^OLLECTloAN

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY

OF

THIC

LANGUAGE

GAELIC

BY

ALEXANDER

LL.D.

MACBAIN,

^.
'f^
I

1 n

of

Med/ae,J^
n

nv

"

/'

SIIRLING:

ENEAS

1911

MACKAY

1896
EDITION

FIRST

2)e^lcate^

MEMORY

REV

ALEXANDER

CAMERON,

LL-D.

BIOGRAPHICAL
Alexander

MacBain,

feshie

of

Badenoch,

spent

his

boyhood

there

as

the

pupil

Ordnance
Old

to

until

he
The

when

His

though

in the

of

value

great

study

and

A
of

for

Gaelic

comprise,

"Who

were

the

Badenoch

"

Personal

with
"

the

Rev.

"The

John

"

Kennedy

short

edited

He
but

valuable

Inverness,
edition
His

of

present

making

Skene's

he

prepared

of

from

demise

is

the

arrangements

however,

second

issued

Whyte,

John

and

when

is
in

"

The

an

1896,

Etymological
of

which

Unfortunately,

edition.

April, 1907,
the

added

he

school-books

Gaelic

of

student

the

Mr

of

volumes

two

Dictionary.

Language,"

with

collaboration

which

to

with

personally superintending
in

for

matter

Names,"

Place

the

out

Ptolemy's

"

In

Deer."

of

form.

Chattan,"

Clan

of

the

Burial,"

"Celtic

on

is

in

pamphlet

in

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brought

useful

work,

Gaelic

the

years,
and

Transactions

the

in

Names,"

Along

Gaelic

24

in hand.

took

also

Highlanders,"

two

important

in

much

excursus.

MacEachan's

volume

prevented
sudden

he

most

Dictionary

"

he

Place

Book

Reliquiae Celticse,"containing

Gaelic.

which

articles

and

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personal

work,

preparatory

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and

and

only

over

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Clans,

mythology,

place

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Names,"

subjects

In

of Aberdeen.

originality exercised

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"

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with

year,

same

Board.
in the

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year

years

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literary output,

not

his

school

philology,history, manners
names.

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He

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began
a

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in

1855.

year

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position

his

he

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in

Raining's School,

local

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of

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1880

1894,

made

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of

book,

district, and

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rector

held

was

native

in Wales.

of the

life he

1901

his

in

this

of

Inverness-shire,

Grammar

of

administration

author

teacher.

graduated

held

of his

in

Survey

appointment
he

the

in

Aberdeen

College

NOTES

in

publisher.

its
the

he

publication by
town

of

the
was

his

Stirling

EDITORIAL

The

edition

present

consists

of

the

additions,
''

and

written

Gaelic

jottings
has

letters

Lecturer

in

Glasgow,

who

the

which

text,

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work

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words

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Dr

his

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measure

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page

work

Literature

to

books.

Etymology,

few

of

necessary

sixteenth

in

and

Languages

found

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thought

are

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of

these

of

and

edition,

MacBain's

TDr

to

first

the

of

end

copies

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Etymological

suggestions

applied

added

brackets,

square

the

at

interleaved

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to

in

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the

from

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the

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corrections

Words

been

Supplement

original

and

interposed

with

edition,

original

Corrigenda

et

Nothing
the

the

Dictionary

Etymological

MacBain's

Dr

of

text

Further

Addenda

from

of

amendments,

author's

"

NOTE

MAC

PHARLAIN.

ar

queried
flashes

correct

of

CORRIGENDUM

At

the

foot

ADDENDUM

ET

97

of

m'a.

dropped

restore

page

To

goireag

391
on

Suth.

cock

of

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also

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of

parts

gbrag

large
=

Ed.)

add

page

coil

of

hay.

See

coileag

in

Dicty.

THE

FIRST

Etymological

Dictionary

PREFACE

This

TO

is

the

first

modern

any

Celtic
is

appearance
the

the

publication

volume
that

suggested

now

by

for

when
iind

they
iind

of

mass

for

as

fond

of

will

direct

them

this

latter

view

the

Of

words
words

large

Celtic

thirteen

The

is

per
for
work

Gaelic

is

founded

soon,

very
if

it

With

brief

account

by

especially

has

the

no

of

most

Highland

M'Alpine,
against

Gaelic

native

borrowed,

are

origin,

appeared.

yet

are

cent,

per

6900

vocabulary

the

that

any

doubtless
on

number

two-thirds

doubtful

though

guarded

of

about

of

are

with

the

of

so

tread.

to

otherwise

but

twenty

over

work

if

least,

at

are

too

Dictionary

given,

completest

supplemented

Dictionary,

this

in

vocabulary,

them,

the

path

called

philology.

not

the

cent,

philologic

dictionaries

none

appears

prefaced

are

words,

presented

sources.

of

work

proper

discussed

presented

and

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have

principles

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be

purged

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just

scholars,

larger

our

and

what

will,

Gaelic,

in

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but

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appear
in

Celtic

Scottish

or

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book

present

third

work,

for

appeared.

of

that

in

this

present

countrymen

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derivative

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friends

being

is

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etymologising,

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in

else

words

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work

pure

Irish

of

edition

nothing

nearly

which

at

that

as

learned

publish

to

yet

should

savant,

German

the

published
Some

Dictionary,

second

be

work.

early

too

Irish

German

that

that

to

it is

great
a

is

hope

should

made

Celticce,

Reliquiae

its

of

cause

promise

the

of

appeared

immediate

implement

Cameron's

Dr

has

that

the

and

to

dictionary

companion

the

desire
of

etymological

that

language,

EDITION

etymology
them

admitting

being
native.

are

Society's

M'Eachan,

and

and
Irish

Gaelic
other

words,

^.

PREFACE

T\itb

which

dictionaries

Shaw,

swarm.

Lhuyd

(1707)

makers

and

has

O'Reilly

O'Brien,

mainly
them

the

by
the

to

Windisch,

on

Irish

published

searched

far

the

thirty

or

book

follows

Latin

and

GrcEca,

Celtic

the

and,

be

too

true.

the

over

proceeded
more

That

from

always
look

of

am

sorry

University

my

proofs

and

hope

towards

indulgent

have

errors

fuller

centres,

and

make

the

reader

such

mistakes

ALEXANDER

Inverness,

13th

January,

1896.

the
of

get

as

Etynia

work

is

being

may

to

less
doubtfar

so

friends

be
meet

MACBAIN.

to

work

the

as

therefore,
he

profess

learned

suggestions
will,

on

Prellwitz'

not

unable,

to

the

works

and

the

into
was

last

form

In

does

crept

the

S'prache.

surnames

that

for

method

GriechiscJien

and

names

anything

done

Latina

his

to

however,

excellent

Etyma

der

have,

Continent.

Wharton's

the

especially,

vocabulary

complete.

Mr

been

Dr

to

missed

not

has

the

on

the

Worterhuch

editors

indebted

have

that

of

relied

have

particularly

more

trust

or

philology,

Etymolgisches
The

here

example

more

and

etymology

years

Greek

Lhuyd,

to

modern

by

Spi'achschatz.

and

own.

supplementing

especially

works,

wide,

Irish,

added

am

rkeltischer

and
of

way

twenty

various

his

trust

to

and

them.

by

etymologies,

lately

in

published

into

Atkinson,

and

for

Dictionary

had

early

Another

words,

(1815)

have

For

dictionary-

Irish

Shaw's

vocabularies

texts

Stokes'

Whitley

Ascoli,

numerous

the

For

words

from

words..

genuine

Vocabulary

Foley.

and

Coneys,

Irish

of

Armstrong

subsequent

and

incorporated

Irish

and

unscrupulously

Shaw's

getting

Gaelic

modern

genuine

of

simply

Shaw

plundered

many

Scotch

of

(1758),

the

(1823)

M'Farlane's
For

too

EDITION.

FIRST

those

1780,

O'Brien

been

THE

like

in

accepted

trouble

TO

all
with.

the

FURTHER

TO

PREFACE

ETYMOLOGIES

AND

Since

the

Gaelic

of
of

that

these,

work

public,

so

their

almost

that

being

of

In

weightiest

judgment

and

other

who

"

World

"

of
had
of

the

the

work,

Prellwitz,
unscientific

excluding
render

to

work
rule

not

was

overlooked

the

belong

to

This

was

one.

too,

followed
and

the

extreme

Irish

Celtic

words

philology

the

to

''

for

of

that

matter

best

was

it

was

present

found
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a

pure

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to

fault
best

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vocabulary

an

preface
subject

criticism

Another

fest
Maninot

in
on

most

work.

dictionaries,

models

how

derivatives

are

indicated

and

tragedy,
asked

the

the

of

was

of

critics

Citizen
a

qjiota

with

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character

Skeat.

Why,

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the
work

the

their

Dictionary

clearly

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though

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words

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gave

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derivatives

etymological

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well

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suggestion
fur

philology

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were

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for

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weight

Inverness

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derivative

question

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to

work

reception

addition

and

corrigenda
that

of

most

general

did

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thousand

seven

of

why

given

not

^uch

ask

to

in

periodicals
Nor

tragedy

any

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on

its

of

way

the

Goldsmith's

on

it

own

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et

critics

of

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and

criticism.

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the

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j^ajDers

fruitful

in

best

addenda

the

criticisms

Kuno

Fhilologie.

thank

to

from

Gaelic

the

to

the

and

privately,

gleaned

of

sort

praise

th-e

Prof.

give

The

scholars,

foreign

form

have

here

unanimous

and

of

benefit

the

had

have

publicly
what

have

indeed.

flattering

with

to

as

dictiona-ry.

my

both

along

1896,

the

of

Dictionary

Etymological

my

January,

thinking,

and

reading
the

in

Language

result

of

publication

criticisms

WORDS

GAELIC

"

was

for

with
I

could
of

the

a;^^.

preface

to

Scottish

further

dialect

of

words

Gaelic

Gadelic

the

talk

;
"

redding

Celtic

the

patriotism,

but

especially

criticism,
for

The

critic

had

it

is

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would

the

initials

method

is

The

words

These

and

criticisms

another

M'Eachan.

"

and

in

words

otherwise

already
words

new

and

overhauling

have

suggestions
of

(2)

traced

from

already
such

the

dictionaries

'

works

of

utility
capital

vowels,

(1)

come

headless

'

the

philological
work.

to

easy

such

philological

more

dictionary

my

'

so

and

contains

vocabulary

article.

without

accented

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leading

each

shown

and

its

scientific

more

like

criticism

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of

work

my

with

with

Gaelic,

for

before

see

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funny

beginning

offence

and

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for

omitted.

from

in

etymologised

not

''

the

following

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private

at

to

eye

this

against

dictionary

troublesome

are

the

at

be

may

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adopted

acquaintance

fact

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printing

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not

used

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again

Here

these

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it

and

capitals,

is

etymologies.

congratulated

style

capitals

no

the

on

between

it

redd

to

passed

words

as

was

attempting

was

"

marches

and

for

etymologies
or

new

and

the

corrected

(3)

words

and

public

referred

to,

as

M'

and

Alpine

'

f
ABBREVIATIONS.

1.

BOOKS

2.

A.

M'D

"

Atk
"

Arm.,
B.

of

Arms.

"

Deer

"

Bez.

Beit.
"

LANGUAGE

C.S.

"

AND

Celt.
Con

"

Mag.

"

"

AUTHORITIES.
Gaelic

Macdonald's

Alexander

Atkinson's

Dictionary

with
So'iigs,
Passions

the

to

vocabulaiy.
and

tfomiliffi

Breac, 1887.
from the Leabhar
Gaelic Dictionaty, 1825.
Armstrong's
in Goidelica, 1872.
Book
of Deer, edited
by Stokes
der
Kxinde
Idg. Sprachen,
Bezzenberger's Beitrcige zur
still
German
periodical
proceeding.
a
Common

.....

Carm

TITLES.

Dr

Speech,

Alexander

Celtic

not

in

yet recorded

Carmichael

"

see

literature.

Magazine, 13 vols.,stopped
Coneys' Irish-English Dictionary, 1849.

The

quoted."

Authors
in

1888.

XtV.

ABBREVIATIONS.

Corm

Cormac's

"

Glossary,
Dr

by
L).

of

Four

"The

Mast.

Annals

of

of

Lismore's

the

Four

Masters,

Etiylish- Irish

Foley's

"

Hand

Dr

George

"

The

in

in

1892.
1851.

1848,

Soc.

Tr.

1855.

the

in

Celtic
of

University
Dictionary

Society's

Languages
Glasgow.
the

of

Gaelic

1828.

Language,
Gael.

edited

1868,

1862,

published

Lecturer

Henderson,

Highland

"

Inv.

in

Dictionary,

Literature

and
S.

and

Fol

H.

edited

Book,

"

1862

Stokes.

Whitely

Dean

in

published

Transactions

of

Gaelic

the

"

of

Society

Inverness,

still

proceeding.
L.

H.

na

Lehor

h-vAdre,

na

"

Book

the

or

the

of

Dun

Cow,

an

...

Irish
Lh

Lhuyd's

"

Leinster

Lib.

MS.

Book

1100.

Leinster,

1707.

Brittanica,

Archceologia
of

"

of

Irish

an

MS.

of

1150.

M'A
"

M'D

Gaelic

Macalpine's
Alexander

1832.

Dictionary,
Gaelick

Macdonald's

and

ulary,
Vocab-

English

"

74"!
.

M'E

M'Eachan's

Faclair,

M'Farlane's

Focalair

"

M'F

1862.

M'Leod

and

Gaelic

or

"

M'L

Dewar's

Dictionary

"

1815.

Vocabulary,

Gaelic

the

of

guage,
Lan-

1831.
Nich

Sheriff

Gaelic

Nicliolson's

Proverbs.

"

O'Br

O'Brien's

"

O'Cl

Irish-

O'Clery's

"
"

English

1768

Dictionary,

in

republished

Glossary,

and

1832.

Celtique,

Revue

Vols.
O'R

O'Reilly's

"

Rev.

Celt.

Revue
.

"Rob

17th
the

Donn,
Rev.

Chas

C.

Bard

Reay

now

in

given
of

author

as

(Suth.).

pamphlets

on

dialects

Scottish

The

of

Celtic

Cameron
D

Poems

Ossianic

(faelic

Shaw's

and

Dr
"

Stew

Highlands.
vol.,

"

Stokes

Whitley

"Vocabulary

the

at

see

of

end

the

by

Rev

edited

by

Donald

Smith.

Dr

1780.

Dictionary,

English

"

St

Scottish

1885.

Dana,

"^ean

"

Sh

the

Revieio,

"

S.

Paris,

at

sometimes

Robertson,

M.

cei'tain
S.

published

vol.

"

]82S.

Dictiona7'y,

periodical

Rob.
.

1643.

Irish-English

its
R.

date

v.,

Celtique,

"

IV.

Authors

quoted

Stewart's

(Taelic

"

Collection.

....

Wh

John
"

Zeit

Inverness

Whyte,

Kuhn's

Zeitschrift

"

still

periodical
An
that
"of

the

(*)

asterisk

the

word

edition

is
or

denotes

obselete.
the

number

always
The
of

f.

sometimes

volume.

entered

as

Sprachforschung,

vergl

(Arg.j.
German

proceeding.
word

hypothetical

numeral
the

above

the

line

the
denotes

sign

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the

denotesnumber

AUTHORS

abbot

AuAMNAN,

by

edited
AscoLi

St

who

1857,

re-issued

in
"

Gall

Bezzenberger
and

Stokes'

Bez.

the

has

is

BRrcMANN
Germanic

Cameron

late

Ca?,[eron

of

the

of

St

Columba^

MSS.

which

of

has

above,

of

the

Milan
and

vowels

contributed

Celtic

it

to

in

etymologies

suggested

or

Dr

large

Gaelic
of

the

Mr

John

Cameron

Comparative

work,

where

edited

the

of

and
his

of

the

of

of

is

treated.

fully

Celtic

left

he

where
which

Celticce.

the

in

Indo-

material

1883.

of Plants,

Hebrides,

the

Revieio,

MS.

the

Reliquice

Names

Gaelic

the

Grammar
Celtic

Scottish

etymologies,
volumes

two

Customs

Agrestic

Dictionai'y.
"

the

Cameron

basis

Cakmichaei/s

noted

English

Dr

the
:

editions

Irish,"

comments

of

valuable

published
forms

Beit,

author

Languages,"
The

his

life

1874.

issued.

Middle

the

wrote
in

Sprachschatz.

St^'utmaun

Bradley's

with

furnished

Urlceltischer

704,
Skene

Ancient

of

already

are

edits

articles,

in

by

connection

Glossary

consonants

some

died

lona,

Reeves

publishing

is
and

of

QUOTED.

Commission

Napier

Report.
Edmonston

is

the

author

author

Ernault,

contributor

FiC'K,

of

Languages

2
De

of

in

that

Guterbock,

author

Hennessey,

who

Ossiaii

Klugb,

in

the

of
5th

Language,
author

the

Mackinnon

in

as

Stokes'

1894.

Scottish

the

Language,

much

written

Loan-words
his

in

in

Irish

Criticism

Celtic

on

1882.

of

Dictionary

Etymohg/cal

Macpherson's

of

German

the

mostly.
Vieux-Breton,

\'ocabidaire

his

Dr

1871.

used

the

under

to

Prof.

alia

is

-Treasure,

of

edition

Bezzenberger

edition

has

Gelt.,

Latin

best

and

fourth

Dr

1879-1887.

etymologies

here

Indo-Germanic

The

otherwise.

August

latest

edition

referred

Rev.

on

.some

lemy,

inter

of

usually
jMackinnon

Aca

this

Word

and

Breton,

the

and

Dictionani

and

brochure

Stokes
of

vols.,

the

periodical
of

ofltered

compiler

Loth,

of

1876.

Celtic

Early

edition,

editor

Jubainville,

of

in

volume

Etymological

Paisley

1808,

philology

the

Dictionary

Whitley

second

Sprachy.hatz

author

vols.,

the

Dr

Dialect.

Orkney

Middle

Breton.

on

completed

the

of
of

articles

many

yeti,

with

Glossary

Dictionary

Comparative

1890
:

Urlceltischer

Jamieson,

of

translated

in

collaborateurs

Celt,

Rev.
the

(not

begun

Etymological

an

Etymological

an

the

to

compiler

was

of

of

the

1884,

work

name

Jnv.

Gael.

Soc.

Tr.,

Celt.

in

Mag

and

in

the

Scotsman.

M'Lean

Hector

and

K.

editor

Meyer,
"c.,

Maclean

all

Murray,
process

with

editor
of

wi'ote

periodicals
of

Cath

here

many

quoted

Finntrdga,

articles
as

an

1884,

on

(Gaelic

authority
Vision

philology
on

of

the

in

papers
news-

language.

MacConglinne,

1892,

vocabularies.
of

the

publication.

Philological

Society's

Ncio

English

Diciiovary

in

QUOTED.

AUTHORS

^Vl.

OSTHOFF

Rhys

of

compiler

Prellwitz,
Prof.

Britain,

1884,

author

Skeat,
Stokes

work

it

is

to

this

his

work

in

Irish

the

is

author

Thurneysen,

in

this

has

lieen

Manx

Language.

articles

too

used

was

to

numerous

throughout

the

refers.

always

Lengthening

Vowels

of

case.

Kelto-romanisches,

use

the

to

English

Compensatory

on

reference
of

though

here,

to

nearly

name

paper

usual

the

Celtic

1879,

Language.

and

Sprachschatz

Urkeltischer

books

of

Manx

of

Dictionary

1892.

colophon

the

of

Greek,
Philology,

and

1886,

author

Strachan's

Prof.

Strachan

Welsh

on

Phonetics

the

Stokes,
His

here.

Lectures

Etymological

the

Whitley

detail

of

on

264-294.
of

Dictionary

Lectures,

vols.,

of

Dr

an

Hihbtrt

Book,

Prayer

Etymological

author

is

Rhys

Forschungtn*

Indogermanischen

in

especially

the

1884,
made

his

of

work

articles

referred

usually
in

Zeit.

and

Rev.

Celtique.
author-

Wharton,

Avork,

Etymology,

mit

Concise

Irish
of

Latina,

Etyma

Worterhuch,

Grammar,

of

Celtic

the

1890.

used

additions

thiis

throughout

Keltische

Sprac/ten
Curtius'

to

in

the

Greek

etc.

Zeuss,

G7'ammatica

ZiMMER,

editor

Norse

of

and

1882,

Texte

Encyklopcedie,

Allgemeine

1884,

Irische

of

author

Grceca,

Etyma

of

editor

WiNDiscH,

pursued
influence

Celtica,
of

Glossce
in

on

second

Bihernica%
Zeit.,

Irish,

and

many

Ebel.

author

of

Beitriige,

in

1881,

Keltische

of

by

edition

other

articles.

Keltische
which

Studicn,
he

discusses

1881,
the

ETYMOLOGY,

GAELIC

OF

OUTLINES

INTRODUCTION.

Gaelic

belongs

itself

branch

it

for

has

those
in

of

from

grammar

be

considered

'This

found

and

descended

it

Sarmatia
'of

and

is

Aryan

now

the

primitive

Aryans

form

Helvetii

in
of

weary

of

the

child

huts, packed
and

oxen,

Celts

move

up

latter

on

the

Danube,

the

Gulf

Indians

and

"

Teutons

went

The

Aryan

former

and

or

the

divisible

Arian,

old

the

home

Rhine

and

Hellenes

two

their

to

fall
of

this

Aryan

the

across

and
of

teams

In

went

races

oat

into

their

the

on

better

houses

land.

languages

Armenian

the

of

of

built

with

distant

eastward

north-west,

and

lightly

other

more

tribe

desire

the

by

settling

and

village communities,

of

from

of

civilization

Celtic

waggons
a

The

Iranians

Albanian

Indo-Iranian

in

Indo-European

or

(leaving

groups

the

to

by

ences,
differcountries

earlier

an

was

ancient

speakers

the

various
The

the

led

the

It
in

dialectal

the

been

their

parted

the

to

or

on

Venice.

of

south

number

fortune

Italians

showed

us

dow^n

chattel

their

the

the

ways

I.

and

Here

pulled

and

sought

to

agriculture,

crops,

B.C.

centre

then

have

to

presented

of

as

years

languages.

appears

time.

work

and

descendant

that

Caesar's

their

"soil, cut

the

the

by

even

tongue.

Indo-European,

language.

this

from

north

east, west,

occupied

nomadic

which

tongue,

radiated

and

all

must

original

or

thousand

three

some

they

Aryan,

the

Indo-Celtic

the

Russia

parent

one

called

variously

that

extent

an

from

even

believed,
South

or

the

is

such

to

and

other

each

resemble

the

(with

Ugro-Finnish),

and

Ceylon,^

to

speech

of

Europe

of

is

Celtic

the

family

Aryan

or

Basque,

Caucasus

and

languages,

languages

Hungarian,

tongue

parent

the

vocabulary

Indo-Germanic,
ispoken,

that

the

as

of

group

Indo-European

Turkish,

Asia

of

the

of

been

exception

Celtic

the

to

way
to

the

several
the

steppes,
the

into

six

account),

branches

south.

leading
thus

"

(a)

Indian
in

its

branch,
literature

including
to

at

Sanskrit,

least

1000

modern

(dialects or) languages,

Bengali,

and

^
-

See

dead,

now

B.C.,

and

such

the
as

but

dating

descendant

Hindustani,

Mahratti,

Svpjplement

io

Outlines

of Gaelic

Etyu^ology.
A

11.

OUTLINES

(h)

Iranian

OF

l)rancli,which

(circ.1000
II.

Greek

(from

Homer

divided

divided

Italic,
Latin

and

in

the

lY.

Celtic,

Y.

Teutonic,

of which

Gothic

which

includes

into

groups

Latin

or

the

"

descended

are

Rhoeto-romanic

and

languages.

three

of

Old

groups
North

(b)

Norse

modern

German),

the

Old

Teutonic

Teutonic

and

the

East

(a)

"

Icelandic, Norwegian,
Swedish,
which
divides
Teutonic,
again

(whence

main

two

From

a.d.) ;

cent,

inclusive

AYest

(with Attic

anon.

(fourth

called

was

^Eolic.
times

early

Greek

Greek

Ionic

"

and

modern

Ancient

dialects

Bactrian

Persian.

and

Spanish, Portuguese,
generally the Pomance

called

Poumanian,

Modern

onwards).
three

Old

or

ancient

Umbro-Oscan.

Italian, French,

Zend

and

of

R.c.

traditionallyinto

literarj^Greek), Doric,
III.

Persian

inclnsive

800

in

ETYMOLOGY.

comprises

B.C.),Old

Hellenic,

or

GAELIC

or

modern

and

languages

Danish

into

; and

(c)

German

High

High

or

navian,
Scandi-

German

being

language

with
Old
Low
Irish, and
German^
contemporary
includes
Old
Saxon, Anglo-Saxon, English, Dutch, and

which
Frisian.
YI.

Balto-Slavonic

dating
remarkable
fifteenth

and

Church

or

the

These
and

six

Celtic,
as

more

like

languages,
vowels
all into

",

e,

the

anian,
Lithu-

showing

centuries,
which

into
and

the

extinct.

now

the

Bible

was

Slavonic

modern

probably

in

Old

of

the

Bulgarian

translated

in

languages

of

etc.

Padiating
are

century,

includes

seventeenth

century, jet
antiquity, Lettic, Old Prussian

sixteenth

Slavonic,

ninth

Bussia,

the
of

traces

which

Letto-Slavonic,

or

from

cannot,
groups
drawn
closer
be
did

they

intact,

sound

Balto-Slavonic

of

together
common

than

another

one

inclusive
o

from

save

those

Armenian,

while

the

centre,

the

further

off.
the

present

Again the
changing Aryan

case

"^'"

Latin

of

genealogical

Inclo-Iranian

a.

in

in

the

way.

adjacent groups
The
Euroj)ean
three

primitive

coalesces

group

Asiatic

languages
palatal k into a

join

them

with

sibilant

the

sound.

found
with
other
be
three
common
or
Similarly two
groups
may
in
oi
and
Celtic
with
i
the nom.
or
Greek, Latin,
peculiarities{^^.g.,
and
Latin
of
the
Celtic, further, show
odeclension).
pi. masc.
relations

intimate
the
future

0-

declension
in

h,

and
^

See

in

in

having

common

an

in

(originally a locative), -tionthe passive in -r.

Suirplcmcnt

to

OntHnes

of Gadic

the

gen.

verbal

Etynioloyy.

sing,
nouns,

of
a

OF

OUTLINES

Celtic

The
18th

century
languages

Celtic
be

named

the

Welsh,

the

of the

attaches
a

Cornish

(k, Ogam

form

is

branches
Gaelic

c).

if not

Gaulish

Christian

era,

four

for

and

the

such

the

corresponding
the

two

(from Ogmic
groups

existed

time

belonged

distinctive

forms

ceithir),
e2:"o-s, horse
five, already noted, with

^?em^e,

At

amply.
languages

Gaulish,

of

is 2^um2),

whereas

group

Csesar's

:
group
Gaelic
pedwar,

(Welsh
this

^^i^^ ii^

j^

called

hence

and

Gauls

the
the

to

Celtic

the

Rhys
into

the

by

or

iv

"five"

^^em^e.

cilig:

velar

here

sound

for

has

simple

Welsh

Irish

each), and

prove

era

and

group
distinction

Gaelic

others,

follows

the

The

petor^

the

Professor

altogether,

(Welsh ehol^
some

Celtic

the

Brittonic

these

the

represent

we

2^6111%)^ Gaulish

queig,

Christian

the

mainly,

Breton

quinque.

of the

in

Thus

qu).

and

coig^ Manx

is

before

it, becomes

to

jjymj)^

Gaelic

as

q,

may
includes

between
this

in

when

is

six

comprises Irish,

difference

w^hich

the

which

former

Gadelic

consists

parent tongue,
labialised,that

when

itself

Gadelic

Latin

Aryan

The

main

group

; in

These

branches,

two

; the

The

Celtic

still lived.

Gadelic.

the

Breton

CScottish) Gaelic.

symbol

=
(2'i*

and

and

guttural
the

and

Cornish,
of

into

grouped again

are

branches

Manx,
two

were

111..

living languages

Cornish

six, when

Brittonic

the

five

comprises

now

group
there

ETYMOLOGY.

GAELIC

the

and

the

much

distributed

were

France

of

beginning

as

dying
spoken
Spain,
fifth
Latin
the
in
(and disappearing finally
provincial
of
our
or
era) ; Gallo-British
Brittonic,
spoken in
century
Britain
tribes ; Pictish, belonging to
by the conquering Gaulish
Gallo-Brittonic
the
P
and
or
and,
spoken in Scotland
group,
in
Ireland
northern
and
Gadelic, spoken in
possibly,
England ;
The
and
the
West
Coast
Scotland
and
of
in the Isles.
perhaps on
A.
will
be
in Appendix
names
seen
etymology of the national
before

Our

in

but

fast

the

results

be

may

summed

in

tabular

thus

form

"

i Irish

j Gadelic
Q Group

Manx

( Gaelic

"

( Dialects

in

Spain

and

Gaul

(^)"^

Celtic^
Gallo-Britton

ic

{Breto

ittonic
JBri

Cornish

Group

Welsh
GaulislL

various

"

[Pictish-^
There
but

vast

are

no

mass

See

literaryremains
of personal and
Supplement

to

of the

place

Outlines

Gaulish
names

of Gaelic

language
have

been

Etymology.

existent
handed

OUTLINES

IV.

and

down,
recorded
from

also

found

few

the

in

remains

as

marginal

writers.*^

fifth

and

in

ordinary

speech have
language of Brittany

The

sixth

of

and

centuries,

kindred

the

it

been
came

have

may

Gaulish

the
of

the

not

glosses

the

with
Thereafter

case

may

denoted

the

Modern

In

simply by

this

or

New

work.

Breton

and

Real

Breton

Welsh

tongues,

w4th

Breton"

without

teenth.
six-

the

and

and

the

literary

these

period of
and
ending
New

of

stage

Welsh.

or

"glossed."

so

"Old"

Old
"

century

have

we

as

Middle

"

the

words

of

MSS.

the

Cornish,

twelfth

be.

in

known

Old

till

occur

commencing

is

Celtic

into

contained

texts

Breton,

"

do

works

Latin

Old

languages

translations

super-linear

or

phrases in
The
period

are

the

"

glosses

as

of

ETYMOLOGY.

The
Brittany
tongue.
Breton
first in
Welsh, Cornish, and
languages"
appear
the
These
eighth
glosses are
early as
century.

Brittonic

the

GAELIC

words

Classical

the

by
Britain

OF

Welsh

New

Welsh

qualifying

any

word.
Gaelic

The
have

much

Brittonic
or

diverged
oldest

of

eighteenth
and

century

began
be

Manx

is

closely

far,

understood
allied

of the

men

and
to

Eastern

for

Gaelic
Pictland

is formed
each

follows'^

on

as

far

the

as

and

it is

as

1.

-H
"^.

** '' ^

Mil

I Mil

f.

are

the

Shetland

h, d,

III IIIHIIII
g.

See

Dg,

z,

Supplement

to

a,

centuries.

by
a

Outlines

u,

many

of Gaelic

MM

imi

i.

Etymology.

of

graves
Wales

strokes

line,

stem

c,

e,

Ogam

mostly
alphabet,

The
so

it

Isles.

belong

III
0,

Isles,and

t,

1^-

Irish

Ireland,

Mill

s,

the

the

:"

^"

the

with

South

in

proto-telegraphic system
below
or
above,
through,

letter

the

of

marking

on

In

the

to

Kingdom

stones

eighth

in

even

Deer.

literature

found

are

had

completely
a
literary dialect
Isles.
Highlands and

the

the

with

Gaelic
of

of

had

traced

be

can

own

over

the

They

race.

fifth,sixth, seventh,

the

which

were

tongues

Gadelic

of
cut

spoken

its

all

Gaelic

monuments

inscriptions, w^hich

the

Book

the

indeed,
Gaelic

broke

of

Scottish

to

of the

remnant

oldest

The

literary career
easily

could

and,

"

for

Scottish

the

"

than

and

which

Gaelic

Gaelic

another

one

Irish

the

Scottish

Scottish

Reformation

documents

Gaelic

our

that

is, so

with

the

though
literary language,
considerably, a divergence

common

Irish

connection

thereafter,

more

and

Irish, ^lanx,

"

Till

languages.

century

the

languages
closer

is

as

OUTLINES

Examples

of

OF

Ogam

Of

"

the

of Deces

m[aqi]

Cunanettas
Of

"

Cunanes

Tria

to

the
OS

show

examples

the

that

as

of

; the

belong

as

between
the

to

is

The

a.

Old
of

the

II.

is the

Early

Old

Irish,

inflections

the

marginal
of

of the
The

conquest.
Book

the

of

period.
for

earlier

the

later

Many

Middle
Four

Irish

Masters

many

Danes

the

Lecan,
Book,

and

Modern,
present

Book
the

or

New

MSS.

on

See

contains,

from

1200

O'Clery
The

work

of

MSS.

Ballimote,

(and
the

to

even

the

the

mark

thin

in

the

are

to

the

this

in

period.
of

case

century

Yellow

Breac

Leahar

claimed

appearance

seventeenth

here

English

Glossary,
their

the

h-iddre,

Leinster

belong

to

1550

to

chief

of

a.d.

after
the

na

Cormac's

as

1200

to

before

Lebor

account

this

in

and

of
Book

the

1000

or

Book

the
in
of

Speckled

of Lismore.

Irish,

here

called

Irish

from

time.
^

period

margins,

which

independence

Clontarf

at

period, are,

of

:"

Besides,

MS.

on

from

Irish

such

Book

entered

Irish

documents,

instances).

it.

to

MSS.

on

be

to

is the

(tenth century),

and

Cow,

and

almost

as

This

a.d.

prose

great

considered

MSS.,

narrative.^

two

Dun

been

time

comments

Armagh

Irish

presents
syllables being

leading periods

four

1000

to

and

hesitation

decayed compared

following

poetry

the

language

have

it in

near

and

800

belong

preserved
the
to
antique compared

were
so

or

supersession

later

to

seems

Early Middle
practically the
period of

"

III.

language

and

of

continuous

Irish,

and

declension,

was

yet into
genitives

The

maic).

iniaccentecl

about

Book

become

in

taken

not

in

Old

from

Irish,

not

inflection

genitives
is

the

"

into

scraps

some

has

vastly changed

glosses

there

IV'

as

The

Old

the

and

is divided
Irish

Latin.
in

for

; its

is

contemporary,

declensional

of

state

interesting,

Ogam

literary language
spoken language,
Irish

Nettasegamon."

of

consonantal

phenomenon

same

dulled

I.

^,

the

to

and

Nettasegamonas
son

contemporary

preceding syllable {maqi

and

Toranis."

mucoi

the

that

declension

0'

of the

son

of Cunotamus."

son

Mailagni
maqa
the three
of Maolan."
sons

"Of

high

:"

Toranias

avi

son

V.

Cunotami

Deceddas

Maqi

as

are

(The stone) of Sagramnos

"

These

ETYMOLOGY.

inscriptions

maqi

Sagramni

GAELIC

Sv^oplement

to

Oiitlines

of

Gaelic

Etymology.

1550

to

th"

VI.

OUTLINES

As

the

is the

entries

in

The

Gaelic

entries

of

but

it

MSS.

it

here

about

1688,
in

Deer

till

The

the

same

and

^.

upon

That

is to

gen.

Irish.

the

dative

"

consonant

has

Broad

fallen

much

includes

the

forms

written
valuable

Book

the

of

Modern

of

Irish.

Old

in

consists

the

broad

and

small

flanked

by

vowels

and

o, n,

from

words

of
e

inflexional

the

laid

to

"small"

the

cases
only two
of
feminine
singular

nom.

"

nouns

down

in the
plural
inflexion
but
rich verbal
not
practised in speech. The
grammars
"of the
old
language is extremely poorly represented by the
and
forms
of the
two
tenses^
unchanging
only two
impersonal
that
mood.
which
affects all
remain
in the indicative
Aspiration,
for I, n, r),has
to play
consonants
come
(though unmarked
now",
with
the part of inflection
the
largely ; this is especially the case
and
known
article, noun,
adjective. Eclipsis by u is practically unin
evidenced
the
loss
but
of
is
phonetic decay
everywhere
;
inflection
and
the miiformising
of declension
and
conjugation.
to

of

few

in

the

are

the

to

the

be

away

Practically there
is confined

may

time

Gaelic.

to

must
a,

Dean

from

from

methods

being

Old

we

MSS.,^^

Fernaig

Modern

ancient

"broad"

itself

also

spelling,and
phonetics

of

19

to

cally
phoneti-

the

the

on

rule
a

say,

Old

which

means

most

the

that

of

Gaelic

from

the

quality, the

(a-declension) and

more

The

its

the

considerably
phonetically decayed.

term

of Deer.

call

of

so

vernacular

; it is

dozen

or

Book

Gaelic,

differs

Scottish

w^e

orthographic lines
represents the orthography of

turn

now

of

It

is written

its

Gaelic

fulness

Scottish

in

an

there

extending

advanced

is the

phonetic

Gaelic

departure

greatest

small."

^nd

in

in

of
half

what

form

of

document

Scottish
term

Gaelic

which

insistence

Early

phonetic

The

now\

entries

Gaelic,

of

Deer,

of

Irish

and

monastery
centuries,

twelfth

seaiichaidhean.

chain

the

Scotland

here

contains

to

Legend

Irish

Middle

is also

the

Scottish

Irish,

the

"

1512

Middle

M'Vurich

of the

link

and

next

about

late

contemporary
call

eleventh

These

The

w^ritten

which
made

is

language

kind.

representing the
and
pronunciation.

as

inflexion

We

first

and

document

oldest

The
MS.

of land

prose.

the

Lismore,

the

to

Ireland

of

1700, with, however,

Deer,

grants

the

being

decayed
take

of

continuous

Gaelic,
of

of

belong

important
lines

Book

ETYMOLOGY.

literary language

independence.

of

Gaelic

GAELIC

till about

same

outburst

an

the

already said,

remained

OF

as

"

There

sub-dialects.

many
Northern

is described
then

two

are

across

and

Dialects

The

two

Southern

passing

as

from
^^

main

See

of

the

Ballachulish

/Supplement

to

to

The

Firth
the

OutHnes

and

Dialects

leading

Dialects.
up

Gaelic,

of

these
are

to

Grampians,
of Gaelic

have

again

known

the

as

between

boundary
Lorn

"

Loch
and

them

Leven,
thence

Etyiiiolorjy.

and

along

OUTLINES

rciiigc.
Northern, and
dual

it

eu,

derived

from

sound

of

Southern
The

in

^^

which

Gaelic

the

learned

the

rest

of the

borrowed

has

than

opener

far

the

often

from

words

Scots,

words

was

borrowed

times

as

into

of French

from

Gaelic

Under

Norse

shipping

language

and

in

their

of

e,

f,

the

Gaelic

"/,

alphabet

h, ?',/, 7)1,
letters

same

n,

0, p,

as

the

r,

^-^

at

loan-words

the
Old

Church

the

of

of

period

monks

and

have

been

borrowed

turn,

any
been

them

borrowed.

have

In
Gaelic

into

come

whether

Norse.

the

to

from

regard to
through
word

Teutonic

the
from

or

and

English

The

; in

sea

tributions
con-

fact, most

Norse.

are

PHONETICS.

Phonetics

deal

we

and

with

sounds

the

of

separately

consonants,

another.

one

Alphabet.

1.

consists

of

t, and

s,

the

letters,viz., a, h,

eighteen

Irish,

u.

As

Gaelic.

adequately represents

way

been

decide

upon

"
The

it is

have

the

native

vowels, semi-vowels,

inter-action

Irish

from

words, too,

its

mostly belong

terms

heading
the

"

in

(English)

Scottish

the

the

South

Dialect.

than

which

Latin

From

origin
to

I.

the

the

deal

prl's,cunnta?, cicirt,spars, etc.). Latin

are
English and
passed into Gaelic
ttc.

is difficult

it

from
of the

(such

in

Many

great vocabulary has

words

many

At

work

English, which,

directly

Scots

it.

secular

j^ost, plasc/,peur,

as

Lowland

other

the

French,

such

few,

Dialects

Northern

borrowed

languages

clergy engaged.

borrowed

tinction
dis-

literarylanguage.

borrowed

more

The

and

from

(c//.,

crucial

the

Norse.
mainly English (Scottish) and
Nearly all
taken
Latin
belong to the Middle
or
directly from
and
Irish
and
domain
(laelic
they belong to the
;
and

the

better

The

in
lengthening ;i'-^

practically the

is

its existence.

:stage of

than

inflections

nouns).

way

Irish

more

the

difterent

sound

the

Dialect

Modern

is

to

feminine

Vll.

feur against ^ar, breug against hriag, "c.)

{e.g.^
differs
two
materially in the
Dialects, the

ao

having

Southern

Dialect

compensatory

ia

North

in the

The

ETYMOLOGY.

adhered

in

the

in

consists
with

also

has

still exists

case

GAELIC

Soutliern

The

that

the

OP

Old

and

number

this

sounds, signs

and

have

New,

in

letters

of

d,

c,

combinations

no
are

necessary.

Firstly, the
it,e, 0, the
analogous
have
sounds

long

latter

only

two

those

to

in

(a, I, ft), none

simple corresponding
12

13

ggg

denoted

are

having
English

sound,

one

11

vowels

also

the

vein,

by
form"

hoar.

e,

b,

to

Whereas

corresponding
represent
of e
of the
long sounds

I.E.

accent

grave

denote
a,

of

Gaelic

a,

t,

\, it,which

Indo-European
or

represent-

sound.

S'lipph'nicntto OiUliaea

sounds

Etyiiiolofjij.

OUTLINES

Vlll.

Gaelic

The
small.

The

OF

vowels

broad

diphthongs ^'^ represent

of
or
(3) modification
of

"broad

Here

ei,

ea,

sounds,
l)e

certainly
usually

diphthongs,
Ir.

The
of the

These

I.

Liquids.

In

writing,

ear

with

only

carrying

e,

e,

They

and

The

is

long

vowel

combinations.

be

sh,

of

course

law
:

"

are

ua

of

The

spelling,

that

//iswould

us

the

trick

shows

the

practically simple
genuine
thongs,
diph-

are

ia,

the

sounds,

follows

as

forms

may

the

in

as

the

its normal

has

^'

rest

imply.
inflection, and

the

in

case

aoi, eoi, iai, iui, uai, eoi, iiii.

