
We should be more tolerant.
Expresar obligacin moral.
Deberamos ser ms tolerantes.
Criticar acciones pasadas

(seguidas de have + participio).
She should have been quiet.

Debera haberse callado.
Shall I open the window?
Hacer un ofrecimiento.
Abro la ventana?
Hacer sugerencias.
What shall we do tonight?

Qu hacemos esta noche?
I shall speak to the headmaster.
Expresar decisions.
Shall
Yo hablar con el director.
Dar instrucciones tajantes.
You shall be here at ten tomorrow.

Maana estars aqu a las diez.
68
Ingls
NIVEL B1
I will go to the fair tomorrow.
Para hablar del futuro.
Ir a la feria maana.
Will
Pass me the salt, will you?
Como pregunta corta a un

imperativo.
Psame la sal, quieres?

Would you like some tea?
Hacer un ofercimiento.
Quieres t?
Would you pass me the salt, please?
Podras pasarme la sal, por favor?
Como pasado de will en el estilo

indirecto.
Would
Solo en afirmativa: expresar
costumbres o rutinas en el pasado
(sola).
He said he would fix it the following day.

Dijo que lo arreglara al da siguiente.
When we were children we would go
fishing every weekend.
Cuando ramos nios, solamos ir a
pescar todos los fines de semana.
Los verbos modales tienen la misma forma verbal para todas las personas, es decir,
no se le aade s a la tercera persona del singular, por ejemplo.
En oraciones afirmativas y negativas, van siempre delante del verbo principal; en las
interrogativas, la estructura es: verbo modal + sujeto + verbo principal. Despus de un
verbo modal el verbo principal va si to.
She can walk very fast. (Ella puede caminar muy rpido).
Can she walk very fast? (Puede caminar muy rpido?).
Con los verbos modales no usamos auxiliar do/ does/ did.
Para negar, colocamos la partcula negativa not, detrs del verbo modal; la forma
contrada no la usamos en todos los modales.
69
can > cannot > cant

could > could not > couldnt
may > may not
might > might not > mightnt
must > must not > mustnt
have to > have not to > havent to
shall > shall not
should > should not > shouldnt
will > will not > wont
would > would not > wouldnt
I cant eat almonds. (No puedo comer almendras).

I wont cook for you tonight. (No te har la cena esta noche).
You shouldnt smoke so much. (No deberas fumar tanto).
You mustnt watch so much television. (No se debe ver tanta televisin).
Exercise1. Match these sentences:
1-Im tired; may I
a- please tell me your address and telephone
number?
2-She doesnt have to
3-Mrs. Clayton, would you
4- Shall we
b- go to my sisters house for dinner on Saturday?

c- translate the letter into English, only into German.
d- sit here?
70
Ingls
NIVEL B1
YET/ NOT YET
Yet tiene diferentes significados:
En la oracin negativa > Todava.
I havent started yet. (No he empezado todava).

En la oracin interrogativa > Ya.
Have you started yet? (Has empezado ya?).

Para responder de forma negativa a una pregunta con yet, usamos not yet >
Todava no.
Have you booked the flight yet? Not yet.

todava no).
(Has reservado el vuelo ya?
Normalmente yet aparece al final de la oracin, tanto negativa como interrogativa.
En la oracin interrogativa con yet, es ms comn usar el Present Perfect.
Has she come back yet? (Ha llegado ella ya?).
71
Exercise5. The following sentences are translated into English , but are they correct?:
1- Has visto la pelcula? No, todava no. No he podido ir al cine.

Have you seen the film? No, not yet. I havent been able to go to the cinema.
2- Habis entendido todo ya? Si, lo hemos entendido porque Pedro nos lo ha
explicado con muchos detalles.
Have you understood everything yet? Yes, we have understood it because Pedro has
explained it to us with many details.
3- Carmen y Teresa han ido ya a la playa.

Have Carmen and Teresa gone to the beach yet?
4- No han creado la nueva pgina Web an, han sido muy perezosos.
They havent created the new web site yet, they have been very lazy.
5- No hemos pedido una nueva impresora an, pero hemos tenido suerte porque nos
han prestado una.
We havent ordered a new printer, but we have been lucky because they have lent us
one yet.
72
Ingls
NIVEL B1
GET + ADJETIVO
Usamos get + adjetivo para expresar cambio de un estado a otro como resultado de
una accin. En este caso get funciona como un auxiliar.
to get angry (enfadarse)

to get hungry (entrarle a uno hambre)
to get married (casarse)
to get tired (cansarse)
She left the window open and the table got wet.
(Ella dej la ventana abierta y la mesa se moj).
[Una cosa es estar mojado (to be wet) y otra mojarse (to get wet). Con get nos
referimos al proceso].
You are going to get hungry during class if you don't have breakfast.
(Te va a entrar hambre durante la clase si no desayunas).
[Una cosa es estar hambriento (to be hungry) y otra es el proceso de entrarle a
uno hambre (to get hungry)].
Estos son algunos de los adjetivos ms utilizados con get (proceso de):
- get hungry
- get well
- get thirsty
- get dry
- get ready
- get dark
- get late
- get cold
- get serious
- get fat
- get hot
- get busy
- get anxious
- get angry
- get impatient
- get old
- get sick
- get thin
- get bald
73
Exercise7. Match the following sentences:
1-Those apples are not green, they are
a) getting deaf
2-Why does Yadira
b) got tired
3-Yesterday I was doing aerobics but I
c) getting mature
4-He works in a very noisy place, he is
d) get dry
5-If you put the skirt near the window now, it will
74
e) get angry?
Ingls
NIVEL B1
PREPOSITIONS OF EASY CONFUSION
TO/ FOR
Principales usos de las preposiciones to y for:
To
Im gointo to the beach.

a, hacia
Voy a la playa.
The snow came to the door.
LUGAR
a, hasta
La nieve llegaba a la puerta.

From one to six.
TIEMPO
hasta
Desde la una hasta las seis.

Its ten to five.
menos (para la hora)
Son las cinco menos diez

She gave them to me.
MODO
a (para introducir un
objeto indirecto)
Me los dio a m.
From one to five.
a, hasta
Del uno al cinco.

I work here to ear some Money.
para (intencin)
Trabajo aqu para ganar algo de dinero.
75
For
LUGAR
para, en direccin a
The bus for Cdiz.

El autobs para Cdiz.
durante
For one week.

Durante una semana.
TIEMPO
para, por
The camping is for the 3rd of July.

El camping es para el 3 de Julio.
desde hace
I dont smoke for months.

No fumo desde hace meses.
para (destino)
I bought something for her.

He comprador algo para ella.
por (intencin)
I eat for pleasure.

Yo como por placer.
MODO
por, a favor de
Hes for a change in the department.

l est a favor de un cambio en el
departamento.
por (causa)
I couldnt sleep for the heat.

No pude dormir por el calor.
76
Ingls
NIVEL B1
Exercise4. Elige la oracin correcta:
1. a. Im going to the cinema.

b. Im going for the cinema.
2. a. They are to a rise in the price.

b. They are for a rice in the price.
3. a. Its quarter for five.

b. Its quarter to five.
4. a. I dont see her for months.

b. I dont see her to months.
5. a. Im making an effort to stop smoking.

b. Im making an effort for stop smoking.
6. a. She cant hear me to the wind.

b. She cant hear me for the wind.
7. a. I bought it for fun.

b. I bought it to fun.
8. a. The cake is to tomorrow.

b. The cake is for tomorrow.
77
Exercise5. Completa con la preposicin correcta:
1. Take this notebook, its you!

2. John is goingthe market tomorrow
3. Gerard is waitinghis girlfriend.
4. I am very busy this morning; can you take the little boy... school today?
5. She always sleepsthirty minutes in the afternoon.
6. Dont talkRichard about the problem, he cant help you.
7. The museum is open from 9 a.m. 6 p.m.
8. She needs special tools making the new sculpture.
9. We use these books teach Spanish to the new students.
10. They are leavingBrazil next Sunday; they will stay there on holidays6
days.
Vocabulary:
Llamadas telefnicas / vocabulario telefnico

Telephone language and phrases in English
Answering the phone> responder al telefono
Good morning/afternoon/evening, council town speaking.

> buenos das/tardes/tardes noches ( a partir de las 18h), habla con el
ayuntamiento.
Who's calling, please?
> con quin hablo?
78
Ingls
NIVEL B1
Introducing yourself> presentarse

This is Paul Smith speaking.
> Soy Paul Smith
Hello, this is Paul Smith from Speakspeak International.
> Soy Paul Smith
Asking for someone> preguntar por alguien

Could* I speak to John Martin, please?
> Podra hablar con el Seor J.M, por favor?
* PASADO Y CONDICIONAL DE CAN: PODER
I'd like* to speak to John Martin, please.

> Me gustara hablar co J.M, por favor
* SUJETO+ WOULD LIKE TO + INFINITIVO: SUJETO+ GUSTARA+ INFINITIVO
Could you put me through to John Martin, please?

> Podra pasarme con J.M
Could I speak to someone who

> Podra hablar ....
Explaining> explicar
I'm afraid Mr Martin isn't in at the moment.
> Lo siento pero el seor Martin no est en este momento
I'm sorry, he's in a meeting at the moment.

