MODERN NATION STATES & ORWELLIAN CONTINUOUS

WARFARE: 'The Theories & Practices of Oligarchical

Collectivism' by Emmanuel Goldstein.
An Outline on Current
Political Orthodoxy:
Nation States:
Political organization of
society, or the body politic, or,
more narrowly, the
institutions of government.
The state is a form of human
association distinguished
from other social groups by
its purpose, the establishment
of order and security; its
methods, the laws and their
enforcement; its territory,
US "kill teams" posing with dead Afghan civilians as bizarre warthe area of jurisdiction or
geographic boundaries; and trophies. The kill teams would photograph the deads' eye-retinas with
finally by its sovereignty. The special devices.
state consists, most broadly, of the agreement of the individuals on the means whereby disputes are
settled in the form of laws. In such countries as the United States, Australia, Nigeria, Mexico, and
Brazil, the term state (or a cognate) also refers to political units, not sovereign themselves, but subject
to the authority of the larger state, or
federal union.
The term nation-state is used so
commonly and yet defined so variously
that it will be necessary to indicate its
usage in this article with some
precision and to give historical and
contemporary examples of nationstates. To begin with, there is no single
basis upon which such systems are
established. Many states were formed
at a point in time when a people
sharing a common history, culture, and
language discovered a sense of
identity. This was true in the cases of
England and France, for example,
which were the first nation-states to
emerge in the modern period, and of
Italy and Germany, which were
US Marine with Iraqi civilian on leash, US Abu-Ghraib
established as nation-states in the 19th Prison Complex.

century. In contrast, however, other states, such as India, the Soviet Union, and Switzerland, came into
existence without a common basis in race, culture, or language. It must also be emphasized that
contemporary nation-states are creations of different historical periods and of varied circumstances.
Before the close of the 19th century, the effective
mobilization of governmental powers on a national basis had
occurred only in Europe, the United States, and Japan. It was
not until the 20th century and the collapse of the Ottoman,
Habsburg, French, and British empires that the world could be
fully organized on a national basis. This transformation was
completed in 1991 with the dissolution of the U.S.S.R. In 1920
the League of Nations recognized seven nation-states as "Great
Powers" (Britain, France, the United States, Germany, Italy,
Japan, and Russia) and eventually admitted more than 40 other
states to membership; the United Nations had more than 175
member states in the late 20th century. States in the post-Cold
War world include the United States as the pre-eminent power;
the established powers of Britain, France, China, Japan,
Germany, and Russia; emerging powers such as Ukraine and
Brazil; and a host of old and new states such as Denmark,
Namibia, Kazakhstan, Switzerland, Egypt, Turkey, Malaysia,
and Chile.
Iraqi civilian bound with menstrualThe characteristics that qualify these variously composed and stained US Marine female underwear
historically differing entities as nation-states and distinguish
placed on heads by US interrogators,
them from other forms of social and political organization
US Abu-Ghraib Prison Complex,
amount in sum to the independent power to compel obedience Iraq.
from the populations within their territories. The state is, in
other words, a territorial association that may range in size from
Russia to Singapore, in population from China to Luxembourg,
and that claims supremacy over all other associations within its
boundaries. As an association, the state is peculiar in several
respects: membership is compulsory for its citizens; it claims a
monopoly of the use of armed force within its borders; and its
officers, who are the government of the state, claim the right to
act in the name of the land and its people.
A definition of the state in terms only of its powers over its
members is not wholly satisfactory, however. Although all states
make a claim to supremacy within their boundaries, they differ
widely in their ability to make good their claims. States are, in
fact, often challenged by competing associations within their
boundaries; their supremacy is often more formal than real; and
US Marine interrogators attack Iraqi
they are sometimes unable to maintain their existence.
Moreover, a definition in terms of power alone ignores the fact civilians with guard dogs, US AbuGhraib Prison Complex, Iraq.
that there are great differences among states in the structures
they employ for the exercise of power, in the ways they use power, and in the ends to which they turn
their power. Some of these differences are explored in the discussion that follows of two general
categories of nation-states: the unitary state and the federal state. Partly from administrative necessity

and partly because of the pressures of territorial interests, nearly all modern states provide for some
distribution of governmental authority on a territorial basis. Systems in which power is delegated from
the central government to subnational units and in which the grant of power may be rescinded at the
will of the central government are termed unitary systems. Systems in which a balance is established
between two autonomous sets of governments, one national and the other provincial, are termed
federal. In federal systems, the provincial units are usually empowered to grant and take away the
authority of their own subunits in the same manner as national governments in unitary systems. Thus,
although the United States is federally organized at the national level, each of the 50 states is in a
unitary relationship to the cities and local governments within its own territory.
Unitary nation-states.
A great majority of all the
world's nation-states are
unitary systems, including
Belgium, Bulgaria, France,
Great Britain, The
Netherlands, Japan, Poland,
Romania, the Scandinavian
countries, Spain, and many of
the Latin-American and
African countries. There are
great differences among
these unitary states, however,
specifically in the institutions
and procedures through which
their central governments
US Marine interrogators punch and beaten shackled and hooded Iraqi
interact with their territorial civilians, US Abu-Ghraib Prison Complex.
subunits.
In one type of unitary system, decentralization
of power among subnational governments goes so far
that in practice, although not in constitutional principle,
they resemble federal arrangements. In Great Britain,
for example, there are important elements of regional
autonomy in the relationship between Northern Ireland,
Wales, and Scotland and the national government in
London; and the complex system of elected local
governments, although in constitutional theory subject
to abrogation by Parliament, is in practice a fixed and
fairly formidable part of the apparatus of British
US Attack dog is set on Al-Qaeda prisoner,
government.
US Guantanamo Bay Prison Complex, Cuba.
In other unitary systems of this type,
decentralization on a territorial basis is actually provided for constitutionally, and the powers of locally
elected officials are prescribed in detail. Thus, the Japanese constitution, for example, specifies certain
autonomous functions to be performed by local administrative authorities.
A second type of unitary system makes substantially less provision for territorial
decentralization of authority and employs rather strict procedures for the central supervision of locally
elected governments. The classic example of this type is France. Until March 1982, when a law on
decentralization went into effect, the French administrative system was built around departments,

each headed by a prfet, and subdivisions of

the departments, termed arrondissements,
each headed by a sous-prfet. The prfets
and sous-prfets were appointed by the
government in Paris to serve as agents of the
central government and also as the
executives of the divisional governments, the
conseils gnraux, which were composed of
elected officials. The system thus combined
central supervision of local affairs through
appointed officials with territorial
representation through locally elected
governments. (Following the passage of the
decentralization law, the executive powers of
the prfets were transferred to the conseils
gnraux.)
Blood-spattered corner of Abu-Ghraib prison cell, Iraq.
Yet a third type of unitary system provides
for only token decentralization. In such cases, the officials responsible for managing the affairs of the
territorial subdivisions are appointees of the central government, and the role of locally elected officers
is either minimal or nonexistent. Examples of this kind of arrangement include Germany under Adolf
Hitler and also several formerly Communist countries. The
Third Reich was divided into 42 Gaue, each headed by a
gauleiter chosen for his personal loyalty to Hitler. In eastern
Europe, the people's councils or people's committees were
named by the centrally organized Communist parties; their
appointment was confirmed by elections with one slate of
candidates.
Federal systems.
In federal systems, political authority is divided between two
autonomous sets of governments, one national and the other
subnational, both of which operate directly upon the people.
Usually a constitutional division of power is established
between the national government, which exercises authority
over the whole national territory, and provincial governments
that exercise independent authority within their own territories.
Of the eight largest countries in the world, seven--Argentina,
Australia, Brazil, Canada, India, Russia, and the United
States--are organized on a federal basis. Federal states also
Iraqi civilian beaten to death by US
include Austria, Germany, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria,
Marine interrogators, US Abu-Ghraib
Switzerland, and Venezuela.
Prison Complex.
The governmental structures and political processes found in these federal systems show great variety.
One may distinguish, first, a number of systems in which federal arrangements reflect rather clear-cut
cultural divisions. A classic case of this type is Switzerland, where the people speak four different
languages--German, French, Italian, and Romansh--and the federal system unites 26 historically and
culturally different entities, known as cantons and demicantons.

The Swiss constitution of 1848, as modified in 1874, converted

into the modern federal state a confederation originally formed in the
13th century by the three forest cantons of Uri, Schwyz, and
Unterwalden. The principal agencies of federal government are a
bicameral legislature, composed of a National Council representing the
people directly and a Council of States representing the constituent
members as entities; an executive branch (Bundesrat) elected by both
houses of the legislature in joint session; and a supreme court that
renders decisions on matters affecting cantonal and federal relations.
Bound Iraqi civilian, US AbuThe Russian Federation's arrangements, although of a markedly
Ghraib Prison Complex, Iraq.
different kind, also reflect the cultural and linguistic diversity of the
country. Depending on their size and on the territories they have historically occupied, ethnic minorities
may have their own autonomous republic, province, or district.
These divisions provide varying degrees of autonomy in
setting local policies and provide a basis for the preservation of the
minorities' cultures. Some of these areas were integrated into the
Russian Empire centuries ago, after the lands were taken from the
Mongols of the Golden Horde, and others resisted occupation even
late in the 19th century.
It is not uncommon for Russians to constitute a plurality of
the population in these areas. The national government consists of the
executive branch, led by the nationally elected president; the
parliament; and a judicial branch that resolves constitutional matters.
In other systems, federal arrangements are found in
conjunction with a large measure of cultural homogeneity. The
Constitution of the United States delegates to the federal government
certain activities that concern the whole people, such as the conduct Hooded Iraqi civilians being
of foreign relations and war and the regulation of interstate
forced to carry heavy boxes as
commerce and foreign trade; certain other functions are shared
torture, Abu-Ghraib Prison
between the federal government and the states; and the remainder are Complex, Iraq.
reserved for the states. Although these arrangements
require two separate bodies of political officers, two
judicial systems, and two systems of taxation, they also
allow extensive interaction between the federal
government and the states. Thus, the election of
Congress and the president, the process of amending the
Constitution, the levying of taxes, and innumerable other
functions necessitate cooperation between the two levels
of government and bring them into a tightly interlocking
relationship.
National Interest:

Torture wounds on Iraqi civilian inflicted

and photographed by US Marine
interrogators at US Abu-Ghraib Prison
Complex, Iraq.

A countrys national interest involves its national

sovereignty, and its territorial, economic, and cultural
integrity. Territorial integrity includes the protection of the
nations property including land, sea lanes, and airspace. It also includes the defense of the nations

resources. This is achieved by the nations armed forces. Economic integrity includes protection of the
countries financial assets and means of running its economy. This can be achieved more recently
through computer security. Cultural integrity can be maintained by refusing to let cheap imports flood
the country (by imposing tariffs, taxes, and quotas), funding local cultural projects, encouraging
indigenous languages and arts, and restricting the import of foreign culture.
National security:
Protection of the states continuing viability. The countrys
national interest in terms of survival of the state and its
protection. National security extends from the political and
psychological (protection from foreign propaganda), to the
physical (armed forces), and the economic (protection from
counterfeiting).
Sovereignty:
Initially, a subject of international law is bound only by
applicable rules of universal or general international
customary law. Additional international obligations may be
imposed on any subject of international law only with its
consent. Unless the territorial jurisdiction of a state is
excluded or limited by rules of international law, its exercise
is exclusively the concern of the state in question. Subjects of
international law may claim potential jurisdiction over
persons or things outside their territorial jurisdiction. In the
absence of permissive rules to the contrary (e.g., the right of
hot pursuit from the territorial sea to the high sea, or the right
of reprisal) they may exercise such jurisdiction only inside Iraqi civilian in US Abu-Ghraib Prison
their territories. It follows from the coexistence of sovereign Complex, Iraq.
states under international law that, in principle, they are all
equal in status.
Foreign policy instruments;
Ways of inflicting, persuading or enforcing a nation-states foreign
policy wishes upon other countries. The most extreme instrument for
inflicting foreign policy is war, which many see as the logical extension
of diplomacy. Diplomatic means are other ways of attempting to
persuade other nations to adhere to a countrys foreign policy. Embargos
(refusing to buy or sell goods or services), sanctions, and blockades
(isolating a nation physically with armed forces) are all instruments of
foreign policy. Contributing foreign aid in an attempt to bribe other
nations is also another instrument of foreign policy. Alliances are also
an instrument of foreign policy in insure other nations will co-operate.
Role and function of the United Nations:
Iraqi mother behind US
(UN), international organization established by charter on Oct. 24,
1945, with the purposes of maintaining international peace and security, barbed wire, Iraq.
developing friendly relations among nations on the principle of equal rights and self-determination, and
encouraging international cooperation in solving

international economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems.