"

in

concerned

influence

are

and
Gaelic

of

out

The

accordance

in their

the

on

with

the

utterance

/ and
liquids are
r, with
"aspirated," becoming

The

nasal

"

e, i.

small,

small."

classified

speech

"

vi

the

are

are

of

organs

and

Ir.

ao.

in

consonants

o,

to

0.

of E.

occur

otherwise.

ao

small

or

that

not

a,

broad

classes;

two

the

consonants

fis), where

Triphthongs
of

and

are

and

sound,

the

represent

en

fios (0.

are

into

(1) simple sounds, (2) real diphthong

is

as
as

may
word

broad

to

ETYMOLOGY.

divided

are

vowels

GAELIC

the

"

nasals

the

to

and

mh,

eye

vowels.

contiguous

position

m.

the

to

other

The

are
liquids, /, n, and
really aspirated in positions requiring
r,
it.^^
There
to show
is, however,
aspiration, though no h is attached
in these
letters
made
tion
by the aspiraonly a slight change of sound
niore^*^
them
voiced
sound
in
the
l)eing given
a
aspirating
position.
"

II.

Mutes

Explosives.

and

intervocalic.

Thev

These

"

classified

are

as

all

suffer

follows

"

aspiration

when

"

Labials
Dentals...
Gutturals
.

dentals

The

flanked
affected
hh

="

by,
by

V, th
*

14

and

the

"small"

and

Dialectal,
15

iG

]"/ 18

vowels

contact.^^

such

Ji,dh

spirants^"

become

gh

before

ggg

The
e, i

Ijcfore

N,

and

nn,

when

i.

The

aspirate
=

y, ch

luh, hh, though

Svirplcnicnt

to

OiUlities

in

mutes

sounds

in

the

are

or

not

ixre"ph^f,
and

German

not

with,

contact

other

Scotch

script.

of (rdelia Ktymology.

ch.

OF

OUTLINES

III.

mutes,

by
are

G.

Spirants.

The

and

are

flanked

with

jli (

"

sh

The

alphabet, as deduced
by Gaulish, possessed the

checked

Vowels

I.

?',u,

"

"

Liquids

"

III.

Spirants

IV.

Explosives

T, e), V,

r,

"

I, m,

by

presence

seachd,

Tenue.s.

:"

Gutturals

Z-,l-v,{p)

g,

that

Indo-European

Before

another

certain

results

su2mo-s

becomes

used

in

I.

work

present
Vowels

still

V.

it manifests
Thus

remain.

intervocalic
its former
I.

E.

^eptn

Alpliahd.

Short

"

"

2',n,
t,

"

Semi-vowels

e, o,

il, e,
"

Consonant-vowels

Liquids
Spirants
^^

See

and

\j,

0,

a,
d

ei, oi, ai,

eu,

on,

ei, oi, di,

en,

ou,

i, u, represented
J,

IV.

and

six

Diphthongs

III.

")

suan.

Long

II.

0,

or
Aryan language
Indo-European
be
the
possessed by
tongue
parent
may
is
I. E. alphabet which
of the
following is the form

The
the

sounds

the

inferred.

(6)

gv

initial

consonant,

which

of the

comparison

groups,

Mediae.

"

noted

aii),

Tndo-Europ)ecm
a

"

an

ou,

eu,

Dentals

^^

in Celtic.

be

to

(A), s, j,

"

{-el),

;?/,oi, ai,

Labials

has

sounds

following

dialects,

o,

e,

Diphthongs
II.

Neo-Celtic

the

from

"

Long

By

these

practically),

nothing

or

of

Short

is G.

forms

aspirate

Alphahet.

Celtic

The

is lost

The

breathing

open

above

h).
Celtic

It

the

spirant-nuide
[resembling E.] .s7^is represented

vowels.

Greek

IX.

outside

sound

"small"

the

ETYMOLOGY.

These,

"

5.

GAELIC

Nasals
v,

Supplement

r,
:

the

See

V.

r,

/, m,
I,

in

y,

m,

this

an

du

work

spirants.
f, J,

in,

11

."?,z
to

Outlines

of

Gaelic

EtyriioJogy.

always

by

OF

OUTLINES

X.

Explosives'-*^

VI.

Tenues.

"

Labial.

th,

Palatal

Icli^
gh

Velar

"j]i,
gli

(German
This

following (1)

JIutatiou

(1) ai

becomes

(2)

next

"e"

of

conrse

of

inflnence
or

ously
previGaelic

in

(3) u.

or

o,

may

inflection

mutation

or

"^"."

or

g. daimh.

cait, damh,

double

syllable

l^y the
syllable now

i, (2)

or

by

(with

01

the

classes

cat^ gen.

the

of

of

cansed

is

three

are

in

umlaut)

vowel

There

by

combination

mntation

the

by

existent.
either

vowel

or

dli

Modification.

Vowel

2.

vowel

the

backward

caused

hh

ph,

word-biiilding.

exerted

Aspii-ates.

Dental

"mntation"

undergo
or

Medico.

"
Ill Gaelic

ETYMOLOGY.

GAELIC

liquids usually)

dall, pi. doill,

danii,, g. cloinue.

(3)

(with liquids) : ball, pi. bitill,allt,

ui

Also

pi, builg
i

(4)

mic.

eile represents

(1) oi
(2) ui

becomes

becomes

ui

becomes

b,

a,

II

ei

bonn,

become

buinn, post,

balg,

g.

ai
in

so

0.

Ir.

bole,

car.

becomes

ei,

ordinary

G.

seileach, too.

p2iist.

duibhe.

comp.

"^bere,catch

ai, hi, id

become

ill,ua

eo,

beir*iov

Ir. aile ;

sgoltadh, sgoilte.

dubh,

0.

g.

Dialectally
liquids, and

with

especially

shows

dag, fait, gal, fuil,

so

g.

mac,

Irish

where

g. tiillt.

thou.

laimhe, oige, didn.

triphthongs

[the digraph

ao

i forms

diphthong.]
becomes

ea

eu,

with

(1) ei : each,
(2) i : ctanu,
liquids, becomes

becomes

ao

ia is restored
comp.

ei

to

becomes

a,

Jionn,

g.

Ir. cos,

cas,
u
e

becomes

becomes

ea

'^

See

cearc

beul,

g.

mutation.

bebil.

g.

It

sometimes

aodaiin.

g.

irregularly" ^ar, crooked,

b\dh, [Dial, beidh, beid.h,bi-idh.]

"o"

by
of

original

siuth,

usual

firm.

mutation

ebi

the

jiadJi, g. feidh

Mutation
0

g. cinii

eudann,

Jiaire, biadh,

io becomes

g. eich.

""."

principal syllables

"^coxa

srot/ia

from

or

; cadal
;

for

nuadh,

rare

codal.

nodha.

"^ce^xa.

to Outlines
^'Uf^ijlctiitnt

of Gaelic

Etjjiiioloyy,

in

Irish

OUTLINES

i becomes

ea

ei becomes

OF

ia

the

XI.

*viro-s.

from

fear

ETYMOLOGY.

GAELIC

becomes

feidh

stem

the

in

fiadh

nom.

C^veido-s).
becomes

to

^vtro-s.

from

flor

Mutation
A
not

from

succeeding

atFects

Vj

Thus

operate.

now

"^heru

*cennu,

(0.

from

or

3.

sliochd

which

mutation

"^vidu-

slektu-

from

docs

fid) ;

Ir.

(0.

cionu

dat.

the

from

hior

the

to

Gaehc

of

Ir.

principles

0.

bit/i,world,

i, W.

y.

Ir.

bith,

I. E.

the

W.

is

plicated
com-

very

above.

^.

byd,

ith, fidir, nigh, fir (gen. and

vowels
discussed

of mutation

I. E.

i, 0.

Vowels.

Gaelic

and

in

representation

Gaelic

it is

from

comes

Indo-European

owing

(1)

'^cenno.

"
The

hir) ;

Ir.

only
^iodh

"'?*."

hy

Br.

bed

^bitu-s, root

pi. oi fear),as

also

gi.

iiid from

So

7iead,

etc.).
(2)

G.

Ir.

0.

ea,

e.

beatha, life, 0.

Ir. bethu

eadh, it,/e"r, geamhradh,

root
"^bitdt-,

*bitits, stem

meanbh,

nead,

seas,

gi.

So

sleanihninn,

seasg,

sneachd.

(3)

G.

0.

10,

G.

Ir. i.
0.

/zoJA, wood,

^os,

iodh-.

The

and

medial

mute,

develop

even

(4) G.,

0.

This

Ir.

jid, W.

i'o of

it from

0.

fionn,

which

Ir

together

original u

an

Br.

gwydd,

//zferi

/z^^tZis

due

"^vidu-.

to

the

the
always preserve
or
en
[iib,nd, ug).

So

liquid
i and

Ir. iu.
is

mutation

by

fliuch, wet,

from

"^vliqu-; tiugh,

*tigu-s.
I. E.

(1) G.,

0.

Ir. u,

0.

G.,

Ir.

add

(2) G.,

0.

Ir.

(o).

IV

W.

sruth, stream,

^z(-^A,imtc,
Here

W.

musach,
id

G.

slug,

smug,

dogs', do-,

do7nhan,

so-,

Ir.

bond,

W.

dorus,
I. E.

Ir. e, W.

Simple
So

^srutu-s.

So

/"2Mi, c?li(^/^,

tidach.

0.

0.

0.

friv"i :

cluinn, luibli,uisge.

6o'?M",bottom,

(!) G.,

u.

is

"ei/^, hot.

rare

^bundo-s.
-^(^^i,

So

bothan,

con,

torn, os, trod.

e.

e.

in

G.

leth, side, 0.

Ir.

leth, W.

lied, *letos.

OUTLINES

Xll.

(2)

G.

0.

ea,

G.

Ir.

eadh,

"

GAELIC

ETYMOLOGY.

e.

Ir.

0.

each, horse,

words

OF

ech, AV. ehol, Lat.

heart,

bean,

space,

So

equus.

dearc, dearg,
neart, reachd,

ceart,

cearc,

deas, fearg, geal, geas, meadhon,

meanmna,
meas,
seach, f^eachd, sean, searg, teach, teas, treabh.

(3)

G.

ei, 0.

Ir.

numerous,

e.

So
beil
adfer, Lat. fero.
beir, take, 0. Ir. berim, W.
(meil), ceil, ceirtle,ceithir, creid, deich, dels, [Dial.]ready,
meirbh, seinn, teich, teine.
G.

(4) G.,

Ir. i.

0.

G.,

0.
G.
H.
ivini, Ag. S. wine^
fine, tribe, root
ven,
So cineal, gin, ite,mil, misg, nnyisear,
tigh, tighearna.

0.

Ir.

friend.

(5)

Ir. i.

io, 0.

G.

hior, spit,0. Ir. bir, W. her,

smior, biolaire,ciomach, tioram.

Lat.

G.

(6)

G.

ui

rnin7i

ridth,

in

rinn

[Dial.] did,

Toinn,

for

So

veru.

(bis),ruighinii and
rinn
ruigheachd).
;

iol-,sliochd,

righinn
So

(Cf.

trusdai7\

stuthaig.

(7) Compensatory
loss

of

vowels

long

before

consonant

one

in G.

and

0.

another,

Ir.

These

of

one

arise

which

from
be

must

liquid.
becomes

ent

a.

Ir.

ec

those

cant,

ebl

egr
egn
etl
etn

G.

c.

in

W.

yt,
Lat.

G.

feur,

in

G.
(t.

in

G.
and

This
to

the

Ir.

eun,

0.

Ir. en,

tJiigshow
is clue
word

Ir.

fer,

in

under

death,

brec, ; "^enkt,

in

"^centso ; G.
enk

ent,
0.

are

Ir. cef^

geug).

W.

niwl.

AY.

gtvair.

^vegnos.
chwedl.
edn.
for

case

original
in the

accent

the

eing,

of

thig or

"^enter

case

to

and

of eadar
both.

rj.

o.

o.

G.

CO-,

comh-, with,

Lat.

pro), fo (

nel,

vowels

sentence

to

see

W.

short

accent

leum, etc.,

G.

hundred,

one

eug,

seel,W.

I. E.

(1) G.,

Ir.

0.

0. Ir.
grass,
feiin,0. Ir. fen :

sgeul,0.

forms

ceud,

(so deud,

centum

in

in

these

as

ceud, first,0. Ir. cet, W.

G.

to

such

neid, cloud,

eadar

ceum,

nk,

G.

enk.

For

Parallel

in

and

Ir. et.

(Cf. creuchd, ^crem-pt- .?);

Ir. echt

crucif}".

ceus,

b.

E.

euchd,

G.

0.

end,

seud, journey.
Similarl}-"^enk ;
breug, lie, 0. Ir.
; "^brenkd, G.

So

cynt.
0.

G.

hodhar,

gon,

0.
Gr.

gort, roth.

Ir. co-, com-,

W.

iVo), nochd,

rocyf-, *kom; so
ochd,
mol,
naked, night,

cy-,

OF

OUTLINES

ui.

Ir. u,

0.

(2) G.,

(r., 0.

Xlll.

ETYMOLOGY.

GAELIC

Ir. muir,

W.

sea,

7)idr, Br.

*))iori.

from

mor,

druim

So

suidJie, uidhe^ uileann^

{"^drOS-men), guidltc, guil, guin, sgnir,
"^vor).
uircean, gu, to, cti-, fu-, fur- (for
=

(3^

'i. a,
G.

Ir.

0.

0.

0.

c(]^5, foot,

zagainn, cadal,

"^'k

its

'"!t

(^bog-ni-

ai,

a,

such

See

two

maide,

rd,

only

So

cano.

many

words,

anail,

marc,

anam,

cac,

"c.

nathair, salann,

cam,

sgaird,

mac,

g.

mam.

am,

cam,

mic

saliva,
selle],

[Dial, for

site

ui.

u,

ur-,

uir-, urchar,

ea,

in
ei for

in

with

contact

cases

The

liquids.

uireashhuidh.

oblique

So

air

prep,

"^inagesi.

from

muigh

becomes

edit, g. uillt, hail, huill, "c.

e.

seileach, willow,

ealtuinii, eile,eir-

Ir.

E.

W.

sail,

helyg,

Lat.

salix.

So

air-, eilean, [Dial.]training, deigh,

for

ice.

oi.

This

of

change
followed
by

G.

E.

oil, rear,

I. E.

"small"
Ir.

Gaelic

into

(7) Compensatory
d,

As
G.

ai

oi is due

mostly

to

liquid

vowel.

ailim,

Lat.

alo.
and

goir, troigh, coire, loinn, "c.,

a.

Lat.

ca/ia,

m.

rn,

happens

G.

hruan,

Ir. saile.

G.

(6)

ciicin,

a.

ad-, agli, air, altruni,

This

G.

W.

sing,

mac,

cases

Common

(5)

hi

So

^az7.

tagl, Eng.

(lot.

i.

0.
G.

concuhus),

a.

ard, hard, harr,

In

(4)

W.

a,

can,

gad,

before

Ir.

ahhainn,

as

damh,

G.

0.
Ir.

0.

G.,

(3)

in

as

con

Ir.

*hongni-), cluain,

or

I. E.

G.

With

cbmh-.

sron,

(2)

awi/^,6a^^, ca^^,/a/^,

against coguis (0.

long vowels.
^compensatory
of
G.
hair, *doglo-,
ducd, lock

G.

So

terminal.

(^potlo-),huain,

(1)

*coxd.

caisg, as

cagar,

sound

coe.s,

So, too, compounds.

calltuinn.

gart, gar,
with

W.

Ir. cos,

lengthenings

in

So

goid,

oir

for

air-, coileach,

oide.

G.

ddil, meeting,

original

combination,

0.

Ir.

ddl,
-agr-

W.

dadl,

appears

in

where

-atlo-

ndire, sdr,

is the
ar.

OUTLINES

XIV.

As

h.

ia

ao,

eu,

It

has

An

that

seen

Lat.

e)

Strachan

Prof.

leine,

rather

seems

extended

has

hreun,

meur,

be

to

the

in

e).
Brugmann's

showing
than

Ir.

0.

into
dakru.

words

to

like

of

case

denr

^i

in

it

I.

athir,

E.

Celtic

in

vowel, appearing

generally as
by a, a more
philologists refuse

Some

athair, father,

G.

regarded

9.

denotes

Henry
9.

meanan.

i, and

as

groups

also

analog}^

W,

to

dacr, I. E,

The

anomaly.

"indefinite"

I. E.

is the
Asiatic

is

cases,

W.

this

sgeun,

an

IE.
This

corresponds

these

in

Ir. der, 0.

0.

deur, tear,

is

Celtic,

qi.
nt, nk, {^hito-n). See under
of a
case
landing by compensation

been

undoubted

eu

hundred,

ceud,

The

centum.

having

as

ETYMOLOGY.

GAELIC

been

cant,

OF

Europe

as

(Greek

convenient

form
it.

recognise

to

Gr.

p^ter-,

a,

Trar/jp,Skr.

pitar.
It

is

it is difficult

liquids
liquid
or
a

vowel

of

have

to

whether

and

it is difficult

that

vowel

simple

sqith, brigh
ran,

Ir.

E.

for

W.

and

W.

fir,

both

Br.

(l,v)

cases

Celtic

in

appears

we

as

a,

9,

IJisl,

root

givir,Lat.

to

For

simple
in

as

So

verus.

and
deal

(on)

eu

with

G.

the

A, shi,

see

dim, cliu, much,

show

G.

^,

ei

original.

the

as

with
have

cid, didl, element,

see

in

*bhal-no-,

bound

whether

often

say

diphthong

u,

with

with

midn,

i.

fior

{fir),true^

(miol), mios

lion, mial

sitk, siol, slor, tir, srviomh.

righ,
I.

E.

Gadelic
For

to

syllables
deal

Vowels.

Long

intimately

so

are

the

or

The

iir.
I.

0.

il

anail, breath,

bole.

Eng.

I. E.
I. E.

we

ball, member,

G.

in

as

syllables, as
In
the
case
civefjios.

decide

to

^aXAo?,

Gr.

whence

Gr.

"^ans-tla,

anadl,

AV.

G.

unaccented

in

common

a,

mathair,

and

a,

W.

Br.

aw,

sath,

finals, etc.,

equal

may

rbin,

I. E.
I. E.
a.

ei
G.

(e/?)appears
ei, 0.

Ir.

in

G.

ei, W.

languages

0.

Ir.

from

a?

siur,fiur,

Med.

Ir. siur.

"

See

Supplement

6 in

ci and

ia.

Diphthongs.
in

forms

two

ivij, Br.

oe,

oa.

"

as

See

to

Outlines

of Gaelic

Thus

"

feith, geill, meith,

rcidh, seid, smeid.^^

2^

gair.

all

mom,

nos,

"

snath.

faidh,

clar, daimh,

car,

ran,

^svesor

Celtic

blatJi,gnath, lar, dan,

see

o,

the

in

cnaimh,

But

tamh.

as

For

eu.

brathair,

ban,

see

both

appear

Etymology.

"

OUTLINES

G.

h.

0.

ia^

Ir.

OF

ia.

GAELIC

This

vowel.

broad

is due

See

I. E.
0.

Ir,

these

ifyj^).

oi

later

di, 6i,

not

ai

can

Celtic

on

following

consistently

real
and

eu

languages.
G.

a.

Br.

W.,

ruadh,
G.

b ]

hbidheach

as

lochran,

au'^^ appears

I. E.
G.
from

0.

lie,

go,

for

cos

Ir. go,

4.

I. E.

G.

oi

and

or

ua

certainly
The

taois.

the

in

Latin.

modern

Celtic

o.

W.

huaid,
also

See

Gallo-British

hud,

Imachaill, cluas,

luath

uasal.

huaidk,

trbcair

from

tvuagli,

cuas.
as

or

W.

gdu,

much

ua,

gati,

Vowels

Semi-

semi-vowels

The

claon,

Br.

do

as

Also

gaou.

Thus

ou.

eu,

"

"

bigh, virgin,

uaigneaclt.

augi-, fuachd,
"

Ir.

from

G.

in

together

truagh, tuath,

ruathar,

long,

ao

u.

0.

buaidh, yictory,
"Victoria."
Boudicca,

as

caomh,

from

Greek

either

as

G.

h.

outside

confused

appear

Ir. lia,

0.

ua,

ing
succeed-

taohh.

aois, caoch, saothair,

also

both

They

G.

See

ti.

differentiated

indeed,

nor,

are

ou

Br.

maoth,

difficultybe

cases

of

G.

in

appears

{oe, de), W.,

ae,

ground,

are

I. E.

with

influence

cm//, cliathach, criathar, Hadhy

liagh, riadh, riar, sgiath, sliahh.

fixiocli,gaoth, gaol.,laogh, maoin,

I. E.

the

to

feuch, lean, gU, and, possibly, geadh.

"

This
oe,

XV.

c^a,

ficmuis, (jiall,iarunn,
Consider

ETVMOLOGV.

Consonant

and

denoted

are

Vowels.

Brugmann

by

and

by
u,
nf erely
not
by them
we
diphthongs which
for
Henry,
instance,
as

"^

Henry

as

and

have

printed
as

of

diphthongs,

the

eiv,

semi-vowels,

I. E.

Brittonic
oLKos,

for

Thus

ydcas

(1)

Initial

gwalt

v,

is thus
v

G.,

; also

ou,

deigh

dealt

with

0.

/,

Ir.

fiodh,
fichead, -fine,

-^

See

Fick

where

is followed

and

for

signs

as

but

in

his

in

necessary,

Gadelic,

and

the

signs
the

forms
for

the

spirants.

preserved

are

in

the

Supplement

Skr.

ydva

j,
;

compare

also

G.

ebrna,

eud, jealous}',

yatnd.
:

"

W.

gw,

as

in

G.

fait, hair, li\ folt,

vdtes, feachd, fear,

Lat.
with

I. E.

For

og.

succeeding

jiiuch, fraoch, fra.s, freumh,

-^

au,

{"eta,spelt,

fdidh,

the

which

heal, 0. Ir. iccaim, V(.jach, I. E. yakos, Gr.

wc,

Gr.

for

work

in

used

are

also

withy

^yj^os,zeal, Skr.

Gr.
"'''jantu-,
I. E.

also,

and

see

^jevo-,

eo-rna,

eu,

this

j" disappear

i.

as

Skr.

and

viz., y

and

In

etc.

forms

but

ei, oi, ai,

as

prints

ey,

these

semi-vowels

intervocalic

for

; and

to

consonant

Lat.

of Gaelic

fiadh-,

iiifiath{*vlati-),.

etc.

Ovtllnes

mr,

W.

Etynioloyy.

OUTLINES

XVI.

Intervocalic

{2)

v.

coalesce

with

GAELIC

ETYMOLOGY.

This
disappears in
varying results, thus :

G.

the

leaving

vowels

to

"

produces eo, as in heo, *givo-s, Lat.

C^/nvoto-n,cf. dia), dian.
produces eb, as in ceo, ^skevo-, Eng.

-ivo-

a.

OF

ia

viviis, or

in

hiadh
h.

-evo-

^klevos, Thin-neysen as Moves-,

in
-ovi- gives iiuadh, *novios, -ovo-

a.

-avi-

d.

ogha {*pavios)

in

-eivi- in

e.

gle,

-eivo-

Post-consonantal

(3)

fiuiuis, eorna.

Lat.

dyiL'D, ^devo-,

After

a.

it

c.

Ir,

0.
it

s,

hit.

it

See

of

are

G.

I in

r,

modified

//,

whereas

slur,

The

//^

it

searhh

in

disappears.

regular

being

representation
rei, lea, lei). See

rea,

bris, britheamh,

Thus

not.

Vowels.

forms

forms

below,

lit ;

fri,

also

the

(?),sreath.

The

Gaelic

ninnerous

would

maraim,

noticed

of

Some

somewhat

sonants,
be

forms

here.

from

E.

Brugmann

G.

explains

mair, remain,

Lat.

7aer,

containing

roots

them

thus
root

mrra-,

I.

of

mora

so

0.

Ir.

from

sgar

marbh.

garhh,

Add

alt, carbad
(Lat. corbis),barr, bard, cairt,
dall, sgaird (Lat. muscerda), tart, tar ; fras, Jiath,

following

the

mall,

garg,

P, /,

see

gv,

sometimes

bleath, bleoghainii, breitli,cleith,dreach, leamhann,

"

liquids fall to be
as
glides before
;

Ir.

Consonant
;

regular

forms

leathan

sker

in

//,

disappears,

ri, li (mutated

is

following

the

/,

y,

For

(but follas),
seinn, etc.,

The

searhh,

d, (gv) : feadhhh,

after

save

haohh.

*.swsa?^, 0.

for

(*svervo-s),sohis

garhli, marhh,

hanhh.

disappears

fedb, faohk,

sometimes
is

piuthar

These

bg.

becomes

explosives

widow,
After

in

v.

liquids

After

as

clb.

in

-avo-

W.

cliit

gives

dia.

in

tarbh, deaJhh, sealhh, meanhh,

h.

deb,

{^Itovos),-ovu-

cro

i^davio)

dath
;

shower

Stokes

fraigh, graigh,

braich.

"

modified

With

vowels

in

coille

"

{*caldet-),

doire, foil,goile, goirid, sgoilt.

The

vowels

and

regularly as
pumas), slam, tldth,
Long
dxdr, maireach, fdireag (1).^'^

long

I appear

C^pl-no-,Skr.
as

dr

in

Vocalic

Brugmann
and

blath.

and

71

explains

be

may
as

looked

in
s/innlli-s,

for

tana,

(I)Id.

rd

seems

G.

in

thin

See
to

appear

samhail,

; reversed

Imi

in

which

magh

nasg.

Compensatory
"'Uf (ao).

AVe

have

-^

See

plays

great

part

ceud, hundred,
/Supplement

to

Outlines

W.

of

in

G., appearing

cant,
Gaelic

deud,

W.

Ftyviology.

usually
dant,

as

tend,

OUTLINES

eud,
vowels

as

The

before

an,

see

W.

ceum,

The

ei

eu,

from

W.

leum,

XVU.

negative

as

s,

arises

cam,

ETYMOLOGY.

g^'^Q-

t, and

c,

result

curious

most

euni-;

eiginn,

eudann,

eug,

GAELIC

OF

and

lam,

ends

which

-ngm-,
add

"g.

eislean,

eutrom,

before

appears

as

tarn, from

W.

teum,

G.

in

*t/id-men.
Before

(iom),and
iom-

medials

the

in

original
Lat.

mbi,

Gaelic

"

{ion),im

also

im-,

have

amhi,

'W

lost

""

and

Liquids.

I.
Initially we
represent the I. E. liquids r and
ramh, reachd, ruadh,
rim, loch, laigh, lahhair, leih

and

select

rath,

to,

"

aspirated," but

lamh,

sounds

the

become

-dl, -cl,-gl

the

Post-consonantal

preceding

in

I appear

the

-br, -tr, -dr,

while

are

dorus, tulach,

"

in

-bl,-tl,

-gr,

-cr,

explosives disappear with

(-//).
-si,see below

respective

and

and

In

etc.

-bhar, -thar, -dhar,

lengthening

For

vowel.

Ante-consonantal

signs

separate

no

sruth, srath, etc., cluinn, fliuch, slug,

combinations

Medially

lar.

Ian,

have

geal, meil, eile,seileach, etc.

of the

in

become

we
(cf fio7i7i). Thus
ciomach.
\m, ionga, imleag,

retains

1. E.

may

and

from

after

g, both
its i

h, d,

explosives after them

dearg, dearc, allt, calltuinn, gilb, balg, cealg,
and

ard, bard, ceart, neart,

l preserve

the

"

olc, etc.
Gaelic

of

meeting
ortha,

Lat.

ciall, etc.

with

from

in

neart,

-rp

initial

an

After

s, in

in

(1)

and

"

"

in G.

a.

Before

as

and

with

variously

liquids, n
before

r.

is

that

save

nead,
nasg,

dim,

Eng.

na,

I. E.

not,

nest,
etc.

cneadh, cub, gnath,

sneachd.

snigh,
"^bnds). (3)

is dealt

carr,

genitives plural,

in

cndimh,

snath, srviomh, snuadh,

the

m,

and

appears

in

appears

Ir.

JSfasals.

cases,

"

; from

35.

KZ.

{mnatha for
changes the b into m
bean, Ian, maoin,
preserved
dan,
run,
consonantal

from

uaill, coll,
etc.

(St.);

searrach

; corran,

Initial

the

orra

in

-si, as

night, nathair, nuadli,

mute,

in

as

follas, ball,feall,

accusative

nouns,
n.

rth,

from

; from

others.

normally

appear

Celtic

"

"

neul, nochd, naked,

After

etc.

in neuter

became

(2)

and

many

carraig

earr,

; from

comes

forrach, pole.

I. E.
I. E.

-II

-In-,as

from

I cut,

barr,

see

atharrach

Again

arises

-rr

in

as

r,

especially

cirrim,

terminal

-rs

call, coille,and

Gaelic
spear,

from

orationem.

in

-Id-,as

arises

-rr

sean,

After

Intervocalic
etc.

b
n

it
is

(4). Pre-

assimilated

to

and

I, and

appears
dis-

%
XVlll.

OUTLINES

b.

Before

the

in

-ngm,

see

Before

s,

under

is

b.

g.

before

as

disappears

preserved

After

a.

Before

the

and

Compare

c.

niios^

grlos, slos.

Post-consonantal
but

and

disappears

feusag,

(5)

Gaelic.
of

"

For
c.

in modern

with

lengthening
previous
d and
ceud, first,breug, coig. Before
"/,
is preserved, as
in ciimhang, fidaing, muing, seang^
it assimilates
d
-jionn (^vindo-s),
honn, inn-, hinn.

disappears

as

vowel,
it

ETYMOLOGY.

GAELIC

becomes

labials,n

t, c, the

but

OF

after

in cam,

as

r,

after

I, leaving II (seeunder
tighearna, etc.
eorna,

I))

becomes
in
dronn
for
as
is, -sn
-nn
;
*dros-no-,donn, uinnsean, cannach, bruinne, etc.
The
mutes,
t, d, c, g, p, disappear with
compensatory
lengthening of the previous vowel : -tn-, as in eun, buan,
uin ; -dn-, as in bruan, smuairi
is doubtful
cf ton,
; -enalso sgeun,
breun, lean ; -gn, as in feun, bron, nan, srbn ;
in
ten ;
as
suain, cluain, cuan
tepno
;
-jpn,
-pn ?
follow
but
dne
apnio
lipn len,
(Lit. aps) ;
;
that

s,

"

(Stokes) ; en, gn, and tn initial

vowel
is nasal
pronouncing ; but the
with
nasal
bn
is
becomes
gnath
a
as
grath
;
mn,
in
mraoi
snath
becomes
mnaoi, pronounced
even
;
dialectallysrath, especiallyin oblique cases.
After
domhan
in
b, that
is, bn changes into mh-n, as
sleamhuinn.
{*diibno-),
supn

suaii

become

c.

The

(2) n

G.

copn

cuan

in

"

combination

-nn

and

from

duinne

is for

unaccented
of

-inn

becomes

general,gloinne is
Initial

other

is

damh,

In

7nin, etc.

consonants,

always aspirated
"

results

various

geimheal,

caomh.
occur

In

"

m.

liquids, rn is preserved
{geamh-radh, etc.),but there are
course,

comas,

of

cnaiinh, iamh,

Before

Of

gen.

glan.
Before
the
rnios, muir, mil, maide, etc.
becomes
in
braich, brath, hrugh, blath,
b, as

(1)^Pre-consonantal
a.

niinne

in

appears

with

from

it is

of

comp.

and

combinations

therefore

duine

I, the in
Intervocalic
bleith,bleoghainn.
amhuil, like, crulmh, amh,

liquidsr

(1) n before
n,
a
(4)
doubling of n in an
; or
of a word
(tighinn,etc.),or, rarely,
In
cinn, cluinn, linn.
Islay, -in

arises

-sn
(3)
d,
syllableat the end
like
one-syllable word

before

before

comain).

results

in

in
no

an

aspirated
ancient

certain

preserved

form
cases.

(cf.amadan,

OF

OUTLIXES

Before

b.

to

seem

In

in

for

rom

or

m})

prefix ^m-,
{q) became

Prehistoric
both

language
Post-consonantal

W.

calma,
After

letter
with

"^

additional

neuter

which

E.

in

Pre-Celtic

the

older
is

may

In

before

See

-ngm,

(4)

-ngm,

ng.

The

most

is

may

grade,
another

be

to

cases

druim

intermediate

an

roots

many

ruaim

appear

(vnhnd)

and

gemn,

(1)

from

in

as

(5)

or

or

-gsm), (3)

-csm,

-ndm

e.tc,

torn,

turn,

aimsir.

arise

or

the

seemingly

amail,

final, may

or

from.

explosive

the

but

cf. amas,

postulates

reim, Iom,

seaman,

aspirated

be
and
for

Gradation

characteristic

called

instance,

the

the

last

the

reduced

syllable.

"

they

teum,

(-mbh),

mb

pt

Why

normal
"

the

"

the

I. E.

show

wrepov,

grade,

"reduced

grade
e
interchanges
is

Ablaut.

or

evident

languages
grades

are

three

Greek

in

flutter,
"

of

roots

speak

to

/"e^, for

root

reason

like

gruaim,

\m,

Vowel

(TTCTo/xat,
fly,TTorao/xat,
"

as

word

leurn, hewn,

in

as

5.

triple-barrelled,so

is

^??^-, iom-.

"

The

the

now

(also -hsm, -tsm, -dsm,

ceum,

inh

becoming

in

as

in

present

n,

some

mm,

usual
and

also

the

before

as

is in

very

case,

on, intervocalic

(2)

on,

or

I, and

r,

language

of freumh
disappears, as in the case
accented
the
prefix ad- preserves
m
G.

-en

see

any

explosives

Preserved

us

didean,

the

originally have
belonged to an
in a word
like
such
a
development
snaidm
from
as
a
(d. snaidmaimm),

Ir. appears

"^roud-s-men.

After

liquids

consonant

actually

"^snades-inen.

"Celtic

the

But

s, which

We

stem.

snaim,

in

previous

with

disappeared
also

and

anmoch.

dros-men.

between

before

in

the

in

as

m,

(as in gairw,, from ^gar-aseirm, deilvi,

(W. civrw),gorm,

cuirm

meanmna,

becomes

.5, m

an

See

rompa

doubt

of

matter

the

intermediate

an

gai^yn).

ainm,

from

'Comes

is

fail

wnpa.

Compare
md

in

aspirated (mhgh, mhdh).

After

Whether

now
in

cases

before

as

iompaidh,

so

7ng,

appear

m.

preserved.
postulated
men

is, "^rom-sho

lengthening.

compensatory
eiridmn.

{2)

language,

historic

is
explosives. Original mb
I. E.
iom-, in imleag, torn.
n
(as in ceud, breitg),and

the

Celtic

certain

no

usually pronounced,

as

that

so,

the

XIX.

but

disappear,

occur.

results

Before

".

should

s,

ETYMOLOGY.

GAELIC

appears

second

"

with

first
the
"

weak

"

or

the
o

chief
is

of

least

vowels.

^-^e^, 2^ot,

as

The

wing).
the

at

not

"

grade

vt
"

"

deflected

grade.
accent

clear.

The
is

on

The

OUTLINES

XX.

1. E.

leading
follows

OF

series

GAELIC

vowel

of

ETYMOLOGY.

gradations

six

are

in

number,

as

"

e-series
.

but
2.

e-series

3.

a-series

4.

o-series

5.

a-series

6.

o-series

Corresponding
A'owel

grades

Eng.

The

in

as

suidhe

series

follows

as

belongs

11,

III.

G.

Deflected.

nil

ei

ei

oi

eu

eu

ou

(ore/, en, em)

er

or

correspond "reduced"

long

simple

u, and

We

also

may

feitheamh,

the

to

add

iiine,uiridh

Latin

(sed)^

forms

ei

belongs %, tO'
vowels
correspond the long f, I,
triple ve, vo, u (vet,vot, ut, as in

consonant-

here

in

""

Weak,

all these

strong

"

er

eu

"

two

[properly sidh], peace

Normal.
e

To

the

are

sed, sit,sod, sed, sod, si-zd,found

full is

in

e-series

nil

o,

e,

(sod), G. sith
sido (si-zd).

(sod),Lat.

soot

the

to

e, 6,

(sed),G.

sedeo

the

vel,vol, ul

in

as

to

"

fait,

0.

Ir., Mod.

Ir.

folt, olann).

(1)

Some

Gaelic

The

e-series.

from

examples

uidhe

^tegos, *togio-;

geas,
ei we

cleas,cluic/i,etc.
in meith, maoth,

mit

kloi

from

Mei,

from

ghoi, ghi

hliud

; and

roduidh
;

cluinn
the

liquids show

from

roud,

changes

ged, god

complete

veid,

vid

form

of
;

huail,

kleu,

Mu

also

heir, hreith

gaoth, geainhrad/t

the

cleachd,

meit, moit,
cliathach, claon

diphthongs

rudd

set

; further

The

short

from

from

the

miosa

or

the

given.
"^pedo-,^podio- ; tigh, tugha^

guidhe
have

others.

from

cluas,

meata

from

fianuis, fios

differentiated, but

ruadh,

be

now

eadh,

G.

In

be

will

cannot

ou

eu,

root

occurs,

buille

from

nuadh,

in

hhoud,

(?)

nodha
from

as

The

her, br,

and

also
(hftu-).
hrath, judgment
speech w^e have
in
iol
rich
forms
The
root
(*pelu-), uile
:
pel
especially
(*polio-),lion i^pleno-, Lat. plenus, from
pie), Ian (either
^9/-),that is,"root
"^plono,plb, Eng. flood, or J'pl-no-,from
in the

sense

of

is

full."
In n we
pel, pol, pi, pie, plb, pi, meaning
tana
(^tendo- tnnavo-, according to Brugmann),
teann,
in gnwmh
and
teud ; from
we
get the long forms
gne
gen
"

forms

in

gnath.

namhaid,

In

nem

foe, from

we
nom

have

neamh,

heaven,

(Gr. vw/xaw).

0.

Ir.

nem,

have
and
gno

and

OUTLINES

(2)

The

and

series

G.

others,

agh,
"

0.

"

Ir.

is

the

root

Aed, aed,

1.

E.

]'and
difficult
with

(1)

and

effect

I. E

sv

W.

I. E.

sp

as

appears

in

appears

But

sq,

sqh,

ysgivyd,

(2)

Intervocalic

as

searhh, seal,

se,

rarely

more

See

resultant

its

or

in

Ir.

much

as

siur,

as

till ;

t,

as

in

as

in

si, as
Some

taois.

srath, sreotliart, sreang,

that

st

but

Welsh,

explained

otherwise

spr

sealg, sine.

iigh, td, tighinn,

hold
in

case

And

sv.

appear

may
the

instances

(cf. seirc, sail,

appears
s.

in

Gaelic

as

sg,

Ir.

0.

as

sc,

precedes the sg with

E.
sgiath, G, sgiath, shield
: L
sqv
W.
W,
chwedl, sgeith,
sgeul,
chwydu.
The

etc.

W.

Ir.
G.

chiv, as
sin

h ; before

straighlich, slis,sonn,

is the

appear

sgath, sguir,

I. E.

it

intact

(St.),seall).

searrach
I. E.

is

deal

we

remains

appears

Celtic

in

slaid.

be

can

Here

it

pill {^svelni-)gives filland

sr,

6", which

adduced

cussed
dis-

(teis).

str, stl,become

simple

which

becomes

usually,

is chiv.

piuthar

while

Gadelic

slios,slat, sloinn,
as

G.

; cf. sron,

sr

represents

from

E.

vowels

as

treated

is

its

as

already

t-'.

liquids,I.

form

The

seisd

(sph)

has

have

and

before

the

*svesdr,

st

We

semi-vowels,

the

Gadelic

fiur, from

I. E.

of

and

etc.

compare

dg in

s.

sihh, seid,

also

etc., and

diphthong ai
in Mackay

z.

consonantal

in

t ; in

or

get,

we

I burn.

s, and

v,

Brittonic

appears

entiated
differ-

not

short

aghaidh,

before
r
disappears, while
preserved (see sruth, srat/i,sron).

is

the

Spirants.

heading
the

is

from

it

m,

and

h,

j,

slol
series

; but

of

{*snemu-) and
(^selo-)and,

smomh

a-

in

name

examples

comes

se

Aodh

at^w,

vowels

In

best

The

The

first with

Gadelic.
and

The

XXI.

gives

series

o-

warlike.

were

the

Before

s.

1, n,

a,

under

2, and

the

dg, lead,

6.

differentiate

to

Initial
in

spirants
V

the

fire,Gr.
"

The

of

(soto-). The

nor

aghach,
grade i.

success,

reduced

One

transfix

possibly, satk,
among

ETYMOLOGY.

(snd),spin, which
{*sndtio-). From

sno

thread

in

GAELIC

series.

other

is sne,

snath,

OF

in
This

Gaelic
becomes

as

sn,

and

{"^to-guso),
do-, chi,
s
disappears altogether

as

in

sgath,

in
a

^z

in

as

W.

is in

sneadh.

disappears

compare

tagh

etc.

(3)

Terminal

combinations
so-called

of words

euphonic k,

its former
as

in

the

; but

in

existence
article

closely
is known

genitive

connected
from

feminine

the
and

OUTLINES

OF

before

vowels

XXll.

plural

nom.

0'

H-

Irish

of

prothetic

(4)

; and

ETYMOLOGY.

(na h-oighean^'^'seriht-iaugeu)^

it

the

be

may

in

origin

most

alsa
of

cases

s.

Pre-consonantal

s.

but

eirich

the

GAELIC

prehistoric

is

--^r

^ek-s-7^egd.

from

comes

of

case

coming,
forth-

not

I, Tii, and

Before

{m of Gaelic
being
disappears, and the licpiidis doubled
Medial
for older
under
letters.
these
mm), as already shown
the
older
and
it is
sv
as
/' in
language
(see seinn),
appears
in t ibhann
still seen
(^to-sven-),
feabhas.
s

Before

the

in

the

sp

is

modern
not

Post-consonantal
the

r, and

the
s

become

with

; -ds

adds
The

results,

*vid-sar).

combine

explosives

now

lios,as,
Gaelic
seas

(2) from

in

m-sh
the

Even

G.

this

mlos

in

as

-ns,

from

by

only, however, x
aisde, out of her).

nead,

seid.

gad,

I. E.

this

Again

beag, biog, 7neag,

-zg

between

I. Yj.

tenues,

7.

the

importance"

in

Greek.

mediae

modern

The

disappear into 0. Ir. ss^

*onks-), lus, leas {^led-so-),

and
The

from

arises

(3)

and

from

modern

of

tenues

(1) st,
-ts,

-p?,

-cs.

of

restoration

in

(as

st

as

se.

caora,

so

medial

explosives.

maide,

brod, ceady

in G. into

g ; compare

ex-gal-),
rag.
Mutes.

or

possible

double

set

aspirate
the
the

of

sixteen

number

aspirates {ph, bh, th,

"

were

in

rare

and

of

no

and
only in Sanskrit
predecessors of aspirates of

resulting languages,

aspirates are
But
in
languages.

the

developed
=

formed
the

before

nizdo-s

Explosives

explosives

dh, hh, gh, qh, gh).

the

The

mediae

have

eagal (

g7nogag,

"
The

seems

; Thn.

z.

