Enw / Name:_________________________

Dosbarth/Form: ______________________
Athro/Teacher: ______________________

Geirfa / Keywords

Term

Definition

Reactant
Product
Atom
Element
Compound
Neutron
Proton
Electron
Molecule
Positive ion
Negative ion
Ionic
Compound

Lesson 1, Preserving Atoms

Lesson Objectives:
Know that atoms cannot be created or destroyed in a reaction.
Understand that atoms are rearranged.

Atom
Jam

What do you think happens in a chemical reaction. Put down all your ideas in a
list
1.
2.
3.
Compare this list with the person next to you and see if you agree. Now listen
to what your teacher has to say about reactions........
Can you now re-write your list?
1.
2.
3.
Every atom has a mass.... it may only be tiny but its there.
Lets take the formation of water as an example. Hydrogen atoms have a mass
of 1. Oxygen had a mass of 16.
The word equation for forming water is
Hydrogen

Oxygen

Water

The things on the left hand side of this equation are called REACTANTS
and the things on the right are PRODUCTS.

The symbol equation is

2 H2

O2

2 H 2O

Its important that this equation is balanced.... what you start off with on the
left of the arrow has to go somewhere and you cannot make something out of
thin air so you need enough atoms on the left to make your product.
The left and the right of an equation BALANCE.
What are the masses of these things? To do this we will draw the atoms.
1. Draw hydrogen as blue and oxygen as black.
2. When you have drawn them write the masses of the atoms on the atoms.
3. Then put the total masses under the symbols.
2 H2

O2

2 H2O

Do you see that you have the same mass in the end that you started with?
Now try the same for these:
Iron

Sulphur

Fe

Iron Sulphide
FeS

Peer Assessed
3

Peer Assessed

Carbon
C

+
+

Oxygen
O2

Methane

Oxygen

CH4

2 O2

Carbon dioxide
CO2

Carbon dioxide
CO2

Write down 3 things you have learnt this lesson:

1.
2.
3.

+
+

Water
2 H 2O

Practice Question

Lesson 2, Compounds:
Lesson Objectives:
Understand that compounds are formed when atoms combine and that
compounds have formulae.
So, we know that when two or more elements react the atoms rearrange to form
a totally new substance with totally new properties called a ....................................
Lets look at sodium and chlorine. In the boxes below write down all you know
about these elements e.g. their appearance, state, uses....... (hint, try using the
periodic tables in the lab).
Sodium:

Chlorine:

Check your list with a classmate, then with your teacher

Write a word equation for what these two elements will form when they react:

What is this substance.... where might you find it, what is it like and is it
anything like the elements that its made from?..............................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
All compounds have a formula. You already know some formulae (this is the
plural). Lets fill them in
Water
Hydrochloric Acid
Peer Assessed

Methane

Peer Assessed

These three are odd examples because they have their own special names. Most
other compounds are named by the elements that they contain. Try working out
what elements these contain
Compound Name

Element One

Element Two

Iron Sulphide
Magnesium Oxide
Copper Chloride
Lead Fluoride
All pretty easy, eh?!
Well, it gets a bit harder...... what do all the compounds above contain?...................
What about when we have non metals?
Compound Name

Element One

Element Two

Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Dioxide
Sulphur Dioxide
Carbon Tetrafluoride
What
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

rules have you just learnt?

...............................................................................
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
7

Peer Assessed

6. ...............................................................................

Lesson 3, Naming & Drawing Compounds:

Lesson Objectives:
Say how many atoms and of what type are present in a compound when
you are given its formula
Draw and interpret space filler diagrams

We looked at the names of some compounds last lesson. Now we are going to
look at some formulae and work out what weve got. Start by matching these up

Calcium oxide

CuSO4

Potassium sulphide

Mg(OH)2

Magnesium hydroxide

CaO

Copper sulphate

Na2O

Calcium carbonate

AgNO3

Sodium oxide

CaCO3

Silver nitrate

FeF2

Iron (ll) fluoride

K2S
8

These names are a bit harder arent they?

Lets look at some more rules for names:

If you see ............................ on the end of a formula then the compound is

something SULPHATE
If you see ........................... on the end of a formula then the compound is
something CARBONATE
If you see .......................... on the end of a formula then the compound is
something NITRATE
If you see .......................... on the end of a formula then the compound is
something HYDROXIDE

These complex ions may have brackets round them.... e.g Ca(OH)2. This doesnt
matter, this is still calcium hydroxide.
But how many atoms have we got?
If you have brackets then you need to multiply what is inside the brackets by
the number outside it.
e.g. Ca(OH)2
One calcium atom
TWO oxygen atoms and TWO hydrogen atoms.
Go back to your table and fill in the blank column with the number of atoms that
you have in each compound.
Now turn to the person next to you and tell them
what you have learnt so far this lesson.
Now we are going to do space filler diagrams

Ok, so its not that kind of space...................... In these diagrams, round circles of
different colours (black, white and grey on your exam paper) represent atoms.

This could represent something like nitrogen (N2)

This could be HCl. Which colour do you think is the hydrogen?..............................

Why?............................................................................................................................................

So far so good, lets put what you know together by answering these questions....

