33 kV Interconnection of Al Ghail

and Al Hamra Power Plants

33kV Transmission System
Protection Application
Al Ghail Power LLC

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33 kV Interconnection of Al Ghail and Al Hamra Power Plants

33kV Transmission System Protection Application

Notice
This document and its contents have been prepared and are intended solely for AL GHAIL POWER LLCs
information and use in relation to protection application of their 33kV transmission system
ATKINS ENERGY assumes no responsibility to any other party in respect of or arising out of or in connection
with this document and/or its contents.

Document History
Job number: 5108879

Document ref: 5108879/14.01/1000

Revision

Purpose description

Originated

Checked

Reviewed

Authorised

Date

Rev 0

First Version

GV

VAM

KS

JS

20/04/12

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33 kV Interconnection of Al Ghail and Al Hamra Power Plants

33kV Transmission System Protection Application

Table of contents
Chapter

Pages

1.
1.1.

Introduction
Abbreviations

4
4

2.
2.1.
2.2.

Application Check
Protection Philosophy
Solution Proposed

4
5
5

3.

Conclusion

Appendices

13

14

Appendix A.

Single Line Diagram of 33 kV Transmission System

15

Appendix B.

Existing Arrangement

16

Appendix C.

Red/Green Markups

17

Appendix D.

Sample Specification

18

Tables
Table 1.
Table 2.
Table 3.

OHL and Cable Impedance Al Ghail - Al Hamra

Typical Charging Currents for 33 kV Cable
Differential Relay Vendor List

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33 kV Interconnection of Al Ghail and Al Hamra Power Plants

33kV Transmission System Protection Application

1.

Introduction

Al Ghail Power LLC operates two power plants in the Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah. With the approval of
Government of Ras Al Khaimah, Al Ghail Power LLC intends to interconnect both power plants with 33KV
Transmission line from Al Ghail area to Al Hamra area in Ras Al Khaimah. This 33kV transmission system is
hybrid line comprising sections of underground cable and overhead lines. The existing 33kV switchgear
panel houses Main and Backup Protections. This report examines suitability of existing Protections at both Al
Ghail and Al Hamra ends and suggest suitable Protection requirement for the hybrid transmission
application.

1.1.

Abbreviations

The abbreviations used in this document are as follows:

OHL
AAAC
UG Cable
IED
+Seq Imp
Zero Seq imp
KN
P.U. impedance

2.

Over Head Line

All Aluminium Alloy Conductor
Underground Cable
Intelligent Electronic Device
Positive sequence impedance in Ohms/kM
Zero sequence impedance in Ohms/kM
Residual compensation factor
Per Unit Impedance

Application Check

This section examines the application check for suitable protection for the 33kV Transmission system. The
33kV Transmission system connecting Al Ghail and Al Hamra Power stations is hybrid line comprising
sections of underground cables and over head lines. Details are as below
Cables

Over Head Line

Al Ghail end

Al Hamra end

Al Ghail end: 1Cx500sq.mm, Cu; 1 run; 2 Circuits; Length=1km

33kV OHL AAAC, Single conductor; double circuit; Length=45km
Al Hamra end: 1Cx500sq.mm, Cu; 1 run; 2 Circuits; Length=6.2km

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33kV Transmission System Protection Application

2.1.

Protection Philosophy

Protection philosophy proposed for the 33kV transmission system shall be as below
1) One High speed main protection capable of detecting Phase to phase faults and phase to
faults

ground

2) Backup protection involving three phase Over current and earth fault with Standard inverse
characteristics.

2.2.

Solution Proposed

This section checks the suitability of existing Protections at both Al Ghail and Al Hamra ends and also
suggest a suitable protection for this application.

2.2.1.

Existing Arrangement

Appendix B shows the existing arrangement drawing at both Al Ghail and Al Hamra substations.
Al Ghail end Alstom make Differential feeder Protection type MBCI.
Al Hamra end Reyrolle/Siemens make Current differential Protection type SOLKOR N 7SG18
MBCI type Protection used at Al Ghail end is Pilot wire differential Protection and require same type of
protection at the other end. Further the Pilot wire differential protection has following limitations

Sensitivity different for different faults

Pilot wire supervision accessories are required

SOLKOR N 7SG18 is three phase current differential relay with two bias characteristics. SOLKOR N
7SG18 require a compatible relay at the other end and can support lines up to a maximum of 49Km using
Long range optical link with single more fibres.
Hence both the existing protections are not suitable for the application. We wish to recommend a
new generation protection IEDs based on Distance or Differential Principle to be applied for this
application.
Following sections examine application of distance protection and differential protection and suggest suitable
protection

2.2.2.