I. E.

to

previous

and

sort

only

from

-ns

m.

modern
also
become
may
Final
x
disappears, as in

is assured
is

nest,

or

; -7ns,

others.

many

st,

in

-Is-

eqos)

under

see

tO'

From

the

for
*sindos

intervocalic, therefore,

language

mp,

"

etc.

earr,

s.

is assimilated

later

t-each

I. E.

Thus

tarr,

the

mi

'^oups-

"

the

becomes

g ; sp becomes

lengthening

For

eks),and

-7ns,

arises

-st

previous
aiste, now

out

in

in

with

uasal
"

preserved

Gaelic

in

as

s,

becomes

liquid r

compensatory
as

combination

medials

the

%g

as

least

t,

The

-sg

Before

the

is rr,
at

becomes

Htir

in Gaelic

result

which

tenues,

(see fasgadh, seasg,

in
seas
(older ss) simply, as

etc.

After

s.

seemingly
vowel

in

for results

see

the

mediae.

becomes

-sc

etc.),
fois, /a.", dos,
*ststn-),

become

becomes

st

z, which

(5)

; but

before

preserved

language

certain

measg,

is

explosives, s

save

Celtic

languages

these

medi"e

OUTLINES

gli as

Celtic

in

appear
g.

and

6, d

as

mediae

the

Balto-Slavonic,

The

ETYMOLOGY.

GAELIC

into

merged

aspirates were
hk

OF

dJt

as

this

in

XXIU.

themselves,

d, g and gk
matter, shares

that

so

as

h and

and
g
g, and
the pecnliarity

Celtic.

of the

intervocalic, are
aspirated" in Gaelic
explosives,when
th
( h), d to dk (=?/), c to ch, g to
v), t to
p to ph, b to bh (
Welsh
the
the
tenues
to
changes are
gh, {^y)
corresponding
All

"

the

"

',

mediae,

and

mediae

the

to/, dd,

and

preserved explosives in Gaelic

of which
in many
explosive, the cause
and
the leading cases
are
causes
the

(1) Doubling of
building.

The

Inflection.

a.

explosive

d of the

root

arise

of

as

of the

doubling

The
G.

of intervocalic
course

vocalic
Inter-

g.

obscure.

is

cases

of

case

from

lowing
fol-

mutes

inflection

the

bath
caithte,'\

word-

or

in -te preserves

\caithgives

t; thus

or

(forbadh)

gives raite, etc.

end
or
prepositional prefixes which
the
consonant
a
succeeding explosive ;
preserve
like
air
even
vowel-ending prepositions
{*are)^ aithif the
the
is on
accent
{"^ati)do the same,
preposition.
The

Word-building.
ended

in

Thus

abair

"

is for
way

is for

ad-dnm,
of

from

After

ceud,

teud

or

for

from

is

and

for

In

and

rud-t
the

compare

aidic/i

ad-ireb,

ad-gar.

for

from

ruiteach
*cred-dh6

Thus

m.

aitreahh

ad-ces-,agair

have

affixes,we

rud-c, creid

sunk

ad-ber,

faic

boicionn, /aoicionn,

(2)

the

the

in

participle passive

gives baite, radh

/".

in

nil

the

ruicean

compounds

craicionn.
deud

comes

"^cento-,so

ceud, first,from

from
send

d?it,and
;

so

nlco-,

from

eug

with

etc.

(3)

After

sunk

This
is assured
for zd, as
spirant z.
(^broz-do-, ^ orse
broddr), cead, gad, maide, nead
doubtful
is
for
giving g
^es-gal or
eagai seems
beag for gvezgo-s (Lat. vescus),iiieag for mezgo-.
"

(4)

Cases
cat

also

(5)

corresponding to double
explosives in
and
Lat. catta
(borrowing ?),cac and Gr.

other
kolkkyj.

in
;

but

brod
zg

^ex-gal-,

languages
Compare

slug.

Doubtful

Many

cases.

due

of

these

cases

can

be

affixed

satisfactorily

consonantexplained
immediately
Thus
brat may
be for brat-to-,trod for trud-do-,
ending roots.
for "^yak-ko-,
for mrg-ko-.
breac
Even
suffixes
in -bho- and
IOC
and
not
(Eng. k in walk) are
unknown,
they might
-goaccount
for reub
{^reib-bo-, reib-bho-^Eng. reap^ rip),slug for
Dr Whitley Stokes
has
slug-go-,etc.
given a different theory
founded
the
of
Teutonic
on
a
analogy
phonetical law, stated
as

to

suffixes

to

OUTLINES

XXIV.

OF

thus

GAELIC

ETV^MOLOGY.

"

hh, dd, gg before

6?i,dn, gn became
:
by Brugmann
thence
in primitive Teutonic,
principal accent
tt, kk
pp,
Grimm's
further
treated
were
just the same
law), which
tt, kk, which

2)p,

b/in, dkn,

had

arisen
.

glutton

[*sluk-no-],M.

allied

Gr.

to

words

allied

G.

to

G.

sluchen,

pre-Celtic ^slug-no-, the accent

of
this
hypothesis

should

found

not

are

be

hreag,

being

Lat.

athair,
piscis,

Eng.

ibh

For

etc.

and

and

G.

ises

as

appears
When
G.

; it

an

may

creuchd,
G.

here

0.

is, of

the

t, c,

Lat.
and

is

for

be

for

due

it arises

jo

Lat.

necht,

may

it.

to

{^tahaidh arising

is

lost

not

in

or

and
and

twys,

see

uasal

(Of. teanga
gutturalised ; we
neptis, Eng. niece ;
up.

is

lep-kd.
some

; and

we

*tab-tha)

from

In

combination.

"^leb-tha

from

Initial

sir.

supno-s,

vxprjXos,Eng.
the

quinrpie
guttural-

combination

new

"

G.

s, it

or

W.
"^steip-s-d,

septem,
Ir.

five

sliseag, sine,

suain

course,

leabaidh,

explain similarly tap

in

as

(^upo), for, teth,

feasgar

and

in

like

leac

Possibly

leapa, genitive

Gaelic,

countenancing

sonn,

from

seachd,

In

Thus

Lat.

of

7nrg-n6-,

slug.

numeral

the

liquids

seems

*neachd,

of

either

original

intervocalic

uniform

from

in

fo

see

p,

Latin

the

form

dreachd.

of

The

-no-.

that

breac,

disappears

penqe.

without

influence

dias

In

dingua).
add

was

lengthening.
G.

fact

analogy

sealg, spleen,

appears
leaves
its

had

E.

initial

before

have

may

I. E.

see

compensatory
cluain, cuan.
and

the

in

the

suffix

the

to

{*sapiros), etc.

original vesperos

an

refers

p.

intervocalic

saor,

agree

coig, though

Stokes

*pet-no-,eadh for pedo-, iasg against

(for pibo), Ian against Lat. plenus, lar

bibo

against

I.

I. E.

from

for

eun

(*kaperax),
Lat.

in

intervocalic

pater,

floor,

caora,

sp

and

as

gulp, have
hiccup,
last
These
hiccup."

Thus

the

on

(by

shcccho, slukko,

the

on

in

it.

I. E.
Initial

G.

Dr

lies

from

breac,

not

have

which

slug,

weakness
results

H.

H.

Av^w, Xvyyavdoixac,I

are

and

tn, qn,

pn,

0.

ghn.

ghn,

from

the

so

must

raip,

streap.
For

the

taking

derivations

offered

place

of p

through

I. E.

b is

treabh,

(1)

two

become
in

rare

doriihain

Initial

I. E.

b in

bh,

Gaelic

b,

compare

the

liiths.

bh.

and
G.

the

language
{*dhreub-tu-).
; in

any
and

initial

tore, turlach, tuil, tlam, tliis for

for

I. E.
These

an

other

it appears

Celtic
in

languages,
{*pib6).

ibhim

driichd
G.

bragh, btuthainn,

b.
buaidh.

See

beir, balg, ball, ban, blath, bloom,

OF

OUTLINES

Intervocalic

(2)

I. E.

G.

hh,

ETYMOLOGY.

GAELIC

hh

v),

0.

XXV.

Ir. 6, W.

See

/.

ahhainn

crabhach, duhh^ gohhal.

Pre-consoiiantal

(3).

a.

Before

b.

Before

/ it

(4)

771,

in
g

(5)

as

It is

bh.

in

These

After

In

b.

reuh

-bo-,"^reib-bo-,
gob-bo

C?).
stumpy
d, especially of the

(see the

and

; also

KoXopSs,

previous

gob

cliob

is

preserved
perhaps after

t, G., 0.

Ir., W.

See,

t.

produced

qlg,

from

abair, abadh, faob,

t.

t ;
intervocalic,
Initially this is Celtic
otherwise
it is variously modified.

Initial

clib-bo-,root

as

"

have

to

seem

is

prefixes
above).

paragraph

we

from

Oftenest

I. E.

(1)

the

preserves

it

aobrann

and

liquids r

it

After

ambi.

mbi,

the

after

preserved

abair, lebb,faob,

in

intervocalic

suffix

etc.

from

are

b.

druchd.

in

as

I. E.

leahaidh, *leg-b%iti-(1).

Gaelic

Gr.

iom-

; after

eabar

"

'^'slibno-s,

is for

"

ch

b becomes

b,

im-,

in

dubrum.

lengthening

sleamhuinn

now

carbad, cearb, earb, gilb, sgolb.

"

Gaul,

compensatory

domhain.

so

t, I. E.

Post-consonantal
I

mh

becomes

dippery

Before

with

disappears

it

Eng.
d.

abhra, gabhar, dohhar^

"

7ieblo-s.

for

Before

b.

or

it remains

neul
c.

bh

among

it

and

aspirated,

is

tiugh, tar, teth,

many,

teich,tais, tora, tlaih, tnuth, tri, treabh.

(2)

Intervocalic

mathair,

t, G.

th

ith, roth,

0.

h),

ceithir, leth,

accented

as
syllables it appears
the
is always
case
(glan-adh). Irregularly /"zc/A

and

{3)

Pre-consonantal

criathar,

initial.

not

briathar,

n,

as

in

Before

eun.

freiceadan

(4)

become

-dd-

Post-consonantal

t.

ceirtle,alt,fait

etc.

As

seen,

After

or

and

; after

-bt becomes
c

that

g, the

-chd,
t

sinks

as

non-

"^bivoto-s,

from

in

is

preserved,
disappears with
hi, beul,
like

vid-tu-.
i(

of G.,
0.

-atu-

as

as

Ir.
in

in

Jios

in

freagair.
to

druchd,
G.

to

d.

while

is

from

are

c,

as

; -td-

in

as

'

in

as

d,

so

another

G.

preserved,

pensatory
com-

etc.

ite, etc.

cc,

in

as

the

Before

it sinks

in

and

disappears

is g,
I it is

and

it

Words

becomes

-tc-

gg,

After

ceart,

seachd.

; -tg- becomes

it

miosa, ris, sets.

preserved, as
vid-s-tu-,formerly explained as from
resultant
t, t is preserved in the
to

in

infinitives

chwedl,

the

in

seems

athair,

See

faith.

W.

sgeid,

"

the

Before

Before

etc.

lengthening
before

ior

biadh

in

as

with

d.

Sometimes

etc.

dh,

this

(d),W.

th

Ir.

beart,

in

-pt

preserving

ceud,
is

in

the

OUTLINES

XXVI.

guttural
has

(5)

as

and

W.

intervocalic

suffix

crcit,

is

reif.

ultimate

kur,

lot, root

The

and

W.

(1 )

Initial

dh.

d,

for

d ;

root

preserved

See

it,as

in

not
following does
ciotach, *sqvi-tto-^Eng. skeWy

d. dh.

; Gaelic

initial

dh

between

vowels-

dall

See

dearg, dorus,
"^vidu-, eadh,

also

jiodh,

*bnd-s-li()-

dh

d,

smuaiii

non-initial.

Before

and

d,

as

b, as

now

in

as

aidich

; with

The

coille,call, moll,
0.

bonn,

Ir.

explosives before
next
paragraph.
Intervocalic

G.

For

zd,

unusual,

are

There

d.

with

save

With

coalesces

it

; with

agair.

following dy

with

Jionn,

0.

and

for

d,

Ir.

Jind,
The

which

least

at

sources

in

/, as

paragraph.

next

see

three

are

in

n,

accented

or
*tid-s-qio-,

in

as

for

sometimes

amas.

preserves
assimilates

It

; and

binn.

bond,

liquid r

g,

is

in aitreabh

t, as

; with

ore/,etc.

iiinllach

an

for

with

faic

in

with

in

or

So

etc.

as

c,

d, dh.

drd, bard, sgaird,

in

the

abair,

it

uisge
explosives, with

musach,

Before

Imille

appears
dis-

aireamh

in

aimsir, amal,

in

as

m,

in

but

the

I, n,

r,

Before

*vrd-md,

become
s,

in

Post-consonantal
as

freumh,

into

smoud-no-.

for

^vid-s-tu-.

for

bb,

in

as

it coalesces

to

dlighe.

suidhe, fiadh,

as
lengthening,
compensatory
but
buail, i*boud-lo-),
aro.'t, arach,

disappears,
prefix the d
Jios

etc.,

etc.

{^ad-rim-)

(5)

aitreahh,

the

with

(4)

the

deas, dearc, deich, di^uim, dim, damh,

dh.

d,

Pre-consonantal

"

when

Ir. ette, *pet-tid,

ite,0

preserves

of

dh, duhh, domhan,

Intervocalic

guidhe,

(3)

Ir.

dd.

for

(2)

0.

lu.

Celtic

uniform

is

root

affixes

I. E.
This

of

of the

the

to

root

reachd.

hochd,

[incaithte,spent,]in

taitinn, ridteach,

belong

ochd^ nochd,

The

t.

The

lit,^plt-tion-.

ETYMOLOGY.

th.

in t, as

begins

GAELIC

aspirate

an

-cht here

Gaelic

OF

for

see

this

d.~
a.

The

b.

The

from

nt

arising

in

ceud, tend, beud,

the

from

spirant

"^brozdo-, cead, qad, maide,

c.

From

-dd-

in

as

etc.

before

in

(/, as

hrody

druid.

nead,

creid, goid, rodaidh,

trod,

etc.

but

in

; also

aidichy

"^ad-dam-.

I, E.
These

languages

(1).

Initial
corn.

in

appear
q,

if
k.

G.

"

and

"

uniformly

labialised, becomes
See

"

chiinn,

cu,

^."
as

as

in

the

Brittonic

Greek.

ceud, hundred,

cac,

cridhe, caomhy

OF

OUTLINES

Initial
W.

pedwar,

cruimJi, W.

has

the

but

W.

(2)

to

been

k,

deich,

(4)

; and

meanan,

breun,

ch,

eg

do

not

(4)

sinks

to

as

or

as

and

c,

Gaelic
-ik

acarach,

against

the

c.

word

G.

G.

and

(1)

W.

Initial
in
in

all,

consonants

and

W.

is in

the

gk,

b.

I. E.

But
g

geamhradh,

gh,
:

chd,

(5)

reduced

a^uachy

in

case

is ,s,

explosives,

for

which

see

(m),

but

in

G.

it

After
the

preserves

it

breug,

eug,

etc.

teasg,
root

or

as

appears

After

pre-consonantal.

from

arise

-kk

in

-gk

*mukku8,

rtiac,

in

bac,

postulates
(gen.) and W.

son,

cac,

boc, breac,

Gadelic

cnoc,

makko-s

as

; it is difficult

mab

form.

gh

g,

in

g,
one

g and
of g,

gh.

nil

which

labialised

case,

when
or

geal,

geal, leech, goir, goile,

white,

gearan,

G.

in

appear

similar

in

as

g^

circumstances.

labialised, becomes
not, becomes

guth, gin, gnath, geimheal,

gag,

G.

paragraph.

; from

whether

gabh,

for

-tk, -dk, -kk, -gk.

-dk
in faicy
{^'-frith-com-et-dn)
;

save

shows

pensatory
com-

dual,

in

guttural
etc.

and

with

here.

7iasg,

prefix

may

maqvi

the

result

long vow^el, as in
the c is preserved,

under

acuinn

mac,

Ogmic
for

account

exception

dias.

meur,

Before

I, the

measg,

next

see

loc, leacainn

The

vchel.

and

s,

see

I. E.

The

;.

an

"

derivations

s, the

becomes

ct

of the

It

ruicean,

gleac.

W.

freiceadan

in

craicionn,

to

W.

as

ebol, seach,

dacriyna,

Strachan's

paragraph

in

w^hich

before

aspirated

W.

disappears

With

preceding

g,

For

Intervocalic

These

anomaly

each,

Lat.

deur,

After

for

to

the

uasal,

see

q.

following,

From

I,n,

After

discussed.

explosives, the

(5)

^)j,

^auku

cainc, Skr.
the

uircean, male, olc,falc,

with

g,

written

r,

leana.

in

as

c-c,

h,
cearc,

already
is

also

Prof.

appear

; for

Post-consonantal
c,

loch

in

as

cain,

W.

in

for

Jc,q,

in

compare

ss,

as

I. E.

W.

with

reason

Before

/',7.

muineal,

under

W.

/^'a/r,
co,

dropping it the G.
garmainn,
gioniach. Of.
is ch, W.
Compare
g, b.

G.

lengthening"

cb, cd,

coire, W.

etc.

ton

Ir.

cynt, coilley

pcU, ciall, AV. pivylly

W.

represents

and

compare
The

q.

Pre-consonantal

0.

ceiliog,etc.

pen,

the

dropped,

Further

heb,

W.

G. geug

shows

critg, jichead,

W.

(3)

has

Intervocalic
W.

ceud, first,W.

times

(/ at

Compare

ysgainc

g.

car,

casd,

W.

cea7i7i,

G.

that

latter.

initial

is, qv

XXVIL

pryf.

clear

seems

W.

coileach,

coes,

labialised, that

ceithir, W.
It

W.

celli,cas,

Initial

caraid,

See

simple.

ETYMOLOGY.

GAELIC

I. E.

guala,

g
I. E.

go.

simple

gradh

in

G.

gh

is

appears
I. E. gh in

OUTLINES

XXVlll.

gHan,
hean, Eng.

GAELIC

gaol, puidhe,

gar,

(2)

OF

Celtic

See

g.

hleoghainn, tigli,bragh,
often

appears

ch

as

etc.

{3)

exist

to

vocalic

is found

ex,

ych,

etc.

chd,

as

ends

-gk

as

appears

-gg

Vj.,but

in

in

as

labialised
now

las,

uiseag.

in

as

in

as

and

ciomarh,

the

the

which

Intervocalic
times

view
smirk.

see
we

cases

W.

g may
The

etc.

where

short

short.

prefix

it

uchel,

for

as

noclid, sneachd,

dearg, fearg,

see

After

Lat.

ordinary

searg,
is preserved,

But

fulaing.

seang,
with

the

into

turn,

unguentum,

mm,

torn,

cam,

cum,

It arises

in prefirstly,which
as
beag, mogul, griogag, meag^
eagcd,
I. E.
above.
From
the
z
explosive
*
in
freagair, frith-gar-,eagna,
tg
;
eagar

g.

from

-sg

in

-zg,

under
have

The
arise
from
a
agair, agus.
-gg must
was
operative in early Gadelic, if we discard
Cf.
Eng. walk, hark,
already set forth.
For
this -gg see
paragraph third above.

Intervocalic
eug,

combinations

was

combinations

which

Before

geum.

"^congv in
keep, from
For
the
foregoing paragraph.
i^g
After
the
the
is
explosives,
g
served
preand
-tg {freagair), -dg (agair),
-gg,

see

ng-m

Gaelic

etc., which
in

m,

with

below.

see

Celtic

7)i

explosives the g
passed over
; -ct, -gt

coalesced

times

paragraph.

next
in

then

modern

For

conghJiail.

in

see

long, muing,

butter,

in

Before

etc.

uasal,

be

may

becomes

b, and

im,

-I, -n

Before

which

c, for

cumhang,

became

dg

ch,

ar,

results

leum,

ceum^

lorg, balg, cealg,dealg, tulg.

garg,

see

which

s, W.

-gb, -gd

W.

in

-r,

post-consonantal h ;
slug, bog, dag, lag, slige, sraugaid.
After
and
is preserved
I the
r
g.
g

Celtic
often

in

now

in

as

not

nair, fuar, al,

seachd, bliochd, smachd,

-M,

g,

Post-consonantal

cas,

in

as

in

it

does

become

-gl, -gn,

tain, brdn,

uan,

as

variously preserved

appear

words

of

labialised

-gr,

ng-m,

modern

W.

deer,

OS,

is

and

greigh, triiagh,

("^magos), imlich,

feur, *vegro-,

as

combination

long vowel,

preceding
becomes

Here

g.

'''vegno-,srbn,
the

termination

Intervocalic

lengthening,

in

aghaidh,

G.

Celtic

fual, feun,

(5)

in

Pre-consonantal
with

(4)

modern

deigh,
In

the

in

appears

braghad.

quern,

i^tegos),mach,

teack

eirich, fuirich.
(7ii\tJ{\ich,
seem

Lal:)ialised

guin.

geas,

hior, bed, bo, bra,

queen,

Intervocalic

ETYMOLOGY.

the

arise

from

previous
word

"

or

vowel

syllable. Thus
thig
is regularly the

con,

cadal, cagar,

cogadh,

with
etc.

cos,

before

is

sentence

This

confused

lost

case
as

as

lengthened
short
with
in

i,

and

the

cogais,

Dr

in

-go-,
Stokes'

skulk,

breug,
in

in

Ir.

G.

geug,
few

about

brought

results
0.

in

lurk,

save

has

accent

"

has

c,

suffix

leig

from

is

the

concuhus,

of

outlines

Gaelic, only

on

the

first

on

the

first

the

stress

exists, and

accent

The

syllable.
syllable,save

xxlk.

8. Accent.

"
In

etymology.

gaelic

of

accent

the

in

it is

the

Old

Gaelic

of

the

verb.

case

placed always
likewise

was

Here

the

in

rested
verbs
the
stress
accent
as
a
rule, the
componnded
on,
the
the
the
but
accent
second
on
imperative placed
syllable;
this also took
rogative
first syllable,and
place after the negative and interparticlesand after the conjunctions gu^n and na'n {da'n).
accent
the
Thus
on
/aic, see thou, is iov f-aid-c, with
preposition
chi
stands
old
the
future
for
the
for
it
is
at/,
imperative ;
present
ci.
cha'ii
the
the
in
accent
is
where
root
on
Again
at-ch% videt,
the
on
is,
fhaca the negative brings the accent
prefix ad, that
is
the
the
accent
on
prefix,its ending consonant
f-ad-ca. When
and

initial

the

intervocalic

G.
when

the

the

is

accent

sufficient

the

on

accented,

unaccented
anail

"^dd-rtm,

grade,
gniomh,

their

as

from

congnam,

Ir.

0.

for

the

second

stem

of

(I)

rule.

first
deals
word

deals

and

the

from

vow^els

become

to

in

cases

many
broad

G.

present
when

con,

(aireavih

In

from

change

{e.g.comhnadh,

in -radh

compounds

served
pre-

(comh).

com

short

in

small

was

aspirated,and

are

verbs

it

in

truncation

preposition

unaccented

the

pletely
com-

0.

Ir.

-lack).

and

WORD-BUILDING.

of

with

with

The

result

suffers

root

consonants

anal), and

consists

Word-building
The

this

from

II.

the

and

irregular

ten

always con, when

syllables,long

was

but

root, these
The

of

illustrations

coalesce

root

consonant,

preserved.

is

root

the

of the

consonant

two

the
suffixes

composition and
of separate
compounding

tion.
deriva-

parts"

(and prefixes)that

words

make

up

the

its root.

The

wielded
be two
stems
together: righ-theach,
compound
may
palace, *rigo-tegos,"king's house"; righ-fhaidh, royal prophet
is a
king who
prophet" ; ceann-fhionn, white-headed,
penno-vindo-s ; ceithir-chasach, four-footed
; duhh-ghlas, dark"

"

blue

crannchuT, lot, "casting

leading relationships brought

out

the

in

the

first stem

is

lot."
in

the

are

In

compounds.
Teuto-hodiaci,

six

Celtic

G. seannearly always
o-, as
G. Muirgheal).
sider
Con(but Catu-slogi,Mori-dunum,
following compounds : iodhlann, miolchu, dircheard,

mhathair
the

huarach, ceardach, clogad, hathach,

moirear, leth-chas,leth-trom, etc.
The

These

following
;

are

common

ath-,
:
prefixes-

ban-, she, han-altrum,

hheb, hith-bhuan
f\r-,fior-, very,

eilthire, gnath-fhocal,

il-,iol-, many

saobh-, pseudo-.

hantrach
;

ion-,

re-,

capture
ath-ghlac, re-

hitli-,ever-,

hith-

fit ; sir-, sior-, ever-,

OUTLINES

XXX.

The

OF

suffixes

following
-lack, from

belong

madraidh,

sluagh

-or,

etc.

-ail, like

"

teaghlach, dbrlach^
in

seen

reahhradh,

macraidh,

sons,

righre,

; it makes

adjectives

from

nouns,

etc.

anihail

^amhail,

; from

worcl-builcling :

deeds.

great

mor,

lionmJior,

in

seen

oigridh, youth,

kings, gniomharra,
-mhor,

of

inpyd (see reidh) ;

W.

dogs,

from

branch

this

etc.

"^redn^

from

ETYMOLOGY.

to

"^slougo-,now

bylach, youth,
-radh,

GAELIC

for

rioghail

riogh-amhail,

king-like.
diminutive

-an,

root

gno-s,

0.

masculine,
gen,

bear

fem.

in

Ir. an,

Ogmic

(Stokes) :

in

as

for

-agnos,

fear

"^apo-

tmaghan,

an,

etc.

diminutive

-ag,

be, bg, young

-seach.

This

Stokes

from

this

or

fem.

he

es

issa.

Lat.

Cf.

ciarseach

and

fem.), from

has

been

form,

with

deduces

explained by
adjectival

the

from
cldir

haiseach,

W.

es, which

seach, bonnsach,

(Ir).

be

compound
may
:
genitive mac-leisg,and

The

(masc.

caileag, etc.

Ir. es,

"^iqd,and

ceir seach

Ir. -6c

termination

0.

from

as

comes

in

seen

feminine

addition

(2)

0.

G.,

one

all the

another

governing

noun

personal

in

names

in

the

gille,

mac,

maol.

(3)

Uninflected
a.

prefixes :

To

E.

before

{aotrom

for

h, d,

before

an

(ao-)

(iongantas),eu-

vowels,

aineol,

before

t, c,

"^ii-trommo-s).

e-tro7n,
add

negative

G.

y,

"

ion-, inthis

I.

prefixes

Negative

also

mi-,

(eas-),di- (der-^

as-

neo-,

di-air-).
h.

(4)

Old

Prefixes

of

the

intensive

adverbial

are

ad-,

:
(^[uality

Lat.

ad

w4th

urlar.

re-,

{aith gives

taisg, etc.
air, ^by,

on

all

prepositions.

one

aireamh

and

continually
accented

with

to-

with/o-

in

prepositions
prepositions.

ad-rim-).

epiur

in

as

ad

aithreachas

above

the

with

gives

as

in

etc.
{^ati-rec-),

tagair, tapaidh, taitinn, taitheasg,

fag

in

These

confused

(^ad-her-),agair,
;

(so-char);

so-

other

two

or

faic =f-ad-ci

aca) : ahair
Compounded

{fo-ad-gab).

air-leag, eir-idinn, bir-dheirc, oir-thir, urchair,

Compounded

tairis, tairg,
in

and

forms

aith-, ad-, ^ati-,

prep,

{do-char), and

ro-.

combined

often

do

tearainn

iomdr-hhaigh,

with
;

with

iomarchiir.

in

com

di-

in

comhairle
dearmad

with
with

to-

imm-

in

OF

OUTLINES

as,

out,

air

with
in

with

iar, after

with

tuairisgeid ;

and

tional

in

to-

teasairg;

tuamsdal

iarogha,

comh-thioncd.

With

doiible

ioimsuidh.

in

?^7^

to-,

to-fo-ar in

pounded
Com-

; in

in ; with

in,

el-rich.

with

eadar-sgaradh.
*iarfaighim, now
febraich

between

eadar,

%dreai"blimdli

to-forto-fo-in tuasgail.

with

XXXl.

as-eirigh,as-creideamh, eas-hhuidh,

es-

ETYMOLOGY.

GAELIC

i^o- in tiorininn-, ionn-, to, (jcaul. ande- : in fionnogha ; with

with
sgaimi, tionndadh
(Zeuss). Confused
iyi,iiid,above.
about
itnich,iompaidh (^imh-sli).
: iomair, iomradh,
im-, iom-,

with

Compounded

Eng.

out

lohairt

od-, ud-, out,

in

with

in

^0-

comh-,

con-,

co-

with

im-

with

dimeas,

ohaidh.

ohann,

di-

coimhead,

concuhus) ;
de

to-

in

timchioll,

in

Compounded

diiisg;

with

fo

in

with

fbgair

tohar, tog.

with

di-, de,

with

tiomnadh.

tiomsach,
aith-

in caochladh

com

comaidh,

in iomchorc

caisg, cogadh.

with

pounded
Com-

cogais (0. Ir.

to-aith- in teagci!"g,teagcimh.
dioghail, dlomhain, direach ; also dearh,
;

in

con

dean.

do-, to
fo,

imder

unaccented

is the

this

form

foghnadh,

in

pounded
Comfoglilumi, fcdach, Julaing.
with
to- in torachd, tuisleadh
tiiarasdcd
(to-fo-ess-)
tuasgail (to-fo-as-).
(to-fo-ar-as-),

for, far,

super

forail forradh, fardorus, farynad, furtachd.

with
to in turmach, tuaii isgeid.

in

Compounded

fri-, ri, to, ^vrt, Lat.

versus
;
freagair, fritheil,freiceadan
ro-,

before
in

rug

robhas,

in

rosg,

in

stem

following are
formation

the
:

frith, fris

as

in

{frlth-com-).

rcdjhadh,

radharc.

Compounded

1.

0-, a-,

tro-, tlo-,trd-, tld-

in cid

SufUxes.
important

most

suffixes

used

in Gaelic

"

2.

as

appears

teirig,toirmisg.
Stein

for

it

(ro-ud-).
tairm-

tar, across,

The

of fo-.

aitreabh,
('^'citlo-),
:

{^coxd).
crlathar, krei-tro-,email, i^ana-tld),
sgeul,
cas

cineal.
3.

jo-,jd-,ijo-,ijd-: eile,suidhe, (^sod-i-on).

4c. V0-,
5.

no-,

vd-,
nd-,

UV0-,
nno-,

eno-,

(letano-s).It
er-nio-).

tarbh

uvd-\

is

ono-

each
{*tar-vo-),
:

See

in

iarunn

ro-,

tjo-,sqio-.

{*ek-vo-),
beb, (bi-vo-).

Idn, sldn, duan,

secondary

no-,

domhan,
cf.

leathan

tighearna (^feg-

OUTLINES

XXXll.

6.

met-

??io-,

7. ro-, rd^ rro-,

Gaelic
five

etc.

numeral

-eir,denoting
tero-,

9.

lo-,Id-, Uo-,

10.

ero-

in

mdr, lar,

stem

-dro-n, as

agents

11.

hho-,

12.

to-, td-.

This

is

Here

one

coignear^

person,

-drius, -drium,

Gaelic

cldrsair, harper,

"

the

comes

-air^

etc.

eadar.

siol,neul, ciall,giall.
{"^cos-lo-),

coll

uallach.

odhar,

(^gob-bo-).

earb, gob

Lat.

to

doers

or

hodhar.

ar,

aonar,

sinnsear, uachdar,

etc.

dhro-, dro-, dhlo-, dlobhd-

ETYMOLOGY.

sior,

; it is allied

persons

8.

GAELIC

lorn, caomh.

trom,

OF

the

participial termination

in

I. E.

most

In G. it is used
for the
Also
in
languages.
past passive.
the
adjectives nochd, bochd, gndth, etc. ; nouns
dligheadh,

dearrriad, govt.
13.

afxf^pocnos.

tjo-,tjd-: Gr.
G.

14.

td-

15.

to-

nouns

This

0.
deiclieanYili,

ho-, kd-\

1 7.

qo-,

Ir.

qio-,

denoting agent
go-,

20.

Stems

gd

as

sqio-

i-

in

buain

; in

numerals:

the

in

ach,

(-iqio-s)

iche

form

cndimh

; in

fcbith, feith, breith, bleith,

Eng. walk, hark,

cf.

In

deigh.

maith,

cruimh,

cuimhneach,

nouns

uisge.
tnanke

Danish,

and

etc.

seasg,

measg,

mz-,

^suli-qo-s ;

adjectives

the

Further,

dird, muir,

for

maraiche,

muing,

see

ordinal

"^dehmmeto-.

saileach

buadhach.

in

the

in

for

Especially

viarcach,

sqo-,

passive participle in

\obairt.

now

appears

dechmad,

ago-

creidmheach.

19.

the

juvn-ko-.

og, yowag,

qd-,

lobart,

comparative.

16.

18.

forms

briste,caithte^ etc.

of abstract

as

This

etc.

ni-, tain, cluaiii,

dial

li-,samhail,
form

"

etc.

; in

which

in

ti-,

some

infinitives
21.

tdti-,that

22.

Stems

appear.
is, Celtic

in

lenu-

G.

the

added
23.

Stems
'

of abstract
an

-n

cases

The

loch.

infinitives.

in

cuirm, druim,

nu-,

bith, iodh-,fios ('^vid-s-tu-),

"

and

its like

the

form

^aiv-es-tu-

Here

tio

are

is

tu-

being

dorus, follus.
;
is 'Eire,
-ien, there
; the

common

very

common

from

so

In

ionga.

and

chd.

in

arises

eiridinn, faotainn,

see

In

(-dtu-).

aois,

Similarly
leum

many
reachd

vm,

stems

in -tin- ;

are

cii, ara,

g. ^bi-tdt-os.
linn, 0. Ir. lin,

beatha, life,^bitds,

nouns,

stem

-es
:

Eireann.

in adh

infinitives

to
in

are

especially

as

-eas,

there

tu-

cruth

come

tus

tiugh,jiiuch, dub,

] in

guth,
In

u-

tat-,

etc.

-men,

masculine

in

oblique
in

common

-mon,

in

ainm,

britheamh, ollamh,

talamh.
24.
25.

Stems
Stems
form.

in
in

-r

-t,

only
-nt

the

family

nochd,

names

night

athair, mdthair,
caraid,

friend

"

etc.

participial

OUTLINES

26.

Stems

in

cathair,
27.

Neuter

28.

Comparative

Two

in
or

ETYMOLOGY.

GAELIC

G.

natkair,

XXXllL

nathrack,

g.

in

-es

teach, leth, niagh, gleann.

in

stems

-/es, -^s-, /ds

referred

san-yas-.

Uighadair, dialladair, figheadair, hreahadair,

three

stems

peculiar

\\\iQflichead,moisture,
to

'''md-jds,sine,

greater

mo,

to

Gaelic

^-antu-

or

-ato-titt

A.

1.

0-

stems.

Ir.

from

come

possibly

the

The
has

latter

ACCIDENCE.

o-stem

hall,

member.

("?)

mentioned.
an

original
with

preserved d in
been
variously

is its

Declension.

Masc.

etc.

correlated

been

Jliuchaidatu,

GADELIC

OF

SYNOPSIS

III.

0.

be

may

Adjectives in -idh, 0. Ir. -de, as diadhaidh,

-dio-.
Endings like maireann, firionn have
the Lat. gerund, itself a much
disputed form.
words

Idir^ lasair,

so

etc.

stems

Skr.

Adair

or

OF

origin.

XXXIV.

OUTLINES

OF

GAELIC

ETYMOLOGY.

OF

OUTLINES

5.

Consonantal

(a). Stem

(d). Neuter
S.

N.,

A.
G.
D.

Dual

N.

tigh
tighe
tigh
da thigh

ETYMOLOGY.

GAELIC

in

Stems,

athair,

in

stem

teg,
tige

-es

tech

tig
da

XXXV.

thech

father.

tigh^ house.
tegos
tegesos
tegesi
tegese

6.

Adjectives.

(1)

Adjectives belonged

ETYMOLOGY.

GAELIC

OF

OUTLINES

XXXVl.

"^marvos, "^marva, "^marvon,

the

to

o-

and

a-

declensions,
like

declined

marhh,

now

the

the

as

nouns

(2) ^- declension, as maith^ *matis,

nom.
being the stem
*matis, *mati, the neuter
; (3) u- declension,
and
adj.,
(4) consonantal
tmigh ;
"^tigus,*tigus (?),*tigu, now
as
caomh
in
two
:
(1)
was
Comparison
ways
"^tepens, te, teit,etc.
of

and

0-

declensions

a-

"

0.

Ir.

(2)

luath

coemiu,

coem,
:

0.

Ir.

coemem

*koimos,

luath, liiathither, luathem

*koimj6s,
:

"^koimimos

*loutimos.
The
form

The
be

numerals

may

be

seen

in

the

Dictionary

in

their

Celtic

*oinos, *dva, *treis, etc.

pronouns

are

so

phonetically

gone

restored.

B.

even

Conjugation.

agam,

asam.

"^loutos, ^loutiteros,

astray

that

they

cannot

OUTLINES

OF

Present

Secondary
Gaelic,

S.

ETYMOLOGY.

GAELIC

Subjunctive.

or

Gadelic.

Irish,

Old

XXXV

bheiriiin

no

berinn

berin

blieireadh

no

bertha

berethas

no

bered

hereto

no

bermmis

berimmiss

bheireadh

bheireamaid

(I)

bheireadh

sibh

no

berthe

berethi

bheireadh

iad

no

bertis

berintiss

gabus
gabis
gab
gabsam
gabsid
gabsat

gabassu

(I)

(I)

Aorist.
S.

P.

1.

do

2.

ghabh

ro

3.

ghabh

ro

1.

ghabh

ro

2.

ghabh

ro

3.

ghabh

ro

ghabh

ro

gabassi
gabas-t
gabassomos
gabassete
gabassont

Imperative.
S.

P.

1.

beiream

2.

beir

beir

here

berthe

berethes

berad

hereto

3.

beireadh

1.

beireamaid

beram

2.

beiribh

berid

berete

3!

beireadh

bcrat

berontd

iad

Passive.

Indicative
"

Present.

S.

3.

beirear

berir

beretor

P.

3.

beirear

iad

bertir

berentor

Present

Secondary

Subjunctive,

or

bheirteadh

no

berthe

bheirtcadh

iad

no

bertis

Past
chanadh

chanadh

iad

"

"

Tense.
ro

chet

cantos,

ro

cheta

cantas

Imperative.
beirear
beirear

berar

iad

bertar

Participle,
cainte

cete

cantjos

"caiitus'

(n.f.)

11.

SUPPLEMENT

TO

SUPPLEMENT

1.

OUTLINES.

far the
to how
as
Linguistic Survey of India
limited
to be
as
Concerning Asia
embracing India.
restricted
be
is to
to living Aryan
languages.
Waldhdume
und
Kulturpjlanzen
(Triibner,
Hoop's
The
113-114, 382-384.
question is far from
being

cf. Grierson's
is

statement

the

OUTLINES.

TO

statement
2.

J.

V.

1905),

pp.

settled.
3.

cf.

italique et
Italic

Dottin

G.

He

celtique.

en

desinences

Les

verbules
the

regards

en

passive

the

common
independent creation,
of
period
Indo-European
unity.
-bo he regards as
a
possibly analogous formation
Compare critique in
origin and development.

back

as

an

343,

where

de

D'Arbois

M.

Jubainville

Irish, contrary to the

points.
Further,
European
perfect.
il celtico
fonologiche concernenti
international

congres
1895
;

cf.

Windisch
relative
M.

D'Arbois

der

Magazine^ ed. by
cf. Rhys's Celtae
MacBain's
Dr
Academy.

Dr

Rhys's

and

references

reviewed

in

the

by

his

and

in

Indo-

Osservazioni

Actes

dixieme

du
Leide

The
in

ago

cf. Giles's

Brill,

of

Proceedings
it in
of

are

Scottish

Scottish

the

"
the

of

in the
449.
British

Historical

as

also

France

and

interest,

the

of

paper

of

Also

views

Manual

Inscriptions of

the

in

the

partie,

years

in

Review

in

writer

different

Celtique, 1 8,
exception to some

discussed.

some

Galli

Celtic

in

Revue

Ascoli

erne

going

future

Anzieger vii., i.,

most
Philologie, where

notices

Celtic

the

in

and

and

70.

MacBain.

and

4.

ii.

the

conserved

il neolatino

Rom.

accessible

made

Celtic

Review

summarized

is

were

J.

Forschungen

Grundriss

literature

G.

see

Orientalistes

des

Indogerm.
in

has

en

Celtic

in

Even

takes

Latin,

Sanskrit

en

element

the

to

in

J.

Sir

Italy
Review, July,
^

Historical

1908.
5.

Beitrdge,
of

Stokes

See

Scotland,

Pictish
paper

treating
See

Beitrdge,

B.

Old

Italy, and
Philologie.

and

(Edin.

Celtic

xi.,

clearly

Matriarchy

Gleann

Nan

second

Zimmer's

Dr

of

112-141

reviews

Names

Other

and

the

MacBain

Dr

problem.

Leabhar
6.

In

18.

Band

Pictish

on

edition

N.

of Skene's

summarizes

views

Among

in

were

the

Picts

the
made

given

Bezzenherger's
Highlanders
whole

accessible
in the

of

the
in

writer's

Macleod).
in
by Stokes
Bezzenherger's
Celtic
Inscriptions of France
; Rhys's
in Zeitschrift filr Celtische
by Thurneysen
:

Inscriptions

SUPPLEMENT

7.

cf.

Lexicon

and

Rhys
Etymol.^

Modern

8.

before

different

The

Ogmn

value

in

require

we

R.

Mr

the

case

for

of

the

of

be

only

explained
imported

or

between

vowels

Stewart

MacAlister,
D.

which
this

of

Loth's

see

invented

was

([jondon

Breton

s) can

A.

in

dialects

i.

vowel-flanked

Inscriptions

read

to

ch.

Henry's

v.

the

to

Old

of

Ogmic

xi., 144.

People

refers

alphabet
disappearance of .s

regular

on

he

periods

(for

the

berger's Beitrdge,
work

the

of

that

the

Welsh

Breton, Paris, 1884,

presence

by assuming

T'he

xxiii., where

On

Vieux-

The

Jones

p.

Breton.

Vocabulaire

OUTLINES.

TO

Bezzen-

v.

"

his

in

Nutt), suggests
if

case,

have

we

the

of

transcription

/" for

3,

Ogam

alphabet.
Add

K.