The term United Nations was originally used during World War II to
denote those countries that were allied against the Axis powers
(Germany, Japan, and Italy). A conference at Dumbarton Oaks, an
estate in Washington, D.C., waste earliest attempt to permanently
establish this United Nations. Representatives of the "Big Four"
(United Kingdom, United States, U.S.S.R., and China) met there
from Aug. 21 to Oct. 7, 1944, to draft some preliminary proposals,
which were later discussed and more clearly outlined at the Yalta
Conference in February 1945 by the Allied war leaders Winston
Churchill, Joseph Stalin, and Franklin D. Roosevelt. The proposals,
supplemented by these three leaders' decisions, formed the basis of
negotiations at the United Nations Conference on International
Organization, held in San Francisco two months later; the resultant
Charter of the United Nations was signed in June and came into force
on Oct. 24, 1945. The United Nations' headquarters is now located at
the UN Building in New York City.
US Marine Abu-Ghraib
Six principal organs of the United Nations were established. The
Concentration Camp, Iraq.
General Assembly includes representatives of all members of the UN.
A nation may send up to five representatives but still has only one vote. Decisions are reached either by
majority or by two-thirds vote, depending upon the subject matter. The General Assembly works
through the committee system and receives reports from the
various councils. It performs such functions as supervising trust
agreements, budgetary matters, and financial assessments. The
assembly elects judges to the International Court of Justice and
plays an important role in amending the UN's charter and
proposing conferences. It is convened yearly or by special
session when necessary.
The Security Council consists of 5 permanent members
United States, Russia (until 1991, the U.S.S.R.), United
Kingdom, France, and China--and 10 non permanent members
(6 until 1965). The council functions continuously and is
mainly concerned with the maintenance of international
security. The presidency is rotated among members each
month. Non permanent members are chosen from groups and
regions in the most equitable fashion possible. Nine votes
(including those of all five permanent members) are sufficient
to carry a Security Council decision, but any permanent
member may exercise a veto over any substantive proposal.
US Maine interrogator Sgt. Ivan
The Economic and Social Council is mainly concerned with the Frederick beats hooded and naked
management of the UN's social, economic, cultural, and
Iraqi civilians at US Marine Abuhumanitarian activities. Convening at least twice yearly, this
Ghraib Concentration Camp, Iraq.
council conducts studies and proposes suggestions for
economic and social improvements. The council oversees many commissions, including four major
ones in Europe, Asia, Latin America, and Africa.

The International Court of Justice , also known as the World Court, is located in The Hague. It is the
main judicial branch of the UN and consists of 15 judges elected for nine-year terms by both the
General Assembly and the Security Council. Each
judge must come from a different country. The
court settles disputes and hands down decisions
and opinions to the General Assembly and the
Security Council.
The Secretariat is the administrative department
of the UN, headed by the secretary-general, who
functions in a position of political importance and
is appointed for a five-year term by both the
General Assembly and the Security Council.
US Marine Abu-Ghraib Concentration Camp, USThe United Nations attempts to promote
occupied Iraq.
harmonious interaction among the countries of
the world. The UN has sometimes used
peacekeeping forces to halt fighting in or
between various countries. (The UN
peacekeeping forces were awarded the Nobel
Peace Prize in 1988.) Other programs and
agencies under the UN's supervision include
the International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (World Bank); International
Monetary Fund (IMF); International Labour
Organization (ILO; recipient of the 1969
Nobel Peace Prize); Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO); World Health
Organization (WHO); United Nations
US Marine interrogator sets US attack dog on
Educational, Scientific and Cultural
shackled and helpless Al-Qaeda suspect, Guantanamo
Organization (UNESCO); and United Nations
Bay Concentration Camp, Cuba.
Children's Fund (UNICEF; recipient of the
1965 Nobel Peace Prize).
Role of International law is the body of legal rules that apply between sovereign states and such
other entities as have been granted international personality (status acknowledged by the international
community). The term was coined by Jeremy Bentham and is synonymous with the term "law of
nations" and its equivalents in other languages. Like precepts of international morality, the rules of
international law are of a normative character; that is, they prescribe standards of conduct. They
distinguish themselves, however, from moral rules by being, at least potentially, designed for
authoritative interpretation by an independent judicial authority and by being capable of enforcement
by the application of external sanctions.
International law means public international law as distinct from private international law or the
conflict of laws, which deals with the differences between the municipal laws of different countries.

International law forms a contrast to municipal law. While international law applies only between
entities that can claim international personality, municipal law is the internal law of states that regulates
the conduct of individuals and other legal entities within their jurisdiction.
International law should also be
distinguished from quasi-international
law, which is the law governing relations
similar to those covered by international
law but outside the pale of international
law because at least one of the parties
lacks international personality.
Concession agreements between oil
companies and sovereign states fall into
this category. In case of doubt, they are
subject to the municipal law of the state
granting the concession.
Transnational law is a purely
negative term. It is intended to convey
that, in accordance with the intention of Sgt. Ivan Frederick sitting on an Iraqi detainee between two
contracting parties, a transaction of a
stretchers, US Marine Abu-Ghraib Concentration Camp,
consensual character is not or should not Iraq.
be subject to municipal law.
Punishments installed by
governments to prevent the flow of
finances, food, medicine, and equipment
to a recalcitrant country. Recent sanctions
were enforced by the UN upon Iraq over
its refusal to allow UN inspectors into
supposed weapons sites. This resulted in
many thousands of Iraqi civilian deaths
(particularly children, the elderly, and the
sick) through the embargo upon medical
supplies going into the cut-off country.
The US similarly employed sanctions
against Cuba over forty years ago and
continues to uphold them against the
communist island.
Power is the ability of a nationstate to persuade or inflict its will and
national interests upon other countries.
Iraqi civilian being electrocuted while dressed garishly by
Weaker states, without power because theyUS Marine interrogators who photograph him. US Marine
lack military, economic, and political
Abu-Ghraib Concentration Camp, US-occupied Iraq.
assets and/or position, often align
themselves with stronger nations, particularly superpowers. Up until the end of the Cold War, power
was somewhat evenly distributed throughout the globe in a bipolar fashion between the superpowers of
the capitalist Western US and the communist Eastern Soviet Union. This has recently changed with the

unipolarity of the unilateral hegemony of the single remaining hyperpower, the US. This imbalance of
power has seen (and some say, caused) much instability, such as a lack of restraint of WMDs through
MAD, secessionist, religious, and ethnic conflict, and Islamic insurgency.
The military assets
that make up a states army,
air force, navy, and strategic
weapons (NBC weapons like
ICBMs, germ warfare, and
gaswarfare). Military power
can also be expressed through
the presence of military
advisors that train or lead
weaker military units of other
nationalities. Eg. The US had
military advisors in South
Vietnam assisting ARVN
forces well before their direct
military involvement in 1964.
Then US Marines, Navy and
Air force became directly
used in the conflict. Military
US Marine interrogator Lynndie England sewing up tortured prisoner
forces can attack (eg. the
USAs most recent invasion ofwhile giving thumbs up to US photographer. US Marine Abu-Ghraib
Concentration Camp, US-occupied Iraq.
Iraq), defend (the USAs
Desert Shield in late 1990), and blockade (eg. Again in Desert Shield and in Cuba, 1962).
The financial forces that a
nation wields. Countries with great
economic power (such as the US and
China) can afford to bully other
smaller, weaker nations by either
threatening to refuse to trade with
them or not giving them a favoured
status. Both China and Taiwan indulge
in economic warfare rather than
military warfare by attempting to
influence small nations around the
world with economic foreign aid into
recognising or refusing to recognise
the state of Taiwan. The US uses its
economic power by signing free trade
agreements with nations that cooperate with them in military
expeditions (such as Australia in Iraq). Iraqi civilian double shackled to gate by US Marine
interrogators, US Marine Abu-Ghraib Concentration Camp,
Nations can inflict their economic
power upon opponents by employing US-occupied Iraq.
sanctions and embargos to cut off an adversary economically and to weaken their financial structure.
Nations can glut the foreign markets of opponents to undercut their profits.

Weapons of mass destruction (WMDs). Part of

the NBC (Nuclear-Biological-Chemical) triad.
Nuclear weapons began with plane-delivered
atomic bombs. By the 1960s, technology
spawned the super-powerful hydrogen bomb
and the delivery system of the intercontinental
ballistic missile (ICBM) which gave nuclear
warheads world-wide reach. During the height
of the Cold War, the superpowers maintained
stockpiles of nuclear weapons that could destroy
the earth many times over. These stockpiles
remain largely intact, although some
proliferation (spread) to rogue states has
occurred. Terrorists today have access to
US Marine interrogator Lynndie England pointing
radiological dirty bombs which are lowto a naked prisoner being forced to masturbate in
megatonnage/high-yield devices that spread
front of his US Marine interrogator captors. US
radiation rather than kill by blast.
Marine Abu-Ghraib Concentration Camp, USoccupied Iraq.
Nation-states that have grown in such
military, economic, and political power that they attract satellite nations and client-states into their
global spheres of influence. In the Cold War the two superpowers were the US and the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics. Superpowers possess NBC strategic weapons.
Brinkmanship;
The one-up-manship between the
superpowers, the US and the USSR,
during the Cold War. By constantly
pressing one another technologically and
upping the ante with nuclear weapons
tests and escalations in armaments, the
superpowers indulged in brinkmanship
forcing one another ever closer to the
brink of nuclear devastation.
Bipolar relations;
Bi (two) polar (twin poles at either
extreme). The division of the globe into
two halves: one communist and one
capitalist. Around each superpower
gathered satellite nations with similar
politics and national interests. This
United States soldier Spc. Graner punching handcuffed
represented a split of the world into two and hooded Iraqi civilian prisoners. US Marine Abuarmed camps the West and the East Ghraib Concentration Camp, US-occupied Iraq.
with opposing ideologies.
Unipolar relations;
Uni (one) polar (a single, pole). The collapse of the USSR in 1991 left the US with supposed
world hegemony as the sole hyperpower. This unilateral (one-way) rule by the US has not been the
calm set of circumstance that were predicted or promised with the defeat of communism. Instead the

world has become much more unstable with rogue and failed states, the break up of the USSR releasing
ethnic, religious, and secessionist conflict, and the recent Islamic insurgency.
Alliance;
An official declaration of the intention to support and rely
upon another nation-state politically, militarily and/or
economically. An example of a military alliance is ANZUS
between Australia and the US.
Pre-emptive strike;
Policy of President George H. W. Bush and then later Prime
Minister John Howard to strike nations and terrorist groups in
sovereign nations before they have a chance to strike the
territory or interests of the US and Australia respectively.
Howard faced particular condemnation of his proposed policy
of pre-emptive strike from Indonesia, Malaysia, and
Singapore.
Communism;
Centrally-planned system based upon the works of Engels and
Marx. A dictatorship of the proletariat based upon a state
which would eventually wither away. The ideas of both class
struggle and classless community were already familiar in
Marx's time. The notion that economic interests in society
necessarily are in conflict has been traced as far back as
Thucydides, while the first decades of the 19th century were
rife with sundry socialist critiques of the existing economic
order and attempts to found utopian, classless communities.
Marx coupled these two ideas in a novel way. The problem of
every utopian writer is not to describe what his
utopia looks like but to suggest how one
achieves it. In his theory of history, Marx
adopted the idea of the class struggle as the
driving mechanism in the sequence of events
that would culminate in the classless society.
The most recent historical stage is that of
capitalism.

US Marine Specialist Charles Graner

poses over Iraqi civilian Manadel alJamadi's corpse, murdered by the US
interrogators. US Marine Abu-Ghraib
Concentration Camp, US-occupied
Iraq.

