CULTURAL STRATIGRAPHY OF THE SITE GRADITE

NEAR PELINCE, REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA

Dejan S. Gjorgjievski
National Institution Museum of Kumanovo, Republic of Macedonia
e-mail: dejangorgievski@gmail.com Original research article
Received: 29. 2. 2012. UDC: 902.62637/638(497.17)
Accepted: 6. 7. 2012.

Abstract: The site Gradite is a typical hill fort with intensity of living from the Bronze
Age. Already in the Late Bronze Age, the settlement which belonged to the Brnjica culture
was destroyed and a strong fortiication was build. Due to its location, at the border zone
between North, East and South Balkan, the culture developed there was under inluence
both by Dardanians, Tribalians, Thracians and South Paeonian tribes.
Key words: Transitional period, Iron Age, Channelled pottery, Pottery decorated with
false cord, Pottery decorated with rectangular impressions, Pinja culture group, Dardanians, Paeonians, Thraco-Tribalian complex

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Journal of Serbian Archaeological Society

28 (2012) 730.

/JSAS 28 (2012)

The site Gradite near Pelince in Macedonia is situated on the left

bank of the river Pinja, only 5 km from the Serbian border, at the contact
point between the small river Bistrica and Pinja (Maps 1, 2). It is a hill
fort (Fig. 1), and it was subject of small scale archaeological investigations
for a last two decades ( 1991, 91101; 1992, 51
68; 1998, 530). In its close vicinity is another well known
site the Early Bronze Age sanctuary Dve Mogili ( 1995;
1999, 4761; 2003, 289297).

Map 1. The Pinja Valley

1.

The excavations conducted at the site, although very limited, offered basic information about horizontal and vertical stratigraphy. We can
conclude that at the south half of the site, the rock appears very shallow, at
only 1m depth (trenches II, III and XIV/08). On the other side, on the north
half of the site, the rock appears at more than 2 m depth, so the intensity of
living is much larger there.
8

D. Gjorgjievski

Cultural Stratigraphy of the Site Gradite near Pelince...

The site is located in

the vicinity of the meeting
point of two very important
roads the irst one, which
is following the valley of
Pinja, is connecting South
Morava valley with Pinja,
and therefore, the Vardar
valley; and the other one is
following the bank of Kriva
Reka, connecting this region
with Southwestern Bulgaria
(the Strymon/Struma region). This is the reason why
this site appears as a contact
zone between the cultures
that existed at all historical
periods on the south of the
Balkan Peninsula.

Map 2. The location of the site

2.

Fig. 1. Plan of the site

. 1.

/JSAS 28 (2012)

Few chance inds of roman coins, speaks that even in the Roman
period, a small part of the hill was in use for living. However, the irst archaeologically conirmed horizon of habitation is the early antique horizon
(VIV B.C.) Majority of pottery from this horizon belongs to the group
known as early antique grey ware (Pl. I/111). This wheel-made type of
pottery can be found on a large area from Macedonia ( 1993,
141148; 2006, 115139; Stokke 2009, 1213) to
Southern Serbia ( 1968, . XIXVIII; Vukmanovi
i Popovi 1982, 20 202; 2005, 213227; Popovi 2003,
197215; 2005, 166167; 2006, 528; 2007, 131; 2009, 141153), Eastern
Kosovo (Dai 1957, T. III 1; T. IV 1, 2; Srejovi 1973, pl. III, ig. 57, 9;
uri 1970, 291), and Southwestern Bulgaria ( 1981, 8294).
Most of the pottery forms belongs to the large vessels with rims
curved to the outside (Pl. I/1), cups with lat rim (Pl. I/4, 5), bowls with lat
or curved to the inside rim, sometimes with dents on it (Pl. I/6, 9, 11). The
ornamentation is minimal, with plastic ribs under the rim or on body (Pl.
I/3, 10), and rarely, with stamped tear-like ornaments (Pl. I/8). One of the
fragments has rectangular imprints, typical for hand-made poterry from
the Iron Age period (Pl. I/7). It`s usefull to point that, among the wheel
made grey wares, the hand made pottery with the Iron Age ornaments was
still in use.
According to analogies with the other sites, we can determine this
material in the V c. B.C.
Smaller traces of house walls, build with stone are discovered in
this horizon. They look modestly comparing with the buildings from GradisteKnezje (Matthews and Neidinger 2011, 1517) or KaleKrsevica
(Popovi 2006, 523526), but again, they dont need to be necessarily
identiied as house-rooms, since we dont have any traces of oven or column foundations.
Under this layer, few fragments of wheel made, ocher or red pottery
was discovered. Mostly of those pieces are decorated with engraved, wavelike lines (Pl. I/12). Contemporary with them is a fragment which belongs
to the so-called lower Vardar mat painted pottery (Pl. I/13) (
1997, 119). Most of the pottery with this type of decoration is found in
Gevgelia-Valandovo region ( 1997, . 31). A few examples
are discovered as a deposition in the necropolises along the Bregalnica
river ( 1997, 121). So far, the fragment from Pelince is the
10