10

Self Assessed

Feedback
Mark

/6

If you had less than 6 what do you need to look at again?...........................................

.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................

11

Peer Assessed

Lesson 4, Ionic Bonding:

Lesson Objectives:
Say what happens during ionic bonding
Say why this happens
Everybody wants to be a noble gas......

The noble gases are group ..................... on the periodic table. They include
1.
2.
3.
Whats so special about these elements? Use the dingbat below to see if you
can work it out................................

Atoms want to be like noble gases because ......................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................
12

Ionic Bonding happens when a metal and a non metal react.

Write down the names of three (different!) ionic compounds
1.
2.
3.
Lets do a common example... salt, aka sodium chloride
What is the easiest way for sodium to get a full outer shell? Lets draw its
electrons to help us......

Its easier to .......................................................

If the atom does this what will happen to the balance between the positive
protons and the negative electrons?
The atom will be left ............................... charged and is now called an ION
Lets draw it.....

All metals lose electrons to form positive ions

13

What about the chlorine?

Its easier to .......................................................

If the atom does this what will happen to the balance between the positive
protons and the negative electrons?
The atom will be left ............................... charged and is now called an ION
Lets draw it.....

All non-metals gain electrons to form negative ions

We now have Na+ and Cl-.
These charges are opposite so the two ions attract one another and form strong
electrostatic bonds.
Ok, deep breath, scream (quietly!). Write down one thing you do understand and
one question you have....
I get that....................................................................................................................................
I dont get...................................................................................................................................

14

1. Now lets look at what happens in magnesium oxide

Magnesium

Will make

Oxygen

Will make

So we have Mg and O
These charges are opposite so the two ions attract one another and form strong
electrostatic bonds.
2. Calcium Fluoride
Calcium

Will make

How many electrons does this release?...........................

How many electrons can fluorine grab?...........................
How many fluorines do you need?......................................
15

Will make

The principle is the same but here we have one Ca2+ and two FThe formula for the compound is CaF2
3. Now try your own drawings for sodium oxide

TeacherAssessed

16

Peer Assessed

Practice Question

Feedback
Mark

/3

If you had less than 3 what do you need to look at again?...........................................

.......................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................

17

Lesson 5, Writing Formulae

Lesson Objectives:
Use the table given to you in your exam to write the formulae of
compounds

A positive ion is an atom that has..............................................................................

A negative ion is .............................................................................................................
The overall charge of a compound must be ............................................................
You can work out the formulae of compounds using the long winded method that
we looked at last lesson where we worked out the way some ionic compounds
form. This takes too long and cant be used for complex ions...... remember
these?
1. Sul..........
2. Nit..........
3. Car.........
4. Hy..............
Inside your exam paper (at the back, probably) you will get

18

Self Assessed

You need to be able to match up any of the positives with any of the negaties.
Example 1- Potassium bromide
This is K+ with BrAs the charges are the same the formula is just KBr.
Simples!

Example 2- Calcium Fluoride

Ca2+ with FWrite them next to each other and write in the number of the charge on the
fluorine
ions

Ca2+

F1-

swapped charges
number of ions

1
1

2
2

Formula

CaF2

Your Turn 3- Magnesium Iodide

19

Your turn 4- Copper (ll) oxide

Example 5- Copper (ll) Carbonate

ions

Cu2+

CO32-

swapped charges
number of ions

2
1

2
1

Formula

CuCO3

Example 6-Magnesium Hydroxide

ions

Mg2+

OH1-

swapped charges
number of ions

1
1

2
2

Formula
Mg(OH)2
You need the brackets because hydroxide is a complex ion and you need two
of all of it.
Your turn 7- Ammonium chloride

20

Homework
Write the formulae AND a list of the number of atoms that all the following
contain

Name

Copper (ll) sulphate

Silver nitrate

Potassium sulphate

Formula

CaO

K2 S

Sodium hydroxide

Lithium nitrate

Calcium bromide

Iron (lll) hydroxide

10

Ammonium carbonate

Mark

Number of atoms

/20

Targets............................................................................................................................

21

Summary Checklist : Atoms and Compounds

Topics

Red

Amber

Green

(a) know that in a chemical reaction, atoms ate rearranged but

none are created or destroyed

(b) understand that new substances called compounds are

formed when atoms of two or more elements combine and
that each compound has its own chemical formula

(c) be able to interpret given chemical formula i.e. name the

elements, state the number of atoms of each element and
the total number of atoms present, including formulae
containing hydroxide, nitrate, carbonate and sulphate
(sulfate) ions

(d) be able to draw and interpret space-filler type diagrams

for simple molecules using a key (showing an appreciation of
which atoms are joined to which)

(e) understand that electrons are transferred from metal

atoms to non-metal atoms, forming positively charged metal
ions and negatively charged non metal ions, when ionic
compounds are formed

(f) be able to write chemical formulae for ionic compounds

given the formulae of the ions that they contain, including
formulae containing hydroxide, nitrate, carbonate and
sulphate ions

Test result : _______________

Grade : ____________

Teacher Comments :
_________________________________________________________________________
Areas that I need to revise:
_________________________________________________________________________
22