> Lo siento pero l est reunido en este momento
79
I'm afraid he's on another line at the moment.

> Lo siento pero est hablando por telfono
Putting someone on hold> poner en espera

Just a moment, please.
> un momento por favor
Could you hold the line, please?

> Un momento por favor
Hold the line, please.

> no cuelgue por favor
Problems> problemas
I'm sorry, I don't understand. Could you repeat that, please?
>Lo siento, no le entiendo. Puede repetir?
I'm sorry, I can't hear you very well. Could you speak up a little, please?
> Lo siento, no le oigo muy bien. Puede hablar ms alto?
I'm afraid you've got the wrong number.

>Lo siento, se ha equivocado.
I've tried to get through several times but it's always engaged.
> Lo he intentado varias veces pero est siempre ocupado.
80
Ingls
NIVEL B1
Could you spell that, please?

> Puede deletrearlo ,por favor?
Putting someone through> pasar la llamada

One moment, please. I'll see if Mr Jones is available.
> Un momento por favor. Ver si el Sr. Jones est disponible.
I'll put you through.

> le paso la llamada
I'll connect you.

> Le paso la llamada
I'm connecting you now.

> le paso la llamada ahora mismo.
Taking a message> tomar recado

Can I take a message?
> puedo coger el recado?
Would you like to leave a message?

> Quiere dejar un mensaje?
Can I give him/her a message?

> Puedo darle un mensaje?
81
I'll tell Mr Jones that you called

> Le dir al Sr. Jones que le ha llamado.
I'll ask him/her to call you as soon as possible.

> Le dir que le llame tan pronto como sea.
hang up: colgar

cut off: cortar
hold on: esperar
pick up: descolgar
call-ring back: volver a llamar
put trough: pasar la llamada
directory: gua telefnica
collect call: cobro revertido
switchboard operator: telefonista
directory enquirie: informacin telefnica
dialing: sonido telefnico
bad line: mala seal
Resumen llamadas telefnicas:

Cuando nosotros llamamos
1: Nos identificamos...
My name is ______. Mi nombre es........
This is _______ (here). Soy .............
2: Si preguntamos por alguien...

Could I speak to _____, please?: podra hablar con......
82
Ingls
NIVEL B1
Could you put me through to _______, please? Podra pasarme con......

Could I have extension 123, please?Podra pasarme con la extensin
I'd like to speak to ________ , please. Me gustara hablar con
3: Explicamos el motivo de la llamada...

I'm calling to ask about...: Llamo para preguntarle sobre......
I'm phoning to tell you about...: llamo para comentarle sobre.....
4. Si queremos dejar un mensaje...

Could you give ____ a message? . puede dejarle un mensaje?
Could you ask ___ to call me when he gets back? Puede decirle que me llame?
5. Agradecemos la atencin...
Thanks you very much for your help.: Muchas gracias por su ayuda
Thanks for the information.: Gracias por la informacin
6.Cierre de la llamada...Good bye.: adis
Telephoning Hablar por telfono

Hello?
Hola?
May I speak to Mr Peterman, please?
Podra hablar con el Sr Peterman, por favor?
Hold the line, please.
Espere en lnea, por favor.
Please dial the extension number.
Por favor disque el nmero de interno.
I was cut off.
Me cortaron.
83
Hang up, please.

Corte, por favor.
Can I take a message?
Quiere dejarle un mensaje?
The line is dead.
No se oye nada.
I'll call back later.
Llamar ms tarde.
This is an answering machine. Please leave a message after the beep.
Este es un contestador automtico. Por favor deje su mensaje despus de la seal.
I would like to make a collect call to...
Quisiera realizar una llamada por cobro revertido a...
PASADO SIMPLE VS. PASADO CONTINUO
Para formar el Pasado Simple debemos tener en cuenta si el verbo es Regular o

Irregular [ver Mdulo 1; apartado 2. Pasado Simple].
El Pasado Simple lo usamos en las siguientes situaciones:
Para hablar de acciones acabadas en un periodo de tiempo en el pasado. Puede ir

acompaado de algunos marcadores como: yesterday, the day before yesterday, last
night, last week, last month, last year, three years ago, in 1971
I called you yesterday. (Te llam ayer).

Did she come last night? (Vino ella anoche?).
They didnt work last year. (Ellos no trabajaron el ao pasado).
Para narrar o describir hechos en el pasado:
When I was a child I was really shy, I liked playing the guitar but I didnt
study too much. How were you?
(Cuando yo era pequea era muy tmida, me gustaba tocar la guitarra pero no
estudiaba demasiado. T cmo eras?).
84
Ingls
NIVEL B1
Para formar las condicionales de segundo tipo:
If you were busy I would do it for you.

(Si t estuvieras ocupado, yo lo hara por ti).
If we had a car we could go to the beach.

(Si tuviramos un coche podramos ir a la playa).
El Pasado Continuo se forma con el verbo to be en pasado simple + verbo en ing.
I was watching a film. (Estaba viendo una pelcula).

Were you waiting for me? (Me estabas esperando?).
She wasnt working in this company. (No estaba trabajando en esta empresa).
El Pasado Continuo lo usamos en las siguientes situaciones:
Para hablar de acciones en proceso que ocurrieron en un momento especfico del

pasado:
At 10 oclock she was waiting for the bus.

(A las 10 ella estaba esperando el autobs).
Para describir el contexto o el ambiente en el que se desarrolla una accin en el

pasado:
It was raining; I was watching a film and thinking about the problem.
(Estaba lloviendo; yo estaba viendo una pelcula y pensando en el problema).
Para describir una accin que se estaba desarrollando en el pasado y es

interrumpida por otra accin tambin en el pasado (pasado simple).
I was reading the newspaper when she called me.
85
(Yo estaba leyendo el peridico cuando ella me llam).
Para describir dos acciones que ocurren al mismo tiempo:
They were drinking and talking while I was cooking alone. (Ellos estaban
bebiendo y hablando mientras yo estaba cocinando sola).
Para hablar de acciones habituales en el pasado que son molestas para el hablante.
Normalmente usamos el adverbio always.
She was always talking in class. (Ella siempre estaba hablando en clase).
Existen algunas reglas ortogrficas para aadir la ing:
Normalmente aadimos la ing al verbo sin que se produzca ningn cambio;

tambin a los verbos que acaban en y :
listen > listening
go > going
read > reading
try > trying

lay > laying
fly > flying
Los verbos acabador en consonante + -e, omiten la e para aadir ing:

live > living
write > writing
behave > behaving
Los verbos monosilbicos acabados en una sola consonante precedida de una

sola vocal duplican la consonante final delante de ing:
stop > stopping

swim > swimming
run > running
86
Ingls

precedida de una sola vocal duplican la consonante final si el acento recae en
la ltima slaba:
refer > referring

occur > occurring
Los verbos acabados en ie cambian la ie por y delante de ing:
NIVEL B1
die > dying

lie > lying
Muchos verbos acabados en una sola vocal + l o p duplican la consonante

finaldelante de ing, aunque no cumplan la regla del acento:
travel > travelling
worship > worshipping
Exercise1. A group of people were staying in a hotel. One evening the fire alarm went
off. Choose the sentences saying what each person was doing at the time.
Example: (I / have/ a bath) I was having a bath.
1. (Rachel / write / a letter to her sister)

1. Rachel was writing a letter to her sister
1. Rachel were writing a letter to her sister
2. (Peter / get / ready to go out)

2. Peter were getting ready to go out
2. Peter was getting ready to go out
3. (Charles and Dennis / have / a drink)

3. Charles and Dennis were having a drink
3. Charles and Dennis was having a drink
87
4. (Tom / make / a phone call)

4. Tom was making a phone call.
4. Tom were making a phone call.
Exercise2. Choose the correct simple past or continuous sentences:
1.
(it be) easy to do the exercise?
2. Sam (take) another cake while his

mum was not looking.
3. George (walk) his dog when he hear
a strange noise.
4. He (get) lots of presents for his
birthday.
5. (He, work) on his computer at 5
oclock?
6.
(You, buy) a blue skirt yesterday?
- Sam took another cake while his mum

was not looking.
- He got lots of presents for his birthday.
- Did you buy a blue skirt yesterday?
- I was eating and my brother was
watching TV.
- George was walking his dog when he
hear a strange noise.
- He was having a shower when the
phone rang.
7. I (eat) and my brother was watching

TV.
- Was he working on his computer at 5

o'clock?
8. He (have) a shower when the phone

rang.
- Was it easy to do the exercise?
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EL PRESENT PERFECT VS. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUO
Present Perfect Simple
Present Perfect Progressive
regular verbs: form of have + verb form -ed
form of 'have' + been + verb + ing
irregular verbs: form of 'have' + 3rd column of

Example:
Example:
I / you / we / they have DRIVEN
I / you / we / they have been TALKING
he / she / it has DRIVEN
he / she / it has been TALKING
regular verbs: form of 'have' + infinitive + ed

Example:
I / you / we / they have TALKED
he / she / it has TALKED
Present Perfect Simple
Present Perfect Progressive
Result (what / how much / how often)
Duration (how long)
I have read 5 letters. / I have been to London
I have been read for an hour.
twice.
Certain verbs
The following verbs are usually only used in Present Perfect Simple (not in the
progressive form).
state: be, have (for possession only)

Example: We have been on holiday for two weeks.
senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch

Example: He has tasted the cake.
brain work: believe, know, think, understand

Example: I have known him for 2 days.
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DIFERENTES USOS DE USED TO

3.1. TO GET + USED + TO + -ING (ACOSTUMBRARSE A)
Utilizamos el verbo TO GET antes de la expresin USED TO para referirnos al

proceso de acostumbrarse a algo.
To get+ used + to + driving on the left. (Acostumbrarse a conducir por la izquierda).