Distance Protection Solution

Distance Protection works on the principle of measuring impedance up to fault point by measuring Current
and voltage inputs. Distance Protection cover the line section in question and also provide remote backup to
adjacent line sections. Few constraints on performance of distance protection are

Line length and its configuration

Line loading capability

Fault resistance coverage

Complete 33kV transmission system with typical distance protection zone configuration proposed is depicted
in the appendix A.

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33kV Transmission System Protection Application
Following typical settings are adopted

Zone 1 Instantaneous zone 80% of line length

Zone 2 Backup Zone - Set to cover at least 150% of Line length with a time delay of 500msec.
However Zone 2 should not be more than zone 1 of next line section. (Generally the settings are not
reduced below 125%of line length)
Zone 3 Backup Zone Set to cover at least 200% of line length with a time delay of 1 sec. Under
no circumstances, Zone 3 setting should encroach into load (at least 20% margin required) and
downstream 11kV LV system.

Table 1.

OHL and Cable Impedance Al Ghail - Al Hamra

Sl No Section
1
2

Impedance (/kM)

First section from AlGhail substation

Cable (1kM)

Remarks

The Residual
compensation factor KN
and line angle for
Second section Overhead line after +Seq Imp (0.0754+j0.3616)
overhead lines and cables
1 km of cable from AlGhail substation Zero Seq imp (0.2234+j1.4203)
will differ substantially;
(45kM)
This issue needs careful
Third section Cable after the
+Seq Imp (0.0521+j0.144)
examination when
overhead line from AlGhail substation Zero Seq imp (0.623+j0.244)
recommending settings.
(6.2kM)
Total line length = 52.2kM
+Seq Imp (0.0521+j0.144)
Zero Seq imp (0.623+j0.244)

Note: Zero sequence mutual impedance between the 33kV double circuit lines is not available. This will
have big impact on settings of distance protection depending on the running arrangement. (Parallel circuits
both in service, one of the circuits open and earthed at both ends, one of the circuits open. etc) and needs to
be considered.

Adjacent line / Transformer data:

At Al Ghail Substation
Transformer: 2 Number, 33/11kV, 25/31.5MVA, 12.72% impedance
At Al Hamra Substation
Transformer: 2 Number, 33/11kV, 25/31.5MVA, 12.72% impedance
33kV UG cable from Al Hamra to Al Marjan 1Cx630sq.mm, Cu; 1run; 2 Circuits; Length=8.2km
Calculations
Base MVA considered = 100MVA
Base kV considered = 33kV

Hence Base Impedance =

= 10.89 (Assuming same positive and zero sequence base

impedance)
Total Line impedance Al Ghail and Al Hamra section
Z1 = +Seq Imp of line = (0.0521+j0.144) x1+ (0.0754+j0.3616) x45+ (0.0521+j0.144) x6.2
Z1 = +Seq Imp of line = (3.77+j 17.31) = 17.71 77.71

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33kV Transmission System Protection Application

.
Z1 P.U. impedance =

= 1.62 P.U.

Z0 = Zero Seq Imp of line = (0.623+j0.244) x1+ (0.2234+j1.4203) x45+ (0.623+j0.244) x6.2
Z0 = Zero Seq Imp of line = (14.54+j 65.67) = 67.2677.51

.
=

Z0 P.U. impedance =

= 6.17 P.U.

Transformer impedance = 12.72% at 31.5 MVA.

On 100MVA Base, transformer impedance =

100 = 40.38% = 4.038 P.U.

Effective impedance when two transformers are operated in Parallel = 2.109 P.U
Al Ghail end
Zone 1 Settings = 80% of line length = 0.8 x 52.2 = 41.76kM
This corresponds to 1 Km of Underground cable plus 40.76kM of Overhead Line
Z1 = +Seq Imp of line = (0.0521+j0.144)x1+ (0.0754+j0.3616)x40.76 = (3.12+j14.88)
Z1 = +Seq Imp of line = 15.2078.15 =

= 1.39 P.U.