D. Gjorgjievski

Cultural Stratigraphy of the Site Gradite near Pelince...

northernmost ind of lower Vardar mat painted pottery, which is a typical

pottery among the Paeonian communities on the south, dated in the second
half of the VI c. B.C.
Following the stratigraphy of the site, the previous horizon is the
Iron Age horizon (VII c.B.C, HaC). Most common pottery shapes for this
horizon are handmade bowls, often with smooth and solid surface, and
with rims curved to the inside (Pl. II/3, 10, 11), large storage jugs (Pl. II/4,
5, 7), portable cooking vessels (pyranoi), kantharoid cups (Pl. II/8) and all
the other representatives of house pottery. Most of the handles are horizontal, with circular proile (Pl. II/7), but there are few examples of vertical,
triangular perforated handles (Pl. II/9). On some of the bowls, trapezoid
handles on the rim also appears (Pl. II/11). Dominating ornaments for this
period are rectangular impressions without groove (Pl. II/6, 7, 10, 11),
made with special ceramic tool with tooth. This type of ornamentation is
most recognizable for the Iron Age in the NE Macedonia (
1959, 35, . 13, 1112, 48; 1959, . 6;
1991, 94, 96, sl. 1, 2, 4; 1992, 109, 114, . 34; 1994, 2123, T. II), S
Serbia Vranje Bujanovac region, south of Grdelica (Vukmanovi and
Popovi 1982, 204206; Bulatovi 2009, 63), Est Kosovo (uri 1970,
281303) and the Upper Struma region Pernik ( 2006, . V, 1,
2, 46, 8, 1011, T. VI, 2, 12).
Another type of ornament is half-moon impression (Pl. II/3), appearing
later than the previous (VIIVI c.B.C.). The half-moon ornament is attested on the same territory where rectangular impressions are located
( 1959, 35; 1959, . 9;
1994, 2326; 2007, T. LXXII, 4; T. LXXXI, 5; T. LXXXII, 21)
but it can be found at Raskopanica Plovdiv (Detev 1981, 147, ig. 58),
Malkoto Kale Varna ( . 1992, 36, obr. 17d), and Velika
Morava valley (Stoji 1986, 52), as well.
Two fragments decorated with so-called tremolo lines, typical for
the late phase of Basarabi culture or so-called Laniste II Basarabi (Stoji
1986, 101102) are also found in this layer (Pl. II/1, 2). This type of pottery can be found on a wide area north from Grdelica, but it also appears in
SW Serbia Butranje, and Northern Macedonia Volkovo (Stoji 2001,
185191). So far, on none of the site dated in the VII century in the Pinja
or Bregalnica Valley, the tremolo pottery isnt found, so, besides inds from
Volkovo (Skopje), this is southernmost region with this examples.
11