Una vez conocemos los elementos de esta estructura y su posicin, debemos tener
en cuenta que para formar una oracin debemos utilizar obligatoriamente un sujeto y
asegurarnos que el verbo to get est conjugado en el tiempo verbal adecuado.
I got used to driving on the left. (Me acostumbr a conducir por la izquierda).
[En este ejemplo utilizamos el sujeto de primera persona singular (I) y el verbo to get
est conjugado en pasado, ya que explicamos algo que ocurri en tiempo pasado].
Para darle sentido negativo o interrogativo a una oracin, debe modificarse el verbo
TO GET siguiendo las reglas del tiempo verbal utilizado.
I didnt get used to driving on the left.

(No me acostumbr a conducir por la izquierda).
Did you get used to driving on the left?

(Te acostumbraste a conducir por la izquierda?).
[En estos ejemplos se utiliza la estructura con el pasado simple, por lo tanto el verbo
GET sufre las modificaciones establecidas por dicho tiempo verbal].
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3.2. TO BE + USED + TO + -ING (ESTAR ACOSTUMBRADO A)
Utilizamos el verbo TO BE antes de la expresin USED TO para referirnos al hecho

de estar acostumbrado a algo.
To be + used + to + driving on the left.

(Estar acostumbrado a conducir por la izquierda).
Al igual que con la estructura anterior, debemos tener en cuenta que para formar
una oracin debemos utilizar obligatoriamente un sujeto y asegurarnos que el verbo to
be est conjugado en el tiempo verbal adecuado.
I am used to driving on the left. (Estoy acostumbrado a conducir por la izquierda).

[En este ejemplo utilizamos el sujeto de primera persona singular (I) con su
correspondiente forma del verbo to be en presente simple, puesto que es el tiempo
verbal que utilizamos para hablar de hbitos en ese momento].
Para darle sentido negativo o interrogativo a una oracin, debe modificarse el verbo
TO BE siguiendo las reglas del tiempo verbal utilizado.
I wasnt used to driving on the left.

(No estaba acostumbrado a conducir por la izquierda).
Were you used to driving on the left?

(Estabas acostumbrado a conducir por la izquierda?)
TO BE sufre las modificaciones establecidas por dicho tiempo verbal].
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3.3 USED TO + VERBO INFINITIVO (SOLER en pasado)
Utilizamos la expresin USED TO para referirnos siempre a un estado o hbito del

hablante que se desarrollaba en un tiempo pasado y ya ha finalizado.
Hbito: I used to play the guitar when I was a child.

(Sola tocar la guitarra cuando era pequeo).
Estado: I used to live in London.

(Viva en Londres [pero ya no vivo all]).
Para darle sentido negativo o interrogativo a una oracin, la estructura debe incluir
los elementos de negacin e interrogacin del pasado simple.
I didnt used to play the guitar when I was a child.

(No sola tocar la guitarra cuando era pequeo).
Did you used to live in London?

(Estabas acostumbrado a conducir por la izquierda?)
TO BE sufre las modificaciones establecidas por dicho tiempo verbal].
En las estructuras 2.1 y 2.2, el verbo terminado en ing viene introducido por la
preposicin to, que equivale a la preposicin en espaol a. No hay que confundir la
partcula to de infinitivo (to eat: comer) con la preposicin a, la cual requiere un verbo
terminado en ing.
To eat (comer) : to = marca de infinitivo

To get used to eating (Acostumbrarse a comer): to = preposicin a.
To be used to eating (Estar acostumbrado a comer): to = preposicin a.
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Recuerda!
TO GET USED TO + V-ing = Acostumbrarse a algo.
TO BE USED TO + V-ing = Estar acostumbrado a algo.
USED TO + V-inf = Soler hacer algo (pasado).
Las oraciones requieren un sujeto obligatoriamente.

El verbo debe conjugarse segn el sujeto y el tiempo verbal usados.
Exercise2. Complete these sentences with used to, get used to or be used to:
1-We ----------- go to school walking through the park when we were children.
2-They -----------getting up early everyday, they can meet you at 7:00.
3-Sarah and George will -----------living together very soon.I am sure.
4-Did Ins -----------do exercise last year? Now she never does any!
5-The puppy -----------sleeping in his kennel very soon after we brought him home.
6-My grandmother -----------having dinner late, so dont give her the pizza now, its too
early for her.
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EVER NEVER
Never significa nunca y lo usamos en oraciones donde el verbo va en forma

afirmativa para que no haya doble negacin. Es decir, ni el verbo ni el auxiliar se
niegan con la partcula not, sino que con never la oracin ya es negativa.
a.
My friends never go to the cinema. (Mis amigos nunca van al cine).
En el caso de una oracin en presente simple, la tercera persona singular he, she,
it, mantiene la s del verbo, puesto que el verbo no va en forma negativa.
She never travels alone. (Ella nunca viaja sola).

Ever tiene varios significados segn el uso:
Nunca > en oraciones negativas e interrogativas en las que aparece una partcula
negativa.
I dont ever eat meat. (Yo nunca como carne).

Dont you ever eat meat? (Nunca comes carne?).
Alguna vez > en oraciones interrogativas para preguntar por lo que se ha hecho
alguna vez. Usamos el Pretrito Perfecto.
Have you ever been to Italy? (Has estado en Italia alguna vez?).
Siempre > en algunas expresiones.
- for ever
(para siempre)
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Exercise1. Complete con ever/never:
1-I havent ever/ never travelled to India

2-Have you never/ ever met my business partner?
3-We have never/ever worked before, we are only seventeen.
4-He hasnt ever / never spoken to me.
5-If you never/ ever want to learn German, call me and I will teach you.
6-We dont ever/ never deliver goods abroad.
7-I know this situation will go on forever/ never
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TRAVELLING
Travel agency
Deseo un camarote de primera para ...
I want a first-class cabin (stateroom) to ...
Cunto cuesta?
How much is it?
Perfectamente, maana pasar a buscar el pasaje.
All right. I'll come for my ticket tomorrow.
Haga el favor de enviarme el pasaje al hotel.

All lo abonar el conserje.
Please send the tickets to the hotel.

The porter will pay for them.
Quisiera hacer un viaje de placer por ...
I want to take a pleasure trip to ...
Qu ciudades me aconseja visitar?
What towns do you advise me to visit?
Podra prepararme un viaje combinado hacia...?
Could you arrange me a combined journey to

... ?
Deseara hacer el viaje en micro, en autopullman

y hospedarme en hoteles de segunda clase.
I would like to make the trip by motor coach,

by pullman coach, and stay at second-class
hotels.
Quisiera visitar la regin ...
I would like to visit the ... region.
Resrveme dos plazas para el micro del da 10

de Diciembre.
Book me two seats on December 10's coach.
Tiene folletos tursticos?
Have you any tourist brochures?
Cunto le debo?
How much do I owe you?
En Inglaterra vacation se usa para las vacaciones de las universidades. En el resto de

los casos, holiday es la palabra ms corriente. En Estados Unidos vacation tiene un
uso ms generalizado.
No deben confundirse travel, journey y trip. El sustantivo travel es incontable y se

refiere a la actividad de viajar en general: Mark est interesado en los viajes. Mark is
interested in travels. Journey y trip se refieren a un viaje ya definido. Journey indica
slo el movimiento de un lugar a otro: Este viaje ha sido realmente largo. This journey
has been really long. Trip incluye tambin la estada: Cmo fue tu viaje a Buenos
Aires? How did your trip to Buenos Aires go?; Est en viaje de negocios. She is on a
business trip. Otras palabras que se usan para referirnos a viajes son voyage y tour.
Voyage es un viaje largo por mar: Magallanes es famoso por rodear el Cabo de
Hornos. Magellanes is famous for rounding Cape Horn. Tour es un viaje organizado
donde se va parando en distintos lugares: Jennifer har un viaje por Patagonia.
Jennifer will go on a tour around Patagonia.
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RAILWAY VOCABULARY - VOCABULARIO SOBRE TRENES

llevar retraso
to be late
perder el tren
to miss the train
reservar
to book
subir
to get on
bajar
to get off
reservar
to reserve
No asomarse por la
ventana
don't lean out of the

window
transbordarse
to change trains
terrapln
embankment
pasajero
passenger
tren de vapor
steam train
To get on : subir
To get off: bajar
Dont lean out of the window: No asomarse por la ventana
Pasajero: passenger
Dining car: coche restaurante
Ticket collector: revisor
First class: primera clase
Second class: segunda clase
Coach: vagn
Sleeper: coche cama
Ventanilla: window
97
Pasillo: corridor, aisle

Asiento: Seat
Asiento libre: free seat
Litera: couchette
Picar (billete): to date-stamp
To sit: sentarse
Maleta: bag, luggage
Vapor train: tren a vapor
Express train: tren rpido
Fast train: tren expreso
Local train: cercanas
Night train: tren nocturno
Compartimento: Compartment
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THE STATION - LA ESTACIN

cambiar de tren
change trains
el coche restaurante
dining car
procedente de
from
ventanilla de
informacin
information office
la consigna automtica left luggage lockers

la consigna
left luggage
puntual
on time
andn
platform
estacin
railway station
el revisor
ticket collector
ventanilla
ticket office
con destino a
to
va
track
sala de espera
waiting room
salidas
departures
llegadas
arrivals
Frases:
I'd like a room for the night.