----------------------------------(1)

Z0 = Zero Seq Imp of line = (0.623+j0.244) x1+ (0.2234+j1.4203) x 40.76 = (9.73+j58.135)

Z0 = Zero Seq Imp of line = 58.94 80.5 =

KN Residual compensation factor =

.
.

= 5.41 P.U.--------------------------------(2)
1 =

1 = 0.96------(3)

Zone 2 Settings = 150% of line length = 1.5 x 52.2 = 78.3kM

Z1 = +Seq Imp of line = 1.5 x (3.77+j 17.31) = (5.655+j25.965) = 26.57 77.71

.
Z1 = +Seq Imp of line =

= 2.44 P.U.---------------------------------------------------------(4)

Z0 = Zero Seq Imp of line = 1.5 x (14.54+j 65.67) = (21.81+j98.505) = 100.8977.51

.
Z0 = Zero Seq Imp of line = =

KN Residual compensation factor =

= 9.264 P.U.------------------------------------------------(5)
1 =

.
.

1 = 0.93---(6)

Zone 3 Settings = 200% of line length = 2 x 52.2 = 104.4kM

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33kV Transmission System Protection Application
Z1 = +Seq Imp of line = 2 x (3.77+j 17.31) = (7.54+j34.62)= 35.4377.71

.
Z1 = +Seq Imp of line =

= 3.253 P.U----------------------------------------------------------(7).

Z0 = Zero Seq Imp of line = 2 x (14.54+j 65.67) = (29.08+j131.34) = 134.5277.51

,
Z0 = Zero Seq Imp of line = =

= 12.35 P.U.------------------------------------------------(8)

1 =

KN Residual compensation factor =

1 = 0.93-----(9)

Note: From equations 3, 6 and 9 above, Residual compensation factors for zone 1 is different to Zone 2 and
3. Setting engineer to ensure that new generation IEDs have facility to set different KN factors for different
zones for correct operation.

Application Check
1.

Considering the zone 1 setting of Al Hamra to Al Marjan Underground cable to check that Zone 2 setting
from Al Ghail does not encroach into Zone 1 setting of Al Hamra Al Marjan Line section.

Al Hamra Al Marjan Line section:

Line length = 8.2 kM
Z1 = +Seq Imp of line = (0.0376+j0.097) x8.2 = (0.308+j0.795) = 0.85268.82
Z1 P.U. impedance =

= 0.078P.U

Z0 = Zero Seq Imp of line = (0.047+j0.12) x 8.2 = (0.385+j0.984) = 1.05 68.63

Z0 P.U. impedance =

.
.

= 0.096 P.U

Zone 1 Settings = 80% of line length = 0.8 x 8.2 = 6.56kM

Z1 = +Seq Imp of line = (0.308+j0.795) x0.8= (0.246+j0.636)
Z1 = +Seq Imp of line = 0.681 68.85 =

.
.

= 0.062 P.U-----------------------------------(10).

Z0 = Zero Seq Imp of line = (0.385+j0.984) x 0.8 = (0.308+j0.787)

Z0 = Zero Seq Imp of line = 0.845 68.62 =
KN Residual compensation factor =

Z
Z

.
.

1 =

= 0.077 P.U-----------------------------------(11).
.
.

1 = 0.08----------(12)

From equation (4) Zone 2 setting of Al Ghail end Protection will be 2.44 P.U.
Line section Al Ghail to Al Hamra + zone 1 setting of Al Hamra to Al Marjan section amounts to
1.62 +0.062 = 1.682 P.U----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(13).
This means Zone 2 setting at Al Ghail substation has to be reduced less than 1.682 P.U. which is
.
= 103% of Line length instead of recommended 150%. Not desirable
.

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33kV Transmission System Protection Application
2.

To check Zone 3 Setting at Al Ghail end does not look into 11kV feeder faults during Parallel operation
of two Transformers at Al Hamra end.