Capitalism's success is based on its

ability to increase productive capacity in a
worldwide system that generates enormous
quantities of surplus value, which are then
appropriated by capitalists. But capitalism is
beset by numerous internal contradictions and
cannot survive. Most importantly, capitalism
turns an entire class of human beings into
Iraqi civilian is threatened by US attack dogs. US
commodities, dehumanizing them. In so doing, Marine Abu-Ghraib Concentration Camp, USit prepares the way for its own destruction.
occupied Iraq.
Capitalism brings the class struggle to its critical

point, where the proletariat are so thoroughly deprived of their humanity by such manifest exploitation
that they are at last able to unite behind a common goal. The victory of the proletariat is therefore
imminent, and the classless society is about to be realized. The interests of the proletariat are therefore
the interests of humanity as a whole, and its victory will heal the division within humanity that has
plagued it since the introduction of the division of labour.
Democracy;
A system of universal suffrage which adheres to a rule of one person- one vote. Literally, rule by the
people (from the Greek demos, "people," and kratos, "rule"). The term has three basic senses in
contemporary usage: (1) a form of government in which the right to make political decisions is
exercised directly by the whole body of citizens, acting under procedures of majority rule, usually
known as direct democracy; (2) a form of
government in which the citizens exercise the
same right not in person but through
representatives chosen by and responsible to
them, known as representative democracy; and
(3) a form of government, usually a
representative democracy, in which the powers
of the majority are exercised within a framework
of constitutional restraints designed to guarantee
all citizens the enjoyment of certain individual or
collective rights, such as freedom of speech and
religion, known as liberal, or constitutional,
democracy. Representative legislative bodies,
freely elected under (eventual) universal
suffrage, became in the 19th and 20th centuries Iraqi civilian has menstrual-stained Marine female's
underwear hooding his face while tortured. US
the central institutions of democratic
governments. In many countries, democracy also Marine Abu-Ghraib Concentration Camp, UScame to imply competition for office, freedom of occupied Iraq.
speech and the press, and the rule of law. Numerous authoritarian and totalitarian states, notably the
communist nations of the 20th century, have adopted outwardly democratic governments that
nonetheless were dominated by a single authorized party without opposition. States with Marxist
ideologies asserted that political consensus and collective ownership of the means of production (i.e.,
economic democracy) were sufficient to ensure that the
will of the people would be carried out.
Islamic fundamentalism;
Attributed as the cause of the rise in Islamic insurgency.
Best typified by the radically orthodox Muslim, antiAmerican, anti-Western, and anti-Jewish views of Osama
Bin Laden, leader of the terrorist group, Al-Qaeda (The
Base), who supposedly directed the 9/11 attacks upon the
twin towers at the New York World Trade Centre. Other
groups include JI (responsible for the Bali bombings), and
groups in Chechnya (responsible for various acts such as
US Marine interrogator rapes male Iraqi
the Moscow Theatre Siege and the Beslan Massacre).
civilian with black dildo vibrator in left
hand. US Marine Abu-Ghraib
Role of leadership:
Concentration Camp, US-occupied Iraq.

It is the role of a leader to protect the vital national interests of their country. It is the chief concern of
the leader of a nation to protect its citizens and territory. Leaders direct and take responsibility for
treaties, alliances and negotiations with other nations. Some leaders, such as the US president, become
the nations military commander-in-chief
in times of declared war.
Lead up to the Cold War:
The Cold War (1945-1991) was a direct
result of the hot war, World War II (19391945), ending with the defeat of the Axis
powers (Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and
Imperial Japan) by the Allies (Britain and
Commonwealth nations, USA, France,
China, and the USSR). The Soviet Union
refused to relinquish territories it had
occupied after destroying the Nazis and
instead set up friendly, pro-Soviet, puppet
Iraqi civilian prisoner driven insane by US Marine
states which served as a buffer against
interrogators' abuse covers himself in his own excreta.
further invasion (the Warsaw Pact
countries such as Poland, Czechslovakia, US Marine Abu-Ghraib Concentration Camp, USoccupied Iraq.
and Rumania). The Nazi capital city of
Berlin was divided by the Soviets and the rest of the Western Allies and a barbed wire wall soon
erected.
Main features of the Cold War World (Ideological differences):
During the Cold War, the centrally-planned communist East (the Soviet Union and its satellites, the
Warsaw Pact countries) faced off against
the market-economy, capitalist West (the
USA and its satellites such as West Berlin
and West Germany, Turkey, and Australia).
Main features of the Post Cold War World
(referred to as Terrorism):
With the collapse of the Soviet Union in
1991, the world was left with the unilateral
(one-way), unipolar (one-sided) hegemony
(total power) of the single hyperpower
(beyond the superpowers), the USA.
However, this has not resulted in a calm
planet, politically or militarily. Islamic
fundamentalism and insurgency has risen
up in the place of the Soviet breakup in
regions such as Afghanistan and
Chechenya. The US short-sightedly sowed
Blood-stains of Iraqi civilian dragged from cell. US
the seeds for the attack upon their own
Marine Abu-Ghraib Concentration Camp, US-occupied
World Trade Towers (which had been
subject earlier to a truckbombing attempt Iraq.
supposedly by Arab terrorists) by initially funding Mujahideen (holy warriors of Islam) groups like
Osama Bin Ladens Al-Qaeda (The Base) via the CIA in Pakistan throughout the 1980s in their proxy

fight against the Soviets occupation of Afghanistan (1979-89). After the US had achieved their purpose
with the Soviet defeat and pull-out (and, many say, contributing greatly to the entire collapse of the
USSR as a result of what had become the quagmire known as the Soviets Vietnam), Afghanistan was
abandoned by the US as a war-ravaged failed state, allowing the strongest of the Mujahideen warlords,
the Taliban, to take over the country. The Islamic fundamentalist Taliban allowed Al-Qaeda to base its
operations from Afghanistan to supposedly train for and launch the airliner hijackings of 9/11 and the
anthrax by mail attacks on the US. This led to Bush to declare The War on Terror and to define an
Axis of Evil, identifying Iraq, Iran, and North Korea as sponsors of terror. It was used as an excuse to
invade Iraq. Russia has recently tried to cast its own problems of Islamic-inspired insurgency in the
province of Chechenya as terrorism when it is probably better described as an independence
movement.
Role of leadership:
Cold War Kennedy: During the Cuban Missile Crisis, Kennedy had to work hard at restraining
hawks in his administration, such as his military heads and in particular the head of the Air force,
General Curtis LeMay, from attacking Cuba and the Soviet forces there or travelling to there. Kennedy
realized that an attack upon Cuba would provoke an inevitable Soviet response in West Berlin. If West
Berlin was overrun by Soviet forces, the US would be forced to respond with nuclear weapons in
Europe and then the precept of MAD would come into play resulting in nuclear devastation for both
nations. Kennedy had to rely upon a non-confrontation approach such as the naval blockade to deescalate the situation and allow a face-saving Soviet backdown. Even though publicly, an especially in
the UN, the US won the confrontation with the withdrawal of the Soviet missiles from Cuba, the US
also had to secretly agree to withdraw its aging Jupiter nuclear missiles from Turkey six months later.
Khrushchev:
Like Kennedy, Khrushchev had to contend
with an aggressive Politburo that wanted
confrontation. The USSR felt threatened by
Western forces that surrounded it and that
had attempted to strangle communism at
birth through invasion in 1919-1921. While
US nuclear forces could inflict losses upon
the Soviets in Europe and from Turkey, the
USSR could not strike effectively at the US
homeland with its own nuclear forces.
Therefore, Cuba as a base for its missiles
provided an excellent threat to the Western
hemisphere.
Castro:
Castro wanted to assert his communist
credentials and receive economic aid from
the Soviets. His poor nation was in the grip Iraqi civilian prisoner beaten to death by US Marine
of an US embargo since his revolution and, interrogators, US Marine Abu-Ghraib Concentration
angered by this, Castro wanted to punish Camp, US-occupied Iraq.
his large, nearby neighbour by providing a base for Soviet missiles in range of the US. Castro greatly
feared US invasion and had a right to do so following the Bay of Pigs fiasco in 1961 where 1500 USsponsored Cuban expatriates came ashore and were quickly beaten. Castro had also experienced several
US-inspired assassination attempts.

Post Cold War G W Bush + his closest advisors:

Bush had to be seen to react to the devastating 9/11 attack and thus announced the War on Terror.
Bush, declaring a policy of pre-emptive strike, then used the angry reactions of the US public as a
pretext to attack Iraq. Many believe that Bushs neo-conservative advisors such as Richard Pearl and
Paul Wolferwitz had intended to invade Iraq and seize its oil wealth long before the 9/11 attack and that
it was merely used as an excuse.
Bin Laden:
Osama Bin Laden, son of an ultra-wealthy Saudi family,
has rallied his small mujahedin force, Al-Qaeda, into a
transnational terror network. After helping the Taliban
seize control of the failed state of Afghanistan, they then
used this nation to launch terror attacks on the US
mainland and around the globe. Bin Laden was hiding
somewhere near the Pakistani border and was supposedly
killed by US Special Forces or may have escaped
elsewhere, demonstrating the nature of his globalized
warfare.
Saddam Hussein:
Saddam Hussein was the tyrannical Baathist dictator of
Iraq who was recently removed from power by coalition
forces. He was arrested shortly thereafter. Hussein had
been supplied by the US and many other Western countries
throughout the 1980s with information, weapons and
ammunition to fight the Iranians. When he attempted to
Iraqi civilian prisoner beaten and chained
take Kuwait in 1991, the US was forced to drive him from
by US Marine interrogators. US Marine
that country.
Abu-Ghraib Concentration Camp, USoccupied Iraq.
UN:
The UN has become less useful during the
post-Cold War period. During the lead up to
the Iraq war, UN negotiations and weapons
inspectors were continually ignored by both
the Iraqis and the US.
Cuban Missile Crisis -Causes of the conflict:
(October 1962), major confrontation that
brought the United States and the Soviet
Union close to war over the presence of
Soviet nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba.
Having promised in May 1960 to defend
Cuba with Soviet arms, the Soviet premier
Nikita Khrushchev assumed that the United
US Marine interrogator poses by decaying corpse of
States would take no steps to prevent the
murdered Iraqi civilian prisoner. US Marine Abuinstallation of Soviet medium- and
intermediate-range ballistic missiles in Cuba. Ghraib Concentration Camp, US-occupied Iraq.

Such missiles could hit much of the eastern United States within a few minutes if launched from Cuba.
The United States learned in July 1962 that the Soviet Union had begun missile shipments to Cuba. By
August 29 new military construction and the presence of Soviet technicians had been reported by U.S.
U-2 spy planes flying over the island, and on October 14 the presence of a ballistic missile on a
launching site was reported.
Resolution of the conflict:
After carefully considering the
alternatives of an immediate U.S. invasion of
Cuba (or air strikes of the missile sites), a
blockade of the island, or further diplomatic
manoeuvres, President John F. Kennedy
decided to place a naval "quarantine," or
blockade, on Cuba to prevent further Soviet
shipments of
missiles. Kennedy announced the quarantine
on October 22 and warned that U.S. forces
would seize "offensive weapons and
associated matriel" that Soviet vessels
might attempt to deliver to Cuba. During the
following days, Soviet ships bound for Cuba
altered course away from the quarantined
US interrogators set attack dogs on Iraqi civilian
zone. As the two superpowers hovered close prisoners. US Marine Abu-Ghraib Concentration Camp,
to the brink of nuclear war, messages were US-occupied Iraq.
exchanged between Kennedy and
Khrushchev amidst extreme tension on both sides. On October 28 Khrushchev capitulated, informing
Kennedy that work on the missile sites would be halted and that the missiles already in Cuba would be
returned to the Soviet Union. In return, Kennedy committed the United States never to invade Cuba.
Kennedy also secretly promised to withdraw the nuclear-armed missiles that the United States had
stationed in Turkey in previous years. In the following weeks both superpowers began fulfilling their
promises, and the crisis was over by late November. Cuba's communist leader, Fidel Castro, was
infuriated by the Soviets' retreat in the face of U.S. power but was powerless to act.
Nature of the conflict:
The Cuban missile crisis marked the climax of an acutely antagonistic
period in U.S.-Soviet relations. The crisis also marked the closest
point that the world had ever come to global nuclear war.
Effect of the conflict:
It is generally believed that the Soviets' humiliation in Cuba played an
important part in Khrushchev's fall from power in October 1964 and
in the Soviet Union's determination to achieve, at the least, a nuclear
parity with the United States.
Bound Iraqi civilian between
two US military stretchers. US
Foreign Policy instruments used:
Marine Abu-Ghraib
Quarantine or naval blockade. Embargo. Negotiation (on removing Concentration Camp, USmissiles from Cuba and Turkey respectively). MAD (Mutuallyoccupied Iraq.
Assured Destruction). Brinkmanship.