Quisiera una habitacin para la noche
Would you like a single room, or a double room?
Quiere una habitacin individual o doble?
99
How much is the room?

Cunto cuesta la habitacin?
Here's your key. Your room number is 101.
Aqu est su llave. Su habitacin es la 101.
If you need anything, dial 0 for the reception area.
Si necesita cualquier cosa, marque el 0 para contactar con
recepcin
What's the daily (weekly) rate?
What time do I have to check out?
I would like a single (double) room
Is it a good hotel?
My room key please
Is it necessary to make a reservation?
What did he have to pay for?
At what time is dinner served?
Charge it to my bill
Please, send for a taxi
How long will you remain?
Serve my breakfast in my room, please
I have booked a room
Is there any letter for me?
100
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Vocabulario
Ingls
Espaol
porter
portero
camarero
waiter
bath room
cuarto de bao
llave
key
breakfast
desayuno
dinner
comida
supper
cena
menu
carta
luggage
equipaje
valet
botones
bill
cuenta
room number
habitacin nmero
arrival
llegada
bath
bao
bellboy
botones
booking
reserva
cancellation
cancelacin
101
departure
salida
double room
habitacin doble
elevator (US)
ascensor, elevador
floor
piso
front office
recepcin
front-office clerk
recepcionista
ground floor
planta baja
hall porter
conserje
housekeeper
ama de llaves
housekeeping staff
personal de habitaciones
ice-dispenser
surtidor de cubos de hielo
key
llave
key card
llave magntica
key clerk
encargado de llaves
laundry
lavandera
lift (GB)
ascensor, elevador
lobby
vestbulo
luggage
equipaje
mail clerk
encargado del correo
porter
portero
registration card
tarjeta de registracin
room service
servicio a la habitacin
single room
habitacin simple
safe
caja de seguridad
102
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shower
ducha
staff
personal
towel
toalla
twin beds
dos camas simples
vacancy
disponibilidad de habitaciones
voucher
cupn
wake-up call
despertador telefnico
to book
reservar
to check in
registrarse
to check out
registrar la salida
to deposit
depositar
to disturb
molestar
to do a room
hacer una habitacin
to stay
permanecer
American plan (US)
pensin completa
modified American plan

(US)
media pensin
European plan
habitacin solamente
bed and breakfast, B&B
cama y desayuno
guesthouse
casa de huspedes, pensin
half board (GB)
media pensin
room and board, R&B

(GB)
pensin completa
to stay
permanecer
103
la reserva
booking
la primera clase
first class
das festivos
public holidays
tarifa reducida
reduced rate
la reserva
reservation
billete de ida solamente
one way ticket
billete de ida y vuelta
return ticket
segunda clase
second class
billete de ida
single ticket
tarifa normal
standard rate
horario
timetable
das laborables
weekdays
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En el aeropuerto
1- Viajar en avion
flight - vuelo
flight number - numero de vuelo
take off - despegar
land - aterrizar
check-in desk - el sitio donde se hace el check-in
departure lounge - sala de salida
arrivals - sala de llegadas
baggage reclaim - recogida de equipaje
passport control - inspeccin de pasaportes
duty free - sin impuestos
boarding card - tarjeta de embarque
board - embarcar
boarding gate - puerta de embarcar
passengers in transit - viajeros en transito
car hire - alquilar de coches
short stay carpark - parking de estancia de corto estancia
long stay carpark - parking de larga estancia
drop off area - sitio de estancia de pocos minutos
customs - aduanas
nothing to declare - nada para declarar
Frases que se pueden usar en el aeropuerto

Where is the check-in desk for the flight to London? - Donde esta el check-in para el
vuelo a londres?
Did you pack your luggage yourself? - Hizo su equipaje usted mismo?
Have you left your luggage unattended at anytime? - Ha dejado su equipaje en algun
momento solo?
Which gate is the flight to London leaving from? - En que puerta sale el vuelo para
londres?
105
Airport & Planes (Aeropuerto & Aviones)

ESPAOL
INGLS
Aduana
Customs
Agencia de viajes
Travel agency
Billete
Ticket
Billete de ida
Single ticket
Billete de ida y vuelta
Return ticket
Bolsa de viaje
Travel bag
Carrito de equipajes
Luggage trolley
Cheque de viaje
Traveller's cheque (U.K.) / Traveler's

check (USA)
Consigna (equipaje)
Left-luggage office
Destino
Destination
Documentacin
Papers
Equipaje
Luggage
Equipaje de mano
Hand luggage
Equipaje permitido
Baggage allowance
Exceso de equipaje
Excess baggage
Frontera
Frontier ; Border
Gua (grupo turistas)
Guide ; Courier
Gua (libro)
Guidebook
Horario
Timetable
Itinerario
Itinerary
Llegada
Arrival
Maleta
Suitcase
Mapa
Map
Mquina expendedora de billetes
Ticket machine
Oficina de informacin
Information office
Pasajero
Passenger
Pasaporte
Passport
Precio del billete
Fare
Regreso ; Vuelta
Return
Reserva
Reservation
Retraso
Delay
Sala de espera
Waiting room
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Salida
Departure
Seguro de viajes
Travel insurance
Taquilla
Ticket office
Tarjeta de identidad
Identity card
Turismo
Tourism
Turista
Tourist
Viajante ; Viajero
Traveller
Viaje
Journey ; Trip
Viaje de ida
Outward journey
Viaje de ida y vuelta
Return journey ; Round trip
Viaje de negocios
Business trip
Viaje de novios
Honeymoon
Viaje de recreo
Pleasure trip
Viaje de turismo
Holiday
Viaje organizado
Organized tour
Visado
Visa
Visado de estancia
Permit to stay
107
VOCABULARY
BOATS
How many types of boats do you know? Heres a list with 10

of the most common boats!
First of all read them all out loud and then do the exercise so
that you can practice as much as possible.
Bote de remo
Rowing boat
/ruin(g)bout/
Velero
Sailboat
/silboutt/
Canca
Canoe
/kanu/
Bote salvavidas
Lifeboat
/lifboutt/
Lancha a motor
Speedboat
/sspidbout/
Barco
Ship
/shipp/
Barco de crucero
Cruise liner
/cruslinneer/
Yate
Yatch
/itt/
Ferry
Ferry
/frii/
Balsa
Raft
/rafttt/
Exercise:
Heres what you have to do: we have 10 people who always get seasick (se
marean por el mar). You need to come up with a sentence, using the vocabulary
above and sayind who gets seasick and where.
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Ex.: Shelly got seasick when she was on the ship!
Shelly
Barco
Peter
Bote salvavidas
Ashley
Transbordador/ Ferry
109
Natalie
Canoa
Nick
Lancha a motor
ACTIVITY Make it count
In this activity we will talk about life, inspiration and travel.

You are going to watch a short film in which the 10 quotes appear. As you watch the
film you should consider the following questions:
What is the story of how the film came to be made?

Which countries did the men visit?
How do the quotes relate to the narrative of the film?
How can you make the most of your life / this year / this week / today / this class / this
moment?
And now, I would like YOU to plan a trip around your itinerary. You also have to decide
what youre going to do in each country. Then, you can write an essay about your trip.
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Unit 3
B1
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B1 UNIT 3
QUESTIONS REVIEW: BASIC RULES
These rules apply to most written and spoken questions.
1.Auxiliary verb before subject: Have you?

In a question, an auxiliary verb normally comes before the subject.
When is Oliver leaving? (NOT: When Oliver is leaving?)

Have you received my letter of June 17? (NOT: You have received? )
Why are you laughing? (NOT: Why you are laughing?)
What are all those people looking at? (NOT: What all those people are looking
at?)
How much does the room cost? (NOT: How much the room cost?)
2.Do: Do you like?

If there is no other auxiliary verb, we use do, does or did to form a question.
Do you like Mozart? (NOT: Like you Mozart?)