From the above calculations (refer equation 7) , Zone 3 setting of Al Ghail end Protection will be 3.253 P.U.
Generally 65% of transformer effective imepdance is considred for setting zone requirement with a safety
margin of 20% to ensure correct oepration.
Line section Al Ghail to Al Hamra + 65% effective transformer impedance (operating in parallel) , margin of
20% considered
0.80 x (1.62+ 0.65x2.109) = 2.39 P.U-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(14).
This means both Zone 2 and Zone 3 setting at Al Ghail substation may look into 11kV feeder fault
when both Transformers are in parallel Not desirable.
Note: Calculated valeus above do not include impact of zero sequence mutual impedance between
parallel lines. This will be huge considering the network configuration, and will affect zone settings
further. Hence Distance Protection will not be suitable for this application and will not be preferred
option.

2.2.3.

Unit Protection Solution

Unit protection works on the principle of comparing two currents (local and remote end) to distinguish normal
and abnormal conditions. Unit Protection provides protection for the line in question and will not cover
adjacent lines.
The hybrid line between Al Ghail and Al Hamra substations is a medium transmission line with total length of
52.2kM and will be best protected with Line differential Protection. Hence preferable solution will be Unit
Protection, which ensure correct operation under all system conditions. Typical Unit Protection configuration
for the 33kV system is depicted in the appendix.

Communication between two ends can be direct fibre optic cable or interfaced through digital communication
equipment depending on the line length and communication infrastructure available.
Basic requirements of any Unit Protection are

Sensitivity for internal faults

This is the basic differential current setting which determines the minimum pick-up level of the relay. The
value of this setting should be in excess of any mismatch between line ends, if any, and should also account
for line charging current, where necessary.

Stability for external faults

The protection should provide stability under heavy through fault current conditions, for small CT
mismatches, whilst ensuring good sensitivity to resistive faults under heavy load conditions.
The table below shows typical steady state charging currents for 33 kV Cable

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33kV Transmission System Protection Application
Table 2.

Typical Charging Currents for 33 kV Cable

Voltage kV Core formation and spacing

33kV Cable Three-Core

Conductor size in mm2

120

Charging current A/kM

1.8

33kV Cable Close-Trefoil

300

2.5

Fault resistance coverage

Assuming that the fault resistance RF, is much higher than the line impedance and source impedance, then
for a 33kV system with 400/1 CT ratio

IF (Fault Current) =

IF (Fault Current) =

VPH N
RF

RF

CT RATIO
P.U. =

P.U.

.
RF

P.U.

Depending on the relay characteristics, IF fault current can be calculated and thus Fault resistance RF
coverage can be calculated.
Typical Unit Protection characteristics will be as below:

The table below details list of few Unit Protections from major Vendors

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33kV Transmission System Protection Application
Table 3.

2.2.3.1.

Differential Relay Vendor List

Vendor
ABB

Type of Protection
RED 670

Alstom

P54x series

Siemens

7SD 610

Schweitzer Engineering
Laboratories, Inc.

SEL-411L

Toshiba

GRL100

CT and VT requirements

CT requirement
The performance of a protection function will depend on the quality of the measured current signal.
Saturation of the current transformer (CT) will cause distortion of the current signal and can result in a failure
to operate or cause unwanted operations of some functions. Consequently CT saturation can have an
influence on both the dependability and the security of the protection. The protection IED should be designed
to permit heavy CT saturation with maintained correct operation.
The current transformer ratio is mainly selected based on power system data for example, maximum load.
However, it should be verified that the current to the protection is higher than the minimum operating value
for all faults that are to be detected with the selected CT ratio. The minimum operating current is different for
different functions and normally settable so each function should be checked. The current error of the current
transformer can limit the possibility to use a very sensitive setting of a sensitive residual overcurrent
protection. If a very sensitive
setting of this function will be used it is recommended that the current transformer should have an accuracy
class which have an current error at rated primary current that is less than 1% (for example, 5P). If current
transformers with less accuracy are used it is advisable to check the actual unwanted residual current during
the commissioning.
With regard to saturation of the current transformer all current transformers of high remanence and low
remanence type that fulfill the requirements on the rated equivalent secondary e.m.f.
VKnee can be used.
Detailed CT requirement calculations will be done after finalizing the following details
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Type of protection to be used