Clarendon
Irish

version

Stokes

by

10.

Celtische

fur
found

in

volume

11,
The

the

of

C.

M.

been

Robertson

"

of

in

of

Gaelic

the
A. in

18.

the

of

Gaelic

Society of
before

the

in

Society of

the

Celtische

of which

of

treatment

Gaelic

and

Professor
the

in

paper

also

Review

Celtic

the

Scottish

forthcoming

Fhilologi"';

in

in

been

since

Inverness.

writer's

subject
Dialects

by

Ratisbon,

writer

cf. the

same

ed.

Zeitschrift

in

has

poems

from

Gaelic

the

Phonetics

anlaut

MS.

the

by

critique

chief

Zeitschrift filr

on

The

the

(2nd

Society).

Stern's

Irish

an

given

Scottish

on

of

in

Transactio7is

Macfarlane's

19.

version

Dialects

Mackinnon

One

Oengusso

Old

the

transliterated

was

; cf.

13, 14, 15, 16, 17,

12,

Gaelic

Rev

Gleann

Nan

has

account

an

contents

(Oxford
of

Celtique

Felire

Bradshaw

Henry

the

of

and
;

Psalter

the

on

Revue

the

Emere

Philologie.

good

treatise

in

of

half

one

Leahhar

in

edition

Publications

in

Irish

Tochmarc

of

About

writer

old

Meyer's
Press), his

actions
Trans-

Inverness.
vowel

to

seems

from

come

So

^.

with
Heriu
=irdi"s,and
apparently in Irish haue
cognate
iriepia.
This
in
Grundriss,
Armenian,
see
Bragmann's
change is regular
ed. of
last
Stokes
44.
In
in
"30"
Bezzenberger's Beitrdge, 23,
word
Greek
Felire
the
Stokes
of the
regards ire as the cognate
"

cited.

But
to

seems

this

does

represent

not
a

vanished

derivation

of

amharus

Grammatik

der

fCeltischen

of

20.
from
in

Grundriss

Brugmann's
A

the
Gadelic.

great
historic
Dr

affect

and

the
p

see

Sprachen,
der

Vergl.

in

cases

the

compare
Dr
as

which

for

as

the

in

the

Vergleichende

Pedersen's
well

historic

an

edition

second

Grammatik.

what
with
one
levelling,as compared
development of Indo-European, has
MacBain's
Alphabet
Indo-European
gutturals, although perhaps it would

must

taken
is

infer

place

therefore

been
have
simplified in the
Osthoff
series
more
regular to have
apart.
put in a labio-velar
motherk-rows, labio-velar, velar, palatal, in the
recognises three

SUPPLEMENT

TO

OUTLINES.

0
"i

speech
Latina
of

the

recognise

together,

fallen

three

In

gutturals.

the

Forschungen,

Indogerm.

v.

rows

Gadelic

but

c,

is

and

Zupitza's

the

distinct

Etyma

cf.

velar

the

there

k,

Wharton's

246

4,

treatment

series

palatal

the

of

treatment

have
labio-

velar.
Contamination

21.

although

Cymric

the
0.

dacruma,
view

of

have

been

German,

H.

cognate

open

be

take

But

here.

Old

Latin

shows

zdhre^

Germ.,

tdi\

side

Brythonic

the

Lateinisches
where

5,

L.

in

form

pre-historic

the

Walde's

p.

to

into

Etymol"is

acer

given

as

high.

meith,

diphthongized

is

of

case

should

this

Icelandic,

on

also

Gadelic
er,

meith

22.

0.

Dr

319,

p.

Irish

and

daigr^

may

work

at

is

developed
Compare

Worterbuck,
with

we

which

*dakru.

proto-Celtic
gisches

zahar,
forms,

"^diikru,

been

cognate

Gadelic

the

have

may

as

with

Dictionary,
dialect

Northern

the

in

the

in

as

long

miath

a
"

diphthongization

long

of

open

where

has

there

been

no

lengthening.

compensatory
23.

See

24.

See

Zeitschrift

Celtische

fur

Band

Philologie,

3,

275,

264,

691.

Philologie,
25.
al
=

Zupitza
2,

See

Foy

Indogerm.

Zeitschrift,

i, j

on

in

Celtic,

Zeitschrift

in

Celtische

fiir

189-192.

f,

35,

Indogerm.

in

253.

and

6,

Forschungen,
Zupitza

on

_r,

in

337,
Celtic,

on

Celtic
in

Kuhn's

ar^

CORRIGENDA.

xxxiii.

Page

In

the

third

line

from

bottom

the

of

the
page,

"

for

read

krid

kridion

in

on,

the

for
page,

the

eleventh

line

the

word

in

brackets,

read

(ballons).

from

the

bottom

of

AN

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY

OF

THE

GAELIC

LANGUAGE.

AN

ETYA'IOLOGICAL

THE

i)]CTIONARY

G'Al-LIC

LANGUAGE.

A
.a, vocative
br.

e.yds
a

of

rel.

0.

ex

as

an-,

Lat.
of

in

in

as

at

see

ab,

an,

defiance,

oho,

-aba, abbot,
whence

apdaine,
names
"

abbey

ah,

also

ab,

Gr.

the

O.

particle
of

aspiration

by

as

done

past

am

(for

san,

rel.

(cf. Eng.

the

by

(1776

the

the

in

as

an,

ir.

pi. dsdta).

verbal

used

art.

sometimes

prep,

Collection,

an,

11:^).

p.

before

is

and

sios

the

mas

ir.

I.

from

from,

von,

0.

Ir.,

derivative

Ger,

(xtto

null

nuas,

a(p)ona,

The

before

Ir.

0.

K.

exact

is

due

mias.

nis,

stigh,

steach,

is

the

q.v.

The
of

nios,

bhos,

and

older

AI.

ah,

Ir.

Lat.

; cf.

q.v.

ahh,
hahw,

is

interjection

an

Gr.

of

ftafSai.

Hence,

abbas,

abbatis,

dirt.

abb,

W.

M.

ahad

Hence

abbot.
in

do,

pi-ep.

at.

ag,
ah

abab,
Ir.

is the

verbs,

wonder

Eng.

abbacy,
Appin,

Celtic

the,

AI'A.'s
Ir.

bhan,

fie !

doubtless

of

caoraich"

na

iiios,

ris, ifec, and

ab

in, into,

an,

prep,

or

exjo,

their,

gen.

the

merely

are

is

Celtic.

the

with

analogy

-a, in, to,

ab,

Lat.

Celtic

e,

fern.

done

neut.

nail,

etc.

amczs,

equivalent

a', the,

is an,

pi.

Skr.

is

Br.

el,

really paratactic,

cases

bi

am

adverbs

whence

apo,

a,

Br.

as.

see

the

in

from,

is

the

locative

W.

explain

to

which

sam),

rel.
coire

also

used

san,

"An

of,

as

Coni.,

gen.

esau

this

G.

Oblique

The

The

gives

In

sentence,

Ir.

that).

to

W.,

(accented),

(Stokes

time,

sentence.

am

a,

a,

as2/d, asyds.

esjon

past

sam,

.a, out

Ir.

di

a,

(rel. pron.).

future

rel.

Ir.

gen,

Celtic

that

do

0.

a,

Skr.

n-,

who,

a,

0.

a,

CO.

his, lier, Ir.,

a,

Ir.

particle,

G.

Abbathania

"

abbey

from

Lat.

abaid,
lands,"

(131U),

abbey.
whence
Abthein

M.

Ir.

place(1220),

lands."
1

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY

abadh,

E.
Ir. apad^
syllable, utterance
proclamation : ad-ha-y
;
Lat.
faUir, fama, Eng. fame.
ha^ speak ;
M.
Ir. ahaid,
E.
Ir. apaig, "^ad-hagiy
Ir.
ahaidh^
abaich, ripe,
Celtic

0.

Ir.

autumnatio

apchugud^

bog, q.v.

ad-bach,

is from

addfed

root

abaideai,colic (M'A.)
abair,

say,

hake

Eng.

confluence

Deer)

epiiir, Celtic

cent.),
od

in

only

which

Pictish

dd-bero

W.

Br.
;

auon,

Sk.

Gallo-Brit.

(Zim. Neu., 270).

abhacas, sport, irony ; sec
abhachd, humour,
sport,
abhag, terrier, Ir. ahhach
; W.

ad-hero-,
obair

it
W.

flo^v"

nunour,

false

abhaist,

custom,

Manx
M.

ad+heus?

the

compares

abhall,

an

suggests.
ad.-btro-.

"^ati-horo-ii

Also

tabh,

q.v.

Lat.

Gr.

ahanuy

amnis

word.

following
:

ahh,

from

Ir.

aihhiie),0.

{^ah-nis).
(6[xf^pos,imber)
d"f)po'i

Ahona

Ir. adhbhachd
;

17th

in

of

Aporicum

out.

water

the

(so

of

her ;

root

; this

op)er
"to

(B.

Cf.

q.v,

Ir.

E.

abacc,

afanc.

abhagas,

suavis.

see-

abhadh.

and

amhhas,

Gaelic

Celtic

the

Eng.

to

0.

0.

the

against

amh

less

abh

dwarf

aparr.

pronounces

as

allied

ud,

aper,

with

flow%"

is for

afon,

Root

re-fero

names

correctly
w^ord.
of dog ; an
onomatopoetic
river, Ir. ahhann
(gen. abhann, now

abh, bark
abhainn,

Lat.

(Holden).
abarach, bold ; see ahair above.
abardair, dictionary (Shaw) ; from
ahair, q.v.
abartach, talkative, bold ; from
abair, q.v.
Norse
net
hdfr, pock-net.
^bh, hand
; from
Spelt

\V"

See

place

W.

Gaelic
agrees

"out

0.

aher,

Modern

od-hero-,
The

cficoyio.The

Ir.

W.

abhor,

heir.

see

in

as

met.

abaisd, a brat, trilling,impiident person

Sc. apert ?
abalt, expert (M'A.) ; from
fabar,

\ Gr.

hug,

root

beir.

in

root

Ir., 0.

so

of

root

Celtic

^ad-bog-,

Meyer
orchard,

Tr.
0.

suspicion

-abais

suggests

from

apple-tree,M.

of

(O'R.),

ahhest

(pi.).

dhaisi
Ir.

Ir.

oaysh,

See

betis,

duabais,
N.

Ir.

Ascoli

custom.

and

teter,

avist, abode

(O'B.),

abaise

suahaisy

unlikely.

ahall, apple-tree.

sillyjest (M'A.) :
abharsair, Satan, Ir. aidhbherseoir, E, Ir, adbirseoir
Also
aibhistear.
adversarius
(Eng. adversary).
abhcaid, a jest ; see ahhachd.
Lat.
abhlan, wafer, so L*., 0. Ir. ohla, g. oblann
; from

See

iibhal.

abharr,

an

oblation.

; from

Lat.

oblationem"

OP

abhra,

eyelid ;

GAELIC

THE

LANGUAGE.

fabhra.

see

Ir.
Ir. abhras, 0.
spinning, produce of distaff, Ir., M.
ahras, gestus, E. Ir. abras, handiwork, spinning, ahairsech^

abhras,

needlewoman.

Corm.

derives

who

(B) abras,

L.

it from

Lat.

abra, ancilla.

abhsadh,

the

Norse

clew

hdlsa,

collum.

abhsporag,

cow^s

throttle

is also

; borrowed

(M'A.)

Cf.
Ir.

abhsadh

ablach,

above.
carcase

"^dd-bal-ac-, from

0.

abailt, death,
and

the

prefix ;
abran
;

Abraon,

From

(M'A.

see

and

Gaelic

H.S.D.),

dictionaries

Gaelic

our

ablach.

Scotch

comes

Ir. ; founded

so

is due

form

abstol, apostle^

an

oar-patch

on

Lat.

Ir.

folk-etymology,

to

on

boat's

wale
gun-

Eng.

Ir.

; ^dd-conti-

stitch

pain,
acain, sigh, complaint,

Ir.

E.

which

April).

(Eng.

Aprilis

apstal, W.
apostle.
0.

absdal,

ap)ostolus,whence
a

in

appears

root

same

aparan.

April,

The

first of them

Shaw.

through

(/el,whence
Eng, quell.
the
atbail, perit, from
e2)eltti,

Ir.

has

Irish

bal, bel, die, I. E.

root

acaid,

allsadh.

Also

hence.

Lat.

tripe (H.S.D.), allsporag, cow's

Scandinavian
a
evidently from

stomach,

of hcUs, neck.
compound
ablach, a mangled
carcase,

abran,

up

hawser

Eng.

from

sail, hoisting sail (N. H.) ;

hdls, neck, allied to
sail, from

of

slackening

relates

it to

braon.

apostol

; from

Lat.

urchoid.

see

accdine, W.

a.cfnvyn ;

dd

caoin

see

caoin, weep.

acair, anchor,
acarsaid,
From.

Lat.
Ir.

acair, acre,

Ir.

aucaire,

0.

Ir.

whence

W.

N.

from

anchorage,
ancora,

ingor,

akkarsaeti,

lumber

an,

anchor.

Eng.

; from

acra

Ir. ;

see

Eng. axle,

word

; Lat.

campu

field,
lus

see

so

ax-tree

of

like

ing
mean-

Ir.,

(Adamnan),

act, 0.

Ir.

act, acht, ^ekstos,

without.

cktos,
The

Welsh

For
for

"

the

but"

is

exter-.

ach, interjection of objection and

with
leaning upon
och, q.v.
a

price,

gence,
indul-

"c.

0.

ekster

Sc.

from

G. (B. of Deer)
achd,
ach, but,
eks
Gr.
ex
possibly, from
; cf
eks.
change of vowel, cf. as, from

achadh,

; dd-car-

interest.

ocar,

; borrowed

Ir.

eithr, from

shades

which

acartha, profit,so
acastair, axle-tree
"

anchor-seat.'^

"

Eng. acre
; Lat.
ager.
acarach, gentle ; Ir. acarach, obliging, convenient,
oft' into
acartha, profit; W.
achar, affectionate
moderate
in
has
friendly. M'A.
acarra,
car,
which
acartha.
belongs to
a car

akkeri

N.

; from

angor

0.

G.

impatience
achad,

"^acoto- ; Lat.

0.

Ir.

founded

ached

acies, acnua,

on

above

(locative1)
field.

"4

ETYMOLOGICAl.

DICTIONARY

dialectic
for achuingi', (\.\.
achain, prayer
;
acharradh, dwarf, sprite :
Lat.
achd, statute, so Ir., M. Ir. acht ; from
actum,
Ir.
achd
above.
condition,
as
achd, manner,
; same
aktunative
^
'/Kig-tna
('^ag-tu-,
?) underlying
of the
word, especially in Irish.
achdarr, achdartha, methodical, expert (H.S.D.)

achlaid,

chase, pursuit,

fishes, hunts,

achlais,

Sc.

M.

ascall,

Lat.

the

There

E.

oc/isal, W.

axilla

titclaid,

cesail.

valence

e(pu
Norse

Ir.

claoidh.

see

Ir.

l)o

may

meanings

some

acclaid, fishing,

regular philologic

from

"

Ir.

ad-claidivi

Ir.

from

borrowing

so

pursues

arm-pit,

divergence

Ir., M.

Eiig. act.

The

here

oxl^

proves

Vii'v.

achsel,

oxter,

achlan,

(M'L.)

lamentation

achmliasail,
for

Ir.

rebuke,

ocli-lan

for

achmhusdn,

from

och.

Ir. cLtlichomsd)i

E.

; cf. aithis

root.

achuinge, supplication ; also athchuillge, so Ir.,E. Ir. atJichuingid;

ath + cuinge ; 0. Ir. cnintglm, peto, con-tehtliig. See
; Eng.
atach.
Ir.

hunger,

acras,

E.

ocru^,

possibly the root prea of

acuinn, acfhuinn, apparatus,
accmaing,
potentia

Lat.

accorus,

(F"^.422).
Ir.

E.

acfulnn,
0.

ad-cumang,

^'ad~co-resiu-,

^careo

accoutrements,

under

further

occorus

previo

apparatus

means,
see

Ir.

Ir.

cumang,

cumhachd.

Eng. hat, N. liattr.

ad, hat, M. Ir. ai, W. h"'t ; from
as
ad-, adh-, inseparable prefix,in force and origin tlie same
is
It
be
witli
ad.
to
difficulty,from
separated, though
ad-

adag,

arising

shock

of

in

grain

from

aWi-

or

corn,

Ir.

adag

the

Lat.
the

ath-, q.v.
; cf.

small

field, a

Ir.

Sc.

hat,

stack

hot, hut,

built

in

"to

the

field

W.

afu,

put up
;" M.E.

hutte, heap,
the English.
adag", a haddock
; from
Ir. ; from
the
English.
so
adamant,
adamant,
Ir. 6a,
Ir.
0.
aeghe,
liver,
adha, ae,
g. ae,
root

adhan,

adha

for

proverb (M'A.);
; Skr.

adage

adhal,

Cf.

av.

flesh

pavire

hook
?

But

ah,

cadha

ae,

for

aghan,

rather

ae,

Br.

avu,

cae.

agJi,Lat.

root

ajo, adagio,

say.

(Sh.), so Ir., O.
cf. Eng. aivl, M.

Ir.
E.

del,
and

tridens

Ag.

S.

*iKwelo-,

aivel,awl,

Lat.

flesh-

hook,

adhaltrach,
Lat.

adulterous,

adulter,

whence

adharc, horn, so Ir., 0.

teasairg,q.v. ; Lat.

Ir.

Ir.

adaltrach;

from

adulterous.

Eng.
Ir. adarc
ayxeo,

E.

adhaltranach,

"c.

ad-arc

root

ar"/,

defend,

as

in

OF

adharcan,

"honied

hipwiim',

LANGUAGE.

adharc;

Dial,

daoireagan.

ad-arf

art,

stone

irom

bird;"

(P. O'C).

Ir. adaircin

adhart,

GAET.IC

THE

pillow,

Iv.,

so

Tr.

E.

adart

See

airtelv.
is
adhart, aghart, "progress" (Diet.). This
air
adverbial
the
from
adhart,
phrase

araird,
Hence

it is

adhastar,

air-\-ard,

halter,

forward

bring

forward,

which

0.

in

Ir.

M.

in

arairt,

Ir.

is

prorsum.

cpv.

eistyr, Ir. ag]i(iMo"\M.

Manx

made

ghost-word,

ada^tar

Ir.

cf. W.

oddest/, steed,
adhbhal,

awful,

vast,

y)lnd,swell,
Slvr.

Skr,

big,

strong,

de-hllU,

weak,

SI.

adhna,
ag,

at, with

ag",

Ir.

give

root

7iPuk, enk,

doubt

; E.

It

as

to

agallamh,

is

Skr.

ad-gldditr,
Ir.

hind,

converse

agh, 0.

buada

late

M.

Ir.

bring

0.

See

ace.

next,

Skr.

no

speak

ac,

root

gar,

cry;

essay

face,

phonetics
pan,
; Gr.

and,
hag

Ir.

ag,

root,

W.

ad-gldd-,

glaodh.

see

eivig C^agtko-), Celtic

Zend.

a?:(, Arm.

(P.

sonas

agos-

Ir.

M.

O'C

(St.).

ezn

aigJi, Ir. dgh,

ccdh

dd, luck,

for

acaldam,

ada,

; root

dg-,

Ir.,

so

Ir.

E.

dgach,

ag,

"^dgu- ;

war,

Skr.

ajls,.

dyo)v, Eng. antagonist.

(M'A.) ; see oidheirp.

so

Ir., ().

so

referred

usually

aghann,
jar

for

Ir.

; Gr.

contest

agus,

Ir,

next,

see

warlike,

aghaib,
aghaidh,

0.

agcdlamh,

ajcia,buck
goat.
; Lit. ozys,
adh, happiness, luck, Manx

also

aghach,

Ir.

conversation,

Ir.

0.

is

Lat.

ad/ion, sustentator.

refusal,

ac,

bring

thig, cpv.

cfs. Heb.

Ir.

nanko,
in

ad-nank-

goir.

see

agh,

Lat.

bailceack

wdience

onomatopoetic
deny.
in
Br.
hak, Imkal
ag'adh, hesitancy
; cf.
speech,
indistinctly. See foregoing word.
agair, plead, so Ir., (). Ir. acre
ad-gar(n.),from

agh,

hel, hol^

/SeATepos, better,

verb

H.S.D.

refusal,

acorn,

root

it with

root

adnacid, sepulcrum

(Macd.) :
only ; see aig.

inf.

agadh,
W.

I. E.

further

0.

advocate

an

E.

compares

)sthofF

Gr.

holijt, greater

(Osthotf)
adhlac, Ijurial, Ir. adhlacadh,
otlo
(^'^"ad-nagtlo-,
Zim.)
;

I.

bail, buil.

and

nanciscor

and

strength,

halam,
Ch.

"^ad-hol-

Zimmcr

etc.

Stokes

hala, strength.

adfml

Ir.

hloom,

Eng.

in

as

Ir., 0.

so

Ir., 0.

ayyo?,

Ir., 0.

allied

to

aged, '''agitd;

the

root

0(f,

I.E.

Lat.

root

lead.

ag,

ociilus,etc.,

but

It
the

unsatisfactory.

are
so

Ir.

is

Ir.

aigen,

Celtic

; Skr.

agind

aga,

water

vessel.

Ir. acus,

fagus,

B.

ocus,

near,

0.

of

Ir.

Deer
ocus,

acits,

W.

0.

agos,

W.
Br.

ac,

Br.

hogoz

ETYMOLOGICAL

^aggostu-, ad-gosmound

(Zimmer).

narrow

Celtic

the

accent

accent

This
as

Stokes

refers

abhainn.

in

to

derivation

The

cf. 0.

Ir.

from

abyss

sea,

Ir.

ahyssus

form, aibirsidh,

b,

a,

from

comes

itself

c,

d,

the

v.

from

L.

refers

the

to

of

root

chaidh, went,

Lat.
A

learning system,
apersie. Analo-

aithceod

*ati-

ui, which

"

Stokes

is aillsich.

alphabet.

or

old

beginning
se," a by
a, Eng.
per
caibidecd
to
gised
(Meyer).
alee, proximity, Ir. alee ; see taic.
alee, a lobster's burrow, also faiche.
aicheadh, deny, Ir. aithcheo, contradicting, M. Ir.
coudon
;" cf. 0. Ir. afchuaid,
(1), go back
"A

W.

aibhseach, l)oasting

from
the foregoing
Another
form
J^-'^f
old
ruin
aibhist, an
(Stew.) :
the
Devil
form
of abharsair^ q
aibhistear,
; another
aibhse, spectre, so Ir. : see taibhse.
aibidil, alphabet, Ir. aibghitir, O. Ir. abbgitir,
tlie

a6A,

; root

Lat.

of aibhsich

abecedariu7u,

in

as

aibeis, sea.

abhent-ti-s

Ir.

dialectic

with

onk, enk,

root

; E.

from

abis,

ajfivys,bottomless
pit.
aibheis, boasting ; aibhsich, exaggerate

abgetorium,

(Lat.

Welsh.

of the

abensi-s,

Celtic

But

angh, choke,

"

gg.
tenable

in

aggestu-Sy

gero,

root

from

in view
thig, is not
ai, sheep, swan
(Carm.) :
aibheil, huge (M'E.). See adhhhal.
aibheis, sea, the deep ; Ir. aibheis,
as

the

it to

pre-Celtic aghnustuon
syllable after the root
gn
vowel
being supposed,
following

produce

to

; Lat.

carry

ges, gos,
Stokes
refers

the

on

Teutonic,

; root

aggdst-,

with

angustus)^

DICTIONARY

expos

q.v.

aicheamhail, reprisal; cf. Ir. athghabhdil ; ath+gabhail.

taicme, race, Ir., 0. Ir. aicme, W. ach, pedigree, "^akk-,from
"/i',
cfs. Skr.
anka, lap, but this would
edge ; Lat. acies 1 Stokes
Norse
give G. acdtt, family, Ger. acht,
(a) and a W. anc.
property.

aidheam, joyous
aidich, confess,
ad-dam-

aifrionn,

aigeann,

admhuighira,
da^n

so

mass,

0.

Ir.
or

young
Ir. 6c-ech,

oceanus,

aigeannach,
meditative.

E.

Ir.,

oc

; for

entire

young

the

; Lat.

0.

Ir.

W.

addaimiin,

doino, Eng
Ir. oifrend,

addef:

tame.

W.

ojferen

Lat.

from

(Eng. offer).

at, Ir. ag^

M.

Ir.

; root

offerendum

aig,
aigeach,

carol

root,

horse;

steed

see

agiis.

also

oigeach

^o^

cac/^,

i\.\.

(Eriu^ 11).

deep, Ir. digeun, E. Ir. oician, W. eigion : from Lat.

There
is also a by-form aig'eal.
Eng. ocean.
Ir. aigeantOy
Ir.
E.
spirited,
aignech y see aigneadh.

THE

OF

GAELIC

LANGUAGE.

aig'hear, mirtli, Manx

Ir.

Yet

aiglier; ^atl-gm^-;
aiereach, merry,
aerial, from

the

gairdeachas

see

aier,

for

root.

Lat.

air, from

aer^

(Hyde), merry,
airy.
the Lat.
from
Evidently the G. is borrowed
ai^ilean, ear-ring, tassel ; cf. Sc. aiglet,tagged point, jewel in
Fr.
one's cap ; eglie,needlework,
from
aiguille,needle ; Lat.
makes

doubtful.

matter

Ir.

aerach

acus.

aigne, the swift, anything quick (Carm.) :

aigne, aigneadh, mind, so Ir., 0. Ir. aicned
know,
of

Gr.

aicme,

cineal.

ail, will

knoiv.

Eng.

ytyi/wrrKw,
he
as
gives
Gaelic

The

against

is

Stokes

Ascoli

it.

makes

refers
the

root

any

dd-gn-eto-,

with

it to
root

root

gnd,

the

root
in

as

cen,

c.

aill,(j.v.
ail, aileadh, ailt, a mark,
; better

and

E.

Ir.

(O'R.), M.
impression, Ir. oil, mark
A t stem
: oiledaih,
aile,fence, boundary (Meyer).

*al-et.

fail, rock,

Ir. and

under

Ir.

0.

ail,^aWk-,

ailbheag, ring ; see failbhe.

ailbhinn, flint,precipice ; from
aile, air, scent, E. Ir. ael, ahel
akXXa
(St. Lee), storm
"
"

au-ra,

allied

Ger.

to

feh

see

further

mac-talla.

Gr,

a?//),

Eng.

ail, rock.
;

avel, C., Br., awel, wind

wind
^avel-, root
ve,
ave,

; Gr.

W.

Lat.

air.

Ir. fail ; cf. Lat.

hfdo, breathe, Eng. in-hale.

aileag, hiccup,
1
Cf. Lat. ager.
ailean, a green : "^ag-liailear, porch :
ailis,blemish, reproach, 0. Ir, ail, disgrace. Got. agh ?
ailis, mimicing (\Vh.) ; bad atharrais, aith-lis,(M'A.) aithris.
aill, desire, so Ir., 0. Ir. ail, W.
eivyll, Br. ioid, Celtic avillo- ;
root
Eng. avidity. "//,pleasant, "^pagli,
av^o,
av, desire, Lat.
Bez.^o
fair
Eng.
24).
(St.
aille, beauty, E. Ir. aide, for dlnde ; see dlainn.
ailleas, ailgheas, will, desire : Ir. dilgheas, E. Ir. ailges,dilgidim,
I desire

; from

ail and

geafi, request,
hole of the ear

q.v.
; iiiao

ailleagan,
fail lean, q.v.
ear,
Ir.
from
dille,q.v.
ailleag'an,darling, so
;
M.
Ir. eillinn
aillean, elecampane : cf. Gr. eAevtov, Lat. inula.
alain
rustici
vocant
(Rev. Celt.-' 231). inula quam
(Isidor).
ailleant, shy, delicate ; M. Ir, ail (O'Cl.),shamefaced.
root

of the

ailleort, high-rocked

; from

aill, rock

see

aillse,diminutive
creature, fairy,Ir, ailUe
Ir. aillis,0. Ir. ailsin, cancerem
aillse, cancer,
aillseag",caterpillar; from above.
ailm, the letter A, elm ; Ir. ailm, palm
borrowed

from

Lat.

fdviu.% Norse

mac-talla.
;
:

(fir?) tree,
dlmr, Eng. elm.

letter

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIOXAKV

ailt, stately, high ; Ir. ailt, Lat.

aim-, aimh-, privative prefix ;
aimhleas

ailt

alius,
see

vowel

in

aimheal,
E.

the

grief,

Ir.

is

root

and

small",

hence

; Gr.

Tiiehul,dedecus

aith

in-

use

coufusioiL
The-

am-bert).

affects

repentance
reproach ; "^mehlo-,a

7ntla, sorrow,

ete.

aithmheal,

Ir.

its

aimhreidh,

"

See

amh-.

am-,

am-leas), hurt, aimhrea,

aimbeart,
distress,
am-reidh),
(

(H.S.D.).

the

of

am..

meala,

shorter

form

grief,.

of 0.

Ir.

/xe//^o/xat.

aimhand/^ozY, (^.v.
aimhfheoil, ainfheoil, proud flesh ; from
:
aimlisg', confusion, mischief
Ir.
M,
immrit^ l)arren, E. Ir. amrit
aimrid, barren, so Ir.,
; ambeirl
ber
of
root
ber-ent-,"non-producing;"
See
am-meas-ichte,
aimsichte, hold
(Arms.);
un-mannerly ?"
"

7)ieas.

aimsir, time,
Celtic

Ir. ; 0.

so

Eng.

onensus,

Celtic

aimsith, missing
of

ain,

eirmis,

of

time

ani,

root

{am7nenmeasure,

mens,

Stokes

the

give

ad-mensura.

mischance

am-??iiVith,

Gaelic

root

mis^

from

an,

(|.v.

Stokes

panno.

agni,

Skr.

due, fulgor,

; Got.

rather

suggests

(from pan)

fire

fan,

"^agno-s, allied

;;

Lat.

to

fire,

ain-, privative prefix

ainbhtheach,
stormy,
feth, breeze,

Ir.

0.

(Diet.),light (H. M'Lean),

splendidus, latter a Celtic Cino-s
ignis,

possibly

amzer,

and

Ascoli

heat

Pruss.

of

amb-meitsnra,

from

aim,

Br.

arnser,

compound

measure.

dd-messera,

as

W.

sir, long 1), or

from

strd,
Lat.

Ir. amsei^,

; either

ammesserd

see

an-.

M.

Ir.

from

ainhthecli, "^an-feth-ech, Gaelic

iveather, Lat.

vet, Eng.

ventus,

root

See-

etc.

anfadJi.

ainbi, ainbith, odd,

aincheas, doubt, M.
ainchis,

curse,

anguish

aineamh,

unusual
Ir.

ainches,
Ir.

rage,

an+geas,

flaw,

Ir.,

so

an-bith,

E.

uu-world-like."

Ir. ances,

aingeis,

(|.v., or
E.
Ir.

"

Lat.

E.

dubium

AV.

ainean, a liver, liver

aineartaich, yawning
aineas, passion, fury

mendce

aingeal, angel,
angelus,

so

aing-eal, light, fire,

aingel,sparkling
ong,
L

E.

fire,hearth
ongli, ongol

Ir.
the

Manx

angel,

W.

below.

angel,

Br.

ael ;

Lat..

from

Eng.
ainle,

Ir.

"^pavgelos, Ger.

; Lit.

dinich

teas, heat,

aii-theas,from

also

]"r..

(ir.

Ir., 0.

whence

curse,.

0.

blemish,

anaf,

oVo/xat,blame.
adha.
of fish (N.H.) ; see
[aineartaich,M'A.) ; see

anaynon,

Ir.

aingcess, duces,
augustia ?

a7iim,

hiUi..

See

aingeal

funlce,M.

is

I. E.

Skr.

E.

funhe

M.

Ir.

; further

angdra, glowing
ognis, fire, Lat. ignis.

a)iglis,coal,

; allied

(Lh., O'B.),

coal
See

Fick^

ainneal,
aingealachd,

uuml)iiess

img-eal-acJi-,root

-.

ango) /
the
aino;ealtas, perversity, malignity ; from
Ir. aingidJie, malicions,
aingidh, wicked,

good,

ainid, vexing
anise

clioke

(Lat.

ang,

following,
Ir.

0.

aiulgid, angid^

root
'^'an-dg-id,

of

deg

deagh,

dnana,

the

month

(" breather'').
Ir. in

M.

English.

root

ainm,

*anmenallied

ono,

rash

Ir.

0.

hanu,

Br.

of

an-,

breath

an,

"

aims, gloss

on

anisnm

dnlce.'"'
Ir. and

ainmhide,
ainmhidh,

form

long

; root

name,

im"^ ;

Skr,

; from

cyminnm
enw,

aonach

also

(see anail)

ainm,

Also

(j.v.

ainich, panting,

ainis,

sin

andach,

wicked,

ne(|uam,

(Gaelic.

tire,

common

the

from

ingle

Se.

derives

Skeat

14.

LANGUAGE

tJAELIC

THE

OF

fool

to

Gr.

B.
pi. anmann,
oVo/"itt
; Brass,
Lat.

in

no

of

Ch.

emmens,

Eng.

iiomen,

a}iim,

Deer

^\'.
SI.

name.

oinid.

see

beast, ])rnte, Ir. ainrnhid/ie, M.

aninia/, etc.
"^aneni-,life, sonl ; Lat.

ir.

aininide^'^aiiem-itio-.s,
Ir.

also

is

ainmkinte,

"animans."

ainmig', rare
; an-minig, (\.\.
annamli.
ainneamh,
rare
; see
ainneart, force ; ain-, excess
(see an-), and
from
ainneadh, patience
ainnighte, tame,
ait-dam,

dam,

root

ainnir, virgin,
^atiderd

E.

Ir.

ander,

W.

air,

represents

{a)

This

npon.

air^O.

Celtic

This

it still does
=

Gaul.

three

(\g.

W.

Trapd,Trapai.,
by,

Gr.

prep,

so,

(J. Ir.

possibly

air

aspirates

Br.

annoer

in

Irish

ones

cvv ^^'^^^l* "^re~,

er, Br.

ar,

before

Irish,

and

Lat.
in

ffvae

W.

O.

and

0.

Br.

guor,

Br.

voar,

This
Eng. over.
did
in
ended
in
Gaelic
it
not
aspirate ;
r
originally
in
viroit
Gaul.)
inseparable prefix (vero-,
aspirated, as
modern

form

Fenr\iis

(c) air

==

of

old

; Lat.

s-uj/er

like

names

Fergus,

now

oa?;

prep,
as

in

Fearghui^

an

the
or

(gen. case).
( ).

Ir.

afterwards,
Further

vTrep

Eng.

idioms

Gaelic

chionn.

for, "snper,"

; Gr.

f:er-

from

want?

an^dlth,

air, ante, propter,

ari, arei,

fo)-e,for.

(b) air

prep,

Ir. ar,

(do,),
dOdpioi.,virgins (Hes.),

av6i]pu";,blooming,

a)i+ytea/L

M.

heifer,

anner,

^vOap-.
ainnis, ainniseach, needy:
ainstil, fnry, over-tizzing :
on,

(Sh.)

tame,

Gr.

; cf.

neart.

come

iar

n-,

after

aparena,

Gr.

after, pre-Celtic

oTrt-,

behind,

Got.
eV

eperon

afar,

; Skr.

after, Eng.

t-, to, Lat.

oh-^ op-.

apardm,
af-iQv.
See

iar.

10

ETYMOLOGICAL

This

the

is

perfect

DICTIONARY

that

prep,

used

is

with

past participle in GaeHc

or

the

inf.

-Tha

"

mi

to

air

represent
hv.aladh

"

struck."

have

airbhinneach, honourable
Ir.,
aire, distress, so

air+Oeann

0.

Ir.

aircur,

; cf.

pressura

Lat.

parens,

ih.

apSis,

sparing.
Lat.
area.
^irc, the Ark, Ir. aire ; from
airchios, pity, clemency (Hend.) : see oireheas.
aircill,to watch, listen, Ir. aircill ; see faiy^eilL
aircleach, a cripple ; *aire-laeh, from aire, q.v.
aird, point (of the compass), Ir. dird, E. Ir. aird,
Sc.

Hence

point.

airt.

aird, preparation, activit}^:

airde, height, Ir. dlrde, E. Ir.
airdeil, ingenious :
aire, heed, Ir., 0. Ir. ah^e, Old.
intimation

gave

seek

2^ar,

aireach, keeper
aireaeh
the

free

airidh.

draieh,

aireamh,

aireach
See

mmiber,

rtmd,

apiBixos,number.
airean, ploughman,
Arjaman,

S.

Ag.

Eng.

between

bo-aire, cow-lord,
For

vowel

0.

to

Ir.

confusion

see

with

root.
W.

dram,

Ir.

eirif, "^ad-rtm-,

Eng.

number,
oireamh,

g.

rhyme

oireamhan,

Celtic
Gr.

man,
plough-

'^arjamon-,
Airem(ou),
ar, plough.
oirjid.

see

was

aire,

Skr.

(?); root

Aryan
Ir.

Argento-, Argento-eoxus
apyvpos.

; the

long

rim,

who

experiment.

Gaelic

in

Eremou,

mythic

tairfid, music, harmon}^

airgiod, silver, so Ir., 0.
Gr.

Ir.

herdsman

further

confusion

Ireland.

for

0.

Ir.,

so

number

the

ex-perior, Eng.

is

its

owes

watchers

(Anniiianus), pre-C^eltic
2^"^^jd,

ancient

airidh

native

Areauos,

aire{ch),lord

of

tenant

rear.

Brit.

There

Ir.

drd.

see

Trelpa ; trial, Lat.

0.

G.

arde

Romans

cattle.

of

and

the

to

; Gr.

W.

arget,

ariant,

(a Caledonian

argent

is from

Br.

prince)
the

arcliant,
Lat.

Gaul.

argentum

Lat.

airig^h, hill pasture, shciling (airghe, in Lh. for

Ir. airge, dirge, place where
cf. E.
cows
dairy,
are,
herd
Ir. airgech, herdswoman
of cattle; E.
(of Brigit) ; Jr.
of cattle ; airgheach, one
airghe, pi. dirighe (O'B.), a herd
1
herds
Lat.
who
has
But
armentum
see
; ^ar-egia ;
many

airidh, better
Gaelic) ;

draich,
seir

rear.

(Ork.

Gaelic

with

Norse

Sag.).
P^. Ir.

or

Danish

erg

This

Norse

form

airge

airge

from

Gaelic

proves

equals
the

Norse

identity

of

ar-agio, "^agio, herd.

airidh, worthy, Ir. airigli(Ulster),airigh, nobleman

aire{ch),primas, lord ; Skr. drya, good, a lord
dryaha, honourable
man.
"^parei1

(O'B.), 0. Ir.
drya, Aryan,

airilleach,

sleepy

which

allied

is

0.

airlei^, a strait
airmis, hit ; see
ilirne,a sloe, so

Ir.,M.

airneach, murrain
airneis, airneis (M'L.
be

whence

from

*eisaruo-,

W.

from
for
form
eum

air

the

D.),

for

eis,track,

dels)
with

see

Ir. arteini

sed, of

; Lat.

suidhe,

of

W.

echel,

referred

to

the

same

after

ais

Gaelic

ais

be

may

unaccented

an

{di a eis,post

di

for

not

compounds
;

to

and

tar

"l)ack,"

is

as

ad-saiter, is delivered

reduplication

ad-sem-t,

from

absence

root

Eng.

*aksila,

ahel,

rock.

fois, bJios,ros

refers

Ir. asaif, vb.

From

possible,despite
aiseal, jollity(Sh., Arms.) ;
a,isean, rib, Ir., E. Ir. asna,
assula., splinter, asser,
the

possibly

motion.

or

sJdo, assidere

Br.

art

(Carm).

"after, post,^'hwt

(Stokes).
aiseag, a ferry, Ir. aiseog (Fol.):
borrowed
aiseal, axle ; it seems
the

Ir.

thairis, seem
(H.s-),

is used

of rest

q.v.

The

horse.

or

(pi.),0.
name

cf.

aisead, delivery (obstetrical), E.

'^ad-sizd-

man

aiss, darciaiss,l^ackwards

Ir

Ascoli

which

verbs

accoutrements,

origin (Br. harnez, armour),

ais, rithisd

for

hardly

can

iarunn.

ati-sti-.

or

word

ar?iese,

armour

Brittonic

sta, sfo, stand

root

see

ais,

tinder-stick

dirneis, cattle, goods,

The

furniture.
Komancc

Ir.,E.

so

irinenn,

Br.

arayi,

; Ir.

furniture

harness,

of

Ir., E.

so

'I'he forms

ati-staof

the

from

the

iron

backwards

ais.

arrha,

of

forest.

airtneal, airsneal, weariness

:
milk
M.
Ir.
ais,
as
(O'Dav,).
(Carm.),
wisdom
ais
(O'Cl.) See cnoc
ais,
(Carm.),
air

dim.

eiri7i,plums,
Skr.

Artemia,
[Arto-hriga),

arto-

ais, back,

erhs, which,

probably

is

ernes,

sloes, W.

aranka

ct

originally

pebble,

Gaul,

*arrhnla^

(Stokes)

cattle

Eng.

is

Lat.

ami,

from

word

airtein,

from.

airnis, tools,

Ir.

separated

armour,

Ir.

arjanioin

etc., M.

arles, older

See

firmis.

spinosa,"

"prenma

Sc.

whence

leiJuni.

Ger.

Celtic

sloe,

leihvan,

Got.

(O'C.) :
leig,let,

earlas.

See

origin.

same

; from

; from

comes

Eng. earnest,

pledge.

Jr. airel

M.

airliciud, lending

loan,

arles

French,

jaireal, bed,

Jr.

Eng.

to

leig.
airleas, pledge, earnest,
through

0.

11

LANGUAGE.

; from

person

airligwt,

Ir.

airleag",lend,

GAELIC

THE

OF

of the

makes

as

in

Norse

its
in

the

seiu

axle,

word

of

root
taovi

oxnll, but

native

origin

Irish.

aisteach.

see

AV.
beam

origin

eiseii,asen.
(Stokes).

as

Lat.

os,

Cor.

aseu

Formerly

ossis, bone,

cf.