/JSAS 28 (2012)

Few fragments are also unknown for this region they are decorated with engraved geometrical motives, mostly parallel horizontal and
vertical lines that frame triangles (Pl. II/4, 5). Majority of the pottery (especially the large, black plates) are channeled and facetted, horizontally or
vertically (Pl. II/10).
So far, not a single foundation of the house from this period is discovered, although there is a large amount of house pottery.
The Early Iron Age horizon (IX VIIIc. B.C., HaB1 HaB3) is
recognizable through bowls with inverted rims (Pl. III/13), jugs with rims
curved to the outside (Pl. III/8), pyranoi, jugs with diagonally cut spout
(Pl. III/4) etc. Almost 90 % of the fragments are ornamented with rows of
rhomboid impresions in the groove - the fals cord ornament (Pl. III/35).
The fals cord is stamped on the inner side of the rims, the handles, the
neck, and on the body of the dishes. Chronologically, it appears before the
rectangular impressions, but it will be widely accepted, and it will be in
use through the whole Iron Age ( 1994, 1821).
There are fragments decorated with features that are untypical for
this region. First, there are two fragments with S stamps (Pl. III/1, 2),
common for the classical Bassarabi pottery (Czybora 2005, 3334, with
bibliography), previously noticed on the neighboring iron age sites Velja Strana Rugince and Blidez Vrazogrnce, Kratovo region (
1992, 105118; 1993, 85, T. I, 1, 2). This type of decoration is very rare
in the area south of Lower South Morava valley, but there are few inds
from the region of Vranje ( 2007, T. V, 32, 37, 43, 44), and its
well attested at Pernik also (M 2005, 23, . III, 6; T. V, 14, 15; T.
VI, 6, 16). Another type of ornament is connecting Pelince with Pernik
it is a so called ish-bone decoration (M 2005, 23, T. III, 1), here
in combination with encrusted triangles and/or horizontal channels (Pl.
III/68). Until now, this type of ornaments was unknown for the territory
of R. Macedonia, and they are lacking in the South Morava valley and
Eastern Kosovo also. It is attested in the area of Southwestern Bulgaria
(Pernik, Galabnik), but the chronology is different the Late Bronze Age
for Galabnik ( 2003, 164, T. III, 11) and the Iron Age for Krakra,
Pernik. At Pelince, all of the fragments are from a single layer, contemporary with the S stamps, and therefore, they are from the Early Iron Age.
There are remains of houses from this layer, with rectangular
shapes, stone walls with plaster from the inside, and columns with circular
12

D. Gjorgjievski

Cultural Stratigraphy of the Site Gradite near Pelince...

stone foundation for better support.

Beneath it, theres beginning to appear a soil mixed with ashes and
traces of ire. It is obvious that the settlement under this layer was destroyed. Above the destroyed settlement, fragments of inverted facetted
rims (Pl. IV/6, 7), sometimes ornamented with oval stamps (Pl. IV/1, 2),
smaller vessels decorated with engraved lines and impressed circles (Pl.
IV/3), horizontal handles with impressed circles (Pl. IV/4) and large dishes
with incised elongated triangles (Pl. IV/5) are the only inds.
This horizon is preserved mostly on the north half of the site, close
to its edges, and always mixed with ash. No building foundations have yet
been discovered.
The previous horizon is very thin, preserved sporadically, and it
cant be followed through the whole area. Very indicative for the chronology of the layer are S proiled bowls and nipple handles (Pl. V/1) ,
large dishes with diagonally cut rim and inger imprints imitating channels
(Pl. V/2), knee handles with a fan-like broadening at the top (Pl. V/12)
and rims with ring on the inner part the brnjica type of rims (Pl. V/3). The
ornaments are engraved triangles illed with large, oval imprints (Pl. V/4,
5), incised triangles (Pl. V/68) and groups of vertically and horizontally
incised lines (Pl. V/9, 11).
The inds from this layer have been dated in the Early Bronze Age,
as a result of a conclusion that the people who were using the nearby sanctuary lived on the plateau of the hill ( 1991, 93;
1992, T. VIII, 14; 1998, 8). But, the brnjica type of rims,
S proiled bowls and the decoration speaks that all of the indings from
this layer are from the Late Bronze Age ( 2001, . I, 10, 1822;
2005, . I, 4, 8; T. II, 1, 3; 2007, T. IV, 26), which doesnt mean
that we should not expect the Early Bronze Age horizon to be unearthed
somewhere on the site.
As a conclusion, the oldest conirmed settlement on the Gradiste
hill can be dated in the late bronze age. According to the typical pottery
shapes, it can be included in the so-called brnjica cultural group (Brnjica
IB according to Stoji; BrD HaA1 according to Reinecke). The settlement was destroyed in a ire, which resulted with building fortiications in
the next period. The defensive tumulus and a row were added on its eastern side, which is connected with the surrounding hills, and therefore, it is
the most vulnerable point. Above the oldest settlement, the new one was
13