Containment and pre-emptive strikes defensive and

offensive. Containment was a concept used during the
Cold War where the capitalist Western nations led by the
US attempted to contain or hold back the spread and
advance of the communist domino effect. It was
generally a defensive concept fought with defensive
actions such as US involvement in Korea and Vietnam.
Pre-emptive strike is the current policy of the US
and Australia where both Bush and Howard have
promised to strike first into sovereign nations that
contain terrorist forces or to strike first at sovereign
nations sponsoring terrorism. This is an offensive
strategy of hitting before being hit and is reminiscent of
Japans actions against the US at Pearl Harbour in 1941
a surprise attack that began the Second World War in Naked Iraqi civilian prisoner is
the Pacific.
photographed by US Marine interrogators.
US Marine Abu-Ghraib Concentration
Cuban Missile Crisis Brinkmanship / IRAQ war
Camp, US-occupied Iraq.
During the Cuban Missile Crisis, both sides
indulged in brinkmanship. (ie. pushing each other onward by escalating responses to the situation).
First the US threatened the USSR by placing nuclear missiles in Turkey and Europe. The Soviets
responded by placing nuclear missiles that could reach the US in Cuba. The US flew spy flights and
threatened air strikes or invasion of Cuba. The USSR retaliated by continuing to install arms and troops
on the island. The US responded by installing a quarantining naval blockade. Each side tested nuclear
weapons as escalating threats and relied upon the threat of their stockpiles as acts of brinkmanship in
the situation. However, the circumstance ended short of war.
Due to the fact that there was unipolarity in the world, the Iraq situation ended in war. There
was no superpower balance of terror dividing the world into two halves and therefore Iraq did not
have the USSR (now Russia) to support it. The US could afford to act unilaterally with only the
pretence of backing from the world community in the guise of the coalition of the willing.
Similarities between the Cuban
Missile Crisis and the Iraq War 2003:
Embago by the US on armaments, food,
and medical supplies of the target
nations. Naval blockade of target nations
by US forces. Potential threat of WMDs
possessed by both target nations.
Differences between the Cuban
Missile Crisis and the Iraq War 2003:
In Iraq, no longer the impasse of the
bipolar Cold War Iraq was not backed
by Russia and could no longer rely upon
the balancing factor of the support of the
USSR. The UN was no longer a forum
which was useful for resolution it was
basically impotent throughout Iraq War. UN was an effective forum for resolution and negotiation

during the Cuban Missile Crisis. It was the chief organ of communication between the superpowers at
this time.
During the Cuban Missile Crisis, both sides possessed WMDs (nuclear missiles). While Saddam
was accused by the US of possessing WMDs (a nuclear program, biological weapons such as anthrax,
and chemical weapons such as mustard and sarin gas), he did not actually posses any.

Understandings of Asia and the West are often subject to stereotyping

and prejudice and are associated with issues of power and dominance.
Edward Said, Eric Hobsbawm and Ian Buruma & Avishai Margalit.
To understand the diametrically-opposed natures of the Orient and the Occident one must understand
the stereotyping and prejudice involved in their analysis. Often, rather than providing subjective
analysis of what defines the East and the West, this analysis is based around topics of power and
domination. Tradition plays a great role in this. Edward Said sees an Orientalist view pervading
Western descriptions of the East casting Asians as despotic and irrational1. Meanwhile, Ian Buruma &
Avishai Margalit conversely argue that it is these precise reasons that the West has its view of the East
ie. the tendency for Oriental societies (Middle-Eastern and Asian) to be controlled by suicidal fringe
groups bent on destruction2. The authors believe that the Easts perception is colored by such fanatical
groups. Elsewhere, Hobsbawm believes traditions are invariant while customs are variant. Further, he
believes that reinvented traditions may be required in modern industrial societies to manage new,
unprecedented routine customs and actions3 such as concepts of medieval Jihad in an increasingly
industrialized and secular society.
To properly analyze the contrasting identities of the Orient and the Occident, a researcher must
realize that most viewpoints are seen through the filter of discrimination and bigotry. Tradition is a
strong theme within this. As an example, traditionally Eurocentric Occidental travelers going to the
Orient described it in terms that Edward Said has described as Orientalist. In this way, Europeans tend
to see Orientals as despotic, irrational and supine. Said believes that Westerners cast Easterners in terms
of the feminine and the insane. This sets up the racist and sexist paradigm and stereotype that Asians
and Middle-Easterners are weak and in need of control4. An Orientalist view stereotypes the subject
and the user: casting the Oriental as of need of control by a superior force and the Westerner as that
guiding force. This was the perfect paradigm for the 19th century period of colonial expansion that
took place in Asia where British traders sold opium to an imperial and despotic China under the Ching
Dynasty. Like most stereotypes, although some elements were true, most were not. Orientalism gave
rise to titillating obsessions for Westerners with supposedly traditional Eastern subjects such as harems
and concubines. Here can be seen a combining of the feminine with the sexual which is exercised as a
lurid fantasy by the Westerner and his own perversions. It causes the Western to exploit the Oriental
and to treat her as a lesser being incapable of self-direction. This Western perspective sees the
Oriental as effete and degenerate requiring the need to be brought to heel5. Through Saids
Orientalist perspective, the racist Westerner observes the Oriental as the alien other whose rights
deserve to be ignored or oppressed6.

Edward W. Said, Orientalism, Routledge & Kegan Paul, (1978) 144.

Ian Buruma, & Avishai Margalit, Occidentalism: A Short History of Anti-Westernism, Atlantic Books, US (2004) 10; Ian Buruma, & Avishai
Margalit, Occidentalism: The West in the Eyes of Its Enemies Penguin, US (2005).
3
Eric Hobsbawm and Terrence Ranger The Invention of Tradition, Cambridge University Press, London, (1983), p.2-3.
4
Said Orientalism, 144-146.
5
Alison Brainoski The Yellow Lady: Australian Impressions of Asia Oxford Uni Press, Melbourne, 1996, p.19.
6
Grant Evans, Introduction, Asias Cultural Mosaic, (1993), p.1-2.
1
2

The Orientalist theory promoted by Said melds with the oppositional theory of Ian Buruma and
Avishai Margalit in some of the stereotypes that arise from tradition. Saids theory accentuates concepts
such as that of the Hashashin, a 10th century Turkish sect who would use powerful hashish before
committing their suicidal political assassinations7. This concept of the drug-using, suicidal assassin
today permeates discussion of Al-Qaeda terrorism as discussed by Ian Buruma and Avishai Margalit8,
who see the East as dominated by suicidal, hard-line, fringe terror groups. Rather than seeing it as a
stereotype like Said does in
Orientalism, Ian Buruma and Avishai
Margalit see the idea of the fanatical,
deranged and homicidal suicidal
terrorist as a truism in todays Middle
Eastern society and they claim it is
these groups who negatively color the
Middle Easts own view of the West.
Thus Said and the pair, Ian Buruma
and Avishai Margalit, contrast and
disagree definitely in attitude towards
these perspectives respectively.
However, Al-Qaeda has inflicted heavy
losses on Sunni, Shiite and Baathist
Iraqi civilian prisoner, hooded and chained in stress position
civilians alike through improvised
designed by Rumsfeld. US Marine Abu-Ghraib Concentration
explosives throughout the Iraq
Camp, US-occupied Iraq.
campaign. This has alienated the local
Iraqi population, considering the collateral damage that has been inflicted. It is difficult to see that the
majority of Muslim populations backing Bin Laden, who appears as rich and despotic as the other
rulers of the Muslim world. Thus it is difficult for Ian Buruma and Avishai Margalit to argue this small
and increasingly isolated terror group dictates the viewpoint of all Easterners when considering the
West.
Ian Buruma and Avishai Margalit cast the Middle-East as dominated and influenced by fanatical
fringe terror groups like Al-Qaeda. Ian Buruma and Avishai Margalit see these fanatical terror groups
as dictating and coloring the Easts perception of the West. Yet Ian Buruma and Avishai Margalits
theory can be deconstructed using Saids techniques showing that such a fixation on such groups verges
on a morbid curiosity and obsession of the West. This is only accentuated by the fact that Al-Qaeda
(The Base) does not refer to itself by this name (it is a name conjured from a CIA database for a
group of terror organizations) and its shadowy supposed leaders family (the Bin Ladens) have had
business links with the former US President, George W. Bush. This seems to indicate that Ian Buruma
and Avishai Margalit are casting both Westerners and Easterners in stereotyped fashions and
constructing mock encounters for them that only service the profits of the international arms trade.

Shaul Shai, The shahids: Islam and suicide attacks, Interdisciplinary Center (Hertseliyah, Israel), Aharon Ze'ev Farkash, International Policy
Institute for Counter-Terrorism (Israel), (2004), p.24.
8
Buruma, & Margalit.

The fact that terror bombings

do take place can be
deconstructed by Hobsbawn.
He states that traditions are
invariant while customs are
variant. Further, he believes
that reinvented traditions may
be required in modern
industrial societies to manage
new, unprecedented routine
customs and actions such as
concepts of medieval Jihad in
an increasingly industrialized
and secular society. Thus as
Middle Eastern societies that
are customarily fundamentalist
turn secular (a new
Iraqi civilian prisoner, hooded and chained in stress position
unprecedented routine custom), designed by Rumsfeld. US Marine Abu-Ghraib Concentration Camp,
reinvented traditions of
US-occupied Iraq.
medieval Jihad may be required
to take impact out of the change. Therefore, the
introduction of Western habits such as television,
music and sexual liberation (a new unprecedented
routine custom) into customarily fundamentalist
Muslim societies may cause reinvented traditions
such as self-sacrifice in Jihad (literally striving but
most commonly translated as holy war) common to
the medieval period and the rise of Islam. This is
demonstrated in the recurrent use of terminology in
terrorist literature of terms such as Crusaders when
referring to Coalition forces. This reinvented
tradition of Jihad is an attempt by various terror
Bound Iraqi civilian tied to US military stretcher
groups to justify their actions against civilians
with rubber foam to distribute force of blows.
(supposedly protected under the actual laws of Jihad) US Marine Abu-Ghraib Concentration Camp,
and to rally their youthful forces with the
US-occupied Iraq.
propaganda of an honorable and glorious death.
Intrinsic in this reinvention of medieval Jihad is the
concept of self-sacrifice that is modified for its modern
context in the guise of the suicide bomber. Saids
discourse is apparent here with the Western expectation of
Middle-Easterners indulging in mindless acts of irrational
self-destruction, ie. suicide bombing. In regard to
Hobsbawm, the unprecedented routine custom of
humiliation by the West of a traditionally-proud section of
the globe has created circumstances for the reinvented
Bound Iraqi civilian. US Marine Abutradition of suicidal Jihadist self-sacrifice dating from
Medieval times (often outlined as the constant inability of Ghraib Concentration Camp, US-occupied
the Palestinians to strike back successfully otherwise for Iraq.
statehood since 1948 against Israel).