Lat.

it

was

(ir. orrreov,

IZ

ETYMOLOGICAl.

but

the

this

etymology,

vowel

root

DICTIONARY

and

meaning-

(Argyle)
re(piest (Sh.), PI Ir.

aisearan,

aisg",a

weanling

imfavoiiraljle

tO'

ais 1

from

both

are

ascld

root
'^'ad-skv-,

in

as

seq.,

sc/enl,

Ir. eiscir, aisgeir (Lh. for

aisgeir, a ridge of high mountains,
"^ad-skerCf. W.
(Ij,as in Eng. shemj, G. sgeir, q.v.
latter) :
e^gair (Meyer),
Ir., E. 1\\ a^sec
so
aisig",restore,
^'f?.s-zV,out-l)ring,"
; possibly
"

ic

eyik

thig^

see

come.

aisir, aisridh, path ; see astar.

aisith, strife ; as-slth, as-, privative, and stth, q.v.
aisling",a vision, dream, so Ir.,0. Ir. aislinge ; possibly ^cr-ling-ia,
of one-self, ec-stasy," the
'"a
out
root
being leng of
jump
Nigra suggested the root sil or sell of secdl^ see,
leAtm, ([.V.
the word
Stokes
as
as
as-sil-inge,
ad-sell-angia
(].v. ; he divided
Vol.
VIII.).
(Beitriige,
O.Ir.
disndis
1
aisneis, rehearsing, tattle, E. Ir. same,
; aisnedim,
relate
Ir. in-fiadim, I relate) ; fiad^veid,
; {as-ind-fiad-im,0.
innis
know
veto
(Stokes), but this does; see
; root
vet, Lat.
for

account

not

aisteach,

diverting

ait, glad,
aite, a place, Ir.,
Ir., E.

Ir.

eadli,

in

in

appears

ait,
Ir.

Ir.

aisdeach, witty :
I adverbium
ait, euge

Ir.

0.

ait.

([.v.

Norse

place,

ovt,

referred

has

aidh-

; but

sliy girl, "^vq faiteacJi.

aiteal, breeze, ray, small portion.
aiteag,

ait

joarfa?^^,
place
the

to

0.

in

Gaelic

root

Eng.

that

root

ord, point,

would

nd

give

(Iktl";,
ray
as

the

in

I"i'. attal,

tuarasdal.

actuo.Us

aiteam,

aiteamh,

people,

tribe

an

re-"

"

aitheamh,
E.

aithinne,
teine?

be

divided
;.

money

toddi,

W.

Ir.
the

melt

word
root

is
of

Lat.

tahes

tionadh

wliich

Gr.

(0.

is

Ir.

ten, Lat.

thin.

see

fathom,

atlt-.
0,

p(^f, extend,

fire-brand,
The

cf. Gr.

"ray,"

The
luelt ; Eng.
tJiaw.
Ti'jKU),
tinaid, evanescit), Manx
tenniie,

tener, Eng.

of

sense

it

(Arms.)

aith-td-m,

the

"

'''

thaw

a,

In

(piantulum,"
may
root
tel^ weight,
equivalent,

of

sense

ad-tel, 0.

see

Skr.

oddr,

this

od.

or

aith-,

optantis

pod-ti, "^panti?

irkhov, groiuid,

(Ir.

Stokes

Ger.

Celtic

Possibly

oppidimi,

aid-, I. E.

Teutonic

Ir. aisndis.

fellow,

E.

Lat.

p('"d,ped,
as

of 0.

root

W.

atem,

Lat.

Ir., 0.
and,

filum

pateo,

etc.

Ir.

aithinne

kindle,

as

^(p)etemd
:

in

Eng. fathom

*ai'f]i.-tc'a-io-?
0.

Ir. andud,

Root

of

accendere,

lighting

aJanddd,

in that

form

GAEl.lC

THE

OF

case,

*alt/i-and-i""'
})ossiblc,
(Glcn-nioriston).

also
up,
amhailte
is

idveit,Eng. twit ; root vid, wit, know.

aithlis, a disgrace ; cf. leas in leas-mhac.
aithne, knowledge, so Ir.,0. Ir.,aithgne, W.
Ir. ; I. E. gen,

gnd,

know

to

gno,

])eiiigthu

Ir. af/iiss ; *ati-vi(]-ta-

Ir., 0.

reproach, aftVont, so

aithis, a

13

LAX(iUA(JE.

Lat.

adwaen

for
ati-fin-io-

; Gr.

cognosco

(Jot.

yiyvonrKO);

know.

Eng.
aithne, command,

Ir.,O.Ir.aithne, depositnm,

delego, assign

; W.

judging

from

or

an,

with

ao-rec

tlie

ance,

verbal
See

Ir., 0.

the

forms,

forms.
so

Ir.

root

aithrech,

fragen, ask,

(jev.

etc.

these

an

scarcely

further,

G'orn.

Ascoli

he

to

seems

though

tioiimadJi

iiinndiilm,

cdirvL\

(do.), '^ati-(^p)reko-,
'^ati-[p)reJdd
;

azrec

Ij'dt. 2)recor,

the

noun

aithreach, repentant,
Br.

adiie, custody

command

makes

rej)entprek,

root,

the

root

reg,

(see rack).
aithris, tell, so Ir., *ati-rii(,E. Ir. r/.s,a story, rt-ti,rat,
Cf. O.
Ger.
rathjo, speak, Lat. ratio.
rede, speech. Got.
come

airissim,

aitidh, damp :
aitionn, juniper,
0.

Ir.

Eng.

words

nearest

aiteayin,
ethin

Br.

acidus,

Lat.

Ir.

iss.

from

eythinen,

ret,

0.

Ir.,aitenii, W.

(gl.rusco), "^akto-,I.

acid, edge,
Lit.

are

aiteal.

Gr.

bush

E.

root, ak, sharp,

etc.

extreme,

aKpos,

dkstinas, sting,

"

aith, eltldn, Gor.

Ch.

81.

ostiuu.

'^^riie
Also

root
*at-tenn-,
or
sharp
;
at, sharp,
For
Cf.
atto-.
aith, sharp, "^atti-,
caor^uui.
-tenn, see
Ir. teine, furze.
wards,
aitreabh, a building, Ir. aitreihh, E. Ir. aittreh, W. adref, homeAtrehates
the
Celtic
treb
root
Gaul,
ponding
corres; "^ad-treb-,

E.

tree"

from

Ir.

to

al, brood,

Ir
,

Lat.

dl,

tribus, Eng. thorpe.

W.

ael,

al

^{p)aglo- ;

cf.

Lat.

'/n-opago,

Eng.

Ger.
alaire, brood
mare.
adel, nobilitv.
of
oars
alach, a brood,
(M'E.) :
nails
from
*al-loch, dl-,
alach,
{p)agl-, Lat. pcVus, stake : root
Gr.
Lat. paitgo,
irt'jyvvfii,
fix, Eng.
pdg, fasten, whence
pag,

propagate.

Hence

set, bank

page.

alachag, alachuin, see ealachainn.

alainn, beautiful, Ir. dtuin, 0. Ir.
Stokes
root

dlaind

"^ad-lainji

see

loinu.

prefers referring it to ail, pleasant, '^paqli-,Eng. fair,

But
ra-laind, pleasant, "^ad-pland (Holden).
pag.

thall.
all-, over
; see
allaban, wandering :
allail,noble, M. Ir. all, aill,"^al-no-s,root al, as in Lat. altns.
alladh, fame
(either good or bad), Ir. alladh, excellency, fame,
E.

Ir. allud

see

above.

14

ETYMOLOGICAL

allaidh, fierce, wild,

idea

the

over,

allmharach,

from

W.

Ir.

possibly

from

fierce;"
See

cdl-,

cf.

next,

foreigner,
all-^ beyond, and

"

(K. Meyer),
side ; see
ahhsadh.
allsadh, a jerk, suspending, leaning to one
allsmuain, a float, great buoy :
(M'A.) ; see ahhsporag.
allsporag, cow's throttle
Ir.
allt, a stream,
alt, height, (topographically) glen-side or
wMwV,

sea,

0. W.
alt, shore, cliff",

Ir.

0.
all

transmarine

"

allied

Lat.

altiis.

pos8il)lyof Pictish
all-tapadh, mishap,

ill-luck

to

W.

allmharach,

From

allmarach.

Ir.

a//, other.

fierce

foreigner, foreign,

transmarine

allaid

foreign, barbarous,

"

meanings,
E.

Jr.

allta^ 0.

being

of like

allaidd

Ir.

DICTIONARY

Cor.
allt,clift'.
The

Gaelic

ah,

form

Br.

and

cliff,

aot, shore

meaning

are

origin.

(Wh.)

mischance

from

all-

and

tapadli.
the English.
aim, alum
; from
almsadh, charity (Hend.), M. Ir. almsain.
alp, also ealp (Wh.), ingraft, join closely together: alp in tinkers'
Ir. a job of work, hill ; ealp
Sc. imper, graft.
alt, joint, Ir., E. Ir. alt, ^(p)alto-s; root pel, whence
Eng. fold,
=

Norse,
TrAartos.

altach,

Ger.

faldr,

groove

in order

that

atlnchu?'

bude,

give

tidka.% interpreter ; Lat.

altar, Ir.,0. Ir. altoir,W.

Lat.

fostering,

am,

Ir. am,

pi. amanna,

at. Got.

a]:"n,year

time,
root

labialised,

being
l)efore

"

"

small

it

Ir.

attliigud, rendering
"^ad-tlukor, root, tluq ;

for

loquor

Ir.

E.

tloquor.
altor, Br.

in

Got.

Ir. am,

possibly

also

vowels

AV.

altram,

alo.

; from

aider

alltraiv, sponsor

alan,

"^ammen-,

Lat.

form

aspirated into
subsequent

the

grow,
from

Eng.

old.

^at-s-mien-,

(ai-s-no-).

annus

labialised

is the

is

0.

allor. Cor.

Lat.

this

priA^ativeprefix ;

am-,

0.

Ir. altrom,

al, nourish, whence

root

for

place."

altare, altar, "high

altrum,

-TrAao-fo?,doubled,

(Wh.).

thanks

Lit.

altair,

Gr.

(at food), Ir. altughadh,

grace

thanks,

falz,

air alt"

"

of a7i-, q.v. ; and

amh-.
The
forms

aim-,

syllable are

aimh-.

amach,

vulture,

amadan,

fool, Ir.

//lent

mind,

amaddn

etc.

amail,
amail,

liindrance

amal,

swingle-tree;

shaft,"

E,

chaimel,

shorter

The

Ir.

; E.
:

root

ad,millim,

*ad-mol

mill

'"''amh-or- ; Gaul,

destroy

But

Norse

mens,

in

meanmna.

ad+mill,
hamla,

q.v.
hinder,

mol, a beam,
especially
Norse
hamla, oar-loop,
; E.

ambes,

Ir.

rivos,

ammor,

root

menti-s, Eng.

Cf.
lead

Lat.

is found

men

Celtic

non-minded,"

etc.),mind;

ad-\-moll, q.v.

Ir. 7nol.

"

am+ment-,

{dear mad, far mad,

mischief

amar,

Ir.

so

ammbur,

rivers, Amhris,

river

mill

"a

trough,
name

OF

imher

Lat.

considers

Ir. borrowed

the

; but

eiiner

objection.
amarlaich, blustering (M'A.)
amarlaid, blustering female
;
Hend.
need
amart,
(Hond.).
of wood
amhailte, large ember
0

hitting,

amas,

amasguidh,
see

amh,

Ir. ammiis,

aimsgith,

measg.
Ir.

w/xo"j ; Got.

amhach,

neck

amsa
:

amphora

same-

questions it, aimbeairt.

now

(Glen-moriston).
aim

"^ad-mes-

*ad-mesc-id-, "mixed;"

impure:
W.

of

eirmis.

see

; root

whence

dm,

om,

Gr.

Lat.

; Skr.

(^om-es-os)
;.

shoulder

humerus,
amsas.

amhain, entanglement
by the neck (M'A ) ; from above.
a
mhain, only, Ir. amhdin, E. Ir. amain
; cf. 0. Ir. nammd
sit
but
ut
non
1) na-?i-wirt,
major" (^'?).The
namyn,

(W.

"

main

7nd

is

root

or

explanation

{a[p\o)+ main,

"

not

; Gr.

negative,

Ger.

Roots

marc,

amhartan,

merhen,

luck,

Lith.

perhaps

marg.
Ir. amhantur,

the

exact

than"

more

"

amhainn, river ; better abhaiym, q.v.

amhaltach, vexing ; see aimheil.
amhan, a marsh, or Ion (Glen-moriston).
amharc, looking, seeing; so Ir., M. Ir., amarc,
marc,

but

(?). amhdin
ixdvo"i,
spiirlich,[jlovo^ (St. Z.).
no

easy;

*mani

the

with

more,

mo,

is

his

amarlaich.

not

om,

amf^a

to the

is liable

Ger.

amsas.

*om-dk-d

(3yxo9
; Got.

Gr.

Ir.

amphora,
distinctly against

an

; Skr.

Zimmer

water.

S. amber,

is

Lat.

profane,

E.

amJi,

raw,

ambu,

Ag.

meaning
from

borrowing

; Skr.

from

Gaelic

the

theory.

rain
o/x/?/)o",

Gr.

15-

LANGUAGE.

GAEIJC

THE

amharc

merkti,

cdjJiantnr

Fr.

; from

a-{apo) +

blink

wink,

a-

(St.).
Eng.

aventure,

adventure

amharus,

suspicion,

the

latter

from

'*sistd,standing,

look

amhas,

like

The

madman

wild

; E.

Conchobar's

amsaig,
appear

probably

Borrowed

from

^ambaxus

; Ciesar

ambactos
and

ag,

Gaul.

go,

at

"^ess is

; cf. Lat.

would

once,

as

in

(see aghaidh).

soldier,

roots

Hence

the

E.

Norse

servus,

Gaulish
The

wild

Ir.

amhusgan,

our

of the

ambactus
the

amhas,

mercenary

mercenaries,

of
says
habent."
clientesque
lead

reminiscence
Lat.

formed

; Ir.

man

misunderstood

there

air-ess,and

iress,

^am-are-sistd.

amsach,
or

it

were

beast

Ir. amos,

Deirdre,
is

word,

man,

Ir. iress

0.

std,,stand, reduplicated

root

whole

'^am-{2y)are-sistd,or

amhusg",

cwiairess, infidelitas,am

"faith;"

meaning

sisto, etc.

Ir.

Ir., 0.

so

"

many

saga

of

monsters

bear-sarks."

Festus),through

princes
are

man,

servant.

"

Circuni

ambi-

words,

se

(see mu)
as
Eng.

IG

DICTIOXAIIV

ETYMOLOGICAL

Ger.

amUcssador,
lias amhcM

amhg'har,

in

amlahar,

-\-gar

gdu\

(St.).
See
(Hend.).

cf.

laugliter,

hujlr,

for

root.

mute

or

from

amhluadJi.

(Arg.)

l)ehaver

and

(not)

am-

ir.

omJd6ii\,

labliair, speak,

amhlaisg", bad beer, taplash :

confusion, distress
amhluadh,
:
wonderful
amhra,
; '^am-porios (St.),ctTreipos.
Ir. amkrdn,
amhran, song,
abhrdn, M. Ir. ambrdn,
Cf.

brayi.

see

ir.

O.

suilJjhi'i'.

Cf.

(|.v.

(not)

am-

See

sillytalker

fool, boor,
Ir.

]r, .).,l-IJ.,l.'j(),

etc.

do-gar, *xapa

distress, dismay

0.

r/dire.,risus.

from

Ir. so-gai\

amhladh,
amhlair,

position,

(t. force.

affliction,Ir. amhgar

tristitia,
E.

ofticial

amt,

Ir.

amhsan

(Lee. 69).
(ansan), Dial,

amhuil,

like,

as,

mal,

Br.

samJiail,

q.v.

Manx,

eidogy, especially in

amhra,

arram

verse

amJn

n,

famous

W.

Ir.

solan

osan,

evel ; from

Ir.

0.

amJduidh,

amhuilt, a trick, deceit (H.S.D., M'E.

Ir. oigheann ; borrowed
amliuinn, oven,
amlach, curled, amlag", a curl, M.
am/jf-,

amraidh,

in

as

nni,

amraidh

E.

place
a', the,

Ir.

appears

before

is

of

part

the

has

whether

do-

(as

between

S.

Sen-to-

the

to

in

best

o-Se

and

se,

the,

seo,

to)

before

not,
what
to

revert
I'oot

-dem,

neuter

root

and

it is
it

roots,
a

The

-do-

Briigmann

to

that

stuck

of

to-

the

to

principle otherwise,
historical
not, produce the
older
the
etymology, and
on

au}^

appearing

da,

is

(1. ]^. sj"",

suggested
was

it

(f.),

san,
se

she.

no^\'

t-

sendd

in

the

Latin

{qwi-dam, i-dem, etc.),the

SI.

(iaelic

(m.),

pronominal

Celtic

the

do-

or

Ch.

(rnnarium,

and
t-atJiair),

the

by

into
could

to

an"1

(neut.)

n-

sendo-s
two

tha-t, Gr.

pronominal

o-8e, this),
Gr.

pre]).

arnhry

Lat.

{an

masc.

by Thurneysen

(Eng.

(enclitic)-dam,

cases

-8e

to-

is

the

/)

from

Celtic

from

ace.

Ag.

aumiic

feuL), a

composed
judging
sen,

of accentuation
It

oven.

from

(Ol'".),\V. ahuari;

Sc.

and

nom.

referred

sen.

forms.
refer

amri

of

degenerated

fi.xed form

Eng.

amiacli,

almarie,

the

stem

or

been
root

adh-nu'la.

arma.

(mas.

in

sen-do-

to

Er.

in

is

nom.

have

may

Ir.

vowels

into

pron.

arms,

from

O.

so-), allied

sendo-s

0.

Sendo-s

neuter

beside

from

article

tlie

dividing
fixed

or

an,

(n.).

s,an

Ir.

in

appears

Cf.

amn/,

(j.v.

almaru,
of tools

an,

from

(M'E.), cupboard, Ir.

from
Eng. (Gaelic from

all l)orrowed
M.

amhuilt)

W.

O.

which

savudi-,

ani"er

avial,

a.mail,

Celtic

Lat.

; from

goose

he.

seii-do-s

The
is this

Gr,

difference,
:

the

(ir

fixed

Se,

then,

inflects

OF

the

first

Gaehc

an,

do-

; otherwise

for

almost
Ir.

in,
Gr.

the

roots

Eng. in,

even

as

an,

It

an

amh-

to

and

sen

inflecting
and

ultimately,

same

the

used

-i/n, Br.

; Lat.

en

in

form

longer

the

in

it appears

Ir. in ; Lat.

0.

Ir.,

0.

in-, Gr.

a7i

in- ;

an-,

a-,

Got.

an.

Cor.,

W.,

dv-, Eng.

Br.

Skr.

un-,

"

consequent

"

small

an-

a-,

liquids (save n)

and

labials
with

W.

^, i n-,

ann.

an,

before

appears

aspirated

see

Lat.

n-,

Ir.

Generally

etc.

interrogative particle,Ir.
negative prefix, Ir. an-,
an-,
etc.

the

whereas

fixed,

purposes.

ann

I. E.

Se

the

keeps
the

are

an,

Celtic

and

by fixing

0.
(eclipsing),

n-

or

ann,

matter

17

LANGUAGE.

so)

the

similar

ev

(6

element

reverses

GAELIC

THE

an-,

am-,

as

vowels,

it

becomes

Before
ion-, as in
ain-, aim-, aimh-.
g, it becomes
Before
and
the
the
becomes
t and
c
iongantas.
aneuc, t, s,
become
medials
See
also
in
next
(as
beicd, hreug, feusag).
word.

ana-,

sometimes
prefix, 0. Ir. an-,
but
ana-creidimh, disbelief, 0. Ir. ancretem,

negative

M.

Ir.

ainfhir.

for

ana-

the

Gr.

are

This

second,
dvev,

avt?,

suggests

extensions

without

Celtic

of

; Ger.

for

anas-

the

an-

inu,

first,and

the

previous

ohne, Got.

G.

aspirating ;
ainfhior, untrue

cognate

without.

Ir. anain-, prefix of excess

ain-, M.
; Ir.
; Ir. an-,
does
so
aspirates where
possible (not t, d, g), Gaelic
rarely.
Allied
Gr.
Got.
Hence
are
ana-barr,
Eng. on.
ana,
ava,
up.
violence
excessive
excess
heat, etc.
; ain-neart,
; ain-teas,
anabas, dregs, refuse, also green, unripe stuff cut; horn, an-ahaich.
anabhiorach, centipede, whitlow
:
anacail, defend, save
(do.).
; Ir. anacail, protection, E. Ir. anacul

ana-,

an-,

Ascoli

This

refers

the

to

origin

same

anacair, sickness, affliction,so

Ir.,

adnacul

as

Ir.

an-shocair.

adhla.c.

see

Jl.

156.

See

acarach.

anadas,

regret (M'D.)

anagna,

irregularity,unusualness

anail, breath,
alan,
Skr.

anainn,

Celtic

Br.

0.

so

Celtic

Ir.

See

(Hend.), ana+gndth.

anal,

; root

wind.

top of
Ir., 0.

eaves,

ene,

and
anatld

anila,

soul,

anam,

Ir.

breathe.

an,

w^all

Ir. anim

animon-

linen, Ir.,

pan

Got.

E.

Lat. pannus,

fana,

Ir.

(d. anmin).

(Stokes);

anairt,
cloth

cloth, Ag.

S.

anan,

Cor.

enef,

to

breathe,

dvcfxos,wind.
anamaint, lust, perversity (Hend.), ana
anart,

Got.

also.

anam

house

anal, Br.

Cor.

anadl, anal.

W.

0.

; Gr.

fana,

Ir.

Lat.

Br.

anima

eneff,
;

Gr.

mein.

annart

Trrjvos,

small

animus,

M.

"^an-artothread

flag,Eng.

on

; root

the

vane,

pan,

bobbin

fane.

18

ETYMOLOGICAL

anart, pride :
anasta, stormy

DICTIONAKY

an-fadh-asta

anfadh,

see

storm.

ancachd, adversity (Hend.) :

the time
an
here," q.v.
drasta, now
; for an-trdth-sa,
G. is onfhadk, q.v.
tanfadh, storm
; proper
anfhann, weak, Ir. anbhfann, M. Ir. anbfann, anband
"

"

faint."

excessive

anlamh,

annlamh,

'^qq

an^fanriy

fann.

misfortune

(not)+

an-

lamh

ullamh

see

for

lamh.
"^anda

there, Ir., 0. Ir. and,

( avrrj, this, she) ; Lit.

(Stokes) ; Cyprian Gr. avSa

andai, newly, ans,
ille, ilia ;
ana,
this (he).
Ch.
SI. onu,
that ; Skr.
ana,
E. Ir. ind, 0. Ir. ind-ium
(in me), Celtic
ann, ann
an, in, Ir. ann,
endo
(Stokes) ; Lat. endo, indu, into, in ; Gr. eVSov, within,
evSoOev
into.
The
roots
are
en
(see an), in, and do
; Eng.
In
and
two
ann
(see do), to.
prepositions ann
an
an, the

ann,

used.

are

The
; the

relative

ann

tannaid, annoid,

Stokes

church.
"

Clach

Annet,
from

Ir.

M.

the

the

article

to

In

L.

Lat.

Scottish

h-Annaid,

na

Ir.

annoit, 0.

it to

refers

church."

ancient

before

article
;

and

anns

an,

san.

church,

used

is

anns

properly belongs

-s

the, is for

in

form

antitas, for

mother-

antiquitas,

place-names
Cf.

etc.

andooit,

it appears
as
church
(O'Dav.),

annone,

Hebrew.

annaladh,

Ir.

calendar,

era,

M.
Ir.
annamh,
rare,
root
tame";
dam,

analach,

Ir.

E.

annam,

home,

chronicle

etc.;

; from

andam

Eng.

Lat.

annalia.

*an-dam-,

domestic,

"

non-

Hence

tame.

rarity.

annas,

annlamh, vexation, etc. ; see anlamh.

annlan, condiment, E. Ir. annland, W. enllyn ; possibly an + leann.
*ann-reth-ach,
annrach, ^nrach, wanderer, stranger ; either from
*
root
reth, run
an-rath-ach,
(see ruith, faondradh), or from
"unfortunate,"

annrath,
E.

dearer,

annsa,
ao-,

privative
See

anrath;
to

appears
better

liked,

prefix ; for

be
so

eu-,

q.v.

an-^-rath
of

',

see

rath,

luck.

The

different

Ir., M.

Ir.

that

is, for

Ir.

adbar,

origin.
and,sa, preferable :
an-

(not),before

and

t.

an-.

aobhach,
aobhar,

Ir.

distress,

Ir. andrd

rath, luck,

root

joyous
cause,

bher,

whence

Ir.

see

aoibhinn.

adhbhar,
Lat.

0.

fero, Eng. bear,

'^ad-bero-n

; root

b"r, I.E.

etc.

of good promise, hobble^

or
aobharrach, a young
person
dehoy ; from aobhar, material.
aobrann, ankle, 0. Ir. odbrann, W. uffarn : *od-bronn, "^ud-brunn-y
itc?- Eng.
brii, belly..
hrunn-, see
"out-bulge;"
out, and
beast

OF

19

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

(^Academy, June, 1892) makes

TToS-o?,Eng. foot, etc.
TTovs,

od-

Stokes
Gr.

Ir.

aodach, clothes,
in

anart

Lat.

Of.

q.v.

etc.

pannus,

face,

Ir. eadan,

; Gr.

ante

avrt,

aodraman,

bladder,

aog^, death

aogasg,

aogas,

habitus,

Lit.

0.

see

pinti, plait, twine,

Alb.

cfs.

Ir.

0.

against

Celtic

etan,

Ch.

ent,

root

int,

as

pan,

SI. ^?g^^,

wind,
Gr.

weave,

see

(Stokes);

antano-

; Skr.

and

Eng.

Ir. eadtromdn

M.

face,

appearance,
expression, *in-co$c

ovi-, sheep,

civil

^ant-ac-os

Lat..

dnti, opposite.

aotrom.

eug.

dyopd, meeting
aoibh,

etach,

Strachan

in-cho-sig,
significat.
aoghaire, shepherd, so Ir.,M.
for

Ir.

for^90cZ,foot,

weave.

aTro[JLaL,

aodann,

eudach,

be

to

look,

see

Ir.

see

(O'CL),

ecosg

casg,

aegaire,

The

oisg.

Ir.

-gar-

Ir

Cf.

check.

0. Ir.

0.

ecosc,.

0.

Ir.

augaire, "^ovi-gar;

is allied

to

Gr.

dyetpo),

place, market.

cheerful

face,

Ir.

aoibh, pleasant, humour,

E.

Ir.

*aibd
diph, beauty, appearance,
(Thurneysen),
Fr.
Ascoli
refers
it to
aib, good manners.
mien, look,
live
of eibheall
the
root
a
coal, the underlying idea
(q.v.),

deb,

0.

Ir.

Prov.

This
would
to
as
"shining, sheen."
agree
force with
taitinn, please, taitneach, pleasant.
aoibhinn, pleasant, joyful,so Ir.,E. Ir. dibind, dibind.

being

word

for

the

See

original
above

root.

aoideag, hair-lace, fillet ; from root of aodach.

aoigh, guest, Ir. aoidhe, pi. aoidheadha, 0. Ir. oegi, pi. oegid,
Teutonic
whence
Norse
*faig-i}"-,
feigr,
'^(v)oig-it
; cf. the
to
doomed
die, Ag. S. fdegp, doomed,
Eng. fey (Schrader).
Celtic
the
Stokes
as
{p)oik-it,poik, whence
gives
Eng. foe
but
the
Gaelic
is
Lat.
hostis,hospes) ;
gh of aoigh
(cf.
against
derivation.
As
Schrader's
this otherwise
against
satisfactory
the
form
to
found
in
etymology, might be put a reference
root
Gr. oixoixai, go, Lit. eigd, going, further
ei, go ; the idea
taker."
Commonly
misspelt aoidh.
being
journeyIr. aoibh.
aoigh, pleasant countenance,
aoine, fast, Di-haoine, Friday, Ir. aoine, Friday, 0. Ir. oine, fast,
Lat.
iun ; from
Br.
jejunium, a fast, fast-day, Eng. jejune.
Stokes
suggests Gr. Tretvaco, hunger, as cognate, making it
native
Unlikely.
: *poin-io-.
with
brae
rocks, Manx
aoineadh, a steep
steep place :
eaynee,
Ir.
dir.
E.
Ir.
0.
Ir.
Got.
der,
*aigrd,
a
aoir, satire,
ato-xos.
aor,
Got.
and
aiviski
root.
gives Gr. and
(St.). Prellwitz
: aigh
and
word
0.
Ir. tathdir, reprehensio, to
this
Ascoli
refers
"

tdir, q.v.

aoir, sheet

or

bolt-rope of

sail

20

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

further

Arjaman,

aoirneagan.
aois, age,

Eng.

Lat.

*ait-tu,

0.

Ascoli

probably

is
and

may

aolais,
aolmann,

See

ates,

oireamhariy

g.

Skr.

*arjamon-,

plough.

ar,

(Th.

Lat.

From

Eng. aye.
276).

Arch.

St.

^aivestu-

oes,

aidh, light, fire, Gr.

from

Mackay.
0.

Ir.
0.

W.

ailedu, stercora,
Ir.

Got.

with

allied

be

W.

always

aiet,

*aidlo-,

compares

cognate

not

indolence

del

Ir.

aoileach,

Ir.

eluvies.

Gr.

titor, Si-atra

aol,
aol, lime,
aW(i),gleam, (St.).

dung,

root

des, dis, dis,

age

oiior,

Ir.

aolach,

(?);

Ir.

0.

aois,

cetas,

cevum,

AiremfonJ,

Eremon,

Aryan

oireamh^

aonagail.

See
Ir.

Ir.

herdsman,

aoirean, airean, ploughman,

the
mythic
ploughman,

add-ail,

but

ail, probrum,

this

word

agls, aglus, difficult,shameful,

aolach.

to

ointment

founded

Eng. ointment.

the

on

Cf.

iarmailt,

armailt.
incline.

aom,
aon,

one,

; Got.

panting

aonadh,
aonagail,
uan

ascent

Some

bodily

or

Ir.

W.

apron,

gunwale

Lat.

aparsaig,

0.

n-,

arisen
of

Stokes
See

aperio,

Gaelic

the

0.

Ir.

idea

being
agonium,

Lat.

phonetics.

(H.S.D.)

see

uainneart

refers

further

it
at

Eng.
and

unaccented

ar),
to

bhur.

Ger.

Celtic

from

*an

etromm;

Lat.

adoratio,

trom,

"non-

ape.

from

Eng.

open,

and

Eng.

adrad

Ir.

Eng.

apert,

Ir.

from

patch (N.H.)

; from
so

our,

from

Sc.

knapsack

have

{us

ab

; from

expert

ar

the

one,

compared

Ir.

0.

adhradh,

Ir. ap,

from

ar,

aon,

the

constitution

mental

light, Ir. eadtrom,

See
trom.
heavy."

aparr,

suit

fair, assembly,

iimais.

see

aotrom,

aparan,

unus

foam.

want

ape,

Lat.

worship,
Eng. adoration.

ap,

un

dinich.

see

aonach,

have

scarcely

Br.

one.

Ir.

aonairt, aoineag^an, wallowing

=

aonais,
aorabh,
aoradh,

Eng.
place,

Cor.,

W.,

fair, "^oin-acos,from

it would

fair, but

den

din,

re-union."

uniting,

aonach,

ams,

market

denach,

oinach,

inclining, attracting

Ir.

0.

aon,

( oinos)
aonach, moor,
"

aomadh,

Ir.

Ir.

from

0.

Fr.

the

Eng.

aparte,

aperient, expert,

military skill,
etc.

haversack.
0.

Ir.

'^(s)aron;

this

form

may

(Jub.), like Got. uns-ar

Eng. our
(Thurneysen).
unser,
allied
Lat.
to
nostrum.
(n)ostron,
m-aron

OF

ar,

seems

GAELIC

Ir.

0.

la,

Ir.

Ir., M.
; where

da

inda, ata,

21

LANGUAGE.

learn, methinks,

ar

with

THE

E.

dar,
ta,

Ir.

indar, atar^

tar

tha

verb

is the

Tha
leam-sa
rel. in before
it.
or
(thathar), is,with
prep,
(Mrs Grant). See na, than.
ploughed land ; Lat. aro ; Lit. ariic ;
ar,
ar, plough, E. Ir. ar, W.
Got.
arjan, Eng. ear, plough.
0. Ir. dr, W.
*agro- ; root ag,
ar, battle, slaughter, Ir. and
aer,
drive ; Gr.
dgh.
; see
ay pa, chase
Ir.
0.
Ir.
*nfron- ;
dra(nn),
dru, g. dran, W.
ara, kidney,
aren,
Lat.

nefrones

ad-ren,

arabhaig",

the

; Gr.

the

being

ren

strife ; cf. 0.

Ir.

same

Stokes

nieren.

v"(f)p6s
; Ger.

Lat.

as

refers

dra

to

ren.

irhdg, arhag, *air-hdg-, Norse

bdgr,

strife.

arach, rearing ; see

diridh, shealing. It is possible to refer this
word
in eirich.
which
to "^ad-reg-,
root
reg being the
appears
arachas, insurance, so Ir., E. Ir. drach, bail, contract, '''ad-rig-,
see
rig, bind, which
Ir.
ladder,
aradh, E.

root

in cuihhreach.

Ir. drad
aradh, a
:
Ir.
araiceil, valiant, important,
drach, strength, drachdach,
r
oot
puissant, '^ad-reg-,
reg, rule, direct.
Ir. dirighe, M.
Ir. diridhe, '^ad-rei- ; cf. W.
^raidh, certain, some,
Got.
to
rhai, rhyiv, some,
certain, which
Rhys
compares
seed.

fraiv,

ar-amach,
aran,

rebellion

'^eirigh-amach, out-rising."
Ir.,ardn; root
ar, join, Gr.
apapio-KO),

; for

bread, Ir., M.
See

arbhar,

"

apros.

next.

field.

arvum,

(Pliny), Gr.
arbhartaich,
arc, fungus

Ir.

Ir., E.

so

corn,

Also

Gaul,

Skr.

dispossess ; "^ar-herton

Ir. arcan,

(Lh.)

frumenti

for

ar

ex-ro

cork,

cork, stopple,

archuisg, experiment (Sh.):

arcuinn, cow's udder
:
E.
Ir.
ard, high, Ir.,
drd, Gaul. Ardvenna
;
ard-dorus, lintel, Ir. ardorus, fardorus ;
folk
etymology, the real word
being
and

Gallicum"

genus

plant,

arcan,

; Lat.

frumentum

arbe,

arakas,

decayed wood, cork,

cork

Ir.
"

arinca,

vetch,

apaKos,

; 0.

arhar

Lat.
drdar,

here

air,

6p96"i.

; Gr.

arduus
is

upon.

piece
See

air

dorus.

arfuntaich, disinherit
argarrach, a claimant
argumaid, argument,

*ar-fonn-.
"^

Ir.

air -^ gar

arhhartaich.

See
;

goir.
Ir. argumint

see

argumeint,

0.

; from

Lat.

argumentuTn.

arias, chimney,
arm,

weapon,

Eng.

of

arms.

E.

Ir.

Ir.,

forles, roof

0.

Stokes

Ir.

arm,

says

W.

light

; air

arf;

unlikely

from

from

leus, q.v.
Lat.

Lat.

arma,

whence

22

ETYMOLOGICAL

armadh,

wool

working

DICTIONARY

in

oil,

the

oil

for

Cf.

wool.

working

aolmann.

armunn,

Ir.

hero,

of Norse
oblique case
aroch, hamlet, dwelling
a

allied

Ir.

(g. drmanns),

drmad'r

also

arrachogaidh,

M.

to

Ir. aros,

W.

aros

araws,

the

deer

first

(Sh.)

"^ad-rostu-

rostu-.

arrach, contour,
the

steward.

harmost,

harpyia, Eng. harpy.

a
harpy
arraban, distress : "^ar-reub- ?
fellow
arrabhalach, treacherous
farbhalach.
; see
root
arrachar, rowing, steering (Arm.) : '^ar-reg-,
E.
arracht
Ir.
arrachd, spectre, Ir.,
; ^ar-rig- ; see
Ir. has

an

Lat.

; from

arpag,

from

armand,

Ir. drus,

dwelling,
Eng. rest is

aros,

officer, E.

an

armann,

direct.

reg,

riochd

for

root.

spectre.

hound

that

wind

gets

of,

or

comes

to

up

careless
arraghaideach,
(Sh.) :
*?
the
arraideach, erratic : from
Eng. 1 earraid, hermit
arraidh, farraidh, suspicion (M'D.).
arraing, a stitch, convulsions, so Ir. ; *ar-vreng- '? Eng. ivrench, etc.
arral, foolish pride :
bold

arronta,

awkwardness,

arrusg",
ars,

the

to

pronoun

M.G.,

ar

the

Stokes

adducing

E.

the

-dai

olddte.

The

like

Lat.

later

still

^rsaidh, old,
not

all

"

that

Stokes

is

reached.

artlaich,
^ruinn, a

stone

baffle
forest

His

stdt, Skr.
;

from

;
;

Ir.

ol

ver,

with

analogy

"

he),

then

"

had

for

purdstdt,

later
"

the

forms

or

see

stand.
; sta,
; but

the

fairtlich.

^ag-ro-ni-,root

ag,

Gr.

ay pa,

the

indds,
for,

or

It
same

*{p)arostdt, from

major

verdli

and

further."

erst.

Eng.
sea-gull,larus

bar

(see thall),

the
of

forms

preposition,

further"

word

is

other

"^ar-sta-

the

stem

is

for

ov

author

Eng. swear,
verdh, Eng. ivord,

airtein.

see

that

Ir. arsid

observed

arsenic

root

prepositions, denoting
0.

and

E.

wise

say,

sver,

al, propter,

ille"

("tum

large species
a

is

drsaidh,

before,

arsnaig",

ar

Ir.

third

Of.

si."

ar

se,

fordat, ordat, oldat, inquiunt,

original

turn

the

to

ar

The

root

really belongs

"

the

an).

ars

Gaelic

she,

said

"

Thurneysen
objects
ta
on
being the verb

root.

glic"

now

it

of the

said

he,

to

refers

Ir,

The

ughdar
art.

(M'A.)

arusg

ar.

inquit, point

answer.

arspag,

or

full

Ir.

said
s^,

tres

san

for,

E.

se

"

{san being
and

indecency,

Ir. ar,

quoth,

arsa,

artan,

farranta.

see

the

chase.

was
clusion
con-

/wros,

OF

as,

; Lat.

ex-

Ir.

of, from,

a, out

ex

THE

Gr.

as,

0.

ef

etc.

23

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

Ir.

ass,

As-

a,

W.

is

also

a,

Br.

oc,

used

as

privative

particle.
asaid, delivery ; see aisead.
asair, also fasair, the herb

bacca

"asara

;"

borrowed

Gaul.

ag,

a,

Latin

from

name.

asair, harness,
etc., 0.
root

asal,

are

vra^,

greaves,

(Hes.),Lat.

sandal

baxea

TryjywixL(Stokes).

so

Ir., M.

borrowed

from

ass,

assain,

asaire, shoemaker,

; Gr.

soccus

fit,Gr.

pdg.

an

Ir.

shoemaker,

Ir. assa,

Ir.

W.

assal,

Lat.

Cor.

asyn,

and

W.

assellus,the

Corn,

Ir.

and

G.

asen,

Lat.

from

asinus.

asbhuain, stubble
ascaoin, unkind,
privative, and

*as-b%iain, "out-reaping,"

side

wrong

caoin,

of

q.

v.

ascaoin);

is

(caoin

cloth

q.v.

Ir. escart, W.
earth,
asgartac/i, M.
sker, separate ;
*ex-skarto-, '^skarto-,dividing, root

ascart,

Ir.

tow,

sham

dung ; Eng.
asgaidh, present, boon,
root,

asg'an,

Ir.

E.

asp,
asran,

an

asp,
a

ctkmp,

Ir.

(Meyer)

ascid

; for

fasgadh, sgail : "^ad-scath-,asgaid.

Ir.,

Br.

forlorn

W.

of the

The

bosom.

asgre,
s.

aisteach.
(Arm.).
Lat.
scando, etc.
; *ad-sqend6- ;
aslach, persuasio, adslig,persuades

creature,

merry

q.v.
W.

askle,

metathesis
dwarf

asgnadh, ascending, so Ir.

aslach, request, Ir., 0. Ir.
slighe,w^ay.
root, see
to tell (Arm.),
aslonnach, prone
sloinn,

0.

ascad,

see

(q.v.)by

achlais

grig,

skarz,

Gr.

taisg.

see

as

Br.

; etc.

asgailt, a retreat, shelter

asgall, bosom, armpit, so
same

as-,

from

asp,

the

object, Ir.

E.

See

Ir.

asluindim,

request

stranger

; for

*ad-

Eng.

asrdnnach,

astrannach,

from

astarl

astail, a dwelling ; see fasdail.

astail, a contemptible fellow (M'A.) :
astar, a journey, Ir. asdar, astar, E. Ir. astur
; "^ad-sod-ro-n,root
Gr.
Ch.
SI.
sod, sed, go ;
686s, way,
choditi, go ; Eng. ex-odus.
Stokes
form
as
(Bez. Beit.^^
1134) now
gives its Celtic
*adsUro-,

root

sai

of

saothair, toil,

asuing", asuinn, asuig, apparatus, weapon

; see
Ir.
0.
Ir.
root
at, swell,
at,
att, *(p)at-to-,
aitheamh,

Stokes

q.v.

etc.); but this

tatach, request, B.
pray,

^ad-tek-

would
of

gives
be

Deer

in

Celtic

Gaelic

attdc, E.

Eng. thig.

as

asair

extend,

pat,

azdo-

(?).

(Got.

as

in

asts, twig,

ad.
Ir.

atach,

0.

Ir.

ateoch,

24

ETYMOLOGICAL

atach,

cast-off

clothes

ataig", atuinn,
atamach,

again

az-

ate

(M'A.)

ati,

athach,

modest.

ath-, aith-, ad-, *ati,

at, but,

(atavus)

at-

Stokes

over.

"over"

respectively

meaning

Hence

Ir.

Lat.

; Skr.

otu

back.
0.

Ir.,

so

re-,

ath-aodach.

ath-.

ath-,

Gaul,

Slav,

stake

caressing
see

; from

ath-, aith,

(Uist, etc.)

palisade,

fondling,

ath, next,
ath, flinch

DICTIONARY

Lit.

divides
and

W.

at-,.

at-, ata-, back,.

Celtic

ati-

but

"re-;"

Br.

ad-,

into

two,

this

seems.

unnecessary.

ath,

Ir.

kiln,

aith,

Bezzenberger
fathach,

atmosphere

athailt,

embers,
a

scar

athair, father,
pitdr-

ath-ail

athair-neimh,

serpent,

athair-thalmhainn,
"

borrowing
athar,

evil

athar,

See

padhal,

atharla,
atharnach,

athir

Br.

Eng.

vapour,

aithinne.

pater

Trar^p

Gr.

nathair-neimh,

for

Ir. and

M.