/JSAS 28 (2012)

build, with a majority of channeled pottery with northern origin,1 and this
data allows us to include this site in to the group of the other late bronze
age sites who were destroyed in the migration period HaA2 (
2007, 3841). But, the habitation continued, and we ind the irst ornaments with oval stamps and elongated triangles on the adopted shapes of
northern origin, together with the evaluated autochthones shapes. That is
an occurrence typical for the most of the sites from the transitional period
in the South Morava and Pinja Basin (Bulatovi 2009, 6162).
The Early Iron Age is recognizable by the domination of stamped
pottery mostly with false cord, but sometimes, a different ornaments
were used the S stamps and ish-bone stamps. The false cord ornament is common among the most of the Early Iron Age sites in the Northeast Macedonia, Southern Serbia and Western Bulgaria (see above), but
the other two ornament types are lacking in the region of Upper Vardar,
Pinja and Bregalnica Basin.
The iron age is represented with variety of pottery shapes, decorated with rectangular imprints and half-moon stamps. The fragments with
tremolo lines can be dated in the second half of the VII c. B.C., before the
irst wheel-made examples, decorated in the manner of Lower Vardar pottery.
In the early antique horizon, the gray pottery with hellenized and
autochthones shapes is dominating. Since there arent inds from the Hellenistic period (IV III c. B.C.), we believe that at the beginning of the
second half of the IV century, the settlement was abandoned.
A few years ago, there was a theory that all of the LBA/IA sites
along the Upper South Morava and Pinja Basin, on which identical development of pottery shapes and ornamentation as at Pelince were noticed,
should be threatened as a single cultural group Pinja group (Bulatovi
2009, 5782). We believe that in this group, most of the sites from Bregalnica Basin and Ovce Pole should be included as well, since there is identical evolution of pottery shapes and ornaments in the EAE and IA period2
( 1994, 1531; Nacev 2009, 3436). However, the fragments with
S stamps, ish-bone ornaments and the tremolo lines clearly shows inluence from the Basarabi culture. Only the future excavations will show us
Type Gava-Belegis II, or, more correctly, channeled pottery type from Iron Age Ib of the
Morava Culture (Stoji 1986, 9092; Bulatovi 2009, fn. 9).
2
The transitional period is still unknown for this area.
1

14

D. Gjorgjievski

Cultural Stratigraphy of the Site Gradite near Pelince...