Maximum fault level in the system
CT secondary resistance
Lead resistance
CT ratio
Burden of the IED used

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33kV Transmission System Protection Application
VT requirement
The performance of a protection function will depend on the quality of the measured input signal. Transients
caused by capacitive voltage transformers (CVTs) can affect some protection functions. Magnetic or
capacitive voltage transformers can be used.
The capacitive voltage transformers (CVTs) should fulfill the requirements according to the IEC 600445
standard regarding ferro-resonance and transients. The ferro-resonance requirements of the CVTs are
specified in chapter 7.4 of the standard.
The transient responses for three different standard transient response classes, T1,T2 and T3 are specified
in chapter 15.5 of the standard. CVTs according to all classes can be used.
Most of the new generation protection IED has effective filters for these transients, which gives secure and
correct operation with CVTs.

2.2.3.2.

Additional Functions

Broken Conductor detection 46BC

The majority of faults on a power system occur between one phase and ground or two phases and ground.
These are known as shunt faults and arise from lightning discharges and other over voltages which initiate
flashovers. Alternatively, they may arise from other causes such as birds on overhead lines or mechanical
damage to cables etc. Such faults result in an appreciable increase in current and hence in the majority of
applications are easily detectable.
Another type of unbalanced fault that can occur on the system is the series or open circuit fault. These can
arise from broken conductors, maloperation of single phase switchgear, or single-phasing of fuses. Series
faults will not cause an increase in phase current on the system and hence are not readily detectable by
standard protection. However, they will produce an unbalance or asymmetry between currents in the three
phases. This can be detected by almost all new generation IEDs. Generally this function is integrated with in
the Main protection IED.
Under Voltage Protection 27
In the majority of applications, under voltage protection function will be available to detect loss of voltage
conditions. The threshold value selected should be less than single phase voltage depressions due to earth
faults. The voltage threshold setting for the under voltage protection should be set at some value below the
voltage excursions which may be expected under normal system operating conditions. This threshold is
dependent upon the system in question but typical healthy system voltage excursions may be in the order of
-10% of nominal value.
Time delay shall depend upon the time for which the system is able to withstand a depressed. This can be
detected by almost all new generation IEDs. Generally this function is integrated with in the Main protection
IED.

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3.

Conclusion

From the foregoing sections, we wish to infer the following

1.

Existing Protections Solkor N- 7SG813 and MBCI are not suitable and hence have to be replaced.

2.

Distance Protection is not suitable for this application

3.

Line differential protection working on digital communication technology will be best suited for this
application. Major IED manufacturers in the market Viz ABB, Siemens, Alstom, SEL, etc. have line
differential protections in their product range.

4.

Other monitoring and protection functions Viz. Broken conductor and under voltage functions can be
integrated with the main protection.

5.

Existing BACKUP Protection can be retained.

6.

New IED can be fitted in the existing switchgear panel and interfaced to existing tripping circuits after
site confirmation.

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Appendices

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Appendix A. Single Line Diagram of

33 kV Transmission System

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DISTANCE PROTECTION SOLUTION