Ir.

earr-thalmhainn,

delay,

Skr.

q.v.

athair

talman

which

suggests.

q.v.

So.

aieur, air, sky,

Eng.

^at-ro-n

(M'A., Whyte),
aur

aier,

aer,

See

air.

from

ath,

athailt.

Ir.

0.

St.

for

W.

aer,

awyr

from

"^aver-

Of.

E.

Ir.

adhal.

possibly

"

ath-ar-laogh,

ex-calf."

Of.

calf,

second

crop,

ground

cropped

% "^ath-ar-nach,

(N. H.)
atharrach,
alteration, Ir. atharrach,
*ati-ar-reg-, root

afresh,

arre,

it into

ati-ex-rego,that

"

related,

yarroiv.

ath-ebrn-ach

atharrais,

iVvos:.

Gr.

auhns,

ar/xos,

See

Lat.

milfoil,

consequence

Ir.

azr

aer,

Eng.

staidhir,

aithirni,

C?).

Ir.

comharradh.

heifer

Gr.

pre-Celtic

etc.

mark.

Also

w^hence

aer,

to

extend

pat,

ail,

ath-\-fois

sky, air,

Lat.

!"

from

effect,

"re-."

athach

see

yarrow,

pater-telluris

athais, leisure;

ride

j6ti,

father.

Eng.

0.

root

*ath-teine

;
;

Ir.,

so

Lit.

fire, as

dtar,

athach
Ir.

Got.

oven,

Zend,

breath

atem,
Ir.

so

0.

Ir.,

Ger.

go

this

refers

Eng.

to

the

f athach,

breeze,

athainne,

parallel

Ir.

to

yd,

Stokes

odyn.

suggests

giant,

Skr.

W.

apati-, apatino;

athach,

dih, "^jdtu-;

Ir.

Beul-ath

(Stokes).
ath,

0.

ford, Ir.,

mocking,

re-say,"

Ir.

Ir.

of

ar,

for

plough,

aitherrech,

eirich.

ploughing

Stokes

Br.

adarre,

analyses.

is, ath-eirich.

imitating

aithris,

ready

root

0.

reg

and

(M'K.)

tell, imitation.

(Dial, ailis) : ath-aithris,.

See

aithris.

OF

ba ! part of

25

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

Cf.

lullaby ; onomatopoetic.

Eng.

Ger.

hahy,

huhe,

etc.

"deadly," (talky?),root ha-^

ba, b^th, foolish, Fernaig MS. hah:
Cf. Lat. fatmis.
kill (speak ?) ; see
has.
babag, tassle ; see pah.
babhd, a surmise
(M'A.), a quirk ; from Fr. fattt.
babhsganta, baosg-anta, cowardly ; see hodhhh
; bahhsgadh, fright,
shock

babhun,

(Hend.).
enclosure

bulwark,
M.

hawn^

(Annals

Ir. hodhun

dun., q.v.
bac, hindrance, Ir. hac,
bac, a crook, Ir. bac, 0.
*bag-ko-,

Norse

hacc, W.

Ir.

hachog,
bacag, a fall,tripping ; from
bac-m6ine, turf-pit or bank
hank.

Eng.

Hence

also

stake, hinge, Ir. and

bach, drvmkenness, Ir. bach

E.

oven,

Ir. bacdn.

; from

crutch

bachlag,
bachoid,
bad,

"Molucca

acorn,

allied

L.

; from

Bachull

to

Lat.

shoot,

the

boss

the

bac.

hachul,

0.

staff ; Gr.

bacidum,

Ir.

bachall,

W.

f^aKrripia,Eng.

(M'D.).

fellow

; borrowed

bachar

from

or

/SaKKapcs,nard.

bachall
(Thurneysen).
curl, Ir. bachldg ; from
bosses
shields
of
of a shield, Ir. hocoide,
; from

buccatus,
cluster, thicket

Pictish

haquet.

; all from

Bacchus.

Ir.

gille,slovenly
bean," Ir.

haccar, Gr.

Lat.

common

Lat.

From

Lat.

bachall, shepherd's crook, crozier,

Fr.

hacail, baker

Ir.

bank,

Back.

backet, from

Sc.

bakki,

Norse

; from

place-name

bacan,

bachar,

hac'h, Celtic hakko-s ;

bacach, lame, E. Ir.

Br.

Hence

(N. H.)
from

bacteria.

word.

next

hac, q.v.

bacaid, ash holder, backet

;
bacastair, baker, bacaladh,
Eng. bake, baxter.

bagl,

ho and

; from

crooked.

W.

bacach,

bach,

back.

hak, Eng.

See

(vb.).

Eng.

whence

Ce, 1199)

of Loch

Ir. hacaim

M.

hdhliun.

Ir.

cattle,

for

Lat.

hucca, cheek.

; cf. Br.

in

Breton

and

word.

Cf.

Eng.

See

hot, bod,
Scotch

bud,

hucaid.

bunch

place
earlier

thicket

of grapes,
names

probably

Cf.

hodde.

Lat.

;
a

fascis

bast"^

^had-sk-, Norse, Eng.

(*fad'-scis),
badhal, a wandering, badharan
; possibly
as

b^dhan,

in

hothar,
a

q.v.

churchyard

H.S.D.

suggests

(Sutherland), i

ba
e.

from
+

the

ha,

root

go,

dol.

"enclosure,"

same

as

babhun.

(Carm.), placenta of cow

(H.S.D. ), badhar
the
from
Eng.
bag, a bag;
cluster,
a
bagaid,
troop, W. hagad, Br. hagod ;
(Thurneysen, Ernault).
bMhar

from

Lat.

bacca

26

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY

of
bagaire, a glutton ; from hag in the sense
belly."
The
W.
bagair, threaten, so Ir., E. Ir. bacur, a threat.
hygwl, a
from
threat, etc., is scarcely allied,for it comes
hwg, a spectre,
words
the
bogie, boggle, etc.
bogie, whence
possibly
English
allied with
G. bagair may
be
the root
underlying bac ; possibly
Z^a^-^/ar-,
"cry-back."
bagaisde, baggage, lumber
(of a person) (Wh.), from baggage.
bddh
Ir.
from
Eng. bay, Romance
bag'h, a bay,
baja.
;
with
stomach
ao
baghan, a
short). Dial, maghan
(baoghan,
Ger. miagen,
Norse
(Sutherland) ; cf. Eng. maw,
magi.
baibeil, lying, given to fables ; from Eng. babble.
baideal, tower, battlement, ensign, baidealach, bannered
; from
M.
is of the
same
origin as
Eng. battle, battlement, which
"

battlement.

Gr.

bdidhe, M. Ir. hdid, bade,

cfiioTLov,
friendly(Hes.),for (^mOlovj

Gr.

^ws,

baidh, love,

*bddi-s

Ir.

bhd

root

(Stokes).
:

bho,

Cf.

whence

man.

baidreag, a ragged garment ; see paidreag.

fee ; from
the Eng. batch %
baidse, musician's
from
baigeir, a beggar ;
Eng.
lumber
l
oose
or
baig'ileis,
baggage (Argyle) ; from baggage.
careful
bail, thrift,Ir. bail, success,
collection, M. Ir. bail, ness,
goodE.
See

Ir.

bulid

"^v\Xa

Hence

buil,bile.

; I.

E.

bhel, swell, increase.

adhhhal, (^kXr".po"i.

root

baileach.

Cf.

bailbheag", a corn
beilbheag, mealbhag", meilbheag.
poppy
bailc, a ridge, beam, W. bale, from Eng. balk.
bailc, seasonable
:
rain, showers
E. Ir. bale, strong, W.
bailceach, strong, a strong man,
balch,
balcli
Lat.
Br.
fulcio, support, Eng. fulcrum
superbus,
;
So
Celtic
root
bal, as in bail.
a
bal-ko-,
(Stokes). Likely
St.
Ost. ; Skr. balam, strength [adhbhal), Gr.
f^eXrepo'^
; Wh.
; also

boliji,greater

baile, town,

township,

bhv-alio-,

debilis.

; Lat.

Ir.,

bku-,

root

be

E.

Ir.

Gr,

baile, ^bcdio-s, a pre-Celtic

lair ; Norse
(j^ojXeos,
a
hoi, a

"bally," further Eng. build, booth.

buileach.
Also
baileach, excessive ; see hail.
balderdash.
founded
on
bailisdeir,babbler,
Eng. Scandinavian
Sc. bailzie (Eng. bailiff),Fr.
baillidh, a magistrate, bailie ; from
bailli.

baineasag, a ferret, Ir. baineasog ; hdn

bainidh, madness, fury, Ir. bdinidhe
Lat.

bainisg,

mania
a

little

see

old

ban, bean,
bainne, milk, Ir.,M.
from

shire),a

drop,

"

neas,

; Ir.

white

mainigh

w^easel,"q.v.

(O'Br.), from

bd.
female

woman,

satirist

(Carm ) =ban-eisg

',

q.v.

Ir.

bain7ie

Ir.,M.

Ir.

also

bainne,

boinne,
milk.

milk
0.

Ir.

(Sutherland
drop,

banne,

OF

Cor.,

Br.

bath,

etc.

bair,
"^

hanne, gutta

goal,

game,

hha

; root

0.

Slav,

haiija,bath

strive

see

house

arahhaig.
(Sh.) :

of a
baircinn,
baireachd, quarrelling (Carm.) ; cf. bairseag.
fbairghin, bread, cake, Ir. bairghean, E. Ir. bargen, W.,
cake
Br. bar a, panis, * bar go- ; Lat. ferctum, oblation
side

byrgan,

timbers

to

taste, Norse

bergja,

Eng.

bdire

goal, M. Ir.
baireach, a

hdire, hurling match,

Ir.

hag-,

hag-ro-, root

27

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

ball.

and

Cor
,

Ag.

S.

taste.

Cf. bidrich.
bairich, lowing ; root of bo, cow.
b^irig",bestow
Eng. ware, as also bathar.
; from
bairleigeadh, bairneig'eadh, warning, summons

the

; from

Eng.

warning.

bairlinn, rolling

billow

wave,

Norse

from

bdra,

bair-linn,
billow.

wave,

fbair,

from
For

rowed
bor-

wave,

linne,

that

see

word.

bairneach,
from

M.

Stokes

bdirnech

takes

is allied

(Fob),

limpet, Ir. bdimeach

Eng. bernekke, now
from

W.

brenig.

barnacle, from

rock,

barenn,

Med.
as

Cr.

Cor.

brennic

Lat.

bernaca.

AcTrri?,
limpet,

Ae-Tras,rock.

to

bairneachd, judgment

(Sh.),Ir.,W.,

Br.

bam,

root

ber

in

brdth,

q.v.

bairseag,
talk,
same

bar a,

baiseach,

in

wild

bd,

(Sh.),

wrath,

origin

baisceall, a
root

scold

as

Ir.

bairseach,

W.

Lat.

person
foolish ?

bar, wrath.
ferio, I strike,
Ir.

(Sh.); M.
+

M.

Ir.

Stokes
Norse

hairsecha,
refers

bar

berja, smite,

foolish
to

the

etc.

basgell(i.geltan),boiscell

ciall.

heavy shower, Ir. bdisdeach, rain, bais, w^ater ; cf. 0. Ir.

be borrowed
from
Lat.
baithis, baptism, which
baptisma
may
The
here
is bad, of bath, drown.
Ir.
root
(Windisch).
baiseach, raining (Clare),from
baisteadh, Lat. baptisma (Zim.).
Ir.
baitsim
Lat.
baist, baptise,
baisd, 0. Ir.
haptizo, which
; from
is from
Gr. f^airTL^o),
dip.
baiteal, a battle ; from Eng. battle.
balach, clow^n, lad, Ir. balach, clown, churl ; cf. Skr. bdlakas, a
little boy, from
But
cf. W.
bdla, young.
bala, budding, root
bhel.

Kathlin

Ir. bachlach.

balaiste, ballast ; from the Eng.

Lat. balbus.
from
balbh, dumb, so Ir., E. Ir. balb ; borrowed
bailc.
calf
Also
of
bale, ridge, etc. ; see
leg" (Wh.).
bale, misdeed
baleaeh, splay-footed (H.S.D.). Cf. Gr. "^oAko?, bandy-legged (I).
balg",belly,bag, Ir, bolg, 0. Ir. bole, W.
lol, boly, belly, Cor. bol,
Gaulish
sacculus
Got.
bulga
(Festus)
balgs, wine-skin,
;
Norse
belgr, skin, bellows, Eng. belly.
"

28

ETYMOLOGICAL

balgair, a fox :
balgum, mouthful,

M.

G.

Ir. hole

uisce,,a

ball, a member,

Ir., 0.

0.

DICTIONARY

(pi.),Ir. hlogam

bolgama

; from

halo.

Of.

bubble,
Ir.

(jiaXXos ; Eng. phallus

ball ; Gr.

; root

hhel, swell.

ball,

spot, Ir.,M.

Ir.

(do.).

The

Br.

hal

Gaelic

^aAos,

Gr.

hal, white,

hall, white-spotted

spotted (of animals)

Stokes

6a/e-fire.

suggests

the

says

halla, a ball, Eng.

Romance

hhel

bhale,

Irish

hall

and

hale

shine

; whence

(I).

hall

Eng.

allied

seems

spotted. W. hal, spotted on forehead.

Eng.
ball, a ball ; from
Ir.
halla
Masters), fala
balla, wall,
(Four
castle
M.
outer
bailly,
an
wall, now
Eng.
Med.

root

"f"d\apo"i(phalaros), white-

shining,

; I. E.

hal-no-,Celtic

stem

(of a horse),

forehead

on

the

to

ballach,

Hence

(Munster) ; from*^
in Old
Bailey, from

hallium.

Lat.

hall, spot.
ballaire, a cormorant
; from
Ir.
balldn, E. Ir. hallan.
ballan, a vessel, tub,
that
the
holli,bowl, Eng. howl, and
says

Stokes
Gaelic

cfs. Norse
is

probably

borrowed.

ballart, boasting, clamour;

baldrasf,

make

clatter

Norse
hallra, strepere,
probably from
(Eng. halderdasli),Ger. poltern.

bait, a welt : see holt.

ban, white, Ir., 0. Ir. ban ; I. E. root
long), bright ; Skr. bhdnu, light ;
(hale-fire).
ban-, bana-, she-, female- ; see bean.
of wear
worse
banabachadh,
(M'D.) :
banachag", dairymaid :
vaccination
banachdach,
:
mainnir.
banair, sheep fold ; see rather
banais, a wedding, wedding feast, Ir.
M.

Ir.

banais,

g. baindse

banarach, dairymaid
tbanbh, a pig, Ir. banhh,

; from

; from

*banvo-s.

and,

The

in

w^ord

Scotland,

as

banE.

Ir.

appears
Banff.

ban

and

hhd,

shine

further

; Gr.

away

is

bainfheis, wedding
+feisd

feast,.

direach.

banb,

W.

banw,

as

Banha,

M'L.

and

D.

Br.

name

gives

banv, bano,
for

Ireland,

the

further

"land

unploughed for a year."

banc, a bank
Eng.
; from
derives
banchuir, squeamishness at sea
(H.S.D., which
and
ban
cuir).
bangadh, a binding, promise (Sh.,H.S.D.), Ir. bangadh.
of

meaning

"fiav6s(a
Eng. hale

the

suggests

bangaid,

Lat.

pango,

whence

banquet, christening

it may
feast

have

; from

it

come.

Eng. banquet.

from

H.S.D..

OF

bann,

belt,

Dialectic

bannag,
banna^,

band

Eng.

cake

; from

It

hand.

"

also

means

hinge."

spann.

corn-fan

bannal,

29

LANGUAGE.

; from

Christmas

GAELIC

THE

Lat.

; from

troop, gang,
ban-ddl, assembly

Sc.

hannock.

of ladies.

Cf.

band.

Eng.
; from
Also
pannail.

hanna

honnach.

See

Eng. fan.

vannus,

Ir.

the

E.

Ir.

hussy, Ir. bansgal, E. Ir.

of sgalag.
banscdl, 0. Ir. banscala, servae
; root
bantrach, a widow, E. Ir. bantrebthach, landlady : ban + trebthach,

bansgal

(Dial, banasgal),

farmer,

baobh,

wicked

scold,
W.

from

E.

treb

in

witch,

badb,

bod, kite,

g. bodvar, war,
Stokes'
Diet,
the

In

S.

Ag.
Skr.

hoodie

Badba,

beadu,

bddhate,

g.

W.

Bodnod

; Norse

(Rhys).

"^badiva-

beadwe,

Lit.

oppress,

fairy,a
war-goddess,
a

crow,

Ir.

the

Bodvo-gnatus,

Bodv-,

bo^,

hadhbh,

demon,

crow,

Gaul.

Ir.

aitreabh.

treabhadh,

woman,

Ir.

female,

bddas, famine,

are
baogh.
given.
from
the weather
baodhaiste, ill usage
:
baoghal, danger, so Ir., 0. Ir. baigul, baegul ; cf. Lit. bai-me, fear,
bai-gus,shy, Skr. bhayate, fear.
baoth.
a
baoghan,
calf, anything jolly ; from
on
baogram, a flighty emotion
baogadh, a
(Dialectic)
; founded
dialectic
form
of biog, q.v.
baoileag, blaeberry ; cf. Eng. 6^7berry,Dan. bollebser.
baoireadh, foolish talk ; founded
on
baothaire, fool,from baoth, q.v.
tbaois, lust, so Ir., E. Ir. baes, ^baisso- (Stokes); compared by
to the
Bezzenberger to Gr. ^atS/oo?,shining, and by Strachan
root
gheidh, desire. Lit. geidii,desire, Ch. SI. zida, expetere,
Goth,
gaidw, a want.
Possibly allied to Lat. foedus, foul.
baoth
baois, madness,
so
Ir., E. Ir. bdis ; from
(Zim. Z^^ 229)

alone

Also

bdithas.

Cf.

sgith, sglos.

baoisg",shine forth : see boillsg.

baoiteag, a small white maggot ; see boiteag.
of doing anything (M'A.) ; baoghal
baol, nearness
in Fern.

Ir.,

0.

bad,
bauths, dumb,
barrow, Ir. bara,

Goth,
a

Cf.

its

use

MS.

Ijaoth, foolish, so
baoghal ; Cor.
bara,

Ir.

Br.

baeth

bdith,

; root

bad, stupidity, are

as

some

E.

Ir.

suggest.
bara

; from

bai, fear, as
not
allied, nor

in
is

baothair,
Eng. baroive, Eng.

Hence

M.

fool.

barrow.

barail, opinion,

Ir.

baramhuil,

M.

Ir.

baramail

bar

samhail

for

bar-, see bdirneachd, brdth.

baraill, a barrel, Ir. bdirille, E. Ir. barille,W.
0. Fr. baril.
harel, from

l)araisd,barraisd, borage
bar an,

baron

; Ir. barraist

; Ir. bariin, W.

barwn

; from
; from

baril

the
the

; from

M.

E.

Eng. borage.
Eng,

30

ETYMOLOGICAL

Ir.,

barant, surety, warrant,

Eng.

M.

barbair,

barbarra,

ant,

war

DICTIONARY

Ir.

barbarous,

; from

gwarant

St.

(Fol.),W.

barhartha

W.

hardnta,
So

warrant.

now

Ir. hearrboir

barber,

Ir.

M.

harfwr

; from

; from

Lat.

the

barbarus,

Eng.
Eng.

barbarous.

bar-bhrig^ein, silver-weed
(Arm.)
barbrag", tangle tops, barberry ;
the

b^rc,

bark, boat, Ir. bare, E.

from

brisgean (from brisg):

In
Eng. barberry.
Lewis,

bragaire.

is called

former

; also

Ir.

bare,

W.

the
Late
ultimately from
through Fr., comes
Eng. bark.
bare, rush
(as water), Ir. bdrcaim, break
words

barg.,Br.

bare.

Latin

barca,

all

are

; Lat. farcio, cram,

Ir. bard, E. Ir.

multitude

frequens,

out

; cf.

M.

These
whence

Ir.

bare,

numerous.

W.

bard,
bardd, Br. barz, Gaul.
poet,
"f"po-^M
((fipaS-),
bardos, ^bardo-s
speak (Eng. phrase).
; Gr.
Ir. bard, a guard,
garrison ; from
bard, dyke, inclosure, meadow,

bard,

bargan,

barlag,

enclosed

ward,

Eng.
a
a

bargain,
rag,

W.

pasture land
bargen ; from

tatter-demalion

(Liddell 35).
the

; cf. Ir.

Eng. bargain.

barlin, sheet,

for

braith-lin,

q.v.
in

barluadh, a term
barnaig, a summons
barpa, barrow,
Am

Farph

pipe

music

; from

cairn
in

the

{An

Eng.

Eng.

warning.

6ar + G.

luath.

is
Skye word).
Cape Wrath
Norse
Carbh, Lewis) ; from
Hvarf,

(H.S.D.,

Gaelic

; from

turning, rounding, Eng. wharf.

b^rr, top, Ir. bdrr, 0. Ir. barr, W., Cor. bar, Br. barr, *barsoNorse
barr, pine needles, Ag. S. byrst, Eng. bristle,burr ; Lat.
a

;;

fastiguim (forfarstigium), top ; Skr. bhrshti, a point. Hence

barrachd, overplus, barrlach, refuse, flotsam
(Wh.).
W.
the Eng.
Ir.
all
from
bdrra,
bar, nail, etc. ;
barra, a spike, bar,
bar.

barra-gug,

potato bloom,

bud.

See

gueag.

Also

barr-guc.

b^rraisg",boasting, brag, barsaich, vain, prating ; see bairseag.

Also
barrcornice
(A. M'D.) ; barr + maise.
a
barramhaise,
maisich
(verb), ornament
(M'A.).
check
barrlait, a
(Carm.) :
the
of
hand, Ir., 0. Ir. bas, bass, boss, Br. boz, "^bostd
bas, palm
Gr. dyocTTos.
bd, ba, hit, slay, whence
bas, death, Ir., 0. Ir. bds ; Celtic root
Lat.
Gaul.
batuere
(Eng. battle,etc.); Ag. S. beadu, war.
basin
from
Sc. bassie,Eng. basin.
basaidh, a
;
bascaid, a basket, Ir. basgaod, W. basged ; from the Eng. basket.
Norse
basdal, noise, gaiety ; from
bastl, turmoil,
the
M.
Ir., W. basdardd
basdard, a bastard, so Ir. and
; all from
Eng.

bastard.

;,

OF

Ir.

basgaire, mourning,
gaire,

Ir.

M.

hands,

the

melodious

basganta,

basg-luath,

basraich.

luath, ashes,

adj. basg, red,

obsolete

the

from

vermilion;

and

base,

bas

basgaire ;

clapping with
gaire, "palm-noise;" for

lamentation,

bascarrach,

Also

goir.

see

31

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

Stokes

q.v.

base

cfs.

Lat.

to

Ir.

E.

hacca

(for bat-ca),berry.
bat, bata,

stick,

which

comes

under

Ir.

bata

bas,

Fr.
Br.

The

M.

; from

0.

from

Eng. batte, stick, now

Gaul.

batte, from
baz

q.v.
be native.
it may
boat, Ir. bad, M. Ir. bat, W.

Lat.

borrowed

seems

bat,

battuere,

as

Fr.,

the

from

though
bata,

boat,

Norse

bdtr

(Stokes).

K.

bad

; all

from
takes

Meyer

Ag.

S.

bat, Eng.

Ir. and

G.

from

Norse.

the

batail, a fight ; see baiteal.

W.
boddi, Br. beuzi ;
(inf.),
bath, drown, Ir. bdthaim, 0. Ir. bddud
I.E. gddh, sink, Gr.
f^aOvs, deep, -jSSvu),
sink, Skr. gdhds, the
deep. Gl. /oG?^o (Ern.).
b^th, vain, foolish (Hend.) ; see ba.
Skye.
Ir.
W.
house."
beudy ; bo + tigh, cow
bothigh,
bathaich, a byre,
of the
bathais, forehead, Ir. baithis, pate, E. Ir. baithes, crown
"

forehead

*bat-esti-, from
2:)hase.

appearance,
appearance,

may
it with

connect

See

be

facia,

beach,

are

bi-

so

Ir., 0.
in

appears

^bi-nja),Lit.

but

ban

further.

bhd,

shine,
Lat.

the

latest

Gr.

^acrt?,
fades, face,
authorities

make.
wares.

(Lh.), Cor. befer, Br. bituzr, Gaul.

and
beaver, Ag. S. beofor. Gaelic

doubtful.

bee,

I.E.

allied, though

the Eng.
bathar, wares
; from
fbeabhar, beaver, Ir. beabhar
Bibrax
fiber ; Eng.
; Lat.
Ir.

bat,

does

Ir.

Eng.
bitis.

bech, W.

begegyr, drone, *biko-s ;

bee, Ag. S. beo ( ^bija), Ger.
=

Stokes

makes

it with

the

Celtic

stem

root

biene

beko-s,

other

language.
compare
any
beachd, opinion, notice, Ir. beacht, certain, E. Ir. becht, bechtaim, I
71).
certify; Hhig-to- ; Lat. j^^o (St. Z.C.P.
Ir.
beadaidh, impudent, fastidious,
beadaidh, beadaidh, sweetmouthed,
scoffing ; E. Ir. bet,talking, shameless
girl (Corm.) :
*beddo-, *bez-do-, root bet, get, as in beul.
beadradh, fondling, caressing, beadarrach, pampered :
beag, little,Ir. beag, 0. Ir. becc, W.
bach. Cor. bechan, Br. bic'han^
have
bian, "^bezgo-; Lat. vescus
connected
( gvesgus) 1 Some
not

it with

Gr.

jxiKpog,

Dor.

Gr.

jjukkos,

and

Lat.

vix, scarcely.
beairt, engine, loom : see beart.
beairtean, shrouds, rigging ; see

bea7't.

Dr

Cameron

suggested

32

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

bealach,

Ir.

bealach,

hila, gap,

mouth;

bilaho-n

bile.

etc

pass,

See

healaidh,
M.

Br.

(prolificas
W.

(cf. Br.

alan

v.

Dictionaries,

W.

Ernault

be

anail).

It is

possible

word

does

Lh.'s

in

balai,

older

Celt,

Br.

is

not

banadl,
Lat.

banadlon

as

banadl

is borrowed
Ir.

the

in

appear

which

part,

bhel,

with

of W.

Gaelic

that

of broom,

root

compared
gives

balan,

balain,

broom"

"

pass,

root

metathesis

Br.

common

for

might

save

cf.

has

; cf. Skr.

hwlch,

Yoc.) ;

beget *?). Jub.

; the

W.

corresponding

the

Br.

The

belach

Cf.

the

to

the

but

M.

(root gen,

Pictish

the

174).

referred

bud),

to

which

genista, broom
(R.C.^^ 106).
from

be

root, like

balannu,

banathel,

Cor.

(C.RR.

Ir.

E.

beallyi (Lh. Comp.

Fr.
balain; also Fr.

might

This

bloom
as

0.

baiazn,

broom.

in

Ir.

broom,

road,

pass,

perhaps

proves

nothing.

bealbhan-ruadh,
a
(Sh., O'R.) ; for healbhan, cf.
species of hawk
^
tbealbhach, a bit, from beul, mouth
Ir.
E.
Ir.
bealteine,
bealltuinn, May-day,
beltene, belltaine, "^belobelo- is allied
to Eng.
te{p)nid(Stokes), bright-fire,"where
The
Gaul,
hale ("bale-fire"),
Ag. S. hael. Lit. baltas, white.
Belenos
and
Belisama
also
speare's
Shakeare
hence, and
god-names
Two
needfires
were
Cym-beline.
lighted on Beltane
which
the
their
cattle
for
Gael, between
they drove
among
luck
and
hence
the
Eadar
da
theine
proverb :
purification
;
"

"

"

Bhealltuinn

bean, wife,
Celtic
Got.

Ir., 0. Ir. ben,

so

bend,

two

Beltane

W.

bun,

Between

"

g.

gino, Eng.

Sc.

queen,

queyn

Cor.

benyw.

benen,

yvvrj,Boeot.

; Gr.

bnds

bnds, pi. n.

fires.

; Skr.

sponsa,

/Savd ;

Gr.

gnd.

bean, touch, Ir. beanaim, beat, touch, appertain to, 0. Ir. benim,
pulso, ferio, Br. hena, to cut, M. Br. benaff, hit ; '^bina, root
I.E. bhi,
bin, bi (0. Ir, ro bi, percussit, bithe, perculsus),from
bhei,

; Ch.

hit

SI.
Further

"j)irp6s,
log.
has

bean

bija, hiti,strike
is root

referred

been

to

I.

beann,

; but

top,

height,

gh

G.

horn,

M.

Gaul,

canto-bennicus

bennd

Gaelic,
beann,
beannachd,

root,
the
save

Ir.

Br.

the

blessing,

benedictio, whence

ban,

so

in

form

gen.

bihal,

axe

Gr.

OetvM, strike

Skr.

han,

also

Ir.

benn, pinna,
benny, horn, pipe

W.

ban,

peak"

mount

Eng. knoll, Sc. knowe.

beinn
has
usurped

(music),
proto-Gaelic
In

the

Scotch

place

of

pi.

Ir., 0.

Eng.

0.

"white

as

gn-,

oblique
in

beann,

mons,

gen-,

G.

b is doubtful.

peak,

peak,

H,

bheid, split,Eng. bite.

Usually
E. ghen, ghon, hit, slay; Gr. "j"(.v-,

slew, (fiovos,
slaughter,
slay, e7r"(f)vov,
hit

0.

Ir.

bendacht,

benediction.

W.

bendith

; from

Lat.

OF

beannag,
beantag,
bearach,

skirt,

bannag.

see

heann.

; from

coif, Ir. beannog

corner,

corn-fan

33

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

bior ; cf.
from
dog-iish (M'A.) ; 0. Ir. berach^ verutus,
bone-dog."
Eng.
dogfish
picked or horned
;
root
bearachd, judgment
bera,
bra, as in brath, q.v.
(Sh., O'R.) ;
vervain
bearbhain,
Eng. vervain, Lat. verbena.
; from
"

"

bearn,

breach,

bore

; Lat.

Arm.

beran,

fen

in

Ir.

ber, Br.

^berso-

bhera,

in

as

flighty, nimble

bearfc, a deed,

Ir. bedrt,

cfiopros,burden

beatha,

life, so

0.

Ir.

bi-tdt

While

shoes

bethu,
bith

see

birth;

Gr.

beairt, engine,

Also
in

the

"gear,"

of

sense

ceann-bheart,

not

the

head-gear,

termination

Sc.

suggests

Also

meilleach.

beilleag, outer
beince, being
beinn, hill, ben
beann

of

is usual

beat

of

birch,
a

Cf.

rind

form

masculine

Br.
of

of

and

bed,

beothu

nom.

and

G.

Ir.

beathach.
of

Eng.

-mhach

for

bach

beul.

The

first

use

(M'A.).

q.v.

bailbheag'.
bit,

beid.
from

beilean,
also

from

Ir.

bivo

stem

beatha

0.

etc.

(H.S.D.);

bench;

mainc,

from

the

dialectic

bridle

bivotdt, that

Hence

Also

bel-nac-.

stem

meil,

mealbhag.

see

bongim,

oblique

sounds

the

dial,

beck, curtesy,

beidmhach,

(H.S.D.),

beinse, W.

It

as

both

to
; it is

-vo-

form

Ir.

coating

bitdt-,

stem,

as

same

beiceis, bobbing,

the

common

beilleach, blubber-lipped, beileach

form

of beatha

stem

beathadhach,

conmion

from

riches,

rojt.

philologists wrong.

Ir.

Hence

beil, grind ; a very

beil, is ; see bheil.
beilbheag, corn-poppy
beileach, a muzzle,

bi is

set

from

Ul,

Celtic

(i.e bi-tu-) for

contain

has

berthe

bethad,

g.

being

part

root

animal.

curtesy
beck, beckon.
a

the

that

beathach,

for

bei^t,bundle,

bi-vo-

does

former

Ir.

Ir.

berth; rich,

philologists to represent

{*bi-tus)

Cf.

off ;

compounds

many

beay-t ; W.

Ir.

into

of beb.

beic,

bearr

load, action, E.

in

from

is,bi-vo-tdt-,the
the

cut

piece

"c.

rich

divided
for

from

cais-bheart, foot-gear,

helmet,

beartach,

(fidpcros,
any

Gr.

Cor.

byrr, short.

W.

root, bher, in beir, q.v.

It is used

in

berraim,

bearn.

bearraideach,

as

bher, cut,

E.

plough, cfiapio,split ;
Also
bern,
Eng. bore.

bar, clip ;

Ir.

0.

bearraim,

berr, short,

loom.

SI.

I.

Ir.

E.

bearr, shear,
root

; Ch.

mouth

berna

(fidpos,a

; Gr.

bore

forare,

Ir.

E.

Ir. bearna,

cleft,

"

prating

meilleag*,
Sc.

bink

mouth.

q.v.

Eng.

bench.

menk.
beann
beside

used
(f.n.),
ceann,

etc.

as

See

fern,
beann.

nom.,

34

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

beinneal,

binding

cord

of

of straw

sheaf

other

or

beir, catch, bring forth,

take,
Lat.

fero,

Ir.

\ Lat.

berm), Eng.

beith, birch,
Lat.

Ir., 0.

so

Fr.

betida,

beithir,

Ir.

serpent,
beithir, wild

the

of

sense

there

and

meanings,
Cf.

myth.

Br.

bedw,

beast,
E.

beast, bear,

bezuenn,

Lat.

from

Celtic

betvd,

huge

skate,

beirfjail,bearskin,

Eng.
(M'E.) :
Ir.

bear

(Zim.

W.

beb,

beimneach

K.B.^

Br.

byw,

the

other

is famed

bera, bear

Norse

but

borrowed;

behind

betrix

word

bet-tia

In

beithir, g. bethracli.

beithir

or

bestia, for

is, doubtless,

Celtic

beithir

monster,

Ir.

word

the

the

0.

W.

wild

any

Lat.

beitir, neat, clean

beo, living, Ir.,

bwystjii

blast.

genuine

W.

beist,

Ir.

bethe,

"bear,"

seems

(pronounced

6arm

boule.

Ir.

Sc.

(Kob.).
0.

Also

(Eng. beast).

whence

fermeiUum,

beisear, plate-rack on dresser

beist, a beast, Ir. biasf, pemt,
bestia

b/ier,

to

bharami.
from

yeast;

cymmeryd^

I.E.

com-be7^-);

"

bind.

\ from

W.

Ir. berim^

bear, Skr.

(Hend.), barm,

bundle

bindle,

Sc.

; from

Eng.

0.

beirim,

kemeret

barm

bundle

corn,

binding,

for

(pepo),Eng

Gr.

taairm

beirm,

Br.

accept,

of

in

(fern.),

286).

beu,

*bivo-s

Lat.

vivas,

living, vita ; Gr. f^loros, a living ; Eng. quick ; Skr. jivd,

See
also beatha, bith.
living, ; I. E. (/ei-,
y.i-,live.
beoir, beer, Ir. beor ; from
bjorr (Eng. beer).
Ag. S. bear, M orse
ashes
with
hot
embers
from
beb +
beolach,
Utatkach,
(M'A.) ;
Another
live-ashes."
beolach, lively youth, hero, stands
"

for

beuban,
beuc,

bed-iach

anything

roar,

Ir.

begy, Br.

mangled

oytach.

see

beichio, baich, "^beikldo

beccini, W.

Ir.

begiat, squeal, baeguel, bleat,

of

wy) suggests

(Strachan).
giik-ko-, root
beud,

-lack,

beic, 0.

dithculty

derived

for

from

the

vowels

between

as

with

comparison
Thus
Lat.

gem,

the

mischief, hurt,

root

Ir.

of

gengE.

bead,

geum,

(e

should

Cor.
The

give

craith, ^cremptbenk-ko-,

suggests
The

(Stokes).

W.
W.

creuchd,

etc.

gemo,

and

G.

baich

beuc,

"^baikio

result

same

further
can

be

q.v.

Ir. bet, "^'brnto-n

allied

to

Eng.

bane

beul, mouth,
([uoth,
connect

so

Got.
W.

Ir.,

-^

idea

The

qithan.
gioeji (

bel, *bet-lo-, I.

Ir.

O.

vo-bel),but

edge (Ernault).
beulaobh, front, E. Ir. ar-belaib, 0.
mixed

with

this

is the

0.

Ir.

ace.

is
this

the
is

Ir. belib

E.

whence

Eng.
Some
"speaker."
probably '^vo-byl,byl,
get-,

; dat.

pi. beulu.

pi. of

beul

; also

OF

beum,

GAELIC

THE

the

blow,

from

from

cejig-men,

heng, hong,

root

from

leum

horn,

blow.

Eng.

bite, which

Some

derivation

ben

into

cf.

ceum

with

agrees

Cor.

iheid,

root

The

meaning.

beur, beurra, beurtha, sharp, pointed, clear

cf. Ir. hearrtha, clipped, from
bearr
;
regressive

buaiw,

beids-men,

or

to

pi. bemen^

nom.

in

This

Oeid-men
as

beim,

appears

'^ben-s-men, root

been

has

which

best

G.

Ir.

leng-men.

suggest
suits

0.

Ir. and

stroke, cut, taunt,

35

LANGUAGE.

favourite

of bean.

gibe, jeer (Hend.)

berr-tio-s,with

from

beirr.

berr, giving

beurla, English, language, Ir. beurla, speech, language, especially

and
the
abstract
English; 0. Ir. belre; bel + re, bet, mouth,
termination
-re
(as in luibhre, buidhre, etc ).
beus, conduct, habit, so Ir., 0. Ir. bes, Br. boaz, ^'beissit-,
"^beid-tu-,Gr.
I.
E.
root
hheidh,
TretdiD,
beid,
persuade, Lat. fides, English
derive
Others
it
from
bhend-tubhend, bind, givmg
as
faith.
the

oldest

Skr.

ba7ists, barn,

bha, bh^,

bdi,

TO

Ir.

was,

bebove

do

0.

was,

cowstall.

bhdmar,

we

The

Breton

Got.

oa

seems

M.

was,

Ir.

for
perfect tense, "^boveit),
bheu,
root
to
Trecfiv-ice
be, as
; I.E.

Gr.

(bhd-),do bht,

were

Ir., boi, bdi, hid,

babhuva

; Skr,

in Lat.

bhdaa,

with

connection

suggests

derivations.

these

against

Windisch

stem.

(an aorist form), Eng. be.

into declivity,"
bhdn, a bh^n, down
; by eclipsisfor a{n) hh-fan,
0.
li.,Jdn, proclive, W.
iYOTCifdn, a declivity,Ir.,
a
givaen,
Lat.
"^vag-no-,root, vag, bow, etc.,
plain, planities montana,
fui,

was

"

Ger.

wander,

vagor,

which

wandering,
bheil, is,

Ir.

comes

near

adj. fan,

the

landshire,

tvackeln,

fuil, bhfuil,

Ir.

the

sense.

Lat.

has

Ir

fail, fel,fil, root

vel

prevail,Lat.
bho, 0,

from

take

bhos,

Ch.

bhos,

"in

voJo, valeo, Eng.

0.
Ir., o, tla, *ava

SI.

u-

; Skr.

this

on

station,"

in

side

; from

rest, Ir.

remaining, staying,
Ir.
bhur, bhur
n-, your,
(Stokes), "^s-ves-ro-n.
Lat.

than

bi, bi, be,

sit, bwi/f
biu,

Stokes

Celtic

am

bi,

be

sim,
; Lat.

differs

beio^

root

Suiher-

(val), wish,

Ir. i

n-,

0.

Ir.

see

sves-,

(nos-^ero-,where
-ro-{e)ro-,

Br.

fio

0.

Ir.

biu,

bezaff.

Eng.
other

"-

a?^-fero,"away

be

sum,

foss, here,

authorities

bei, bi, live, as

bar

in

far

Cf.

-tero-

bi, be

in

n-,

for

is

of sves-ro-n,

root

0.

fr.

foss,

root.

n-,

sibh.

Proto-Celtic

; I. E.

a{n) bhfos,

form

eclipsed

0.

Celtic

M.

; Lat.

See/o^.s",rest, for

For

thou,

from

the

abhus,

bhar

nostrum

form
Ir.

In

from.

ava,

rest.

izvara,

fan,

ivill.

Ir. 6, ua,

also

is still used.

prone,

0.

wobble.

"^''svaron

form
fuller

parative
com-

svaron).

thou,

0.

W.

bhv-ijo, for
bheu,

Got.

be.

bit,

O.

See

Ir.

bha.

referring biu, hi, to

bith, beatha,

Lat.

vivo,

etc.

36

ETYMOLOGICAL

bi, bigh, doorpost,

M'A.

bivo-

bian,

Eng.

For

Cf.,

tear.

catching
is

abuse,
a

raven

food.

Ir.

di

hi

whence

Bivoto-n

W.
is

two

posts.

bywyd,

derivative

vita.
from

bian,

"^beinocf.

force,

Sepfia,skin,

Gr.

root, bean,

for

biast.

bhei-, as

; root

in

Eng.

bite,

from

der, split,

biast

is

hit.
In

H.S.D.

parts

some

refers

it

biadh

to

applied

-\- sgathach,

morsels.

at

worthless

beast,

E.

q.v.

niggardly ; from
niggardly person.

biasgach,

biatach,

boed,

Ir.

Ir., E.

findo.

Lat.

biast,

Br.

bed, living,

of

hide,

to

so

huit, cibus,

Cor.

(Hend.),

threshold

high, post, pillar,

Ir., 0. Ir. biad, *hivoto-n,

has

biadh, food,

DICTIONARY

person

heist.

see

The

word

biast,

of biast.

metaphoric use
(Sh.) ; cf. biatach, biadhtach,

provider, farmer,

biadh.

from

biatas, betony, beet,

Also

beet.

Eng.
biathainne,

biaiuis,

Ir.

Cf.

biathadh

Lat.

in

; from

Lat.

many

biathaidh

hook-bait,
bait,

esca,

for

places means
a
journey,

biatsadh, provisions for

with, possibly, a leaning on
Founded
(Arm.).
bicas, viscount
Armstrong

betys

betis, beta,

biotals.

earth-worm,

biadh.

W.

biceas

either

(Dialectic);

ed-sca,
"

to

viaticum

ed^eat.

The

from
word

entice."
;

formed

from

biadh,

viaticum.
on
or

the

Eng.,

and

badly spelt by

biocas.