whether those contacts came from the north (following the South Morava
Basin) or there was a penetration from the east, along the Kriva Reka and
Dragovistica valley, and did those incursions had an ethnic implications
for the region.
Speaking about the ethnicity of Pinja cultural group, there are
three different opinions: the bearers were Dardanians, Paeonians (Agrianes) and Thraco-Tribalian mixture.
The Dardanian theory is based on the similar evolution of the
stamped and engraved pottery and the later appearance of the grey ware
on the territory were, in LBA, the Brnjica cultural group (created by the
proto-dardanians) had its evolution (Srejovi 1973, 62 ff; Stoji 2003,
119142; Tasi 2003, 3962; 2003a: 69; Bulatovi 2009, 6466). We believe that, as irst, it is almost impossible to connect the settlers of the
Pinja region from the LBA with the Dardanians mentioned in the IVIII
c. B.C., since there is an almost one millennium gap (for the historical
sources about Dardanians, see: Papazoglu 1969, 104208). At that period,
probably none of the Brnjica group settlements remains untouched from
the foreign incursions, especially in the migrations that followed in the
transitional period ( 2009, 102104). The adopted pottery of
northern origin speaks that many of those tribes, on their way to south,
stayed here for a long time, and there must have been an ethnic implications as well, that lead to a disintegration of the previous culture (
2008, 5374). As second, the pottery decorated with the rectangular imprints is registered on a wide territory - NE Macedonia, Southern Serbia
and Kosovo and SW Bulgaria, a territory which does not corresponded
with the descriptions that we have about the Dardanians. And, as third,
the period when the Dardanians will be mentioned in the antique sources
for the irst time as the inhabitants of this region and hostile neighbors of
Paeonians (Polyaenus IV: 12,3) and Thracian Maedi (Strabo VII. 5.7) -i.e.
IV c. B.C., correspond with the abandonment of the sites that were in use
through the whole LBA, transitional and Iron Age period (
1993, 56; 1982, 2021; 1991, 101).
The archaeological excavations carried out in the region where
Brnjica cultural group was attested could give us similar conclusions as
well. If we assume that the spiritual culture is much more indicative than
the material culture, then the different types of burials registered in the
Pinja valley and Vranje-Bujanovac region inhumation under tumuli
15

/JSAS 28 (2012)

or lat necropolises ( 1966; 1994, 19, . 4;

19961997, 514; 2006, 93114; 2008, 135152) and the
ones registered on Kosovo cremation ( 1999, 172184; Luci 2007,
347359) is another argument that there was at least two different cultural groups in the pointed region (Bulatovi 2009, 64; Stoji 2006, 73
84). As a contrast to the tumuli burials in Strnovac ( 2008,
135152), stands, almost contemporary, the cremations from Hipodrom,
Skopje (Mitrevski 1994, 115124) and the cremations from Western Necropolis at Stobi3 ( 1997, 313). But, again, except the burial
ritual of cremation (which is common for the Central European Urnield
culture), there are no typological features of the Brnjica material culture4.
This speaks that, so far, there is a big lack of arguments for including the
communities from Pinja and Upper Vardar region among the bearers of
the Brnjica cultural group, and thus, connected them with the Dardanians.
The ethnicity from the Pinja region was identiied with Peonians
as well (Hammond 1972, 8283; 1990, 935;
1997, 194196; Petrova 1999, 6771; Garaanin 1997, 4445) . Some of
the scholars are going further, and indentiied the tribe as Agrianes. The
ancient sources are single voiced in locating the tribe of Agrianes in the
Upper Struma region, that is, at its source (Strabo VII. Frg. 36, 37; Thycidides II. 96.3). But, for almost 20 years, the western boundaries of the
territory of the Agrianes has been located near the source of Vardar, at NW
of Macedonia, and as a result of this opinion, all the territories between
those two river-sources (including the Pinja region) are ascribed to Agrianes ( 1990, 935; 1992, 94, 95; 1995,
37, 38; 1997, 194196; Petrova 1999, 61; 2005,
137; 2011, 215245). As a main argument, the fragment 36 of well known
Geography of Strabo, book VII, is used, in which, according to scholars,
Strabo strictly says that not only the source of Strymon, but the source of
Axius (Vardar) is on the territory of Agrianes. But, actually, Strabo only
states that Not only the Axius lows out of the country of the Paeonians,
but also the Strymon, for it lows out of the country of the Agrianes through
that of the Medi and Sinti and empties into the parts that are between the
Bisaltae and the Odomantes (Strabo VII, Fr. 36). Therefore, the territory
of Northern Macedonia was never attested as the homeland of Agrianes,
3
4

Notice their position on the main Balkan communication.