Just as the East is affected by Hobsbawms discourse, so to is the West. In the War on Terror at a
time of new, unprecedented routine customs (such as social and economic decline from pre-eminent
world power) for the US, traditions of the Wild West have been reinvented. Bush has done this with
references to Howard as his sheriff in the Pacific and issuing orders to hunt down Bin Laden as he
was Wanted: Dead or Alive, reflecting wanted reward posters of the 1800s Californian cowboy era.
This reinvention of Wild West traditions was very much for propaganda purposes to impel the Iraq War
in a manner not unlike the role played by the movie actor John Wayne during the Vietnam conflict. It is
designed to make the conflict look manly and masculine to young people who fill the ranks of the
military to be expended like so much fodder. It is designed to cast Bush as a war president who was
actually taking action on the War on Terror.
To successfully analyze the contrasting natures of the
Orient and the Occident one must comprehend the stereotyping
and prejudice involved in their research. Often, rather than
providing subjective analysis of what defines the East and the
West, this analysis is based around topics of power and
domination. Tradition is key in this. Edward Said sees an
Orientalist view pervading Western descriptions of the East
casting Asians as despotic and irrational. Meanwhile, Ian
Buruma & Avishai Margalit conversely argue that it is these
precise reasons that the West has its view of the East ie. the US Marine Abu-Ghraib
tendency for Oriental societies (Middle-Eastern and Asian) to be Concentration Camp, US-occupied
controlled by suicidal fringe groups bent on destruction. The
Iraq.
authors believe that the Easts perception is colored by such
fanatical groups. Elsewhere, Hobsbawm believes traditions are invariant while customs are variant.
Further, he believes that reinvented traditions may be required in modern industrial societies to manage
new, unprecedented routine customs. This includes actions such as reinvented concepts of medieval
Jihad in an increasingly industrialized and secular Muslim society.

Contemporary reinvention of local religions

and new social movements in Asia.
In his famous text. Orientalism,
Edward Said (1978) pointed out that the view
of the Orient (and the term itself) were
Eurocentric perspectives of non-whites of a
world under colonial enslavement which cast
them as supine and insane. This cast
aspersions upon Asians as falling prey to cultic
behaviors that Westerners were free of. Even
George Orwell attempts to reflect this in his
dystopic epic of totalitarian surveillance,
Nineteen Eighty-Four (1948), when he
describes the East Asian super states ideology as roughly translating as annihilation of the self or
Death Worship. In this way, Westerners infer that Asians are capable of falling into a hypnotic and
transcendental trance of cultic behavior as if it is a part of their collective group psyche (Tan &
Ramakrishna, 2002, p.vi). Yet there have been many actual cults in the Asia region in recent times.
Beyond the obvious cultish behavior of Shinto during the war period, Bushido, and the suicidal
Kamikaze of World War II (Tan & Ramakrishna, 2002, p.vi) there is the danger of the Aum Supreme

Truth sect that conducted nerve gas attacks on the Tokyo subway system and brainwashing experiments
on its own members leading to deaths (McCurry, 2004; Marshall, 1999). Similarly there is the South
Korean Moonie sect under far-Rightists, Reverend Sun Moon, who has been accused of kidnapping and
brainwashing of sect members and has closely co-operated with the militarist government of South
Korea. Asia has had a long history of cultic behavior stretching into the past with martial arts secret
societies and other anti-dynastic secret societies that proliferated in China in the 19th century collapse of
that empire. As time passed in China, new cults of personality arose like Maoism only to be diluted by
modern groups like Falun Gong that Maos adherents see as competition and which they therefore
persecute. Thus, while Westerners have a Eurocentric and cultic view of their own of the supposed
cultic nature of the East, it can be detected in Asian societies a definite tendency toward groupthink and
the nature of the cult.
Shinto (the major, non-Buddhist, ethnic religion of Japan and former State religion) focuses on
polytheism and animism based around spiritual kami. However, as State religion it took on darker
undertones during the Pacific portion of World War II.
Historically, Japan has been a closed society and defended its
home isles around the time of the Kamikaze or 13th century AD
typhoons that supposedly magically appeared and sank on of
Genghis Khans invasion fleets crossing the Sea of Japan.
However, as Japan was forced to open up by first the trading
Portuguese and later by the gunboats of the US Admiral Perry,
Japan militarized and industrialized at a rapid rate and became an
aggressive nationalistic country under an Imperial dynasty whose
State religion was Shinto. Shintos military influence was known
as Bushido which encouraged the worship of a pantheon of
warlike kamis. A vestigial remnant of shogun feudalism and the
samurai, it demanded cultic devotion unto suicide at the command
of a spiritual master. Portions of this cultic behavior was ritual
suicide rather than surrender for the saving of face or honor
called seppuku and the Kamikaze tradition of killing as many of Japanese aggression in China,
the enemy as possible in a Banzai attack before dying oneself in 1937.
an final act of self-destructive suicide dedicated to the Emperor. Under this militarist State religion,
Japan began its depredations against China in the war of 1891. Japan, backed by the religious ideology
of Shinto and Bushido, decisively beat the antiquated armies of the teetering Qing Dynasty of Imperial
China at time that China was wracked with ruinous foreign debt, was being carved up by foreign
interests like the US and Britain in concessions at Guangzhou, and was being paid in opium for their
fine finished items by the British (Shirk, 2007, p.64). This sapped the Chinese peoples will to fight
along with the fact that they did not want to defend the tottering Manchu empire under the Dowager
Empress, Cixi. Japanese troops took part in the relief of Beijing during the Boxer Rebellion of 1899 (a
pro-government, religious cult that believed their religion made them bullet-proof to modern Western
weapons) which contributed to the collapse of the Manchu empire. When Japan was not harassing
China, it was harassing Russia and achieved a major victory for an Asian nation by defeating the Tsars
Pacific navy at Port Arthur in 1905.
Japan later declared war on Germany just at the end of the First World War and in time to be
included in the spoils of reparations. The Japanese seized German mining interests in the Chinese
Shandong and occupied them (Dickinson, 2000, p.253). This aggressive fashion of taking advantage of
an enemy when he is at his weakest and showing no mercy or quarter (since he does not deserve it and
one would not expect the same if positions were reversed) is a key point of cultic Bushido.

Japan, using Shinto as an rally point,

continued to act aggressively in Asia and in the
Pacific. Japan had already occupied Korea in 1910.
The Japanese government, in collusion with
generals of the Cherry Blossom Society, engineered
several incidents to annex additional territory from
the Nationalist Chinese. In 1931, the Japanese Army
staged the Mukden Incident where a Japanese patrol
was supposedly fired upon by bandits. The
Japanese Army detonated a mine on the railway they
had concessions to and claimed this was
provocation for their attack on a sleeping Chinese
barracks. Japan used this as an excuse to seize more
of Manchuria (McKay, et al., 2006, p.923). Again in Japanese 'surprise' attack on Pearl Harbor, Dec
1937, the Japanese Army staged a second
7th, 1941.
provocation at the Marco Polo Bridge where
a Japanese soldier, lost in the dark while
urinating, was claimed as kidnapped and
triggered another seizure and occupation of
the rest of Manchuria.
Using cultic principles of Bushido
prevalent among the military and the nation
as a whole (where it is not dishonorable to
strike without formal declaration to those the
see as unequals or inferiors like the
Chinese or the Americans), Japan then
attacked with surprise the United States at
Pearl Harbor on Sunday morning, December
7th, 1941. Simultaneously, the Japanese
army aggressively advanced into French
Imperial Japanese Army mass bio-attacks on Chinese
Indo-China, landed on coastal China,
civilians during WWII.
surrounded the British asset of Hong Kong
and attacked the Americans in the Philippines. Australian shipping was attacked by the Imperial
Japanese Naval Air force Several days later, the HMS Repulse and the HMS Prince of Wales were
caught without air cover and sunk by Japanese bombers.
Although the Japanese had almost entirely destroyed the American air arm on Pearl Harbor, and
sunk or damaged several battleships, cruisers and destroyers, critically the Japanese failed to catch the
US carrier task force in port and also failed to destroy the vital submarine works at the Harbor. This
would affect the entire course of the land/sea war in the Pacific.
Ultimately, the Japanese, as the war turned against them (despite large sections of China still
being occupied) turned to the Kamikaze again, except in the form of land, sea and air suicide units that
expressed the nationalistic fervor that there troops were brought up under and trained to believe in. This
nationalistic and martial code was known as Bushido and was an ancient code of the Samurai more
suited to feudalism than to an emergent, industrialized and supposedly modern nation. Bushido taught
its warrior adherents that mercy and quarter for the enemy is weak and the death was preferable to
dishonor through surrender. This even expressed itself through the selflessly self-destructive weapons
of war they manufactured: suicide craft packed with explosives, pilots with no parachutes, tanks with
no escape hatches because it was thought that the crew would not want to escape. All this contributed
to the nationalist and cultic fervor that allowed and encouraged Japanese troops to torture, rape and kill

indiscriminately and abuse many human rights.

Japanese whaling is also a contentious topic of Japanese nationalism and cultism with Japanese
whaling fleets officially flying the rising sun ensign of the Imperial Japanese Navy (DiFilippo, 2002,
p.110). Japanese whaling is pursued aggressively in oceans belong to others other than the Japanese. A
symbol of resurgent Japanese nationalism
(Hane, 1996 ,p.204), these whaling fleets
provide a low quality product mainly for
the laundering of illegal yakuza (cult-like
criminal syndicates that make themselves
distinctive from outsiders by having full
body tattoos) links.
There are also alarming criminal
connections between Kyokyuo Whaling
Corporation, a company the Japanese
government defends strenuously, and the
nationalistic radical Reverend Sun Moon,
leader of South Koreas Moonie Cult.
Reverend Moon is a right-wing fanatic in
South Korea, focusing much of his
ideological and political hatred and
Japanese whalers routinely and illegally invade the sea
tirades at Stalinist North Korea under
Kim Il Jong and post-Maoist, reformist territories of Southern nations.
China under the Chinese Communist Party. Moon has been involved in weapons manufacture, gunrunning, and the international armaments trade besides the excesses of his cult of personality. He has
links to many right-wing Japanese organizations. He, via Japanese whaling interests like Kyokuyo,
buys low-grade blubber for his cheap range of True World frozen seafood servings packages that
supports his World Unification Church..
The fact that makes foreign countries like China think that Japans cultic nationalism still
persists post-World War II is that official Japanese administration after administration refuses to
abjectly apologize for the war crimes their county committed in the lead up to and during World War II
in the Pacific in the name of their Emperor and Shinto. The fact that few Japanese were ever tried by
the Allies in the first place in an attempt to set up an anti-communist bulwark in post-war Japan by the
Americans rankled the Chinese further (Stronach, 1995 , p.xiii). Not only this but major Japanese
politicians including the Japanese Prime Minister continue to
venerate at holy Shinto shrines (Lee, 1996, p.156) that commemorate
the few war criminals executed by the Allies. This is a continuing
insult to nations that suffered so harshly under Japanese nationalistic
occupation.
However, under Maos cult of personality, China has
similarly been guilty of crimes. Maos Great Leap Forward and
Cultural Revolution had elements of cultic behavior in a communist
state without religion (and a state that would go on to persecute
religious cults like Western Christianity in China and Falun Gong).
This symbiotic relationship between the cultic nationalism of
Japan and the recent cult of personality in China (Maoism) has been
perpetuated to today and influences contemporary social
technologies. Much hatred is expressed by an increasingly nationalistic Chinese population. Protests
and sit-ins often quite violent are on the increase in China directly specifically at Japanese interests
and visitors to the economically-reformist communist nation-state. To a certain extent the oppressive