TIME

ZONE 3
ZONE 2

DISTANCE PROTECTION AT
AL HAMRA END MAY ENCROACH
INTO 11kV SYSTEM NOT DESIRABLE

ZONE 1

11kV AL GHAIL
SUBSTATION
GENERATOR - 1
11kV, 33MW

33kV AL HAMRA
SUBSTATION

33kV AL GHAIL
SUBSTATION
1km CABLE
TRANSFORMER 1
11kV/33kV
YNd11

OVER HEAD LINE

6.2km CABLE

VT

TRANSFORMER 1
11kV/33kV
YNd11

VT

21
OUTGOING
11kV FEEDERS

GENERATOR - A
11kV, 17MW

DISTANCE PROTECTION AT
AL GHAIL END MAY ENCROACH
INTO 11kV SYSTEM NOT DESIRABLE

21
ZOM - ZERO SEQUENCE MUTUAL
IMPEDANCE IMPACT ZONE
MEASUREMENTS

TRANSFORMER 2
11kV/33kV
YNd11

GENERATOR - 2
11kV, 33MW

11kV AL HAMRA
SUBSTATION

1km CABLE

OVER HEAD LINE

TRANSFORMER 2
11kV/33kV
YNd11

6.2km CABLE
8.2km CABLE

VT

GENERATOR - B
11kV, 17MW

ZOM

VT

21

OUTGOING
11kV FEEDERS

21

33kV AL MARJAN
SUBSTATION

ZONE 1
ZONE 2
ZONE 3
TIME

UNIT PROTECTION SOLUTION

11kV AL
GHAIL
SUBSTATION
GENERATOR - 1
11kV, 33MW

33kV AL GHAIL
SUBSTATION
1km CABLE
TRANSFORMER 1
11kV/33kV
YNd11

OVER HEAD LINE

6.2km CABLE

VT

VT
DIGITAL COMMUNICATION INTERFACE

87L

OUTGOING
11kV FEEDERS

33kV AL HAMRA
SUBSTATION

UNIT PROTECTION
ZONE

OPTIONAL

GENERATOR - 2
11kV, 33MW

87L

OPTIONAL
ZOM - ZERO SEQUENCE MUTUAL
IMPEDANCE DO NOT IMPACT ZONE
MEASUREMENT
UNIT PROTECTION
ZONE

TRANSFORMER 2
11kV/33kV
YNd11
1km CABLE

OVER HEAD LINE

TRANSFORMER 1
11kV/33kV
YNd11

TRANSFORMER 2
11kV/33kV
YNd11

6.2km CABLE
8.2km CABLE

VT

VT
87L

OPTIONAL

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION INTERFACE

11kV AL HAMRA
SUBSTATION
GENERATOR - A
11kV, 17MW

87L

OUTGOING
11kV FEEDERS

GENERATOR - B
11kV, 17MW

ZOM
33kV AL MARJAN
SUBSTATION

OPTIONAL

33 kV Interconnection of Al Ghail and Al Hamra Power Plants

33kV Transmission System Protection Application

Appendix B.

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Existing Arrangement

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33kV Transmission System Protection Application

Appendix C.

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Red/Green Markups

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33kV Transmission System Protection Application

Appendix D.

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Sample Specification

Sample specification
The IED shall be suitable for protection, control and monitoring of
overhead lines and cables for all voltage levels in solidly or impedance
grounded networks. The IED shall be of phase-segregated design for two and up
to five line ends; it shall also be possible to apply up to two power transformers
in the protected zone. It shall even be possible to apply a small power
transformers connected to a line tap without having a line differential IED
installed at the tap and still get selectivity with overcurrent protections on the
low voltage side of the power transformer. The IED shall be based on advanced
and proven algorithms and an easy and efficient upgrade of the IED
functionality shall be possible. A tool for user-friendly engineering and
disturbance handling shall be available. It shall be possible to integrate
protection and control functionality for several objects in the IED e.g. back-up
protection for power transformers and reactors. The IED shall have complete
functionality for single or multi-breaker arrangements with single or three phase
tripping. At least five independent parameter setting groups shall be included.
The IED shall have extensive self-supervision including analog channels. In
order to achieve cost effective engineering, testing and commissioning shall
preconfigured, ready to use IEDs for different applications be available. If
needed, it shall be easy to modify the configuration. At new installations or at
extensions and replacements in existing installations shall it be possible to
integrate the IED into substation automation or monitoring system or use the
IED as a stand-alone multifunction unit.
It shall be possible to equip the IED with a large HMI for local operation
of breakers and disconnectors and visualization of single line diagrams with
positions indications of included breakers and disconnectors. For the line
differential protection shall individual phase currents in 1 breaker and
Multi-breaker arrangements are connected to the IED without external
summation for improved through fault stability. A restrained dual biased