What does periphrasticmean? (NOT: What means periphrastic)
Did you wash the car today?
3.Do not used with other auxiliaries

Do is not used together with other auxiliary verbs or with be
Can you tell me the time (NOT: Do you can tell me the time?)
Have you seen John? (NOT: Do you have seen John?)
Are you ready? (NOT: Do are you ready?)
4.Infinitive after do
After do we use the infinitive (without to)
What does the boss want? (NOT: What does the boss wants?)
Did you go climbing last week? (NOT: Did you went climbing last week?)
5.Only auxiliary verb before subject

Only auxiliary verb goes before the subject, not the whole of the verb.
Is your mother coming tomorrow? (NOT: Is coming your mother tomorrow?)

Is your daughter having a lesson today? (NOT: Is having your daughter?)
111
When was your reservation made? (NOT: When was made your reservation?)
This happens even if the subject is very long:
Where are the President and his family staying? (NOT: Where are staying the
President)
6.Who phoned / Who did you phone?

When who, which, what or whose is the subject (or part of the subject), do is not
normally used. Compare:
Who phoned? (who is the subject)

Who did you phone? (who is the object)
What happened? (what is the subject)
What did she say? (what is the object)
More examples:
Which costs more- the blue one or the grey one? (NOT: Which does cost
more?)
Which type of battery lasts longest? (NOT: Which type of battery does last
longest?)
How many people work in your office? (NOT: How many people do work in your
office?)
NOTE: Do can be used after a subject question word for emphasis, to insist on an
answer.
Well, tell us, what did happen when your father found you?
So, who did marry the princess in the end?
7. Prepositions: What are you talking about?

Prepositions often come at the end of wh- questions, separated from their objects.
What are you talking about?

Who did you buy the ticket from?
What did you clean the floor with?
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EXERCISE 1:
Ask questions for the following answers:
A:
Hello. Youd like to open a savings account with our bank, correct?
B:
Yes, thats right.
A:
________________________________________________?
B:
Mark Abreu.
A:
________________________________________________?
B:
A B R E U.
A:
________________________________________________?
B:
441 Miami Gardens Drive, North Miami Beach.
A:
________________________________________________?
B:
33168.
A:
________________________________________________?
B:
Its a house.
A:
________________________________________________?
B:
March 29, 1942.
A:
________________________________________________?
B:
No, I dont. Im retired now.
A:
________________________________________________?
B:
I was the manager of a large clothing store.
A:
________________________________________________?
B:
No, I never had an account with your bank before
113
EXERCISE 2 - READING
Adventure Tours
These questions and answers are from the FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)
page of a website for Adventure Tour Company. After you read them, answer the
questions on the next page.
Q. What type of person joins your trips and courses?
All sorts! Theres no typical customer profile. We have young people and older people,
men and women, and people from many countries.
Q. How large are your groups?

The groups are usually small -- between 4 and 12 people. On easy trips, there is a
ratio of 1 guide for every 2 people. On difficult trips, there is 1 guide for each person.
Q. Do I have to be especially fit?
Fitness is important for all aerobic activities like skiing, trekking, and climbing. If you
are not in top shape now, we recommend this: take regular aerobic exercise running, swimming, cycling - for 2-3 months before your holiday. On request, we will
send you more detailed information and sample training programs on CD-ROMs.
Q. What is included in the price?
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Our prices typically include all the fees for the guides and instructors and the
accommodations. Prices don't usually include travel, lift passes, lunches, personal
insurance, or rental of equipment.
Q. What kind of accommodations do you use?

In Europe, you stay in double rooms in chalets or hotels with meals included. At high
altitudes, you stay in mountain huts with 4-8 people in your room. Our trips to Mount
Kilimanjaro and the Himalayas are camping trips with two people in one tent, with hotel
accommodation at the start and end of the trip.
Q. Who leads your trips?

Very experienced mountain guides and ski instructors. They all have specialized
training and have certificates from professional schools.
Q. Do you provide equipment?

We provide group equipment: ropes for climbing trips and camping gear for treks. If
you need other equipment we can recommend local rental shops.
Q. Do you offer group discounts?

We are happy to give discounts to groups. Contact us for further details.
Circle T if the statement is true and circle F if the statement is false according to
Adventure Tours FAQ.
1. T / F The company specializes in tours for women.

2. T / F Usually, there arent more than 12 people in a group.
3. T / F The company gives fitness classes at its offices.
4. T / F The price of the tour includes the plane fare.
5. T / F People on the tour stay in private rooms in five-star hotels.
6. T / F In Europe, on the mountains, people stay in cabins with several
other people.
7. T / F On Mount Kilimanjaro, people camp out in tents.
115
8. T / F The guides and instructors with the company are very well trained.
9. T / F The company provides the equipment that its customers use.
10. T / F If you are with a group, its possible that you can get a better price.
VOCABULARY
BEDROOM FOURNISHING
Mesilla de noche
Bedside locker
/bedsaidd_lka/
Lmpara
Lamp
/lamp/
Edredn
Duvet
/duvvei/
Funda de almohada
Pillow case
/pilu_keiss/
Albarnoz
Bathrobe
/bathrub/
Sbana
Sheet
/sshitt/
Cama de matrimonio
Double bed
/dabol_bdd/
Cama individual
Single bed
/ssngol_bdd/
Litera
Bunk bed
/bank_bdd/
Sof cama
Sofa bed
/ssofa_bdd/
Now pay attention to the following example:

The people in room 201 on the second floor want bigger bedside lockers
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EXERCISE:
Based on the pictures bellow and following our example, practice the vocabulary above
by creating the exact type of sentence as before.
EXAMPLE:
505 /5th
Mesilla de noche /
ms bonita
Answer: The people in room 505 on the fifth floor want nicer bedside lockers,
326 /3rd
Lmpara / ms
grande
117
702 / 7th
Edredn / ms ligero
632 / 6th
Funda de almohada
/ ms pequea
963 / 9th
Albornoz / ms
grueso
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865 / 8th
Sbana / ms
blanca
102 / 1st
Cama de matrimonio /
ms blanda
367 / 3rd
Cama individual / ms
grande
119
759 / 7th
Litera / ms alta
105 / 1st
Sof cama / ms cmoda
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HOUSES AND FLATS

A.Finding somewhere to live
Look at these notices on a university notice-board.
Useful collocations are in bold.
Are you l o oking t o mo ve i nt o a f l a t o r
hous e ne xt term? T he Harme r Agenc y
has a wid e ra nge of sui tabl e
acco mmo dati on.
Fully furnished flat available to rent from 1st of September. Quiet residential area.
800$ per calendar month. Tel: xxxxxx
Newly-built apartment. Available soon. Spacious accommodation, fully fitted

kitchen. Off-road parking. To let furnished or unfurnished. Would suit single
academic or mature student!
**Fully-fitted = kitchen that is already equipped with modern cooker, washing

machine, cupboards, etc.
Describing your house/flat/room

In these e-mails people are describing their living accommodation.
Hi Mave,
Luke and I have just moved into our dream home. It's a big old four-storey house. It's got a
spacious living room which has a wonderful view of the park, and a cosy study where we
can both work. And there are some lovely light, airy bedrooms which overiook the Barden. There
is a separate basement flat, which we might turn into a granny flat for my mother. And if we want
to add an extension there's room for that too. It needs to be completely refurnished, but Luke and
I have always wanted to do up an old house.
Come and visit.
Love, Julia
** to do up to repair
121
Hi Julia,
You're so lucky! I'd love to move out of my awful one room flat. It's in such a dilapidated
building. You go into a draughty hall down a chilly corridor and into this really cramped
room. I want to buy a place of my own but there's a shortage of affordable housing here and
I don't want to take out a big mortgage Id love to see your house. I hope youll invite me to
your house-warming party
Big hug.
Mave
Collocations with home
She left home to go to university, but moving away from her family
made her feel homesick.
Peter's back from a year abroad. His family are throwing a party to
welcome him home.
(To a guest who's just arrived) Come in and make yourself at home while I
finish getting dinner ready. [relax and make yourself comfortable]
I haven't lived in Oxford for long but I already feel at home there.
I'd like to buy a second home near the coast. [house used only for
weekends, holidays, etc.
1. Answer these questions using collocations from A.

1. What kind of accommodation would suit a student who has no furniture of his
own?
2. What kind of accommodation would suit someone who is only going to be in a
place for three months?
3. What part of town would you want to live in if you wanted to be somewhere where
there are lots of private houses and no factories or other work places?
4. What kind of accommodation would suit a young single person who would prefer to
live alone rather than to share?
5. If accommodation doesn't have its own garage, what else might it have to make life
easier for car-owning residents?
6. If you are moving into a new unfurnished house, but don't need to take a
washing machine, cooker or fridge with you, what does the house have?
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2 Look at B. Match the beginning of each sentence on the left with its ending
on the right.
1 We want to turn our garage into a
party.
house-warming
2 Jill has invited me to her
mortgage.
3 Next week I have to move out of
my own.
4 Karl makes a business out of doing up
granny flat.
5 Our bedroom overlooks
my flat.
6 Our house needs to be completely
the garden.
7 I hope that one day I'll have a place of
old houses.
8 The bank can help if you want to take out a
refurbished.
3. Correct the collocation errors in these sentences.