From

bioc,jn'oc? (Wh.)
bicein, a single grain (Arg.).
Sc. bicker, Eng. beaker.
Also
dish ; from
bigeir,
biceir, a wooden
bigein.
of "small
bid, a very small portion, a nip, a chirp. In the sense
the
word
the
is from
Sc. bite, hit,Eng. bite, bit.
In
portion,"
small
O'R.
the
of
has
Ir.
word
sound,"
an
sense
chirp, a
of
birds."
See
Hence
bidein, diminutive
bid,
biog.
song
or
thing. Cf. W. hidan, of like force.
person
Sc. hittock, dim.
of Eng. bit.
bideag, a bit, bittie ; from
(Stew.), bid (Sh.), Ir. bid, bided^i (O'R), W. hid,
bidean, a fence
quickset hedge, hidan, a twig ; "^bid-do-,root, hheid, split^
Ir. ; from
bidhis, a vice, screw,
so
Eng. vice.
the English.
bidse, a bitch ; from
See
bith.
bigh, high, pith of wood, gum.
E. Ir., bil, bile, W.
bil, bile, edge, lip, Ir. bil, mouth,
byl, *hili-,
bilio-.
Root
of a
bhi, bhei, split; cf. Skr. hila, a hole, mouth
W.
also
etc.
vessel,
myl.
; vil, edge :
Ir.
bileag, bile, a leaf, blade,
billedg,bileog,*bilid, I. E. root bhela,
"

"

bhale, bhle, bhlo,

leaf

further, Eng.

as

in

blade.

bldth

Lat.

folium

Gr.

cfivWov,

OF

GAELIC

THE

37

LANGUAGE.

bilearach, bileanach, sea-grass, sweet-grass ; from bile.

bileid, a billet ; from the Eng.
fellow, a glutton, Ir.,E. Ir. hille, mean,
bilistear,a mean,
sorry
rancid
butter
(H.S.D.).
paltry. In the Heb. it means,
holds
the rennet,
(Arg.), cheese, rennet, bag that
binid, also minid
"

"

Ir.

stomach,
root

binn, melodious,
(St.); Skr.
bhanddna,
idea

Cf.

.?

of bean

Ir., 0.

so

clear

is

stomach.

*bendi, *bydi-

6w/,

joyful, bhand,
adds
shouting (Stokes, who
be

high-headed.
verdict
binn, sentence,
proclaims, *bon7i6,
the

Ir.

that

^bineiiti-,

"

biter

"

rennet

"high,"

of

root

0.

receive

bhandate,

See

It

binit,

muiruie,

however,

may,

Ir.

0.

binid,

Lat.

Br.

loud

ban?i

praise,

fides, lyre).

The

beann, peak, binneach,

also.

next

has

an

atboind,

Skr.

bhan,

speak, Eng.

ban.

ablaut

in

connected

with

Cf.

Than.

Gaelic

Ir.

cf. E.

*bendi-, *benni-, ;

: o

bha, speak.
binid,
; from

root

curdle

binndich,
q.v.
binnein, pinnacle ; from beaym, q.v.
bebii
bioball, pioball, Bible, Ir. biobla, W.
Eng. bible.
biod, pointed top ; root in biodag, bidean.
biodag, a dagger, Ir. bideog (O'li.),miodog, W.
resicaret, "^biddo-, bid-do-, Celtic

bheid,

Lat.

findo, Eng.

bodhin, possibly.
biog, biog, a start,

Ir,

bite,

biodhg,

root

Skr.

Ir.

0.

bidog,

bid, beid,

bhid,

E.

Lat.

; from

split.

bedg, 0.

biblia,

Br.

bitat,

E.

bhid,

I.

Hence

Ir.

Eng.

du-bidcet,

root
Consider
bis-, gis, root gi- of bed.
jaculantur, "^bizgo-,
biogail, lively,quick.
biog^,biog, chirp ; onomatopoetic ; cf Lat. pipe, chirp, Eng. pipe ;
also Eng. vJieep. Also
bid, q.v.
from
bwg, cheep.
biogarra, churlish
cheepish,"
;
fbiol, violin ; from
biolagach, melodious
(JVrF,); from
Eng. viol,
.

"

Fr.

viole, violin.

biolaire, water-cresses,

Ir.

beler, "^beruro-, Lat.

Possibly

allied

biolar,
berula

the

to

tobar, Eng.
cress.
i.e., well

well, G.

"

"

root

E.

Ir.

biror,

(Marcellus),
of Celtic
Cf.

burn.
The

W.
Fr.

berwr, Cor.,
berle, Sp.

bervb, seethe, 0.
Ger.

brunnen

dictionaries

and

Ir.

kresse,
old

Br.

berro.

tipra,
cress,
water-

glossaries

well.

or
(Cormac, etc.)give bir, bior, as
1
biolar, dainty, spruce
bior, "sharp
(Sh.) ; for bior-ar, from
biolasgach, prattling,so Ir. (Lh., O'B.) ; from bil, lip.
bionn, symmetrical (Carm.) : Sc. bien.
bior, stake, spit, Ir. bior, 0. Ir. bir, W. ber. Cor., Br. ber, Celtic
heru- ; Lat.
trees
veru
(Hes.); Lit. g\re, forest.
; Gr. (^apve";,
Hence
biorach, sharp.

water

'^

38

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

biorach, a heifer, colt, Ir. biorach, cow-calf

:
bioras, water-lily ; same
origin as hiolar, q.v.
the
roots
biorg, gush, twitch, tingle ; from

of

hiolar

(bior-)and

bior.

biorraid,

helmet,

Late

Lat.

biorsadh, a
biorsamaid,

biota,

from

Eng. blretta, from

of

hismar,

Sc.

sailing boat

from

bior.

Norse

bismari.

(N. Lochaber), forepart

vessel

vitaille,from

Norse

from

biittis,Eng.

biotailt, victuals,

bytta,

pail, tub, Ag.

S.

Lat.

hitdill,W.

Br.

hitel,M.

victualia.

Eng.

victuah

bitaill

; from

0.

is from

the

French,

bitu-,

*bitu

vivo, Eng.
from

the

root

longer

Gr.

of

form

must

2^1/9,

Ir.

if

beith,

derived

gi

; but

bith.

as

Substantive,

fScurci(Eng.
Ir.

gis-,

bd,

bigh,
the

from

fui
0.

root

is

bith

Gaul.

0.

have

his

and

Ir.

(f"va-i"i.
been

possible
in

Stokes,

takes

The

bhu,

it

Cf.

Lat.

^biUi-s, Gr.

bera,

q.v.

Ir. buith.

fui)

Fr.

Norse

whence

gei, gi,

beith, 0.

existence

Ir. aorist

0.

birdlime,

we

W.

whence

the

giun,

Otherwise

Verb

E.

(Eng. be, Lat.

root

same

go,

ga,

still refers

bith, resin,

the

Neo-Celtic

the

the

and

I.

beatha, bed, biadh,

Ir.,E.

bith, world,

by
of

are

bhu

bith

influenced

on

bl, be),

root

forms

they

Hence

etc.

(inf.of

bith, being
The

be,

bi, bei, live,

root

bytt,

butt.

Ir.

from
the
galley, bark, M. Ir. beirling ; formed
from
vb.
byriSingr, a ship of burthen,
byr(Sr, burden,
Sc.
The
the
Gaelic.
is from
Eng. bear.
bierlingjbirlinn
febirlig "fjor^ungr.
bior, goad,
birtich, stir up ; from
biseach, luck ; see
piseach.
bith, the world, existence, Ir., 0. Ir. bith, W. byd, Br. bed,

is

of

Latin

birlinn,

cap

goading ";

; from

bowsprit

chnrn,

"

impatience

balance

vessel

birreud,

bwretum.

keen

bior-snaois,

Ir.

cap,

that

treatise

beith

from

which
he
to
ba.se),a root
(see bti).
Ir. bi, pix, adj. hide, *geis-,
of gi^ithas, fir (Schriider).

borrowed
as
regard
Eng. pitch, against which
it

from

Lat.
and

pix, picis,
i

{i long)

militate.

bith, quiet(Arm.) :
bith-, prefix denoting
bith,

Ir., 0.

"ever-,"

Ir.

hith-,

W.

byth-

from

world.

:
biuc, difficult utterance
biuthaidh, foe, Ir. biodhbha,

E.

Ir.,

0.

Ir.

bidbe,

culprit, enemy.

biuthas, fame, biuthaidh,

hero

see

jiu, fiubhaidh.

bidbid^

(gen.)

OF

blabaran,

GAELIC

THE

Ir. hlabardn

stammerer,

It

inarticulately.

of

is

39

LANGUAGE.

the

from

Eng, blabber^ speak

Cf.
origin.
Eng.

onomatopoetic

babble.

bladair,

wide

the

Eng.

mouth,

Ir. blad
Norse

blatero, babble,
Cf.

bladair.

blad,

Also

blaterare, prate.
bladh, fame, Ir. blddh, E.

wide

from

from

mouth

(M'F.).

blad-, blat-, speak,

; root

Sc.

blad'r, nonsense,

shout.

glaodh,

flatterer

bladaire,

blusterer, blatter, prate

blatterer, bletherer,

Lat.

Lat.

Ir.

flatterer,

blether.

bladhair,

Hence

in

as

See

expressive,

boaster.

bladhail, strong,

bladh,

from

bid-, swell, bloom,

root

W.

pith,

bldth,

in

as

active

blawdd,

"^bldd-

q.v.

bladhm, a boast,
; see
blad-shronach,
blad-spag-ach, flat-nosed,
blaotnadh.

etc.

flat-footed

; blad-

is from

Eng. flat.
Lat.
blaisbheum, blasphemy ; from
blasphemia, Eng. blasphemy.
Norse
blanndaidh, rotten, stale ; from
blanda, whey "blend."
Ir. ;
from
Lat.
blanndar,
so
blandiri,
flattery, dissimulation,
Sc.

blander, Eng.

fblaodh,
Hence

blaodhag,

blaomadh,

loud

shell,

Ir.

Ir.

See

"spot."

blar, having

white

*bld-ro-s,

M.

blaosc,

calf's

etc.

cry,

noisy

bloedd.

person

from

Ir.

from

blaesc, testa,

W.

blisg ;

bldr, spotted,

the

idea

see

being

word.

next

face,

white

or

bid-, from

root

W.

blaeded,

blaodhmanach,

plaosg.
blar, a field,battle, peat-moss
a

Ir.

blaodh.

see

M.

blaodh,

noisy girl,blaoghan,

talking,

"^blaid-s-men

fblaosg^,

Ir.

noise,

shout,

blandish.

spot

I. E.

the

on

(of an

face

bhale, shine,

bhd

animal);
(paXapos

Gr.

(second
patch (on
long), having a
head, as
on
a
Cf. Dutch
white
the
forehead
dog's head).
blaar, a
spot on
See
(whence Fr. blaireau, badger), M. Dutch,
blaer, bald.
w^hite

for
which

allied.

seems

milsati, lick,

berger).

be

0.

so

has

word

This

It is not

topography.
bias, taste, Ir. bias,

Welsh

ban.

bealltuinn,

roots

the

used

Ir. inlas, W.

largely
Argyle (M'K.) nor
enters

in

bids, Br.
Russ.

sweet-toothed,

Ultimately

the

root

blaivr, grey,

bias,
be

suck

mel,

Pictish

in Ireland.

"^mlasto-

molsati,
to

seems

iron-grey,

into

as

Czech

(Bezzenin

meli-,

Hence
Fr. blase
meil, grind.
honey, G. 7nil,and even
See
blaisbheum.
blas-bheumnaich,
blaspheme (Heud.).
E.
Ir.
W.
blath, bloom, blossom, Ir.,
bldth,
blawd, blodau,
')

blodori,

M.

blossom

forth;

Br.

bleuzenn,
Lat.

*bldto-n

j^os, flower;

I.

E.

root

Eng. bloom,

etc.

bhela

Cor.
hhlo

40

ETYMOLOGICAL

blath,

kind, Ir., E.

warm,

mela, mid,

root

Cf.

bldth.

in

original

Hence

idea

"ground

is

soft."

idea

The

cow-milker;

metaphoric

bliochd, milk,
dibble

for

Ir.

Cf.

hraich,
melt.

from

bleachdaire, flatterer,

last

of the

use

word, "cow-milker,"

q.v.

(vb.),Ir. blighim

bleagh, milk
bleaghan, a

mid,

md,

root

"pounded,
Eng. malt, "soured,"

and

soothing, flatteringfellow,

mld-tac-,
soured."

is

hladach.

So.

bleachdair,

Ir. hldthach

Ir.,M.

"soured,"

mrac-,

from

The

nildith, ^'mldti-

soft, smooth,

blawcl, meal,

W.

from

Ir. bldith,

grind.

to

blathach, buttermilk,
as

DICTIONARY

bleoghainn.

see

digging

shell-fish, a

up

tool

worthless

bla", Eng. blade.

possibly from Norse
bleid, impertinence, solicitation, Ir. bleid, cajolery,impertinence.
This

word

another

seems

like

Eng. blatant,

formed

the

on

word

bladair, blad,

blate

(talk,prate),
just
Norse
from
cowardice, and Sc. blate (1).
bley"5\,
bleideir, coward
;
bleith, grind, Ir. bleithim, E. Ir. bleith, inf. to 0. Ir. melim, I
grind, W. malu, Br. malaff ; root mel, grind, Lat. 7}iolo,Eng.
meal,

etc.

bleoghainn, milking, E. Ir. blegon, inf. to bligim, mligim. ; Lat.

mulgeo ; Gr. a-/xeAyw ; Eng. milk ; Lit. melzu.
bliadhna, year, Ir, bliadhain, 0. Ir, bliadain, W. blydd, blivyddyn,
Br.

bloaz, blizen, "^bleidni-,"^bleido-

Eng.

"labuntur

glide:

I. E.

gh

becomes

anni

Celtic

"

I.

(Stokes).

E.

ghleidh,
It

whence

doubtful

is

if

b.

blialum, jargon ; from the Sc, blellam.

blian, the flank, groin, Ir. blein, E. Ir. blen, 0. Ir. rnelen,for mleen,
*mlaknoing,
meanfxaXaKos, soft (Strachan, Stokes). The
; Gr.
the phonetics, is not
if not
quite satisfactory.
blian, lean, insipid, blianach, lean flesh ; cf. W. blin, tired, 0. Br.
blinion,

These

inertes.

gleznus, tender,
the

derivation

words,

Stokes

weak,

may
Gr.

suggested
has

be

referred

to

fSXijxpos,languid.

for

suggested

blian,
the

above.
stem

*gleghno-.

See, however,

For
bleno-

Lit.

the
;

Brittonic

Skr.

gldna,

tired.

bligh, milk ; see bleagh.

*blioch
bliochan, yellow marsh, asphodel, Ir. bliochan
; from
milk.
For
from
cf.
teach,
*melgos-,
phonetics,
tegos-.
Ir.
W.
Ir.
E.
bleachd,
blicht,
blith, "^mlctu-, root
bliochd, milk,
=

melg,

milk.

See

bleoghainn.

blian.
See
softening" 1
basking (Islands) :
^blig-s-dn-,
(Sh., O'B., O'R.), Ir. bliosdn:
bliosan, artichoke
?'
curdler
Its florets were
used
for curdling.

blionadh,

"

"milk-

OF

THE

blob, blubber-lipped
blubber,

blocan,

G.

and

refers

blomas,

it

w^ord

blonag,

crisped leaves, Ir. bloinigain (O'R.) ;

Cameron
is
garraidh
spinage."
"

(Sh.).Ir.

blomas

Ir.

fat,

M.

blonog, blainic, blunag,

Rhys

root.

t blosg,
M.

sound
Ir.

Ir.

whence

Lat.

bobug,
be

bobhstair,

boc,

into

; from

bolster
Ir.

0.

Br.

horn,

for

*blogbo-,

from
Cf.

^kolo-po'i,

Gr.

cow,

for

*bov-s

bou-,
Skr.

boy

I. E.

g_6us,

go.

boban, calf,

Ir

cf. M.

babe, earlier, baban,

boc, swell, Ir.

Eng.

Sc.

of uncertain

origin,

Skr.

0.

Ir.

bukka,

bug,

root

bobbin.
bohter.

bowster, Eng.

boc, he-goat,

^bukko-s

Ger.

the

; from

bug-ko-,

buck,

sound

resound,
shout,

^ovs, Eng.

Eng.

bo.

prolific

roar.

buiv,

affection

Br.

bloneg,

very

[Zeit^^502.]

bldzgu,

W.

swell

W.

compared.

buck,

bouc'h

of

bloedd,

maidd.

Gr.

term

bobbin

bo,

bos,

from

boban,

boban,

Ir.

blosgaidhim,

W.

W.

; cf. meag,

Ir., 0.

may

blonac,

[R.C.^^ 102.]

borrowed.

Ir.

horn,
voice

is

Lit.
(jyXoor-yos),

cow,

W.

says
a

blosc,

blo^godin

boban,

blamaire,

Ir.

bladlim.

see

blonek, ^blon-, "^blen-, root, bhle, bhel,

(St.

"boaster."

means

b6,

Gr.

Eng. pluck.

of

root

pre-

balk^

Eng.

away

the

to

blog,

blonag, fat,

to

ostentation

further

Ir.

E.

; from

pflug).

Ger.

plant with
bloinigean

Ir.
the

block,

refers

plough,

bloin'g'ein,any

(Dialectic),Ir. bloc, blocdn

block

blogh, blogh, fragment,

Eng.

; J

Stokes

Eng.

Ir.

half,

bhlog

(f^dXay^.
now

blub, piifted, protruding,

Eng.

from

block, blog,

Eng. block.
bloigh, fragment,
Celtic

(Sh.)

41

LANGUAGE.

etc.

little

GAELIC

Zend,

hocc,

goat.

W.

These

buza, buck.

Cor.

bwch.

be

may
Arm.

Br.

boch,

analysed

buc, lamb,

Eng.

bock.
hocaim

cf. W.

hoch, cheek,

hucca, puffed

Lat.

from

cheek

(Eng. debouch, rehuke).

bocan, hobgoblin, Ir. bocdn, E. Ir. boccdnach.
connected
W.
bwg (bwci. Cor. bucca, borrowed
Eng. bug, bugbear, bogle', the
For

Gadelic

possibly

Norse

to

sithe, apparition,

bochail,

'

proud,
!

heyday
bochuin, swelling,

festum
the

sea

cf.

the

clear

interjection fboch,

Ir.

diem."

(Carm.),

boch-thonn

(H.S.D.)

are

E.

?),
(Murray).
M.

from

relationship
from
do,
bug-ko-, would
larbula.
puki, a Puck,
Ag. S. puca,
ghost (Perth : Wh.).

^nimble
"0

these

bukko-,

stem

is not

With

allied
boc-

boch,

42

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY

bochd, poor, so Ir., 0. Ir. hoclit ; '^'hog-to-,

a
participlefrom the vb.
(Irish)hongaim, break, reap, Celtic bongo^ break ; Skr. hhanj^
break, Lit. hanga, breaker
(wave). See huain.
bocsa, a box, so Ir.,pronounced in Ir. bosca also, W.
bocys ; from
Hence
Eng. box.
bocsaid, a thump, Eng. box.
bodach, an old man,
a
carle, Ir. bodach, a rustic, carle ; *hodd-aco-^
bod, mentula, M. G. bod (D. of Lismore
"penitus," from
mentula.
M.
Ir.
*hozdobod,, bat,,"^^hoddo-,
passim),
; Gr. ttoctOi],
Stokes
alternative
form
butto-s, Gr. f^vrros,
suggests the
vulva,

but

bodach

is formed

bodlia,

the

rock

breaker,

thence
soft

break

bod'i, a

Norse

from

especially.
the

from

Sc.

bouk, body, trunk,

Norse

Ger.

now

hard.

so

breast

breech,

bhud-

'^boud-dno, *boud,

cf.

Eng.

buttock.

bodhar, deaf,
bouzar

bodhbh,

rocks

clod.

botte,a

waves

that

suggests

ending

ham,

butt,

Fr.

also

He

bauch, belly. The G. word has been compared

with
Eng. body, Ag. S. bodig, and
Murray says it is
derived, but the d would
scarcely disappear and leave

Fick

bodhan,

0.

which

corpus

bdkr, trunk,

the

this.

against

the

sunken

over

bodhag", a
bodhaig, body,

is

on

over

sea-lark

by

G.

Ir., 0.

so

*bodv-io-s

byddar,

Cor.

bodhar,

Br.

badhird.

; Skr.

bobh,

W.

Ir., bodar,

(Perthshire),E.

fright

; from

bodvo-

in

baobh,

Ir.

bodba,

dangerous,

q.v.

bodht, swampy
ground :
Ir.
bog, soft,
bog, 0. Ir. bocc, Br. bouk, 0. Br. bite,putris ; *buggo-,
^bug-go- ; I. E. bhug, bend, Skr. bhugna, bent. Got. liugan,
Eng. bow, from Ag. S. boga.
bogha, a bow, so Ir., M. Ir. boga ; from
Ag. S. boga, Eng. bow.
For

root,

see

under

bog.

bog'us, a
moth, bug ; from
Eng. bug, Sc. bog.
boicineach, small-pox ; root in biicaid,q.v.
boicionn, a goat skin, skin; *boc-cionn, buck-skin
";
timber

"

fcionn
Br.
Norse

bold,
A

Ir.

cenni,

W.

scamae,

cen,

vow,

Ir.

moid,

borrowing

from,

of the

is also

Ir. moit,

M.

moid

boidheach, pretty;

or

Gaelic

*monti-,

leaning
form.

M.

on,

root

Lat.

Ir. in

votum

Cor.

skin,

skinn.

kenn-, pellis; Eng.

skinn, Norse
hinna, film (Leiden) I.F. ^A 127.

in view
as

0.

is in

the

word
cennen,

-cionn, skin,

mon,

men,

possible

seems

iioit ; from

think.

Lat.

votum,

(Stokes).
for

buaidheach, "having

q.v.

boidheam, flattery(H.S.D.) :
boigear, pufhn, ducker
; also budhaigir,

q.v.

virtues," from

buaidh,

OF

THE

43'

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

boil, boile, madness, Ir. huile, E. Ir. haile :

(bd).
boilich, tall talk, boasting ; cf. Eng. bawl, cry like cows
Lat.
fulgeo, shine, Eng. effulgent,Lit.
boillsg,gleam ; "^bolg-s-cio\
blizgii,
glance, shine, Eng. blink, I.E. bhleg, "^fulgeo.
Eng. bonnet.
boineid, a bonnet, Ir. boineud
; from
boinne, a drop, Ir, bai7i (d. pi. bainnibh), 0. Ir. banne. Cor., Br.
Hence
banne
bainne.
boinneanta,
; Celt, bannjd (Stokes). See
healthy,
boirche,

buffalo

Eng.

well-built,

(Sh., Lh.), so

Ir. ;

perhaps

allied

to

\j^t.

ferus,

bear.

on
boireal, a small auger
(M'F.) ; founded
Eng. bore.
Ger.
root
as
berg,
boiriche, rising ground, bank
(M'D.) ; same
mountain, Eng. ice-berg.
boirionn, female, feminine, Ir. bainionn, boinionn
; "^bani-, from
the word
biorionnach, a female, which
bean, ban, q.v. Hence
in
Cf.
is masc.
been
gender, having
originally neuter.
doirionn
for doinionn
(Arg.).
bois, the palm ; see baa.
boiseag, slap in the face, palmful, Ir., M. Ir. boiseog, buffet.
boiseid, a belt, budget ; from the English.
boisg^,gleam ; see boilhg.
boiteadh, boiled food for horses (H.S.D.), Eng. bait :
boiteag, a maggot ; see botus.
Sc. buttle,
of hay or
straw
boitean, a bundle
; for boiteal,from
0. Fr. botte.
of hay, from
Eng. bottle,bundle
the
call
for (Dialectic)
to a pig, boit, a taste
boitidh,
:
bowl
from
the
bol, a
English.
;
boladh, smell, so Ir., 0. Ir. bolad, *bulato- ; Lit. biCU, dusty air
Stokes
has
Lit.
(Bezzenberger).
bulis^,buttock,
compared

Skr.

buli, vulva.

bolanta, excellent ; root bol, as in adhbhal, q.v.

Hence
also boUa, a buoy.
bolla, a boll ; from Sc, Eng. boll.
the
Lat.
bolt, a welt, Ir. balta, welt, border
balteus, girdle,
; from
Cf.
belt.
W.
Eng.
gwald.
Eng. ivelt,
from
the
boma, a bomb
English.
;
bonn, foundation, so Ir., 0. Ir. bond; Lat. fund,us ; Skr. budhnd
;
Eng. bottom.
bonn, a coin, so Ir. ; possibly from Lat. pondo.

bonnach, cake, bannock,

the

Sc.

pdnis,

bannock,

Ir.

boinneog,
be

to

appears

oaten

cake.

founded

This
on

Lat.

word,

like

pdnicum,

bread.

bonnanach,
young

strapping
(Skye)

a
men

(Mrs M'Ph.), bonnanaich,

active

borb, fierce, so
borrowed

fellow

Ir.,

0.

from, Lat.

Ir.

borp

barbarus.

allied

to,

or,

more

probably,

44

ETYMOLOGICAL

borbhan,

sound

purling

Fr.

seethe,

DICTIONARY

*horvo-^

Lat.

Bourbon,

identical

stem

hervo-,

borbhanach,

Hence

etc.

ferveo,

with

base, deep.

b6rc, sprout, swell ; see hare.

borc-lunn, swell-wave
(Hend.) :
M.
b6rd, a table, Ir.,
Ir., hord,

W.

; from

hivrdd

Norse

Ag. S.,

hord.

borlanachd,
from

morlanachd,

Eng.

The

hordland,

cairiste,done

borlum,

from
castle

labour

compulsory
under

as

for

for

the

proprietor

(M'K. and Carm.).

strip
(Hebrides) ; a frequent place
M.
land, especially the
Eng. bordland, mensal
lands
in the Highlands.
of arable

M'Morland.

Hence

horlum.

proprietor

land

name

royal

flux or
bbrc.
borlum, a sudden
vomiting, a flux ; for bdrc-lum
; see
fborr, knob, pride, greatness,
great, Ir., E. Ir. borr, *borso-,
bhorsoG. parrunga,
; Lat. fastus (for farstus),pride ; 0. H.
Hence
superbia ; allied to barr, q.v.
borrach, a haughty
mountain
a
protruding bank, a
man,
grass.
Ir.
all from
bosd
Cor.
bost
bosd, a boast,
Eng. boas^t,
(O'R.),W.,
;
itself

bosdan,

M.

of unknown
little

origin.

box,

Br.

bouiU
0.

Eng. boiste,from

which

is the

Gr.

Fr.

Trv^iSa.

G.

; the

from

is

boiste,Med.
Heuce

also

box, G.

boyst,

(bossida),

buxida

Lat.

Eng.

Sc.

early

bosca.

bosgaire, applause (Sh.); bas+gaire, q.v., "palm-noise."

river bank
bot, a mound,
; cf. bught, botach, a reedy bog.
Also
M.
E. bote, Eng. boot.
botuinn, from Sc.
b6t, a boot ; from
booting, Fr, bottine, half-boot.
M.
E.
from
vessel
botaidh, a wooden
(size,half anker) ; formed
butte, Eng. butt, Fr, hotte.
both, perturbation, a plash ; see hodhbh.
bod,
both, bothan, a hut, bothie, Ir., M. Ir. bothdn, both, W.
Cor.

residence.
Norse

bothar,

bod, bos,

bild',Ger.

lane,

bude

(A. M'D.),

street

; Skr.

gd, go ; Eng. path.

slattern, (M'F.) ; see

botrumaid, a
botul, a bottle,

Ir.

(Lewis),deep

botunn

botus,

belly-worm
; Sc.

meaning

bra, br^th,

a;

; from

"^hravon'''brevon-,

Ir.
;

Hence

Ir.

bot/iar

bd,

go

potel

M.

E.

Origin
hro,
Skr.

bow-legged

g.

Eng. booth,
bothie.

(Con.),bothar,
'i-^i]v,
went,

Gr.

; from

Eng.
;

E.

Ir.

l3aLvo),

E.

botn.

bot, bott,

of

like

(Murray).

unknown

br6n,

bottle.

Norse,

bottes, pi. of

grdvan:

Eng.

butrais.

pool (in moors)

water

batts.

quern,

brabhd-chasach,

W.

buideul,

butas, house

be.

bhu,

; root

bbihar, "^bdtro-,"^bd-tro-,root
go

; Lit.

*buto-

Ir. bro, g. broon,

; Lit.

girnos

mill-stone,

Eng.

quern.

brabhdadh,
(A. M'D)
brae,

curve

of

as

brabhtalachd,

talk,

before

haughtiness

breaking,

(Carm.)

reindeer

45

LANGUAGE.

bravado

Eng.

waves

(Carm.),

horn

idle

bravado,
; from

GAELIC

THE

OF

branch

bellow,

deer-

or

words
in broc-ach, -lack.
see
:
bracach, grayish, braclach, brake
braich, malt.
brach, rot (vb.) ; see
brachag", a pustule ; from
Also
brachan, pvitrefaction.
brachd, putrescence, fat, rich :
bradach,
thievish, braid, theft, Ir. bradach, thievish, roguish,
E,

Ir.

broit,

braite

g.

br-ont-, root
Scarcely from
Ir.
bradan, salmon,
braddn, E.
Ch.

SI.

bradan,

wade

brozda,

ridgy
metaphorically

bradhadair,

braghadair,
brag (Lewis), a
bragaireachd,
bragh,

from

etc.

Lit.

bradd, water,

of

Cf.

q.v.

of

the

body

Eng.

(Hebrides).

fire

Possibly
crackling.

braghadaich,

braJc.
creeking noise, Norse
Ir. bragdireachd,
boasting,

the

(H.S.D.)

word

above

bragh,

vain

; from

fur,

Cf.

surface

the

on

from

sudden

Lat.

carry,

bratan.

blazing fire,kindling

boaster

bher,
Ir.

brath, betray ^

to

through.

tumour

allied

*mraddo-,

from

bragaire,

brag.

pedo ; Lat. fra.gor, crash,

explosion, peal, 0. Ir. braigi7}i,
See
bram.
fragrare, Eng. fragrant.
Ir.
braghad, neck, throat,
brdighid, 0. Ir. brdge, g. brdgat, W.
Ger.
brehant, "^brdgnt-; Eng. craw,
breuant, 0. Br.
kragen,
an

f^p6yxo"^,w^indpipe, Eng.
(Stokes' Diet.), refers it to the root
Gr. (pdpvy^,Eng. 'pharynx.
of Norse
barki, weazand,
Brdghad
of brdighe.
is really the
gen.
from
Sc, Eng. braxy.
bragsaidh, braxy ;
Ir. mraich,
E.
Ir.,
W., Cor.
braich, malt, so
brag, Br. bragezi,
collar,

M.

G.

H.

bronchitis.

krage,

neck

Gr.

Bezzenberger

Gaul,

germinate,

merkti, macerate,
fade, marcidus,

(Plin.),genus

brace

mdrka,

flax-hole

decayed,

rotten.

for

farris

steeping

From

W.

^mraki

g.
noose

to

hostage,

Eng.

I. E.

crank,

prisoner,
Ger.

gregh,

neck,

also

dialectic

captivity,
braighdeach, horse-collar,
brdghad.

Also

braid.

as

M.

braig,

chain

E.
Gr.

Lit.

marcere,

bragod,

Eng. bragget.
braid, theft ; see bradach.
braid, horse-collar
brdighdeach.
; see
braighde, captives, pledges, Ir. brdighe, pi. brdighde,
bragat,

Lat.

comes

Ir.

braga,

jSpoxos,

kringel ; I. E. gregh, possibly allied

Hence
in brdghad.
braighdeanas,
braigh, hostage, pledge.
Ir.

braigdech,

older

brdigtech ;

from

46

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

braighe,

also

which

place

in

appears

is the

this

part (ofplaces):

upper

nom.

hraghad,

Bra^d-Albainn,

as

names,

of

case

Braid-

albane.

braile, a heavy rain (Sh.) :

braile, braighlich, a rattling
brailis, wort
braim, bram,

of

Sc.

bruilze, Fr.

braodhlach.

See

hrouille.

(Perth).

noise

braithlis, M.

Ir.

ale,

Ir.

Jwaichlis, from

hraich.

crepitus ventris, Ir. hroim, 0. Ir. hraigim, pedo, W.,

brag, I. E. bkrag ; Lat.
bram,
Cor., Br.
'^bragsmen-, root
Hence
bramaire, a noisy fellow,
fragor, crash, fragrare, etc.

braisleach, full-formed, bulky

Br.

bras,

braist,
braithlin,

the

; from

linen

sheet,

"

means

seems

bramasag',
t bran,

raven,

for

but

vrana

not

gra,

Cor.

gera,

Used

Ir., W.
0.

brang", a slip of
the jaw
on
branks,
two

in

wooden

Br.

Gr.

branndaidh,

Slav,

bran,

W.

crow

raven,

gavranu,
further

ye/oai/o?,
and
river

is

root

W.

crane,

and

names.

Eng.

from

are

halter, resting

horse's

brangas,

and

pieces, brank,

Ir.
root

Br.
of

pillory (for tongue

Br.

The

whence

head-stall

the

M.
The

(H.S.D.)

thistle

Ir.,and

C,

M'E.

broman.

crow,

done.

personal

brenn

0.

cf.

usually
Eng. crane,
in

of

bran,

is

brathi

but

impertinent.

pillory ;
mouth), a

bridle

to

fetter.
pillory,Du. prang,
Eng, brandy,
brandy ; from

pranger,

Cor.,

braim,

head

which

collar

side

W.

bulky,

gros,

dialectic

breun,

W.

bren, bran,

; horse's

head

Fr.

of

bra7i,

much

bran,

wood

; also

prickly

with

whence

cry,

from

bran,

Ir.

(do.),as

garan.

bran, bran,

Devil

the

gvrand,

Fr.

"^brath + ltn;

breg, brog, brag

Ir., 0.

"^brand,

Ir.:

the

clott-burr,

bras, great,

grossus,

boor," bromdnach,

be

to

Ir.

Eng.

so

suggests plai-linn.
braman,
misadventure,
hromdn

; Lat.

*brasso-

grossus,

brooch

M.

man,

that

bridle

allied

brand

"

is

the

from

with

to

or

Sc.

Ger.

burnt

wine."

branndair,
braodag, a
braodhlach,

borrowed

with
a

also

Sc.

(Perth)

from

the

Ir.

to

connect

it

brand, burn,

etc.

loud

noise,
from

Ir.

braoilleadh,

Sc, Eng.

brawl,

broil.

broileog, breiledg.

Sc.

brawlins,

Gaelic.

braoisg, a grin, Ir. braos :

breathal
braolaid, raving, dreaming ; from
braon, a drop, rain, so
Ir., 0. Ir. broen
attempt

from

word, seemingly
brulye, Eng.

whortleberry,

brylocJcs,comes

brander,

braoileadh,

brawling,

confused

Sc.

from

(Hend),

huff

rattling

braoileag,

gridiron

with

Gr.

?
;

cf.

(dpeXia,or

Eng.
with

brine.

Lat.

The

rigare,

THE

OF

GAELIC

LANGUAGE.

derives
it from
root
Eng. rain, is unsatisfactory. Stokes
ver
{^QQfearthuinn),"^vroen,but unlikely.
flexuosum.
braonan, praonan,
an
earth-nut, bunium
Perhaps
"a
from
bead, nut."
hraon, a drop
bras, brais, active, rash, Ir. bras, E. Ir. bras, W.
brys, haste :
"

"^brsto-,I.E. gredh-,

brasailt,
from

(M'A.)

panegyric

0.

Ir.

See also bi^isg,

active.
q.v. ?
Ir. bras-scelach, panegyrical ;

in greas,

as

E.

and

W.

bras, great,

braishach.
See
Eng. gross.
brat, a mantle, Ir. brat, 0. Ir. bratt, W.
broz, petticoat, "^bratto-,*brat-to-.
breid.
Ag. S. bratt, pallium, is

bratach,

Hence

bra

the

tag,

furry

from

one,"

tense).
brath, judgment,
so

Gaul,

W.
Gr.

to

breith

of

"^brdter

Ir.

the

by

mantled

derivation.

brath, treason,
bras, Br. barat, 0.

and
Br.

raairned, treachery.

in abair.

; Lat.

frdter
preab,

form

of

the

or

briba,

alms

The

ment,"
Judgbreut,
I. E.

from

Ir.

"

M.

leather,

allied

0.

imaginary.
brawd, pi. brodyr,
breur, breuzr, pi. breudeur,

Fr.

the

word.
Ir

to, 0. Fr.

; also

Br.

is

P"ng, brother ; Skr. bhrdta ; etc.

Ir. prebach, kicking ; perhaps from

following

of

patch

from,

"

pi. bredereth,

Ir.

Celtic.

Ir.

theorisings, and
brdthair, 0. Ir. brdthir, W.

kick,

breaban,

"

"^brd, *bera, judge, decide,

;
"

Druidic

"

to

broder,

root

the

from

barn, judge,
say," as
and
be
hence,
barri, judgment, are
compared
may
Hence
also
breath
"/)piv,
or
soul, phrenology.
cfipeves,
The
in
the
sense
conflagration
('^brt-),
given
q.v.
sense

is due

Cor.

Ir.

M.

*brdtu-

brathair, brother,

breab,

brat, braiit,see

root

"

Diet,

cloth, Br.

brath, for ever

(pron. gu brack) "till
gu
Ir., 0. Ir. brath, judgment, W. braivd, M. Br.

bratu-,

and

grossus,

sin, miss, -tj/JifSpoTov

{-fxapr-),
(past

afiapTavo)

mearachd.

in the

bher,

woollen

borrowed

betrayal, Ir. brath, E.

brad, treachery, Cor.

; Gr.

Cf.

For

="

W.

*mrato-

hrat,

brethyn,

caterpillar,Ir. bratbg,
grass
"
Cf. caterpillar
dow^ny cat,"

brat.

also,

; cf. Lat.

bras

flag.

or

brath, information,
mrath

Br.

preabdn, parcel, piece, patch ;

bribe, a piece of bread, alms, Sp.

bribeur, mendicant,

and

briberesse,female

; cf. Ir.

vagabondage
harloting
preabog, a wenching jade
French.
bribe
from
the
is
(O'B.). Eng.
breac, speckled, so Ir., E. Ir. brecc, W. brych, Br. breech, small-pox,
^mrhko-s, *mrg-ko-, root
mdrgas, speckled, pied ;
mrg
; Lit.
Gr. dfxapvcra-o),
twinkle.
There
0. Ir. mrecht, W.
is an
brith,
of like

meaning

and
W.

origin, viz
brech, and

breac, small-pox,
breacan, plaid, Ir. breacdn,
regards W. as borrowed

breac-shianain, freckles

W.
from

mrk-to,

breac,

brecan,
Irish.

rug

from

virg-to-.

trout, W.
; from

Hence

brithyll.
breac.

Rhys

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

breacag,

W.

pancake,

hrg-ko-^brg^

as

slice

Jjrechdan,

*?

bread

bairghin,

in

bread

of

and

(Ilev.Celt.

butter,

^'^102). See

hreachdan.

breachd, seizing
breachdan, custard
=

heireachd.

(Lb.),M.

br^agh,

fine,
breig, brig

bredgh,

(Ir.J.

Breg.
t breall, knob,
Tir

breaman,

braim,

of

or

from

Ir.

breagh

breaghda

or

Bregian^

"

D.
G.

in

of

Lisniore

breyl,

bristle.

borr, bdrr^ Eng.

breall

Ir.

breall,
Hence

bod

(Glenmoriston).
goat, podex ; cf. Ir. breim, by-form
=^

of

q.v.

mischief, misbap,

breamas,

mentulse,

sbeep

hrithog ;

119).

hrs-lo-,root 6^rs, bors, as

brilleaiiach,lewd, q.v.
tail

roll, W.

See under
breac.
brith, motley,
Ir. breagha (O'Cl.),'^breigavo-s,
root

No.

glens

M.

brigh, q.v.

in

as

hrechtdn,

mixed.

mrg-to-, Ir. hrecht, W.

Ir.

Ir.

Devil

the

an

vowel

form

of braman?

dunghill (Sh.) ; from breun.,q.v.

breath, row, layer : *brtd, a slice,root bher of beam.
breath, judgment, so Ir., 0. Ir. byeth, "^brtd,W. bryd, Gaul, vergoFor
brdth.
bretus, *brto-s.
root, see
Spelt also breith.
breathas, frenzy (M'A.) ; see breideacli.
roots
breid, a kerchief, so Ir., E. Ir. breit.,"^'brenti-,
brent, brat \
Skr.
granth, tie, knot, grathndii ; Ger. kranz, garland, Eng.
Skr.
crants
being allied to Gr. ypovdos, fist,
(Rhys). The
the
seems
(Stokes), not to mention
against this derivation
Skr.
th corresponding to
Celtic
t.
dithculty of Gr. 6 and
root
bhera, cut, Gr.
(f^apos,cloth (Windisch).
Possibly from
breanan,

brwyd, braid,
breisleach, confusion, delirium,
Cf.

W.

breaghaslach (Lb.)
Gr.
in
^/o^^v,mind
as

mind,

Murtheimme

; etc.

breitheal,

confusion

breathal

breith-,
%

Cf.

breisleach

^'bret, "^bhre-t

E.

Ir,

Breslech

; Skr.

bhrti-

(O'R.,
;

bhre,
M6r

brislech, "overthrow."

breith, bearing, birth,

birth

Ir.

nightmare,

from

Fol. ),

root

so

Ir. and

bher,
of mind

bear

E.
;

; from

see

Ir., ^brti-s

Eng.

beir.

breith-,as

in

breisleach.

Also

preathal.
breitheanas, judgment, Ir. breilheamhnus, E. Ir. brithemnas
\ from
the
is added
britheman, to which
brithem, a judge, stem
termination
abstract
-as
( astu-). From
britheamh, q.v
breo, breoth, rot, putrefy :
or
breochaid, any tender
fragilething (M'A.) ; from breo.
breocladh, clumsy patching, breoclaid, sickly person : bre6dh +
clad
( cail of buacAa^7). See brebite.
breoite, infirm, Ir. breoite,breodhaim, I enfeeble
(Keat.), *brivodcf. W.
briw, break, *brivo-, possibly allied to Lat. frivolus.
breolaid, dotage, delirium
; cf. breitheal, etc.
and

OP

breug,

briag,

0.

hreMg^ hreag,

lie, Ir.

49

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

Ir.

"^hrenkd

hrec,

Skr.

bhrauica, loss, deviation.

hrein

hraen, Br.
breun, putrid, so Ir., E. Ir. hren, W.
*hragno-^ foul, from root, hreg^ brag of braim.
*mrak-no-

it from

7iiarcidus,rancid,

Lat.