and totalitarian government of communist China encourages and allows these protests to take place as a
way for the population to let off steam and for an emotional outlet in the restricted society. Meanwhile,
Japan has many secretive right-wing, cult-like groups with youth arms that protest around Japan against
communism, North Korea and China. Each of these groups fights it out on the Internet on various hate
sites where racist posts are allowed to appear.
The contrast between Japanese cultic nationalism and recent Chinese Maoist cult of personality
is distinct. Japanese cultic nationalism is rooted in Shintos that venerates
the dead including war criminals. This makes their nationalism religious
based which draws its strength from fundamentalism. To add to this, Japan
maintains an imperial royal family that claim direct lineage back to
Japanese gods in an unbroken line and are venerated by the Japanese
populace. This gives the Japanese a racist undertone to the aggressive
nationalism where they see themselves apart and superior to not only nonAsians, but among Asians themselves. There is little doubt that the rapid
industrialization and change that took place in Japan in the 19th century is
what drove Japanese nationalism. The transition from feudalism so quickly
into a modern nation left the country shell-shocked and culturally-damaged.
Nationalism replaced many of the traditions and customs that were
irrevocably altered by industrialization. Social classes were in flux when
Mao Zedong, Leader of
trade and merchant classes sudden became more numerous and wealthy
the CCP.
than the traditional Samurai landed gentry class. Modernization had
massive impacts upon long-held concepts such as Japanese honor and fealty. To adapt, the Japanese
adopted and generated forms of cult-like, Shinto- and Bushido-based nationalism to compensate for the
social effect of the massive change industrialization wrought on the Japanese population.
Meanwhile Chinese nationalism has been shaped by Maoist communism and its own cult of
personality. In contemporary times before the economic reforms of Deng, the cult of personality
revolving around Mao persisted for the whole of the People Republic of Chinas history. These
remnants of Maoism make Chinese nationalism secular-based and muted somewhat by the beliefs of
international communism. Under the terms of international communism, the fight for communism is
supposed to be spread over the borders of any state to successfully revolt to communism. Certainly
China supplied North Korea, Kampuchea and North Vietnam with arms and advisers in their
communist revolutions. Yet China has also been traditionally inward-looking, apt to cults (be they
secret societies, religious, or of personality) and reluctant to invade neighboring nation-states. Like the
Japanese, however, they have been accused of a cult-like xenophobia towards foreigners and outsiders
from the group, including fellow Asians (such as their
border war with Vietnam in 1979, and their annexation of
Tibet in 1950).
In conclusion, ever since Japan has open to the
world and took the path of rapid industrialization, the
nation has taken an aggressive cult-like, nationalistic
position. This has been fuelled and justified by the Stateenforced religion of Shinto. A direct militarist branch of
Shinto was Bushido which enforced martial cruelty and
self-sacrificing laws of war. These cults extend to today
with the official worship of World War II war criminals at
Japanese Shinto shrines and shadowy and violent Rightist
youth arms. From its initial blows on dynastic China, to US military My-Lai Rape & Massacre of
the first Asian country to attain victory over a European Vietnamese civilians.
force to its Greater Co-Prosperity Sphere, Japan has aggressively preyed upon both Occidental and

Oriental societies. This was backed by a State policy of Shintos that often defended the breaking of
conventional laws of war regarding wounded, hostages and prisoners. Shinto persists into today with
the continued worship and honouring of war criminals (Fogel, 2002 , p.110) at Shinto shrines by the
highest-level Japanese officials. This creates extreme tensions internationally and demonstrates that
cultic Shintos aspects of Bushido have not been truly buried. This is dangerous as Japan verges upon
being given international roles in conflict once more since the Second World War. The reason that
Japan has been so susceptible to cultic influence is due to its rapid industrialization since contact with
the West from its own feudal past. This has made it susceptible to recent cultic Shinto during World
War II and other violent sects like the fin de sicle (McCurry, 2004) Aum in more contemporary times.
China, too, has had a culture of cults and secret society, usually marital or religious in nature, and
matching those of feudal Japans cultic groups, the samurai and the yakuza. This was largely replaced
by the Maoist cult of personality under communism that tolerates no competitors, secular (such as
martial or criminal groups) or religious or spiritual (such as Falun Gong).

George Orwells Animal Farm: Stalin and Napoleon

The author of the political allegory, Animal
Farm, was the socialist George Orwell. Once an
ardent believer in socialism, Orwell was
disappointed by the turn of Soviet Socialism under
the Russian dictator, Joseph Stalin, during the
1920s and 1930s. He demonstrates this displeasure
in the failure of Stalinism (the brand of Russian
socialism under Stalin) the metaphor that is the
novel, Animal Farm.
Socialism is the stage that Karl Marx stated
that a system must pass through before entering
fully-fledged communism. Russia, after the
Bolshevik Revolution under Vladimir Lenin in
1917, did not claim to have immediately entered communism. Instead they called their own state the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics showing the state of transition to communism the socialist state
was in. Only when socialism was complete as a program would communism be entered into as a state
of being. After Lenins death, his henchman Joseph Stalin, a former assassin for the Bolsheviks, seized
power and drove off his opponent, Leon Trotsky. Trotsky had a more human program for the socialists
where as Stalin was more brutal and hardline. Eventually, Trotsky fled into exile from Soviet Russia
until he was hunted down in Mexico by Stalins agents and assassinated.
This typified the reign of the socialist dictator of Soviet Russia, the dictator Joseph Stalin. His
rule was an archetype of oppression and surveillance where ordinary citizens were spied upon and
forced to change their opinions under the threat of death. Production statistics were faked as were
photographs where enemies of Stalin were retouched and lifted clean out of history. Former
compatriots and comrades were turned into scapegoats and enemies of the state for the greater
machinations of Stalin.
George Orwells Animal Farm is a dystopian text where a supposed utopia goes horribly
wrong. The idyllic world of egalitarianism built by the freed animals of the Animal Farm soon
collapses into oppression under their own kind. It was published in England on 17 August, 1945, in the
wake of World War II. It recounts the Stalinist era of Soviet Russia. The democratic socialist, Orwell,
was a member of the Independent Labour Party for a number of years and an ardent critic of the
dictator Stalin. Orwell was left scarred by the plottings of the Russian secret police, the NKVD, during
the Spanish Civil War where Orwell fought on the Republican side. The Russian socialists betrayed the

Spanish Republican cause largely and used the NKVD to target and assassinate opponents in the
Republican party. As a result, Orwell was suspicious of Moscow-orientated Stalinism. In a reply to
Yvonne Davet, Orwell described Animal Farm as his novel "contre Stalin".

SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES AND SEX: THE US CRAIGS LIST SEX AD

KILLER
Social Networking Sites: The Craigs List
Serial Killer. Killer tracked sex workers
through US social networking advertising
site, Craigs List. Here prostitutes can
anonymously post sex ads in the Erotic
Adult Section and solicit customers for
personal services. The section was
requested by regular users of Craigs List
to group ads properly

Social: Prostitution is a social service or

crime. An example of this is because
prostitution can be a communicator of
social (venereal) diseases. With the advent
of viral communications (the virtual spread
of sites and media), this has metaphorical
implications to the HIV (AIDS) virus and
its interconnection with social networking
and social crimes like prostitution taking
place on the Internet

Killer stalked his victims through the

anonymity of the Internet. By tracking the
victim through the social networking site,
Craigs List, he could plot the murder of
a prostitute and many robberies by
compiling information on them and
cybertalking them. This turns the supposed
anonymity of avatars back on itself.

Virtue and the Virtual: Sex on the Internet.

The Craigs List Killer revolved around
sex services offered over the Internet. The
word virtual (as in virtual reality a
component of the Internet which is
computer-generated space made out of
graphics) has connotations of virtue or
piousness or to be sexually pure. This has
metaphoric intersections to do with virtue,
the virtual, sex, cybersex, and prostitution.

A NIGHTMARE IN YELLOW
There once was a famous female artist of great beauty but not
very much skill in her youth. She assiduously studied in the cafes
and outdoor studios of sunny Paris during the heady years of the
1920s. As she sketched and painted her own self-portrait
masterpiece over the years a single extraordinary work she
refused to sell and carried with her always from loft to loft she
improved her skills. Using much paint, she soon had a visage of
herself approaching perfection as a reflection of beauteous self. At
this young age her natural beauty shone through and she did not
need much make-up, despite the Parisian fashion for cosmetics at
the time. However, she was kept poor from her small earnings from
painting as she was self taught at portraiture and wasted a lot of oils
and alcohol especially in the pursuit of the eternally-changing
self-portrait masterpiece she was driven to paint.
The older she grew, the more makeup she gradually applied to
herself to defeat and disguise her encroaching age. Eventually she
reached a proportional equilibrium at age 43 where she had to add more make-up to her own face to
sustain her beauty than paint and alcohol to the canvas to keep the ever-changing portrait up to date.
From that day on it became a self-defeating process.

Each day she would get up and put on her make-up to face the day in the thriving art studio that
she had begun at 33. Each night she
would come home to her sumptuous
house, remove layers of this makeup
from her face, and deftly record the
latest age lines or dab on alcohol to
remove a layer of paint no longer
needed on the canvas.
As she grew older and began to
fade away, it became a processes of
caking on the makeup on her face to
cover up her wizened wrinkles that
lined her while stripping off large layers
of paint from the canvas to expose the
ghostly, streaked layers underneath.
Since she had become a
successful artist at the age of 29, people
had begged her not to retouch the
canvas and to sell it to them for an
exorbitant price. But still she would not
part with it. Museums and galleries had
sent numerous representatives to her
own gallery to view the work but she
had refused them. Only rumors of the
work based upon a few eye-witness
descriptions from past lovers circulated in the art press. The work was invaluable. Yet she kept it under
a stain sheet that she lifted each night after it had dried during the day to make reductions to the onceadditions using alcohol and trowels.
She made constant changes. She scraped while bowed over her work. The easel shook with her
transferred emotion. She generated new techniques of restoration or more to the point
deconstruction, as she gradual reduced the self-portrait to its constituents portions as her mind slowly
began to slip and senility approached
She greyed and began to lose hair in the shower. Correspondingly, she would lift off layers of
paint from the self portrait at the close of the day from
around her painted hairline to reveal the base paints she had
applied almost a lifetime before and had not seen daylight
since. The smell of turpentine and the smudge of paint had
become inherent to the old woman throughout her artistic
career. Always in contrast to her fine clothes of the day were
the torn rags of her paint alterations each night in a continual
attempt to catch the doppelganger in portrait. The nowwizened smile she had once struck in her youth blared back
mockingly now especially as they were replaced with
dentures.
Yet soon the smile was one of repetitive senility of
scattered incomprehensibility Still she painted or rather,
took away paint from the canvas as parts of her began to
disappear. First her hair, then layers of age-frayed skin, then dentures. The entire painting became an
abstract and distracted act of subtraction to the elderly artist.

Eventually, using daubed rubbing alcohol to strip the paint away in various fine layers down
to the brush stroke the artist removed
first the hairline and then the flesh of her
self-portraits scalp. Beneath was a layer
of canvas, yellow-tinged by an age that
equaled her own. Now, losing her own
mind to advancing Alzheimers, she
would vigorously and obsessively rub
through the canvas to the backing leaving
gaping black holes that matched the brain
X-rays the neurologist was showing the
new executor of her art estate. The
executor had ingratiated himself in the
last of her years as the madness
increased. He, of all, had tried to remove
the priceless portrait from her alteration
less she irrevocably destroy it.
Now, advanced in years, she
looked like an over-painted ghost once
made-up for the day. The portrait her
valet seated her in front of each night
after her beautician had applied the cold
cream similarly looked like a skull
burnished to the canvas that recalled
oncoming death. The only thing that
allowed it to retain value was its age and the macabre legend in art circles that had gathered around it.
If it ever cam to auction it would merely fetch a slightly lower price for the supposed desecration of
the artist in the decline of her years.
Eventually, by the time the famous artist had the morticians make-up slapped thickly on her
face, the oil-painting portrait that continued to sit in her artists disused loft was a fragmented mess.
The portrait reeked of alcohol and seeped with the over application of oils. The remaining paint was
cracked and flaking. This traced the lines of the famous artists decrepit decay where it had not been
erased entirely by her maddened rubbing. There only yellow-tinged, bone-like canvas with a black
backing remained. The continual redrying
wracked the canvas integrity causing it to
warp ever so slightly. The well-placed art
executor sold the canvas, despite its
apparent state, for considerable profit at a
blind auction several years later. Several
subsequent buyers claimed the warping of
the canvas caused the painting to have a
disturbing perspective. The canvas was
destroyed by what newspaper reports
described as a deranged vandal armed with a
knife when it was finally displayed in an art
exhibit in the home capital of the old
womans, Paris, in late 2008.