1. We live on a busy road, but we're lucky because we have off-road park.
2. Gemma has moved off from her old flat and has now got a new place in
Walville Street.
3. We're building an expansion to our house which will give us a bigger kitchen.
4. The flat is totally furnished, which is good because I have no furniture of my
own. .5 She had to get out a big mortgage as the house was very expensive.
6. There is no buyable housing for young people in this area; prices are
ridiculously high.
7.New people have entered into the house next door. I haven't met them yet.
8. It's a very spatial apartment with a huge living room and a big kitchen.
9. The flat is accessible to rent from the first of March onwards.
10. My brother and his wife live in a windy old cottage.
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GRAMMAR:
Which and What: the difference
Which and what are often both possible, with little difference of meaning.
Which / What is the hottest city in the world?
Which / What train did you come on?
Which / What people have influenced you most in your life?
We prefer which when we have a limited number of choices in mind.
Weve got white or brown bread. Which will you have?
(more natural than What will you have?)
Which size do you want? small, medium or large?
When we are not thinking of a limited number o choices , what is preferred.
What language do they speak in Greenland?
(more natural than Which language.)
Whats your phone number? (NOT: Which is your phone number?)
2.Determiners: which and what

Before nouns, which and what can be used to ask question about both things and
people.
Which teacher do you like best?
Which colour do you want green, red, yellow or brown?
What writers do you like?
What colour are your babys eyes?
3.Which of
Before another determiner (e.g. the, my, these) or a pronoun we use: which of
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Who and what are not normally used with of
Which of your teachers do you like best? (NOT: Who / What of your
teachers.)
Which of us is going to do the washing up? (NOT: Who of us? )
Which of these coats is yours? (NOT: What of these?)
Exercise 1:
Fill the gaps with the verb in brackets using either which or what.
1
________ are you doing?
________ would you prefer, the onion soup or the prawn cocktail?
________ do we need to take for the picnic?
________ are you going to wear for the wedding?
________ dress shall I wear, the red one or the blue one?
________ sort of music do you like?
________ kind of films do like, horror films or thrillers?
________ are you taking on holiday?
________ dentist did you see, Dr Pain or Dr Deville?
10
________ is your favourite sport?
Exercise 2: Listening and writing

Watch the following video and then answer the following question: WHAT makes
YOU happy?
125
1.OPEN VS. OPENED
We normally use open , not opened as an adjective.
I can read you like an open book! (NOT: .an opened book)
Are the banks open this afternoon? (NOT: Are the banks opened?)
Opened is used as the past tense and past participle of the verb open, to talk about
the action of opening:
She opened her eyes and sat up.
The safe was opened with dynamite.
2.When open is not used

Note that open is NOT the normal word to refer to the fastenings of clothes, or to
switches or taps.
I cant untie/undo this shoelace. (NOT: I cant open this shoelace)
How do you unfasten this belt?
Could you turn / switch the radio on? (NOT: .open the radio)
Who left the taps turned on? (NOT: Who left the taps open?)
Exercise 1:
Complete the text. For each of the missing words you have been given the initial
and the last letters. - open or opened?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
You left the bag o_________n

She o___________d
.
her eyes and saw she was alone.
Kevin has left the window wide o_______n
After nearly three hours of work the safe was o____________d

Are the banks o________n
this afternoon?
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Exercise 2
True or false (correct or incorrect):
Which of the statements is true?
After nearly two hours of work the safe was opened.
She open her eyes and saw she was alone.
Are the banks open this afternoon?
Kevin has left the window open.
You left the bag opened.
VOCABULARY
BULLFIGHTING
Being a Spaniard and not having to talk about bulls is almost impossible. As it is
something completely fascinating for foreigners, heres some useful vocabulary you
may need when you have to talk about this topic.
Los toros / tauromaquia
Bullfighting
Torero
Bullfighter / Matador
Capote
Cape
Espada
Sword
Traje de luces
Bullfighing costume
127
Banderilla
Spear
Plaza de toros
Bullring
Burladero
Barrier
Corrida de toros
Bullfight
Pitn
Horn
Exercise:
Apart from practicing the vocabulary above, heres an exercise that can also be
considered a review of the interrogative tense.
Imagine you are talking to an English friend of yours who doesnt stop asking you
questions about bullfighting.
Heres an example:
The bulls cuernos didnt touch the torrero - But why didnt the bulls horns
touch the bullfighter?
Now, its your turn. Do the same with all the sentences below:
1.Ive never been interested in los toros - But why..

2.Ive never been to a corrida de toros - But why.
3.The torero didnt use a capote - But why..
4.The matador didnt use a espada - But why
5.The toro didnt run at the burladero - But why.
6.Ive never heard of that torero - But why
7.The matador didnt have a banderilla - But why
8.Ive never been to a plaza de toros - But why..
9.The matador didnt wear a traditional traje de luces - But why..
128
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Wimbledon vocabulary
Saque directo
Ace
/iss/
Saque
Serve
/sservv/
Doble falta
Double fault
/dabol_folt/
Falta de pie
Foot fault
/futt_foltt/
Puntuacin
Score
/ssko/
Set
Set
/sstt/
Volea
Volley
/vvolii/
Revs
Backhand
/bkhhandd/
Raqueta
Racket
/rkitt/
Juez de silla
Umpire
/ammpaia/
Listening exercise:
For those of you who are into tennis, heres a video you might want to watch. After
watching it, answer the questions below:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=I6MK0tdAlYI
129
1.The club where the competition takes place every year is called
a)The Old England Club
b)The All England Club
c)The New England Club
2)The Wimbledon Tennis Tournament is played on

a)artificial turf
b)grass tennis courts
c)clay tennis courts
3)According to the video Wimbledon is

a)the most important tennis tournament in the world
b)the biggest tennis tournament in the world
c)the greatest tennis tournament in the world
Exercise 2:
You went to a friend of yours who lives in London. There is the Wimbledon Tournament
and you would like to go see it. You love tennis, whereas your friend is not very keen
on it, so he starts complaining about everything.
Use there are too many , there arent enough ..
Example:
Saque directo
rpido
130
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There are too many fast aces in this match, aren`t there?
Doble falta estpido
rbitro indeciso
Puntuacin alta
131
GRAMMAR
PHRASAL VERBS AND EXPRESSIONS WITH THE VERB TO COME
FOCUS POINT 1 :
WHEN IT COMES TO. - CUANDO SE TRATA DE , EN CUANTO A , EN LO
QUE SE REFIERE A
Translation exercise:
En cuanto a la economa, no suelo entender ni una sla palabra de lo que la

gente dice.
En cuanto a ftbol se refiere, es imposible callarle.
Cuando se trata de su familia, ella es muy cauta con todo lo que dice.
FOCUS POINT 2:
IF IT COMES TO THAT - EN TAL CASO , SI LLEGAMOS A ESO
Translation exercise 2:
Si llegamos a eso, tendremos que cancelar todo.
En ese caso tendrn que aceptar no estar de acuerdo.
Si llega a eso, es probable que le despidan.
FOCUS POINT 3:
COME TO THINK OF IT AHORA QUE LO PIENSO, PENSNDOLO BIEN
Ahora que lo pienso, me dijo que no iba a ir.
Pensndolo bien, s que estaba con su ex novio.
Ahora que lo pienso, deb estar borracho si dije eso.
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FOCUS POINT 4
COME TO + VERB llegar a hacer algo en el pasado
This expression is one that we normally used with a past tense.
Example: Its what we have come to expect from them. (Es lo que hemos llegado a
esperar de ellos)
Lleg a creer que todo el mundo iba en contra de ella.
Llegamos a sospechar que l fue el culpable.
FOCUS POINT 5
COME TO + PASSIVE VERB
Example: His attitude came to be seen as a problem for the whole team.
Cmo lleg Michael Jackson a ser conocido como Wacko Jacko?
No entiendo en qu momento llevar los vaqueros cados lleg a ser

considerado algo moderno.
THE VERB TO BE PROGRESSIVE FORMS
I AM BEING / YOU ARE BEING , ETC + ADJECTIVE / NOUN

We can use this structure to talk about actions and behavior, but not usually to talk
about feelings. Compare:
Youre being stupid ( Youre doing stupid things)
I was being very careful. (I was doing something carefully)
I am happy just now (NOT: I am being happy just now)
I was depressed when you phoned (NOT: I was being depressed when you
phones.)
133
*Note the difference between: Hes being sick (hes vomiting) and Hes sick. (Hes
ill)
BE WITH AUXILIARY DO
Normally, be is used without the auxiliary do
Im not often sick. (NOT: I dont often be sick)
But, do is used to make negative imperative sentences withbe (when we tell

somebody not to do something)
Dont be silly!
Dont be such a nuisance!
And do be can begin emphatic imperatives:
Do be careful!
Do be quiet, for Gods sake!
BE + INFINITIVE: I am to. You are to. Etc

1.Plans and arrangements: He is to visit Nigeria.
We use this structure in a formal style to talk about officials and other plans and
arrangements.
The president is to visit Nigeria next month.
We are to get a 10 per cent wage rise in June.
I felt nervous because I was soon to leave home for the first time.
2.fate: We were to meet again

Another use is to talk about things which are / were hidden in the future, fated to
happen:
I thought we were saying goodbye forever. But we were to meet again, many
years later, under very strange circumstances.
3.Orders: You are to do your homework