No brnjica type of rims, or bi-conical extensions on the handles are among the inds.

16

D. Gjorgjievski

Cultural Stratigraphy of the Site Gradite near Pelince...

and knowing almost nothing about the Iron Age and Early Antique period
at the area of Vardar source (Polog region), the attribution of those territories to Paeonians should be treated with caution.
Still, there are enough arguments for presupposing the Peonian
ethnicity in the Pinja region. It is obvious that in the Iron Age, the same
cultural manifestations visible at Bregalnica (Astibo) region (which, in the
early antique period is attested as Paeonian area) are recognizable in the
whole NE Macedonia, including Pinja valley. As irst, the common burial
ritual of inhumation under tumuli or lat necropolises (M 1997,
8796), the presence of macedonian (paeonian) cult bronzes (
1988, 83103) and the priestess burials (Mitrevski 2007, 563583; Temov 2007, 657667), the presence of Lower Vardar matt painted pottery,
the coins of Derones ( 1994, 916; M 2005, 5987), the
implement of the Doric order on the buildings (atthews and Neidinger
2011, 1517) and other common manifestations of the civilization seems
enough to include those tribes in the northern Paeonian koine. Moreover,
there is continuity in the evolution of the pottery shapes and ornamentation, along with the burial ritual from Erly Iron Age to the period when
the independent Paeonians from Thucydides (II. 96 seq.) description of
Sitalkes` invasion of Macedonia in 429 B.C., appears beyond the upper
low of Strymon , i.e. in the Ovce Pole and Bregalnica region. Those regions, as we saw, have similar features with the sites from Pinja valley,
and were part of the same cultural group.
The Thraco-Tribalian theory is based on a previously published
materials with S stamps, a type of decoration that is typical for the socalled Bassarabi culture ( 1992, 116, 117; 1993, 8196; 1994,
17, 18). New founds of the same type from Pelince and Vranje region,
as well as the tremolo pottery discovered at Pelince and Volkovo, speaks
that Bassarabi inluence is not an isolated case, and, at least, its speaks of
developed contacts with the Thraco-Tribalian region. This connections
continued in the early antique period as well, since we have a distribution
of the so called Thracian ibulae in the Pinja valley Makre (
1991, 97, . 6/10) and Katlanovo ( 1999, 113134).5 Whether
those contact resulted with a mixing of ethnicity in the NE Macedonia
Another two examples of this type of unknown provenance are in the museum of Kumanovo (unpublished). For the western penetration of Thracian ibulae, see Vasi 2000,
1320.
5

17

/JSAS 28 (2012)

region, as Z. Georgiev concluded almost 20 years ago, should be a matter

of future investigations.
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22

D. Gjorgjievski

Cultural Stratigraphy of the Site Gradite near Pelince...

.



,

a , 5 km .
, , -
, ,
( 12, .1).
.
. (. V), ( II, BrD HaA1)
.
,
.
; ,

(T. IV/6, 7), (T. IV/14), (HaA2 HaB1) (T. IV/5),
(HaB1 HaB3)
(T. III/35), : S
(T. III/1, 2) (T. III/68).
(HaC) , (T. II/6, 7, 10, 11),
(T. II/3)
(T. II/1, 2).
VI ... , e (T.
23

/JSAS 28 (2012)

I/13), V ... (T.

I/111). IVIII
..., .

.
, . ,
, .

24

Pl. I Wheel made pottery

T. I

25

Pl. II Iron Age pottery

T. II

26

Pl. III Early Iron Age pottery

T. III

27

Pl. IV Pottery of the Transitional period

T. IV

28

Pl. V Late Bronze Age pottery

T. V

29