Critique
A Nightmare In Yellow is a short fiction story of the 19th century Gothic genre, set in the

following 20th century, that degenerates into horror. Similar to Gothic themes, it deals with decay,
degeneration, madness and destruction. The title indicates this since the color yellow indicated decay
and degeneration in the 18th and 19th century in Gothic horror texts such as The King In Yellow.
The fiction revolves around an interrogation of the imaginary character, a wrinkled old woman,
whose life must be detailed an projected about. Since the picture of the old woman is an oil painting,
this dictates the time zone of the picture (and story genre) since oil paintings have fallen into disfavor
in the 20th century photographic age (when this fiction is
set). The oil painting is given additional dimension in the
fiction by being a self-portrait (conjuring ideas of the
painter looking continually into a mirror reflections
being on of mans earliest concepts of alternative
dimensions and perspectives of view). This is added to
by the old woman as artist stripping back the various
three dimensional layers of the portrait with turpentine
and alcohol to reveal earlier stages and versions of her
self-portrait underneath (painted at earlier stages in her
life at different stages of beauty and age). This is
juxtaposed with the increased layering of facial make-up
the older woman applies, causing more wrinkles and
wear on her face that she must upkeep obsessively on
her ever-changing portrait.
The ever-changing portrait is a repeat of the older Gothic tale (with elements of actual truth)
about Elizabeth Winchester, daughter to the gunsmith fortune, who felt haunted by the victims of her
relatives famous weapon and continually added to her mansion with secret rooms and stairwells that
led nowhere after a psychic had told her she would be left unplagued as long as her home remain
unfinished.
The idea of the ever-changing portrait is also recalled in The Portrait of Dorian Gray (1890)
by Oscar Wilde where an evil, debauched mans portrait, kept in a cupboard, takes on his excesses. In a
similar fashion, the vanity of the old woman is reproduced in
the oil painting until it reaches a tipping point when compared
to the vain face make-up she is ritually applying in her quest for
beauty.
Elements of Walter Benjamins Art in the Age of
Mechanical Reproduction is recalled with the oil painting and
the X-ray of her brain that is being eroded by Alzheimers
disease, again another theme of disease and madness.

MASS MEDIA INFLUENCE

AND STEREOTYPICAL
GENDER ROLE MODELS.
Most media theorist since the time of the bullet theory
of propaganda in the late 1930s believed that the mass media
can be a vehicle for installing and, more importantly,
maintaining gender roles. Mainstream mass media reinforces

stereotypical gender roles (Rhode, 1999, p.71). Gender roles are still sharply divided when it comes to
domestic child rearing (Unger, 2001, p.128). This is reinforced by gender stereotyping issuing from the
mass media. This casts the woman as caring and maternal and housebound. At also traditionally
portrays the man as the go-getting bread-winner who brings back the bacon.
In fact many of these terms are stereotypes in themselves broached by the mass media about
itself. The man brings home the bacon; the woman cooks it in her new kitchen, buying the new white
goods that she has heard about on the advertisements between the commercial soap operas. Why
listening to soap operas? Because like any good woman she is bent over the sink not watching the
show but listening to its story.
Hence soap operas became an advertising vehicle for products like soap powder that advertisers
wanted to sell to the little woman in the home listening to soap operas while they did the housework.
This, however, conferred a certain amount of power to the supposedly powerless wife who was in
charge of household finances once the husband brought it home. Hence, while gender roles maybe
stable by tradition and this tradition is reinforced by the media, power
distribution between the sexes is proportionate and can change.
Yet, media produces news: not truth as Birrell and McDonald
discovered in their media reading of female sport (2000, p.289). Thus
mass media like the television is not interested in the eternal or everchanging truth between the sexes: it simply demands something
purporting to be new. Often this is the same old line: boys dont cry and
girls want to grow up to get married.
Marxist-influence media analysts see the mass media as a piece of
capitalist apparatus designed to control and oppress the populous. It is
also designed to be a tool in the capitalist economy. Thus they theorize
that certain consumer products are advertised and sold on the mass media
using stereotypical gender role models, eg. the manly and taciturn
cowboy who is the Marlboro Man and lets his smoking do the talking for
him, innumeral blonde and well-built girls that fondle gearsticks in cars,
and the prim and proper housewife who always keeps a clean home.
Yet other theorists believe it is more complex than this. They believe that we voluntarily take on
these roles and invest in them as much as they are thrust upon us. We build identities through the
consumer products we purchase and use them to express needs, desires, wants and our nightmares.
Not only does the mass media sell using sexual and gender stereotypes, they sell products that
reinforce the self-same gender stereotypes they use: plastic tanks and toy guns for young boys who will
fight in the next war; dress up Barbie dolls for young girls who will be told they can be anything but
are encouraged to become housewives with stereotyped and limiting dreams.

MYSTERY OF THE ANT

PEOPLE.
Tawa, the Sun

Spirit, is the chief creator figure in the majority of

Hopi mythos. The Creator God, Tawa, formed the
First World out of Endless Space or Tokpella. Tawa
also created the First World's original dwellers.
Contemporary traditions of today include Hopi
mothers appealing for blessing from the sun for
their newly-born.
However, this may have
been a European attempt Wall pueblos of the Hopi.
to foist a masculine solar
Christianized cult upon what remains today a basically matrilineal pueblo
social structure.
Yet in alternate traditions, Tawa, or Taiowa, initially formed Sotuknang,
whom Tawa claimed as his nephew. Taiowa/Tawa then compelled Sotuknang
Anasazi petroglyphs of
to produce the nine universes along the lines of Tawas' schemes and plots, and
the insect-god,
it was actually Sotuknang who formed the Spider Woman, or Spider
Kokopelli.
Grandmother (an alternate avatar of the Greek Goddess, Eris Discordia, who
has a genus of jumping spider named after her). Spider Woman was the messenger-avatar for the
Creator Tawa and was a divine intercessorary betwixt the solar deity and the common people of the
universes. According to some sources of the Hopi creation mythos, it is the Spider Woman who is the
progenitor of all life under the direct supervision of Sotuknang.

In other tellings of the myth life was

produced by Hard Being Woman of the West and
Hard Being Woman of the East (again a dualistic
avatar representation of the Greek Eris). Meanwhile,
the Solar deity only witnessed the creation
impotently in this mythos.
Masauwu, Skeleton Man, imbued the Spirit
of Death, Earth God, door keeper to the Fifth World,
and the Keeper of Fire. Similarly, Masauwu also was
the Master of the Upper World, or the Fourth World,
and was present during the time when the altruistic
inhabitants fled the degeneracy of the Third World
for the hope of this, the present and contemporary Wall pueblos of the Hopi.
Fourth World. Masauwu, Skeleton Man, is depicted
as being masked hideously. Yet again in Hopi variation, sometimes he is described as a beauteous and
bejewelled young man under the mask or a horrible, bloody
monster.
In a dualistic nature, Masauwu, Skeleton Man, is also
given specific positive characteristics. According to one legend,
it was Masauwu who assisted in the settlement of the Hopi at
Oraibi and delivered them domain over the earth. Masauwu,
Skeleton Man, also demanded that the Hopi to wait for the
arrival of the Pahana, the Lost White Brother. The pantheon
also included the twin warrior gods, the kachinas, and the
trickster-god, Coyote. The Lost White Brother from the East
will eventually lead the righteous people from this decaying
The ant-antennae, insect-god,
Fouth World into a new and happy world of perfection, the
Kokopelli.
future Fifth World.
Maize corn is central to Hopi and Anasazi mythos. Beyond being a staple diet, the crop
combined the cosmos and maternal, fertility properties into a single organism. It was at the center of
Hopi religion and agriculture that combined into a single entity. The entire mythic universe revolved
around the gentle rains to raise the maise crop to insure continued sustenance to the ancient economy.
Maize reinforces the feminine fertility cult of the pueblo culture and can be
equated with the Green Man sacrifice culture in Central European glade religions.
These rains were called by the Owl-Priest in nearby and influential Teotihacuan
and Aztec sacrificial death-ziggurat culture.
There has been some controversy over the exact role the feminine played in
potential matriarchies of Hopi civilization. It is believed by some that the central
generative figure of the Spider Woman (Eris Discordia) was gradually displaced by
centuries of white influence for the more masculine Solar deity of Tawa. In this
way, the solar Tawa can be equated with the masculine Imperial Roman Solar
Invictus of the late 300s AD which was a precusor for the State religion of Christ
and eventually Roman Catholicism that would eventually devastate pueblo culture
of the Americas. The Imperial Fasces is also recalled in the Etruscan river reed
myth in the magical Fasces as connected to the Spider Woman's later reed-rescue The ant-antennae,
insect-god,
of humanity.
Kokopelli.

There is much evidence that matriarchy was in fact the state of affairs in Hopi society. Even
today, Hopi society is matrilineal, and offspring are
members of the mother's clan, not that of the father's.
The Hopi Mother Nature has the dual nature of
Mother Earth and Mater Corn. Spider Woman and
Sand Altar Woman are exceptionally important and
are represented by the sipapu, the aperture in the
ground of the subterranean sacred alcolve, or kiva, for
the sipapu is the uterus of Mother Nature, in the same
way it is the crack whence Man initially appeared
from the depths below. All these objects, locales and
artifacts recall the yonic cup of femininity and other
fertility caves and alcolves of feminine goddess cults
(indicating the sacred womb, uterus and vulva).
Yet Hopi theocracy was masculine, with the
most vital politcal positions held by men. Of most
import, only men could perform the rain-making
dances and enchantments to inseminate the maize
each year, associated to the Central American deathziggurat Owl-Priest.
Hopi myth relates that this contemporary planet Earth
is the Fourth World to be populated by Tawa's
creatures. The tale basically relates that in each older
world, the humans, though initially blessed, turned
disorderly and violated Tawa's schemes; the people
lived in disharmony, were sordidly promiscuous and Anasazi petroglyphs showing Templar grid
engaged in violent, bloody wars of genocide.
plans used in time-folding.
Accordingly, those inhabitants who still maintained
the laws (normally led by Spider Woman) fled to the
following higher world, with physical transformations
occuring both to the humans during their venture, and in
the formation of the following world. In a variety of
myths, these older worlds were then eliminated along
with their degenerate remaining inhabitants. In other
myths the lawful humans were simply led from the evil
of the former worlds which had been created by the
effete people's characteristics and disgusting acts.
A Hopi petroglyph in Mesa Verda National Park
demonstrates Hopi Hyperreality symbols and timefolding methodolgy similar to that of the Western
Templars. The boxy spiral figure in the middle of the
image probably signifies the sipapu crack, the spot that
the Hopi arrived from within the Earth in their creation
myth.
There are dual creation myths of the Hopi's entry into
our Fourth World of today. The more oft told story is that Anasazi SAUstika etched on rock, Arizona,
Spider Grandmother allowed a hollow reed (or bamboo) USA.

to grow up into the atmosphere, and it broke through to the Fourth World at the sipapu point. The
people then scaled the hollow reed (as per the Etruscan river reed of the magically atropaic Imperial
Roman Fasces) into this present Fourth World, entering from the sipapu aperture. The area of the
sipapu in this present Fourth World of ours is listed as in the Grand Canyon, Arizona, USA.
The second variation of the myth (usually repeated in
Oraibi) says that Tawa inundated the older Third World in a
tremendous, submerging flood. Just afore this Great Flood, Spider
Grandmother sealed those people of greater lawfulness inside
hollow reeds which were utilized as ships. Once drifting ashore on a
tiny patch of dry terrain, the lawful people could see naught but
more water around them, despite planting a huge bamboo shoot,
ascending it to its apex, and obsevering in all directions. Spider
Woman then ordered the lawful people to construct ships from more
reeds, and utilizing atoll "stepping-stones" as their path, the good
people voyaged east until the righteous people finally were cast
ashore on the hilly peninsulas of this, the current Fourth World.
It might be ultimately impossible to ordain which of the two
myths is the actual original and/or has more cultural authenticity.
However, Harold Courlander notes that, at least in Oraibi (the most
ancient site of the Hopi thorpes), small infants are usually taught the
myth of the sipapu, and the myth of a sea expedition is told to the
children when they grew of age. Courlander notes that beyond this,
the title of the Hopi Water Clan (Patkinyamu) specifically defines
Cyclopean Talking Stones cut to
"A Dwelling-on-Water" or "Houseboat". Yet Courlander also points
a razors edge without modern
out that the sipapu myth is located in Walpi and is generally more
tools. Note Article #1, Issue #1 of
culturally acknowledged by more Hopis.
'CULT!' ('Zyklon')
When entering this present Fourth World of today's Earth,
the Hopis broke apart and trekked on a number of enormous migrations across the continents.
Occasionally a Hopi group would pause to build a villlage, and then abandon it to pick up with their
journeys. Yet, the Hopi groups thought to leave their sigils on stones to
demonstrate their tribes had once been present in the area. The tribal
families migrated for aeons, coalescing to join clans enshrining
significant events encountered in the migrations by the group. The clans
managed to forge great distances for periods as uniform communities, yet
without exception would be riven by conflict and disagreement. These
ructions would divide the clan into seperate portions who would continue
the journey.
While this happened, the tribes and clans intermingled. Happiness
reigned for a period but then the key feature of the Hopi mythos discord
and contention arose again as it had in a cyclic fashion ever since the
past, ancient First World. This chaotic degeneracy into disorder continues Distended hand print of
as a cycle into today in the Fourth World as history progresses for the
Anasazi.
Hopi. During their migrations, each of the re-forming clans travelled to
the excesses of the planet Earth. To the far north they found a land of ice and cold, cut off and
inaccessible to the Hopi and referred to as 'The Back Door'. Yet, the Hopi refer to 'other people' that
came through this Back Door into The Fourth World of today. Conjecture remains whether the Hopi are
in fact referring to the Bering land bridge that allowed modern man from Asia to enter North America.