The structure is used to give orders, often by parents speaking to children.
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You are to do your homework, before you watch TV.
She can go to the party, but she is not to be back late.
4.Be + passive infinitive: It is not to be removed

Be + passive infinitive is often used in notices and instructions
am/ are/is (not) to be + past participle
Sometimes only the past infinitive is used
To be taken three times a day after meals (on a medicine bottle)
Some other common expressions with be+infinitive
Theres nothing to be done!
She was nowhere to be found!
I looked out of the window, but there was nothing to be seen!
BE AND HAVE
1. Physical conditions: hunger, thirst, etc
To talk about experiencing hunger, thirst, heat, cold and other common physical
conditions, we normally use be or feel + adjective and NOT have + noun.
Note the following expressions:
Be hungry (NOT: have hunger)
Be thirsty
Be warm
Be hot
Be cold
Be sleepy
Be afraid
Note also: be right / be wrong (tener razn / no tener razn), be lucky (tener
suerte)
135
2. Age, height, weight, size and colour

BE is also used to talk about age, height, weight, size and colour.
Im nearly thirty! (NOT: I have nearly thirty)
She is nearly my age.
He is six feet tall.
I wish I was ten kilos lighter.
What size are your shoes?
The room is ten meters long.
What colour are his eyes?
She is the same height as her father.
*be heavy is not usually used in measuring expressions.
It weights 37 kilos (NOT: Its 37 kilos heavy)
136
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VOCABULARY
INTERESTING FACTS:
The word gymnasium comes from
the Greek word
gymnazein
which means
to exercise naked
Mini fact I: The first two letters of the Greek alphabet alpha and beta- have given us
the word alphabet
Mini fact II: Greek is one of the few European languages where the word no does
not have an n sound
Mini fact III: Greeks consume more olives per person than any other group of
people
The word checkmate in chess comes

From the Persian phrase
shah mat, which means
the king is dead
Mini fact I: The new pawn (peon) move, where pawns were allowed to advance two
squares on its first move instead of one, was introduced in Spain in 1280
Mini fact II: The number of possible, unique game is far greater than the number of
electrons in the universe
Goodbye comes from God bye which came

from God be with you
137
Mini fact I: The substitution of God for good in Goodbye was also because of the
influence of the phrases good day and good night
Mini fact II: The word ciao in Italian means both hello and goodbye, although it
originally meant servant in Venetian
Mini fact III: Hello is a very new word in English. It didnt appear until the 1830s.
VOCABULARY FORENSICS
Autopsia
Autopsy
Alterar
Tamper with
Evidencia
Evidence
Escna del crimen
Crime scene
Sospechoso
Suspect
Cmplice
Accomplice
Coartada
Alibi
Corazonada
Hunch
Mvil
Motive
Testigo
witness
138
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USEFUL VOVABULARY:
We need to get to the bottom of this (Necesitamos llegar al fondo de esto)
Some examples:
We havent figured out his motive yet. We need to get to the bottom of this. (No
hemos descubierto cul era su mvil an. Necesitamos llegar hasta el fondo de esto)
His alibi doesnt match the witnesss testimony. We need to get to the bottom of
this. (Su coartada no coincide con el testimonio del testigo. Necesitamos llegar hasta
el fondo de esto)
The evidence will help us get to the bottom of the issue. (La pruebas nos ayudarn
a llegar hasta el fondo del asunto)
Exercise:
Now, imagine you are the head of the Police Department and you need to get to the
bottom of each of the cases below.
Following the example, do the same with the rest of the sentences:
Necesitamos una
autopsia
We need to get to the bottom of this. We need an autopsy.

Necesitamos confirmar
su coartada
139
Alguien alter las

pruebas
Tengo una
corazonada
Hay que despejar la

escena del crimen
Debemos descubrir
cul fue su mvil
140
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NIVEL B1
Necesitamos encontrar
al sospechoso y al
cmplice
Necesitamos encontrar
al testigo
141
GRAMMAR
Reflexive and ergative verbs
To begin with, you might be wondering what an ergative verb is.

Well, an ergative verb is a verb that can be both transitive and intransitive - it can be
used with an object or without. For example:
I woke up at 6.00. [no object = intransitive]

I woke him up at 6.00. [with an object = transitive]
Reflexive verbs
1 The reflexive pronouns (see pronouns) are:
Singular:
myself; yourself; himself; herself; itself
Plural:
ourselves; yourselves; themselves
We use a reflexive pronoun after a transitive verb when the direct object is the
same as the subject of the verb:
I am teaching myself to play the piano.
Be careful with that knife. You might cut yourself.
These are the verbs most often found with reflexive pronouns:
cut
dry
enjoy
hurt
introduce
kill
prepare
teach
Some verbs change their meaning slightly when they have a reflexive pronoun as
direct object:
amuse
apply
busy
content
behave
blame
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distance
express
find
help
see
Would you like to help

yourself to another drink?
Would you like to take another

drink?
I wish the children would

behave themselves.
I wish the children would behave

well.
He found himself lying by

the side of the road.
He was surprised when he

= realised that he was at the side of
the road.
I saw myself as a famous

actor.
I imagined that I was a famous

actor.
She applied herself to the

job of mending the lights.
She worked very hard to mend the

lights.
He busied himself in the

kitchen.
= He worked busily in the kitchen.
I had to content myself with

I had to be satisfied with a few
=
a few Euros.
Euros.
The verb enjoy always has an object:

We all enjoyed the party.
I really enjoyed my lunch.
If enjoy has no other object, we use a reflexive pronoun:
They all enjoyed They all enjoyed themselves.
I really enjoyed I really enjoyed myself.
NOTE: We do not use a reflexive pronoun after verbs which describe things people
usually do for themselves:
He washed in cold water.
He always shaved before going out in the evening.
Michael dressed and got ready for the party.
We only use reflexives with these verbs for emphasis:
He dressed himself in spite of his injuries.
Shes old enough to wash herself.
143
Ergative verbs
1. Ergative verbs are both transitive and intransitive:
Peter closed the door
Transitive: N + V + N
The door closed
Intransitive: N + V
I boiled a pan of water
Transitive: N + V + N
The pan boiled
Intransitive: N + V
2. Common ergative verbs are:
begin
break
change
close
drop
crack
dry
end
finish
grow
improve
increase
move
open
shake
start
stop
tear
turn
I broke the glass.

I dropped the glass and it broke.
The referee blew his whistle and started the match.
The match started at 2.30.
We grew some tasty potatoes.
The potatoes were growing well.
The wind shook the trees.
The trees shook in the wind.
3. Many verbs to do with cooking are ergative verbs:
bake
boil
cook
144
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defrost
freeze
melt
roast
You should roast the meat at 200 degrees centigrade.

The meat was roasting in a hot oven.
I always defrost meat before I cook it.
I am waiting for the meat to defrost.
Melt the chocolate and pour it over the ice cream.
The chocolate was melting in a pan.
4. Verbs to do with vehicles are often ergative:
back
crash
drive
fly
reverse
run
sail
start
stop
Im learning to fly a plane.

The plane flew at twice the speed of sound.
He crashed his car into a tree.
His car crashed into a tree.
5. We use some ergative verbs with only a few nouns:
catch: dress, coat, clothes, trousers etc.

fire : Gun, pistol, rifle, rocket.
play: guitar, music, piano, violin, CD, DVD etc.
ring: bell, alarm
She caught her dress on a nail.

Her dress caught on a nail.
He fired a pistol to start the race.
A pistol fired to start the race.
145
EXERCISE 1:
Read the sentences and choose a verb from the box above that fits into both of
the sentences: improve, crack, ring, turn, freeze, tear, play, begin, sail, change,
fire, boil
a)At about half past three the tide started to.

b)Whats done is done. You cant the clock back.
Answer:
a)Lets open a bottle of champagne and celebrate.

b)Weve been questioning him for 12 hours now. I think hes beginning to
Answer:
a)After moving to the countryside, his health definitely started to

b)She did much tothe condition of low-paid workers.
Answer:
a)I dont.much now that I have sold the boat.

b)You.her for a while, Perkins, while I go below for a rest.
Answer:
a)When the water starts to, turn it down.

b)Hes so bad in the kitchen he doesnt even know how to.an egg.
Answer:
a)..the bell and see if anyones at home.

b) I wonder how she is. Why doesnt she?
Answer:
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a)The weather forecast says its going to .tonight.

b)If you cant eat it all, we can alwaysit.
Answer:
a)That building is a disgrace. I think they should the place down.

b)Be careful with that paper. It tends to very easily.
Answer:
a)He never did a decent days work . Im surprised they did nothim a long time
ago.
b)Without warning the soldiers started to
Answer:
a)I really like her now. Its funny how people

b)Id like to .these trousers, please. Theyre too small.
Answer:
a)Ive got so much to say. Where do I .?

b)Let me..my speech by thanking everyone for coming today.
Answer:
a)Liverpool are going toArsenal on Saturday.

b)Hello, Mrs. Philip? Can Chris come out to?
Answer:
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GRAMMAR 2
Delexical verbs: have, take, make, give
We often use common verbs like have and take with nouns like a shower, a drink:
I took a shower. = I showered.
She had a drink. = She drank something.
We call these delexical verbs because the important part of the meaning is taken out
of the verb and put into the noun.
We often put adjectives in front of the noun:
I took a cold shower.
She had a nice, refreshing drink.
The verbs used most frequently in this way are:
have
take
make
give
HAVE
We use have with:
Food and drink: a meal, breakfast, lunch, dinner, a snack, a cup of tea
Talking: a chat, a conversation, a discussion, a talk
Washing: a bath, a shower, a wash, a scrub
Resting: a break, a holiday, a rest
Disagreeing: an argument, a dispute, a fight, a quarrel
I had a good breakfast before I left home.
We had a long talk about the problem.
The kids should have a bath before they go to bed.
She generally had a short holiday in July or August.
They had a serious quarrel about their fathers will.
We also use have with nouns formed from verbs:
I think you should have a look at this.
She had a bite of the cake.
Im thirsty. Im going to have a drink of water.
I had a listen to that new CD in the car.
They are going to have a swim.
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NIVEL B1
Exercise 1 :
Use the correct expressions with 'have' to complete the sentences:
Have an argument / have a look / have a shower / had a nice chat / having dinner /
have a holiday
1.Can you phone back in half an hour? Were just..