operate characteristic shall be used and the highest phase current in any line
shall be utilized as bias current. Charging current compensation for increased
sensitivity for long lines or cables shall be included. The IED shall be suitable
for multiplexed; route switched or dedicated fibre communication networks.
Two time synchronization methods shall be available, the echo-method when
channels with stable and equal delays in both directions are used and GPS to be
used in switched networks with unequal channel delays in both directions.
The communication channel shall be continuously monitored and an automatic
switchover to a redundant channel shall be possible. For line differential
communication it shall be possible to select between a master-master system or
a master-slave system depending on the functional or economic requirements.
An automatic switchover to master-slave communication shall take place
if an interruption occurs in one communication channel in a master-master
communication system. It shall be possible to transfer eight binary signals
between the IEDs. Communication modules for dedicated fibre communication
for short and long distances (>60 km) shall be available. Testing of the complete
line differential scheme shall be possible to perform from one freely selected
IED included in the protection scheme. A high impedance differential
protection for tee-feeders shall be possible to include in the IED. A back-up
high speed full-scheme distance protection with at least three zones shall
be possible to include in order to get fault clearance in case of communication
failure, it shall be possible to have the distance protection continuously in
operation or only released for operation at communication failure.
The distance protection shall have a characteristic that will give load
encroachment discrimination and load current compensation of the reactance
line in the first zone in order to avoid overreach. It should be possible to set
each distance protection zone in forward, reverse or non-directional mode. Each
zone shall have individual settings of reactive and resistive reach. No trip for
reverse faults is accepted for a forward looking zone as long as the requirements

on the CTs are fulfilled. Separate phase selection and automatic switch into
fault logic shall be included.
For communication with a distance protection at the remote end shall
permissive, blocking and intertrip scheme communication logic be included.
Power swing detection function and current reversal and weak-end infeed logic
shall be available. It shall be possible to include instantaneous overcurrent
functions for phase and earth faults and time delayed directional/non-directional
overcurrent functions with inverse and definite time characteristic with at least
three steps for phase and earth faults. Scheme communication logic and current
reversal and week-end infeed logic for directional residual overcurrent
protection shall be possible to include. Other current functions such as thermal
overload with alarm and trip steps and breaker failure protection with short reset
time shall also be possible to include in the IED. Stub protection for multibreaker arrangements and breaker pole discordance protection shall be
available. Over and under-voltage protection with at least two steps, over and
under-frequency functions and rate-of-change frequency functions shall also be
possible to include in the IED.
For secondary system supervision shall fuse failure and current circuit
supervision is available. The IED shall be provided with programmable logic
for tripping and indications as well as a high number of logic blocks and timers
for user adaptation. Apparatus control for control and supervision of breakers,
disconnectors and earthing switches with interlocking modules for different
switchgear arrangements should be possible to include.
Synchro/energizing check and synchronizing function as well as autoreclosing function for high-speed and/or delayed auto-reclosing for single or
multi-breaker arrangements shall be available. Monitoring functions such as
service values for U, I, P, Q, S, f and power factor shall be included and
supervision of mA input signals from transducers shall be possible to include.

Pulse counter logic for counting of externally generated binary pulses from an
energy meter shall be available. A disturbance recorder which can handle at
least 20 analog channels and at least 60 binary signals and that can record the
last 50 disturbances shall be included. It should be possible to record the sum of
selected analog currents. An event recorder that can handle up to 150 time
tagged events per disturbance and that can record the last 50 disturbances shall
also be included. An accurate fault locator with compensation for load current
and mutual zero sequence impedance for double circuit lines shall be available.
The IED shall be provided with a front mounted human machine interface
(HMI) and a front port for connection of a personal computer. The HMI shall
include LEDs for status indication and at least 15 configurable LEDs for alarm
indication. The IED shall be provided with communication interface for
connection to substation automation system and substation monitoring system.
IEC 61850-8-1 and IEC 60870-5-103 communication protocol shall be
available. The IED shall meet the IEC 61850 standard in every respect and
interoperability with other manufactures IEDs and tools should be verified.
It shall be possible to select different mounting alternatives such as rack, flush
or wall mounting.
Depending of the required numbers of I/O modules in the IED shall 1/1 x
19, x 19and x 19 cases are available.
Power supply modules from 24 to 250 DC +/- 20 % shall be available.
GPS time synchronization module with GPS receiver used for time
synchronization shall be available.
A test switch for mounting in connection with the IED should be available.

Contact Name
Atkins India Pvt. Ltd.
10th Floor, Safina Towers
3 Ali Askar Road
Bangalore 560096
Telephone: +91 (80) 4019199
Fax: +91 (80) 41475822

Atkins Ltd except where stated otherwise.

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