The Hopi were directed in their travels by a variety of special sigils

and where assisted by the Spider Woman. However, the Hopi say
that other peoples came through the Back Door into the Fourth
World. This Back Door could be referring to the Bering land
bridge, which connected Asia with far north North America.
Finally, the Hopi completed their quests and were led to
northeastern Arizona. Nearly all Hopi customs demand that their
people were bequeathed their territory divinely by Masauwu, the
Spirit of Death and Master of this present Fourth World of the
contemporary planet Earth.

Kokopelli antennaheaded, fertility ant god

Kokopelli could have initially been a symbolic
representation of ancient Aztec merchants, named
as pochtecas, who seemed to have trekked to the
local area from northern Mesoamerica. These
Aztec merchants toted their trade wares in bags
hung on their shoulders and this backpack could
have transformed into Kokopelli's noted hump;
many Hopi tribes reflect upon Kokopelli as being
a merchant.
These Aztec trader men could also have Wall painting of Kokopelli, the antennae-headed
insect god.
utilized fluting pipes to herald themselves as
allies as they came to the outskirts of a village. This concept remains in conjecture, however, because
the original symbols of Kokopelli occur before the major period of Mesoamerican-Ancestral Pueblo
peoples exchange by a few hundred years. So researchers conjecture that Kokopelli was far more than a
mere merchant, and more impotantly, a vital carrier of
information and baubles from a distance. As a bard of
excellence, Kokopelli possessed an ability with tongues with
a great inventory of body language skills to add to his armory
of talents.
Kokopelli's normal loud heralding at approach insured
both the identity, and hence the protection, of his singular
personality into a village. Usually retained by a follower in
his expeditions and dealing, Kokopelli was vital to connecting
far and different villages and tribes together. Even in the
contemporary Hopi society of the Fourth World of the present
planet Earth, some external visitors might be designated
'Kokopelli' if they carry information, myths, and items from
the foreign world to spread among the tiny pueblos or
thorpes. An alternate concept is that Kokopelli is really an
anthropomorphic insect. Most of the ancient representations
of Kokopelli describe him as very insect-like in features and
characteristics.

The term
"Kokopelli" could be a
mixture of "Koko", an
alternate Hopi and Zuni
deity, and "pelli", the Hopi
and Zuni term for the sand
robber fly, an insect with a
long proboscis and a
humped back, which is also
described for its overactive
sexual habits. A
contemporary etymology is
that Kokopelli literally
defines a "kacina hump".
Due to the fact the Hopi
were the tribe that the
Spanish expeditions
initially discovered the god
from, the Hopi name is the Charles 'Tex' Watson's (Manson's lieutenant) map of Spahn's Ranch.
usual one used.

CHARLES MANSON &

THE ANT PEOPLE.
Fear of Vikings built castles. If someone cut your life
so they could be a movie star and others seen him get away with
it and they did it and others did it and then ATWA people see
that the only life on earth has gone with that thought and it can't
be saved in their world's chamber and the dying starts and they
see the only way to get back on track is to use that chamber as a
whatever it takes and the actors see that and run over on agents
and people that paid them and put them up to it and the pecking
orders change. To me it's only a thought. The red ants and the
black ants already ate all the white ants and they been eating
themselves and the snake sees its own tail and the back ups
start backing up. My most and best was worse than a perfect
zero backwards into deeper than nothing yelling back at history's circles rolling death wish to time's
play actors. Bottom line is anyone who sins against ATWA [Manson's ecological movement] must pay
it back or get on trains to the death camps or Russian Front.- Charles Manson. Early in November
1968, Charles Manson moved his Family made up of young drop-outs and acid-users to an new area in
Death Valley, California where they squatted in two small decrepit ranches. The initial ranch which the
Family first trekked to was owned by a recent adherent to Manson's Dune Buggy Assault Squad. The
second ranch was owned by an old woman whom Manson and a male adherent muscian made
representations to and promised to repair the ranch's out-buildings. In exchange, Manson gave her one
of the Beach Boys Gold Records that Dennis Wilson had presented him. During their time back at
Spahn Ranch, around December, Manson and Watson called by a Topanga Canyon friend who played
them the Beatles' 'White Album', just recently in record stores. Manson obsessed over the LSD-

influenced British musical group. At McNeil Prison, Manson told fellow prisoners, including Alvin
Karpis, that Manson himself could eclipse the Beatles in fame. When describing the Family, Manson
spoke of his cult as "the soul" and "part of 'the hole in the infinite'." Part of Manson's diatribe included
that racial tension betwixt blacks and whites was inflating and that Afro-Americans would soon rebel in
America's inner-cities. Manson had underlined Martin Luther King, Jr.'s murder, which had occurred at
the hands of a white assassin on April 4, 1968.
During a freezing cold New Year's Eve at the Death Valley Myers Ranch, the Family encircled a
huge bon fire outside the huts and listened as Manson held forth that the societal chaos that he had
foretold was also being outlined by the Beatles. The White Album songs, Manson demanded, revealed
all, although as a cypher. Manson actually
claimed that the album was meant to
communicate to the Family itself special
instructions with which to preserve an elite
seed of society against the upcoming and
impending tumult. During January 1969, the
Family avoided Death Valley's ice and
located itself to surveillance L.A.'s believed
racial divide by shifting into to a brightyellow house in Canoga Park, a short
distance from the Spahn Ranch.
Due to the fact that this location
would provide the Family with the means to
remain "submerged beneath the awareness of
the outside world", Charles Manson named it
the Yellow Submarine, once more a Beatles'
reference. Here, the Family cultists began to
prepare for the penultimate aftermath of the
end of the world, which, encircled around the
campfire, Manson had deemed "Helter
Skelter", after the Beatles' lyric of that name.
During February, Manson's views coalesced.
He foresaw that The Family would produce a
musical album whose subliminal songs, as
influential as those of the British Beatles, would cause the foreseen Race War of Helter Skelter.

Map showing alleged US military Deep Underground Military Bases passageways beneath Arizona,
Nevada and California.

Horrible assassinations of whites by Afro-Americans would be retaliated against by the white police
and hierarchy, and a schism betwixt white supremicist Anglos and non-racist whites would produce the
white race's destruction. Afro-American victory, as it were, would only herald in the blacks being
lauded over by Manson's Family, which would be concealed from the race apocalypse in "the
bottomless pit"a secret city beneath Death Valley belonging to the Anasazi ant people. At the Canoga
Park 'yellow' house, while Family cultists constructed their cars and studied maps to train for their
Death Valley escape-route, they also composed lyrics for their apocalypse-provoking album. Terry
Melcher promised to visit the Yellow House to hear this ground-breaking material and the women
cultists cleaned the house and cooked a meal. However, Melcher never turned up, earning Charles
Manson's emnity and triggering the LaBianci-Tate Murders shortly thereafter in a failed attempt to
spark the race war of Helter Skelter.
Some archeologists contend that the insect-like
Kokopelli that closely resembles the humped and buzzing
native desert robber fly may signify the concept of local
Teotihucan-like Flower Warriors sent to club and capture
pueblo peoples for death ziggurat sacrifice. These Central
American Basin peoples hunted fellow northern tribes like
the Hopi in bizarre capture/sacrifice ceremonies carried out
atop their stepped death ziggurats. Here the deliberately
captured sacrifices had their still-beating hearts ripped from
their split rib-cages for gods similar to those of the Hopi
specifically sky gods and lost 'white' Brothers that had
disappeared distantly to the East (Europe's direction).
Similarly, some New Age philosophers have
conjectured that this capture/sacrifice method of the Central
American Basin is reminiscent of an ancient astronaut theory
of extra-terrestrial biologists collecting specimens and testing
them here on Earth. Some have theorized that these human
groups were allies of alien groups sent to capture and gather Etruscan Tiber River Reed magical
fellow enemy tribesmen for experimentation and slavery by atropaic Fasces of the Imperial Roman
State (similar to Spider Woman's hollow
alien forces.
reed).
The insect-like Kokopelli is alien in itself when
compared to typical extra-terrestial beings it appears to be a carapaced alien creature replete with
rescued young borne on back and filter proboscis for testing the air and antenna for receiving messages.
Kokopelli is supposed to port any number of useful, futuristic devices relative to the pueblo people.
They broadcast noise and music
afore them to warn local humans of
their presence.
There is also rumors that it
was the insect-like Kokopelli was the
supposed insect ant man discussed by
the Family cultists on New Years
Eve, December, 1969, around the
bonfire on the Death Valley Meyer
Ranch. This avatar is rumored to
have emerged from a nearby tunnel and communed with Manson to reveal its entrance to him alone.
Stories of D.U.M.B.s (Deep Underground Military Bases) and an interconnecting web of passageways

below the Great Deserts of the South West make the rounds unto today. Supposedly, these sets of
underground passageways serve as conduits for a global alien kidnap ring of big gambling casino
winners and anonymous losers written off as suicides in casino toilets via side tunnel from Las Vegas
and a hidden underground complex below its vast drainage ditches, sewers and cisterns. Stolen assets
are re-invested in secret service activities of the Shadow Government of the United States.
Rumors that the 'Secret Underworld' of Charles Manson's cannibalistic ant people have been cooperating with elements of the American Shadow Government (portions of CIA, FBI and Joint Chiefs)
persist. It is conjectured that surface modern Americans of the Shadow Government trade disappeared
prisoners from jails and kidnapped CPS children for ancient technology with the Anasazi ant people.
Anasazi ant people trade for human flesh, slaves and genetic sex-surrogates to refresh their
chromosomal count.

THE 'SPEEDY-CUNT' OF TACHYONICS

AND THE TRIPLE TORUS.

The Tri-Veca gives a tonal density of 5 and hence Eris Discordia's number is the Triple 5's. The
Tri-Veca or Trinity Code releases visualization links to the Inner world contained in Bi-Veca time
continua. At its intersection in the center is the Eye of Elohei. This intersection and eye allows
visualization and observation of the Inner World and its Pillars of Frequency.

The decayed triple torus in two-dimensional

sphere configuration produces the ultra-sound image of a
woman's uterus. This is etymologically connected to the
research of time travel and tachyonics (tach Greek.,
'speed'; yonic Sanskrit., 'female reproductive parts the
vagina').
This carries connotations to the bull's head and the
ram's head and also the serpent in Crowley's work. The
Freemasonic
Templars' god,
Baphomet, was often
described as bullheaded. The shape of
women's reproductive
parts is recurrent of
steer heads with the
bovine horns and
The Trinity Code Tri-Veca - at its center the
feminine fallopian
Eye of Elohei.
tubes.
The Greek column recalls the phallus with the tri-veca crowning it,
extending the life of the phallus that structurally must find an end. Also,
the tri-veca can be seen to be a circumcision of the Greek phallic column.
It must be remembered that even today in modern funerary techniques that
the broken Greek column in cemeteries represents an unfulfilled life being
cut off in its prime and placed at the grave site of a young death.

Photos & Model: Nan.