2.I met up with an old friend last night and we ..about our school days.
3.In the morning I like to go for a long run and then
4.I dont usually in the summer. Its our busiest time at work.
5.How was the party?
It was fun. Rob and Greg about football, as usual.
6.We took some great photos in Egypt. Would you like to?
TAKE
We use take with:
Washing: a bath, a shower, a wash
Resting: a break, a holiday, a rest
I always take a cold shower in the morning.
You look tired. You need to take a break.
and with these words:
care
a turn
trouble
a chance
a decisin (also
make a decision)
care of
turns
the trouble
a risk
a photograph
We took hundreds of photographs on holiday.

Jane always takes a lot of trouble with her homework.
We also use take with some nouns formed from verbs:
I think you should take a look at this.
Lets take a walk.
They are going to take a swim.
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Exercise 2:
Use the correct expressions with 'take' to complete the sentences: take care / take
risks / take some great photo / take a break / take a hot bath / decision to take
1.Sometimes I like to..at the end of the day. The hot water helps me relax.
2.Ok, lets. Well start again in half an hour.
3.Im going to the bathroom. Can you.of my bags for a moment?
4.If you want to succeed in business, you have to be ready to.
5.Going to work in another country was a difficult..
6. We .in Egypt. Would you like to have a look?
GIVE
We use give with:
Noises: a cry, a laugh, a scream, a shout, a whistle
Facial expressions: a smile, a grin, a look, a glance
Hitting: a kick, a punch, a slap, a push, a knock, a blow
Affectionate actions: a hug, a kiss, a stroke
Talking: some advice, an answer, some information, an interview,
a lecture, some news, a report, a speech, a talk, a warning
She gave a loud laugh.
John gave a happy smile.
He gave me a nasty kick on the leg.
She gave the children a goodnight kiss and put them to bed.
I have to give a speech at the meeting tomorrow.
Exercise 3:
Use the correct words to complete the expressions with 'give' in the sentences.
Some advice / a smile / an answer / a scream / a hug / a push
1.Dont look so sad, said the photographer . Give me
2.Its lovely to see you again, my grandmother said. Give me.!
3.I know its not really mu business, but do you mind if I give you?
4.My car wont start. Will you give me.?
5.Thats an extremely good question. Ill give you .in the next lesson.
6.When she saw the spider, she gave .and ran from the room.
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MAKE
We use make with:
Talking and sounds: a comment, an enquiry, a noise, a point,
a promise, a sound, a speech, a suggestion
Plans: arrangements, a choice, a decision, a plan, plans, an appointment, a date
Try not to make a noise.
They made arrangements to meet the next day.
Exercise 4:
Complete the sentences with the right expression:
1.Shh! Dont The babys asleep.
2.Cant we visit mum tomorrow?
No. We .to call on her today
3.My brother asked me to..at his wedding. Im terrified!
4.Can I.? Why dont we ask Phill if he can help us?
5.Sorry, I cant meet you this weekend. Ive already..
6.Hello, Id like to to see the doctor, please.
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VOCABULARY
TABOO WORDS AND SWEARWORDS

A.TABOO WORDS
Many languages have words which are considered dangerous, holy, magic or shocking
and which are only used in certain situation by certain people. For instance, in African
tribes the name of dead chiefs must not be said!
The following are some of the most common English taboo words, with explanations of
their literal meaning where necessary. Their approximate strenght is shown by stars:
one-star words like hell, damn or balst (which are scarcely taboo in modern
English) will not upset many people, while a three-star word may be very shocking.
Religion:
Damn* (condemned to hell)
Blast* (strike with divine punishment)
Hell*
God*
Jesus*
Christ*
Sexual activity:
Bastard** (child of unmarried parents)
Lavatory:
Piss***
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2.SWEARWORDS
All of the words listed above, and a few others, are used in swearing. The meaning of a
swearword is always different from its literal (taboo) meaning
a)Exclamation of annoyance
Damn (it)!
God damn it!
God damn!
Hell!
My God!
Jesus!
Christ!
Jesus Christ!
Examples of use:
Damn it! Cant you hurry up?
Christ! Its raining again!
Exclamation of surprise:
(My)God!
Jesus!
Well, Ill be damned!
Son of a bitch! (mostly American English)
Examples of use:
My God! Look at that!
Well, Im damned! What are you doing here?
153
c)surprised questions
Who/What/Why etc. the hell?
Example of use:
What the hell do you think youre doing?
d)Insult
Note that these nouns generally have no real meaning. They simply express a strong
emotion such as hatred, anger, envy or contempt.
Bastard
Shit
Examples of use:
You bastard!
e) insult (imperative verb + object)
Damn..!
Examples of use:
Damn that child!
f)insulting request to go away
Piss off!
Examples of use:
If Andy comes asking for money tell him to piss off!
*In British English pissed means drunk and pissed off means fed up
Im getting pissed off with London!
*In American English pissed is annoyed, angry
Im pissed at him because of what hes been saying about me.
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NIVEL B1
g)Expression of unconcern (meaning : I dont care)
I don`t / couldnt give a damn
Examples of use:
They can come and arrest me if they want. I dont give a damn!
h)Intensifying adjective/adverb
damn(ed)
bloody
goddamn
Examples of use:
That cars going damn(ed) fast!
Wheres the bloody switch?
Its bloody raining again!
*When these words are used before verbs, the word well is often added in British
English:
I damn well hope you never come back!
Its bloody well raining again!
Just for your entertainment, heres a video you full of taboo and swearwords, in case
you want to watch it! (AWARNING: IT CAN GET A BIT BLOODY)
http://www.watchsouthparkonline.net/season-5/episode-2-it-hits-the-fan/
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156

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Ingls

El pasado simple se usa en los siguientes casos:

Para hablar de acciones acabadas en un periodo de tiempo en el pasado.

I saw him yesterday. (Le vi ayer.)

They lived in the country; their house was very old.

Verbos Regulares: se forman aadiendo la terminacin ed al verbo. Si el

Los verbos monosilbicos acabados en una sola consonante precedida

Los verbos de dos o ms slabas que acaban en una sola consonante

Muchos verbos acabados en l o p duplican la consonante final

Verbos Irregulares: a continuacin mostramos la tabla.

El verbo to be tiene dos formas: was y were

Ella era / estaba

Eso era / estaba

Vosotros erais / estabais

Ellos eran / estaban

Para negar, no importa si el verbo es regular o irregular. Usamos la forma pasada de

I did not read / I didnt read

You did not read / You didnt read

He did not read / He didnt read

She did not read / She didnt read

Ella no ley/ lea

It did not read / It didnt read

Eso no ley/ lea

We did not read / We didnt read

You did not read / You didnt read

They did not read / They didnt read

Ellos no leyeron/ lean

You were not

She was not

Ella no era / estaba

Eso no era / estaba

You were not

Vosotros no erais / estabais

They were not

Ellos no eran / estaban

Did you read?

(l) ley/ lea?

Did she read?

(Ella) ley/ lea?

(Eso) ley/ lea?

Did you read?

Did they read?

Exercise. Complete these sentences with the verbs between brackets:

a. My cousin buyed/bought (buy) a really bad book yesterday.

Exercise. Write yes or no if the question is correct or no for these answers:

Did you saw them?

When did you go th the disco?

were did she be? >

Where did you find it?

Why did she leave the room?

2. Formas Interrogativas del pasado simple

Did + subject + (infinitive of the verb)

Did + sujeto + (forma infinitiva del verbo)

DID you study

two days ago?

Exercise: now try to order the following

in Italy /did/ where/ you/ stay?

'I stayed with some friends.'

enjoy /show/ did/ they/ the?

'No, they didn't. They did not like it.'

when /your cousin /arrive/ did? 'He arrived at three I believe.'

do /did/ you/ what/ night/ last?

'I watched the news on television.'

'The president resigned.