^bregno-^

Straclian

braich,

in

as

takes
q.v.

briagail, prattling :
0.
Ir., "^bretrd (0. Ir. is fem. ; G. is
briathar, a word, so Ir. and
Bezzenablaut
to bra- of brath, q.v.
by analogy T),*bre,
mas.,
O.H.G.
refer
it to
chweran, sigh (see gerain)
berger would
G. chrdjan, Eng. croiu.
and
to 0. H.
even
brib, a bribe, Ir. brib ; from the Eng.
brcac.
names
bricein-, a prefix to certain animal
; from
Ir.
brideach
fbrideach, a dwarf
(Arm., Sh.),
(Lh., O'B.). See
brideag,

little

"bride,"

which

little

brideag", a
on

the

Brighid
part

brideun,

is due

the

in

little

list
which

jaw,

of the

formed

by

eve

maidens

of

gives

it

figure

Proper
H.S.D.

of

Names.

of

meaning

of

for

the

Bridget

as

latter

made
See

purposes.

gives brida^,

Shaw

reproduces

bird, sea-piet (M'A.

St.

divination

for

the

the

influences.

Eng.

to

Ir. brideag,

woman,

Saint's

also

Shaw

woman.

brideag.

meaning)

ingly
seem-

words.

analogy
M'A.) :
brig mhoine," a pile of peats ; cf.
Norse
tablet, piece, Eng. brick.
brlk, square
Ir. brig, W.
Ir. brigh, 0.
brigh, pith, power,
bri, dignity, rank,
Cor.
Br.
bri, respect, "^'brtgd,
bry,
"^brtgo- Gr. f3p2 (^piap6"^,
jri,
strong, mighty, Ppifxr](c long), strength, anger
; Skr.
on

brig",a heap (H.S.D

two

foregoing

"

',

jrat/as,

overpower,

berger
may

be

extent

suggests

Ger.

the

root

from

krieg,
bri

I.E.

an

war,

above.

brilleanach, lewd, briollair, briollan,

brim, pickle (Arg.) ; from Eng. brine.
brimin
bodaich, a shabby carle ; for
braman
fetida

root

breg, brag

gri-, grl-, grei-. BezzenThis

striving : "^greigh1

But

from

breall,

breimein,
cf.

Norse

q.v.

side

form

brimill,

of

phoca

mas.

also has the spelling briob.

briobadh, bribing ; see brib, which
briodal, lovers'
brioiindal,
language,
caressing, flattery; also
caressing, brionnal, flattery; possibly from
brionn, a lie,
dream
M.
Ir. brinneall
a
means
(Ir.),as in brionglaid, q.v.
beautiful
maid
Arran
Cf.
matron.
or
a
briagadh.
young
brid, whisper.
briog, thrust, Ir. priocam ; from the Eng. prick.
briogach, mean-spirited :
of passion ; cf. W.
brioghas, fervour
brywus, bryw, vigorous.
briogais, breeches, Ir. brigis ; from the Eng. breeks, breeclies.

50

ETYMOLOGICAL

briollag,

for

brionglaid,

brionn,
br

The
G.
(Sh.) ; Ir. brionn, dream, reverie.
brion-lag. See next.
Ir. brionngldid, a dream
confusion, dream,
; from
In
lie.
the
of
a
dream,
sense
wrangling,"
Scotch
Gaelic
is purely a
from
word,
Sc, Eng.

illusion

an

seems

DICTTONARY

"

long laid

brangle,

brionnach,

of like

pretty

beautiful

force.

(M'F.),

matron

woman,

young

(Sh.), glittering, Ir. brinneall,

fair

brionnach, brindled, striped ; from the Eng. brinded,

brios, mockery (A. M'D.), half-intoxication
(M'A.) :
from
brace?
briosaid, a girdle (Arm.),
Eng.
Ir.
from
brios^, start, jerk, so
brisg, active, q.v.
;
briosgaid, a biscuit, M. Ir. brisca (F.M.) ; founded
on
but

by

made

folk-etymology

(Gaidoz).
briosuirneach, ludicrous

; cf.

briot, briotal, chit-chat,

Ir.

^brt-to, "^br-t,root
Breatnaich

happy.
bris, break,
O.H.G.

or

so

Ir.

as

with

agree

brios, mockery,
in Lat.

foreigners

and

of

Ag.

stammerer

the

to

is

stammerers

S.

berstan, Eng.
^berso-s, short,

root

f^apfiapos,

Gr.

briot

I break,
brissim, "^bresto,

brestan, break,

Eng. biscuit^
brisg, brittle

etc.

barbarus,

reference

brindled,

now

^briot, chatter, briotach, a

The

Britons

Ir., 0.

to

bar, ber, as

I stammer.
fSepfSepc^o),

name

scarcely

bres, bhres

burst,

Fr.

briser,

G.
bearr.
Distantly allied to
BrugGaelic
the
has
to
QfT-irkpOoi,
mann
compared
destroy, from
bherdho-, giving a Celtic stem
brd-to-, and brd-co- for brisg.
bres
root
brisg, brittle, Ir. briosg, E. Ir. brisc, Br. bresq : "^bres-cobreak.

',

of bris

above.

brisg, lively, Ir.

brisc,

W.

brysg

; all

from

the

Eng.

brisk^

of

xxx.).
origin (Johansson,
Norse
and
from
brjosk, cartilage, bris, Sw.
brisgein, cartilage;
Dan.
bj-usk ; Ger.
brausche, a lump (from a bruise).
brisgein, brislein, white tansy ; from brisg, brittle.
britheamh,
a
judge, Ir. breitkeamh, 0. Ir. brithem, g. britheman;
root
brt-, of breath, judgment, q.v.
broc, a badger, so Ir., E. Ir. brocc, W., Cor,, broch, Br. broc^h,
"^brokko-s
bherk, bhork, bright,
one"; root
*bork-ko-, "grey
:
cfs.
Gr. (fiopKos,grey.
Lit. berszti,Eng. bright ?
Thurneysen
Fr.
broche
the
Lat.
broccus, having projecting teeth, whence
(from Lat. "^brocca,a spike, etc.),a spit, Eng. broach, brooch-,
his snout, and
named
from
broccos
the badger was
he thinks
the
Fr. brochet, pike, as
he
instances
parallel by derivation
and
analogy. If Gr. PpvKO), bite, is allied to Lat. broccus, the
be the "biter," "gripper."
rather
underlying idea of broc may
Scandinavian

Zeit.

THE

OP

Russ.

Bezzenberger
borz

suggests
^brokko-s, from

or

51

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

barsukil,

Turk,

"^bhrod-ko-s,Skr.

porsuh,

bradhnd,

Magyar

dun.

Ir.

the
face, speckled,
brocach, broc, W. broc,
brocach, greyish
from
broc.
grizzled,roan
;
brochan, gruel, porridge, Ir. brochdn, 0. Ir. brothchdn
; broth-chdn,
bru^ I. E. bliru^ whence
*broti-^ cookery ; root
Eng. broth^
in

Lat.

defrutum,

See

must.

brbchlaid, trash, farrago

varies

with

bhreu^ bhru,

; root

G.

bhrou,

bruith.

broz-do-

from

0.

broddr, sting, Eng. brod, brad, Ag.

brod,

the

"

choice

excess."

; from

anything

of
Cf.

bhreu

bro.

brocladh, spoiling,mangling ; see brebclaid.

brod, a lid ; from Sc, brod, side form of Eng.
brod, a goad, prickle, Ir, brod, E. Ir. brott, W.
brout, ^broddos,

brochan

in

as

H.
S.

board..

brath,

broz, Br.

G.

brort, edge,
brord, sting,
above,

the

Cor.

in

the

Norse

of

sense

corr.

brod, pride, brodail, proud, Ir. hod,

is a
protail, which
step nearer

lu

etc.

the

Arran

From

origin.

find

(Sc.)we
the

Eng.

proud.

fbrodan, mastiff, E. Ir. brotchu, W. brathgi ; from

brod., good."
from
the
br6d, a crowd, brood, brodach, in crowds
Eng. brood 1
;
brog, a shoe, Ir. brog, M. Ir. brocc, E. Ir. broc, pi. broca, used in
"

nether
Norse
for various
brokr,
compounds
garments
; from
Ag. S. broc, pi. brec, Eng. breech, breeks (Zimmer, Zeit. xxx.).
See
briogais.
awl
Sc.
Cf.
W.
brog^, stimulate, an
brog, prog.
procio,
; from

thrust, poke,
takes

from

M.

G.

from

and

Sc.

E.

prokien,

Fr.

stimulare.
Lat.

broche,

^brocca

active," "in good form."

brogail,
brog'ach,'a boy, young
lad, from
brog ?
broidneireachd, embroidery, Ir. broidineireachd

Thurneysen
(see broc).

"

Hence

from

the

Eng.

broider, embroidery.

fbroig'heal, cormorant,

broighleadh,

bustle

Ir.

broighioll:
Sc.

; from

It.

broglio. See
broighleag, whortleberry

see

broigileineach, substantial
see

(Eng. broil),Fr. brouiller,

braoileag.
broigeil,a

; from

by-form

of

brogail ;

brogach.

broilein,king's
broilleach,
see

brulye

braodhlach.

hood

pig's snout

breast, Ir.,

E.

Ir.

(Badenoch)
brollach

root

"^bron-lach

brow

bhru,
; for

"^bron,

bruinne.

broineag,

rag,

^from

ill-clad
the

broinnag^ M'F.

female, bronag,

root
as

above.

of

bronn,

crum

distribute.

(Dialectic);
Shaw

sibly
pos-

spells

it

52

Dictionary

Etymological

broinn, belly (Dialectic)

;
nom.

bosom

of

used

hru

dialectically as

cf. G.

be

to

(H.S.D,, for latter

word
The
hrot, 0. Ir. broitene, palliolum.
a
brat, mantle, with
leaning for meaning
the

properly

meaning)
appears

dat.

hru.

see

broit, the

the

from

breast

covering

bruin7ie, breast.

on

brolaich,

incoherent

(as

talk

bi^olasgach, prattling ; cf.

brawl, Du. brallen, boast.

brolamas,

(D.

mess

C.

sleep), brolasg,

in
W.

garrulity, Ir.
hrol, boasting, Eng.

brawl,

Ph.) (Glenmoriston) ;

Mc.

root

same

as

brollach.

broluinn, brothluinn, boiling, ""estus," tide-boiling; from

broth^
in
etc.
boiling, as
brollach,
Fenian
brollach, a mess
cooking pit,from
; cf. E. Ir. brothlach, the
broth,

bromach,

brochan,

in

as

Ir.

colt,

Eng. Qva-bryo
bron, grief,Ir.. 0.

q.v.

bromach

W.

bron,

brwyn, smarting,

^pv\(M (v long), gnash

Pol.

zgryzota,

bronnaim,

E,

"^bhrud-no-,
bryti,

Ir.
I. E.

G.

^brugno-s
grduiiii, gnaw,

sorrow,

; Lit.

bhrud

root

(cf.

(1408 charter), Ir.

bestow, spend : "^brundo-,

bronnagh

brondaim,

Gr.

Ag,

S.

deal

bryttian,

brut, chop

Lat.

perhaps,

out, Norse

"cutter"), brytja,

steward,

ra/xtas,

brittle, Teut.

chop, Eng.

teeth

the

M.

bronnaim,

steward

in

as

sorrow,

distribute,

grant,

"^brud-, "^bru,

?
Ir.

Gr.

t bronn,

*brusmo-,

frustum,

bit.

brosdaich,

Ir.

word

stir up,
is from

the

bros-to-, w^hich
brosd,
on

becomes

Lat.

brosd,

bros-

root

remains

or

Low

brosduighim,

of

brod, already given

as

etc.

the

The

Ir.

bhrud,

root

form

brosnaich,
brot,

broth

brot,

broth,

the

discussed

later

0.

Ir.

under

says
done

"

and

bronn,

(especiallyof

also

has

dog)

brost,

to

it is founded

by

cognate

brosne, faggot,

here

being

brosgadh,

Hence

root.

q.v.,

reverts

Stokes

origin

brosdaich.

see

; from

the

This

literary and

is rather

veil, upper

form

and

brod,

with

G.

tion,
stimulabe

may

needle,"

hence

been

suggested.
possibly from the

brosi, in brosdaich, brosgadh.

incite

brosdaich

of

brosnaich.

brosna,

brosgul, flattery,fawning
root

in brosdo-

Teutonic

The

brostugud, inciting.

brosdus, by^usdus, broidery,

which

is

or

Ir.

brosso-,

in

as

E.

Eng.

garment,

is

the

best

G.

form

broth.
0.

Ir.

broitene, palliolum

G.

is

by-

of brat.

itch,

Ir.

(rarely)bruth.

broth,

Irish.

*bruto-

see

bruthainn

for

root.

Also

OF

broth,

lunar

bruthainn.

brothag^,
brus

hroch, Ulster

So.

bosom,

bruinne,

of

fold

bru,

bruthaist,

bronn,

g.

Ir.

Ir. broth.
clothes

breast

belly,

brothus,

G.

best

the

"^broso-,root

Ir., 0.

so

"^brus-nos,root

M.

from

E.

breivis,Sc.

brose.

form.

brits,1. E.
breast, Ger.

brjost, Eng.
bru, to swell,

under

brutli, heat,

breast.

brothas, farrago, brose,

See

Ir.

cf. 0.

the

of

53

LANGUAGE.

brog^h

(Arg.),or

halo

the

GAELIC

THE

Ir.

bhreus

; Teut.

Stokes

lefers

bhrus,
brust.

Gr.

/^pviD,am

E.

Ir.

W.

brond,

bru,

bru

"^briis

breust-, Norse
it

the

to

root

full, iix-fSpvov,
embryo

(whence
bruinne.
See
Eng. embryo), or to Skr. bhrund, embryo.
"^brou-Jco-,I. E. bkric,
bruach, a bank, brink, Ir., 0. Ir. bruach
:
Gr.
6"ppvs,eyebrow, Eng. b7'ow. Lit. bruvis, 0. Ir. briiad,
brow,
Also

(dual).
the

either

bruachaire,

surly fellow,

aireachd, hovering

bruadar, bruadal,
*brav-

or

about

Ir.

dream,

Lit.

or

that
from

Stokes

suggests

briau-na, edge.

hovers

about,

bruach-

Ir.

bruach.
W.

bruadair,

breuddwyd

"^braiid

fraus, fraud

one

border.

bank,

bruth, bruise,

of

root

bru,

bruadal
above.
bruaillean, bruaidlean, trouble, grief ; from
to pieces, gnash (Dialectic): ^bhraud-"o-, Lat.
bruais, crush
fraus,
Eng. brittle.
the root
of britth.
bruan, thrust, wound
; from
*bhroud,
break, Ag. S.
bruan, a fragment ; *bhroud-7io-, from
under
Strachan
bronn.
breostan, break, Eng. brittle,etc., as
also suggests "^bhroucno-, Lett,
the
bruht, crumple, and Stokes
root

of bruth.

briic, seaweed

(Lewis) ;

ashore

cast

Norse

dried

bruk,

heaps

of

seaweed.

brucach, spotted
see

in

the

The

broc.

face, smutted,

Sc.

Ir. brocach

broukit, brooked,

is

of

"badger-like";

uncertain

origin

brucachadh, irregular digging, brucanaich,

(Murray).
of dawn
the peep
(M'A.), etc.
brucag, bruchag, a chink, eylet (Sh.),dim candle
light (H.S.D.).
Sh. gives bruchag, H.S.D.
brucag, which
only to apply
appears
Hence

to

"dim

the

briichd, belch,
W.

bry their

candle
burst

light";
out,

so

from

Ir., E.

brucxich.
Ir.

bruchlag", a hovel
bruchlas, the fluttering of birds going to
rush
bruchorcan, stool bent, heath
; said
a

and

hind,

brudhach,
brudhaist,

brae

brose

briichtaim, eructo,

vomo,

(vb.),brythar (n.).
brugh, q.v.
; from

corc-an,
;
;

see
see

oats, "deer's
bruthach.
bruthaist.

(Sh.) :

rest
to

oats."

be

derived

Also

from

]bru,

bruth-chorcan.

54

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY

brugh, large house, a tumulus, so Ir., E. Ir. brug, mrug^

land,
bro, country, region, land, Cy7n-mro, a
holding, mark, W.
Welshman,
{^com-mroges),Br. bro, country, Gaul.
pi. Cymmry
Got.
(for Gadelic) ; Lat.
Brogi- : *mrogi
marka,
;
margo
S.
border, Eng. mark, march.
border-country, Ag.
mearc,
cook
form
of bruith
bruich, boil,
(cf.brath, brack).
; gutturalised
bruith.

See

Ir.

The

bruighim

in

appears

O'R.,

and

been

has

it is evidently
roast
compared to Lat. frigo, Gr. cfipvyu),
; but
bad
spelling of bruith.
a
broit,
bruid, captivity, Ir. bi^uid,M. Ir. "^brat,g. braite, E. Ir. ace.
For

^braddd.

root,

bradach.

see

from
bruid, bruidich, stab, goad, Ir. bruidighim : the verb
brod,
goad.
a
bruid, a brute, Ir. brtlid ; from Eng. brute.
bruidheann, bruidhinn, talk, conversation, Ir. bruighinn, scolding
(also bruitheann), 0. Ir. fris-brudi, renuit, W.
speech, a brawl
0.

cyfrau., song,

Br.

co-brouol, verbialia, ^7nru,

Zend

bravati,

speak.
brudin, hospitium

says,
E.
Ir.

connects

He

"quarrel"

gives
board

Eng.

^brodma,

O'Grady

mru,

Ir.

; Skr.

(S.

Gad.

Stokes

Ir.

E.

brudin,

(Z. 33).

bruidlich, stir up ; see bruid, stab, goad.

from
bruth, q.v.
bruill, bruise, thump ; a derivative
of
and
brdillig, a person
gait (H.S.D., which
clumsy figure
the

bruim-f

word

brii,belly) ; from

to

heur,

switch

Ir.

so

grass,

bru

from

Bruinidh,

Brownie

the

dark

Sc.

; from

from

goblin,

^brus-no,

0.

Eng.

Ir.

term

Cf.

benevolent

the

Brownie,

brown.

be

swell,

bruinne,
the

gives

haughty,
Ch.

Gr.

SI.

the

Norse

grandis,

; Norse
root

Got.

brunjo, breastplate,

gradi,

M.

bron,, Cor.

to

house
farm-

Svart-dlfr

M.

H.

borrowed

bruinneadh,

from
the

brenniat,

front

or

gk

G.

Ir. druis

bronn,

brust, Eng.
I. E.

oneself

grendh,
loftily,

correlated

with

from
bear

brilnne,

Br.

N.

brynja,

vation,
deri-

satisfactoryenough

root

same

vStokes

as

says

the
the

of

coat

first
Teut.

one

is

Celtic.

(Dialectic),0.

^bronjo-,

prow,

(I. E.
brush,

the

M.

Ger.

Usually

G.

byrnie :
Eng. brynie,
from
the
ultimately
above
(I. E. bhru). Indeed
and

given

brjdst,

breast.

Sc.

and

brend,

as

ppkvOvoixai,strut,

Lat.

mail,

W.

bhreus

bhrus,

root

Stokes

breast.

braim-J-heur,a

elves.

bruinne, breast,

bruis,

refers

its worthlessness.

denote

prow

bru,

xvi.)
really is

meaning

says

bruidhen.

as

say

?).

to

which

From

(vulg.);

from

Ir.
Bez.

root

the

bruinech,

prow.

compares

Ger.

of bruinne.

Eng.

brush.

Cor.
grans,

OF

bruiteach, warm
;
bruith, boil, cook,
hru^

I. E.

and

bretv

(I.

ppvrov,

Ir., E.

so

hhru

Eng.
hhreu) ;

E.

Lat.

defrutum,

fragments,
in

brutach, digging,

the

Ir.

From

sgal

bhruto-),

Tlirac.

hi^u,in

Gr.

of

corn

ware,

"^brus,

from

case.

any

broken

bruscdn, brusgar,

refuse

brus,

short

bruth.

digging (N.

of

act

^brutto-, "^bhrud-to-,root

H.

according
%

break

bhrud,

bruth, bruise, pound,

pound ; Pre. Celt, bhreiis, ; Ag.
graze,
bruise
(influenced by Fr.); perhaps 0.
bruighiTii, E.

Ir.

See

Ir.

bronn.

^brus, strike,

bruim,

S.

H.S.D.)

to

brysan^ bruise, Eng.

Slav,

brmnati,

corrum-

radere.

pere,

bruthach,

brae

bruach.

'^brut-acos, root

Sc.

brae

bruthainn,

brout, hot

see

bruith.

bruthaist,
was,

Gr.

similar

bhru,

0.
(fire),
Wider

Br.

brot

Lat.

are

"^brutu-.

For

allied

to

Ir.

budh,

0.

Ir. bu

and

Ir.

Proto-Gaelic

aorist

ecjiv(v long),
e-bhu-t.

Norse

The

root

brwd, hot,

further

ferveo, fervor, Eng. burn,

but

; from

I. E.

see

on

W.

bruth, fervor,

early Sc, Eng. broives,

Eng. broth.

brose

brow

founded

origin,

Ir.

sultriness, heat, Ir., 0.

Br,

Fr.,

of

is

from

bru,

(Murray).

eyelid, brow

6m,

bu,

must

the

beer.

of "^brus

form

I. E.

(Tent, brojyo-.

hrotk

brunsgal, rumbUng
noise; hronn
brusg, a crumb, particle of food,
useless

hruihainn.

see

hruith, cooking, ^broti-^ from

Ir.

55

LANGUAGE.

"^hruth, heat

from

root

GAELIC

THE

fuit

bhu

bheu,

is

"^bu

; Lat.

tense

Sc.

brose

for

; Skr.

Eng.

root

etc.

from

the

Celtic

bu-t

dbhut,

was

Both

be, etc.

;
;

G.

shows
the
of
the
3rd
t
sing.
aspirate, which
disappeared early.
buol ; from
Lat.
buabhall, unicorn, buffalo, M. Ir. buabhall, W.
whence
(bufalus) Eng. bujfalo.
bubalus, buffalo, gazelle,
Ir.
M.
Ir. buaball, W.
buadhbhall,
buabhall, a trumpet,
bubhall,

bual, bugle
M.

Ir.

Cor.,

Ir.

buabhaiil

corn

buachaill,

; cf. M.

herdsman,

Br.

bugel

; whence

the

Ir.,0.

so

; Gr.

buabhall, horn,
Ir.

f^ovKoXo^,

W.

bual,

further

force

of

bou-corderivation

suffix

the

cf.

-ar,

W.

buwch

bouk-cor-, "cow-offcast,"

or

the

for

Gadelic.

See

bo

W.

bugail,

(Lat. bucolicus, Eng.

-koXos, attendant, Lat.

bucolic),/3ov-,cow,
buachar, cow-dung, Ir. buacar, buachar
(Con.), Br.
before

horn,

"trumpet."

bochaill, buachaill,
cowherd

and

stem

buffalo

cola, at/tivate.
beiizel ; for

the

{^bouJchd),though

properly be
and, possibly, cuir.

the

may

Cf.

Bolchar.

buadhghallan,

buaghallan,

buathbhallan,

probably

it

buathfallan
is

ragwort,
"

buaf-bhallan,

virtue

Ir.

buadhghallan,
bearing wort ?

"toad-wort,"

from

M.
"

buaf,

Ir.

More

toad.

56

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

Lat.

reptile,from
llysiau^r

Ir.

nedir.

Welsh

The

hiifo.

call
"

is

haufanan

"

it

serpent's weed,"
"

mugwort

huadharlann

(Hend.).
?
buaic, a wick, Ir. buaic ; from Eng. wick, Ag. S. weoca
M.
E.
houken, steep in lye,
buaic, bleaching lees, Ir. huac ; from
Lat. type *hucare.
a
Eng. buck, Ger. hauchen
; Fr. huer, from
See
fucadh.
later
form
of Lat.
a
on
buaicneach, small-pox (Suth.) ; founded
bucca,

buaidh,

bucaid,

q.v.

victory, virtue,

Ir., 0.

so

Ir.

personal
boud-,
many
or
Boudicca,
"Victrix")
(cf.

Gaul,

in

root
or

in

as

second

as

booty, Eng.
fits
buaidheam,
buail, strike, so
Pre-Celt.

*boudi-

part
booty,
:

Fr.

biiaid, W.

whether

names,

in

; Norse

0.

budd,

either

byti, exchange,

bud,

the

as

compounds,

Br.

only
initial

Ger.

beute,

(do.).

butin

inconstancy ; cf, buathadh.

"^budlo:
Ir., E. Ir. bualaim

of

bheud

bhoud,

bautel, beetle

Ag.

S.

See

(Strachan).

'^boudlo-, ^boud,

or

beatan, Eng. beat, beetle, Ger.

bidlle.

Stokes

gives

the

form

^biiglab,root bug, bliug, as in Ger. pochen, Eng. poke.

buaile, a fold, pen, so Ir.,E. Ir. buale ; Lat. bovile ; from *bov-, cow.
b6l.
buaill, place for resting and milking (Lewis). Cf. Norse
: '''bognibuain, reap, Ir.,0. Ir. buain, inf. of bongaim, reap, break
or
"^bongni-? For root, see bodid.
buair, tempt, vex, Ir. buaidhirim, E. Ir. buadraim, 0. Ir. buadartha,
tarbulentus
bhoud, strike, the idea
: "^boud-ro; possibly from
form
from
"^boudro-, a goad, goading "? G. has
a
coming
buaireadh, buair, a rage.
bual-chomhla, sluice (M'L.) (an fhamk
bhual, water
vole); M. Ir.
E.
Ir. roth-buali, water-wheel,
bual, flowing sluice
water,
"^bogla,Eng. beck, Ger. bach (St.)(Zim.).
bualtrach, cow-dung, so Ir. buartlach
(Dial.Ir.); from buar, cattle.

buamastair, a blockhead
:
buan,
lasting, Ir. buan, lasting, fixed, E. Ir. buan :
being,
I.
E.
from
be
Lit.
butinas, being,
'^bu, be,
bhu,
during,"
;
Got.
from
be
Norse
biia,
dwell,
buti,
bauan, etc.
during,
;
"

Stokes

gives

existence.

buana,

G.

who

person

fbuanna, a
buannachd,

mercenary,

profit;

from

(see cinne, linn,

buannacht,

buar, cattle, so
:

"^bovdro-

; cf

buvano-s,

buain,

the

his

best

soldier, so
reap,

bann-

bitar, cattle

Lat.
.

bhuvana,

persevere,
on

billetingfrom
Ir.

cfs. Skr.

and

neighbours

can

billeted

seann,

soldiers

Ir., E.

as

lives

(Lewis) (M'A.)

afford

cow

stem

buanaich,

Hence

idle

an

the

booHus.

with
for
a

of

Ir.

irregularly doubled
ban-, miann) 1

Ir.

(Joyce).

tenant

the

Cf.

cow

kind

from

bo,

OF

57

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

bd-drach, "cow-fetter,"
: for
buarach, cow-fetter, Ir.,E. Ir.,buarach
drach
being for ad-rig-os,root rig of cuibhreach, q.v.
fit :
buathadh, a rushing, a mad
Cf.
Lat.
baubor, bay, Gr.
btlb, roar, Ir. bub : onomatopoetic.
fSav^d),
bark, Lit. bubauti, roar,
buban, coxcomb, Ir. buhdn ; cf. Eng. booby.
Lat. bucca
as
on
:
bucach, a boy (dial.)
growing one ;" founded
in the following word,
bucaid, a pustule, Ir. bocbid, a spot, E. Ir. boccdit ; from Brittonic
Lat. buccdtus, from
bucca, puffed cheek
(Eng. debouch, rebuke).
M. Eng. bukyil, Eng.
bucall, a buckle, Ir. bucla, W. bwcl ; from
Fr. boucle, from
Lat.
bucula, cheek-strap, from
buckle, from
"

bucca, cheek,

buchd, size (Sh. buc); from Sc. bouk, i.e.,bulk.

buchainn, melodious
(A. M'D.) :
budiallach,
tending 'J
nestling
(adj.): "^buth-chal, "house
buchaUach
Teachd.
(M'L.
Gaidh.) :
budach, poult (Suth.): see put.
cence
reminisa
budagochd, snipe (M'L.), woodcock
(H.S.D.). It seems
of Eng. woodcock.
budhaigir, the puffin,buigire, (M'A for St Kiida), Sc. bowger, the
"

coulter-neb

budhailt,
budhag,

Origin
*?

bugha, a
buideal,
See

of

bugr,
wall

"

curve,

; from

Sc.

bent-bill

%"

bowall, boal,

(Murray),

straw

root

bud,

which

underlies

Fr.

botte,

boitean.

See

spot by a
bottle, cask,

(Skye), bogha (Rob.),

W.
potel ; from
Eng.

stream

green
a

in

recess

unknown

bundle

bundle

Norse

from

window-like

bole.

; somehow

Ir.

buideul,

bottle.

botul.

(Lh.f, O'Cl.,
conflagration,Ir. buite,fire,buitealach
bhud
root
bud-do-,
(Lat. fustis, bhud-tis,
(O'Cl.)
idea
the
of
firewood?"
giving
Eng. beetle),
"faggot,
buidhe, yellow, so Ir., 0. Ir. buide ; Lat. badius, Eng. bay.
buidhe, now
buidheachas, thanks, Ir. buidhe, 0. Ir. buide
[W.
will
E.
I.
bheudh
bhudh,
boddaw, please, bodd,
V\,"^budo-,
; Gr.
learn
S.
TrevOojjiaL,
beodan, command,
by inquiry ; Ag.
Eng.
buidealaich,

O'B.), bott

ioY-bid.

buidhe, glad to,

verb

the
it to

to, 0. Ir. buithi, participleof necessity,from

had

bi, be

be

with

every

gach neach."
buidheann, a company,
0.

Br.

0.

Fries,

bodin,

manus,

kedde,

amlid

"Is

Ger.

is buithi

(9th

one

Ir.

Cent,

0.

; 0. H.

kette,covey

chach

"

glosses); G.

buidhean,

*bodind

do

Ir.
G.

; I.E. g6

Thus

"

"Is

buden,

ought

buidhe

W.

do

byddiUj

chutti, troop, band,

:

go,

drive

; cf. Lit.

gmtas, bird.
6

58

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

"

buidhinn,

gain, win, buinnig,

of

act

; from

gaining, gain

the

Eng.

win, winning.

bull, effect,

bulid, blooming,
buileastair, a bullace

builionn,
loaf

another

total, entirely ;

C?),which

bhol

bhel,

Gr.

Diez

from

baiieadi.

of

E.

Ir.

has

M.

; from

E.

bolaster=^

bullace.

bolace, now
builin

Ir.

loaf,

form

(M'D., Sh.)

sloe

or

bullace-tree,from

Pre-Celt.

oj^eAeto,help,

oc/)eAo9,advantage,

buileach,

*bel

boil, *bot,

Ir.

use,

suggests

Fr.

"^boulange, ball-shaped

the

as

basis

Fr.

of

boulanger,

baker,

buille, a blow,

so

bMid, beat,

root

allied

*boldja,
beetle

; Ger.

buillsgean,

; the

{Cha

bhuin
bean

confuse

rush

wave,
see

boinne.

buinneag,
root

Stokes

q.v.

M.

boilscedn,

beanaim.
which

G.,
e

Ir.

of

Ir.

The

has

dlumih

and

idea

the

he

Ir.

tide,
water

is

buinnig, winning ;
fbuinnire, a footman, so
buir, buirich, roar, bellow
*bu-ro-,
howl

buq

bukkdras,

boorik,

midriff

boUccn, middle,

is

the

from

verb

bean,
origin

or

to

seems

spout, tap, E. Ir. buinne,

buinneach, flux, diarrhoea, so Ir. ;

G.

(Sutli.) (W.

Ross;.
E.

Ir. buinne

busch,

*bus-nid

etc.

Ir. ; from

sole

of the

foot,

(as a bull), Ir. buireadh, roaring;

I. E.

root

; Skr.

in

gu,
Lat.

lion's

roar,

as

bomc,

geito,

gu,

; Gr.

cry

Strachan

cry.

Norwg.

gives

as

Ir.

G.

free

man,

bu7yess.
language

of

buirleadh,

to

jest, etc.
deluge of

burgess,
folly
See

Ir.

and

bura,

to

buirgeiseach ;

ridicule

bellow,

from

from

Shet.

the

the

Eng.

Romance

burraidh.

buirseach, a
; a rousing fire (Heb.) :
buiseal, a bushel, Ir. buiseul ; from
Eng. bushd.
(Badenoch)
put.
buit, bashful
"fugy," as a fowl ; see
.?
of bdidich
buiteach, a threat
(Suth.) : a form
buidseach
Ir.
tvitch
from
buitseach, a witch, so
Eng.
;
;
rain

"

raitseach."

stem

fSvKrrjs,howling,

Gr.

buccina, horn,

/3odw,

E.
shout

cow.

buirdeiseach,

burla,

buidhinn.

see

Skr.

as

baldas,

relationship
related
to
me),

buinnedn,
twig, sprout,
in
bus, as
Eng. bush, bosky, Ger.

gauju,
bucro-, root

blow,

of

not

buinne,

puinne

stem

stock.

bun,

Also

Lit.

bhud-s-lid;

the

gives

beldzitt,belsti,give

Ir.

bur aim

bus-lid

balg, bolg, belly,

cataract,

boliia

"

buait,

Lit.

Ir.

to, Ir.

touch

in

as

buille

bidU,

-poltern.

from

bolgdn,

Ir.

to

centre,

buin, belong

buinne,

Ir.,E.

agus

OP

bulas, pot hook

; from

M.

"bools,"
Ger.

pdlas.
bumailear, a bungler
Eng. bumble
; of
bummler,

bun, root,
0.

has

be

; Armen.

suggested

boards.

Ag.

connected

bhudh.

Ir.,

E.

bun

; N.

Ir.

bungle,

(Murray),

bonn,

ultimate
Gr.

for

Pers.

the

bhumis,

Ger,
be

may

Cf.

Ger.

in any

case,

bhu,

stage,

It cannot

bhudh-no-,
is

root

simply bhu,
(n.),Ger.

boil

tribe, Eng.

earth

(Bugge).

biihne,
is

trunk,

stem,

buna-

allied.

there

stem

bun,
"^v\ov,
a
"^voj,

bon,
Zd.

bun,
with

of

root

W.

bun,

connection

swelling, Skr.

bhu,

key,

Dialectic

bummil,

from

origin

bune, "stalk, reed,"

swell,

bhu, grow,
with

S.

with

The

be\de, a

hwnmeler,

of

or

lounger.

boned

Rhys

Sc,

parts

onomatopoetic

stock, bottom,

W.

in
two
pot hook
pail handle, round
part
beugan, bend, Eng. bow.

Tent,

; from

59

LANGUAGE.

booh,

l"ool, -i

from

So.

the

Eng.

hilgel,arc

GAELIC

THE

is

grow,

identical

be.

Ir, ; from
of flax, so
hu7i.
bunach, coarse
tow, refuse
Ir.
bundit
bun
+ dit., q.v.
bunait, fovmdation,
from
bungaid, a hussy (Dial.);
Sc.bungy, pettish.
Ir. bunntaiste
bunndaist, a bounty, grassum,
Eng, poundage.
; from
steadiness, bunntam,
bunnlum,
bunntamas,
solidity,shrewdness
:

bun,

from

Cf.

foundation.

Ir.

buntomhas,

well

founded

opinion : bitn + to7nhas, q v,

buinneag.
bunnsach, a twig, so Ir., E. Ir. bunsack
; see
sudden
rush
from
buinne.
a
bunnsach,
;
bunntam,
solidity; see bunnlum.
It contains
buntata, potato, Ir. potdta, fataidhe ; from the English,
of
in
the syllable bun-, root.
a
folk-etymologising
piece
buin.
buntuinn, belonging ; see
Sc, bourie,
the
burach, turning up of the earth, digging ; from
The
Sc.
bourach, enclosure, cluster, knoll,
Eng. burrow.
heap, etc, is the Eng. bower.
Burgadoir, Purgatory ; see purgaid, Purgadoir.
burgaid, a purge,
rush
of water
btirlam, a flood,
(Arg.) ; see bbrlum.
M,
Ir. in uormoint.
the Eng,
burmaid, wormwood
; from
Sc,
btirn, water
burn, w^ater, spring-water, Eng, bourne,
; from
Teut,
brunnr, well,
burn, a stream,
brunnon-, a spring, Norse
"Ger,

brunnen.

burrachdadh,
raging
burraidh, a blockhead,
bourrieau, Lat.

burral,

short

burras,

howl,

Ir, burraidh

burrm,

caterpillar:

buir.

so

from

Sc.

burrio

Eng. burlesque,

nonsense,

lamentation,

{^bur-ro- ?),see

Ir. ; for
Cf.

the

(1535), Fr.
etc.

root, which

bururus, however.

is

here

60

ETYMOLOGICAL

burr-,

burt, mockery
a

lie.
; cf.

lisping,warbling, purling
(Skeat). Evidently onomatopoetic.
infant

bururus,

bus,

of

torrent

Burr'sgadh,
borr, great, excessive, q.v.
be
from
Eng. borasco, squall of wind,
passion, may
Sc. bourd, M. Eng. bourd, jest, Fr. bourde,
; from

of

burst

burr'ghlas,

person,

from

etc., seems

rage,
a

burr'caid, clumsy

in

as

DICTIONARY

Eng.

and

purr

purl

kiss, Ir., M. Ir. bus, ^bussu- ; Pre-Celt.

guss; Teut.
cfs.
Bezzenberger
kuss, Ger. kilssen,kiss, Eng. kiss (Kluge).
Lit.
buczuti, kiss ; others
give buc-sa, allied to Lat. bucca,
a

mouth,

cheek,

busgadh,
busgaid,

; from

dressing
a

the

(M'D.)

bustle

busk.

Sc, Eng,

; formed

Eng. busy

from

; cf.

Ag.

S.

bku,

be.

business.

bysgu,

bustail, puffing,blowing (Heb.) ; from bus.

butadh, a push ; see putadh.
butag, oar pin ; see putag.
bud, shop,
btlth, a shop ; from the Eng. booth, Norse

root

bothan.

See

the
root
buthainnich, thump, thrash, bang ; from
bhud,
(Eng. beat)1 See next.
thatch
for
cf. sputhainn,
straw
buthuinn, long straw
;
which
from
but
seedless
seems
spoth.
threshed,
(Arg.),
butrais, butarrais, a mess
:

beat

not

c',for

CO,

cia, who, what,

q.v.

C^, ca, where, Ir. cd, how, where,

cab, a gap, indentation, mouth,

babbling,
words

indented.

The

and

who
Ir.

word

by-form

cia, ce,

to

head,

cab, mouth,
is borrowed

from

E.

q.v.

cabacli,

gap,

English

two

also gab,

gab (M.
gabben, chatter);
gap
Hence
cabach, gap-toothed.
directly from gab of the Sc.
The
latter
form
C^bag", a cheese ; Sc. cabback, kebbock.
(kebbock)
in G. in the sense
G. ceapag,
obsolete
is probably from
a
cepac,
of

"

"a

cheese,"

wheel-barrows
of

kebbock,

cabag.

but

still used

; it is from

and

The

it

real

to

seems

G.

word

comes

cabar,
0.

Lat.

for

G.

the

have

thick

Sc.

ceap.

for

cabaist, cabbage, Ir. gabdisde ;

C^ball, a cable, Ir. cabla ; from
from

G.

cabhack

cheese"

"a

the

from

is

side

of
form

G.

into

as

mulachag.

now

Eng. cable, which,

through

Fr.,

capulum.

rafter, caber, deer's

horn, Ir. cabar,
Br.
Lat.
Med.
cepriou, beams
a
; from
caprones

is

wheel

Eng.

capro,

wooden

re-borrowed

been

has

(which

exists

as

genuine

W.

ceibr, rafters,
'^caprio,a rafter,

8th

century

word),

OP

Fr.

GAELIC

THE

chevron,

rafter.

goat-lets,was

used

Caprio
for

is from

; Lat.

goat

caper,

beams

two

stays.
cabstar, a bit, curb,

61

LANGUAGE.

meeting

to

capreoli,

support

thing,
some-

props,

cabasdar,

capistrum,

W.

cehystr,

halter, "head-holder,"

from

cabhag", hurry :
cabhlach, a fleet, Ir. cobhlach, cabhlach,
from

'''Iciib,
"^qug.,curve,

boat,

cup,

of

root

; from

kabestr

Br.

Lat.

caput.

E.

Lat.

Ir. coblach

boat,

cymba,

^cob-lach

KcfxfSrj,

Gr.

especially Lat. cybaea, a transport {^Kvf^aia).

Eng.
ship's tackle, Ir. cdbliliiiyhe; cf. cabhlach, and

cabhladh,
cable.

C^bhruich,
bruit

h,

cabhsair,
0.

Fr.

Ir. cabhsa

dry,

snug

calciata
Sc.

from

from

Lat.

caucie, from

cabhsanta,
cabhtair,

cdthbhruith

cdth

from

and

q.v.

causeway,

origin

Ir.

flummery,

sowens,

Eng.
(via).

causey,

from

causeway,

cosie, colsie, Eng.

whose

cosy,

is unknown.
the

body (M'D., who, as cautair,

issue
cauter
or
an
") ; from Eng. cauter.
explains it as
basket
for catching hsh ; from
M.
cabhuil, a conical
Eng. cawell,
fish
still
used
Cf. Br.
in
S.
cawl.
Cornwall, Ag.
a
basket,
drain

issue,

an

in

"

0.

kavell, bow-net,
cauuella,

vat,

Br.

excrement,
Lat.

each,

the

Ir.,

so

; Gr.

caco

E.

Ir.

cacc,

; Skr.

KaKKrj

rest, others,

Ir.,0.

Cor.

gdka,

Ir. each,

See

cauyh,

cachliadh

(Arm.),

hurdle

;"

(C.S.).

haba7i, Eng.

cachaleith

g.

quivis,

It has

also

been

capraid.

Br.

'^kakko-

kacli,

W.

pawb,

all, Br.

E.

cachtaim,

Ir.

*kapto-,

caught

hurdle,

explained

as

gate:

wattle.

co

See

also

clialh,

Also

jmp,

Lat.

"co-

cachliag,

cadha-chliath,

"hurdle-

cliath-na-cadha.
gives alternate
pass." Carmichael
Manx
cadee, cotton
cloth, hose
cadadh, tartan
tartan,
Irish
caddow
(16th cent.),an
quilt or cloak; doubtless
work, etc., Fr. cadis,
Eng. caddis, worsted, crewel
serge.

have.

(H.S.D.),

cliath, death,

see

Lat.

caknds.

confined

caeth, slave,
; Got.

from

capon.

*qdqe \ root qb, qo, qe of co and gach, q.v.

cachdan, vexation, Ir. cacht, distress, prisoner,
capture, W.
capio, capius

(Loth, Ernault).

etc.

C^blaid, turmoil, hindrance, trouble

(Wh.)
cabon, capon
(M'D.), Ir. cab'dn ; from
Eng.
cac,

cradle

cauell, basket,

Eng.
from

woollen

catas.

*con-tul-, root
cadal, sleep, Ir. codladh, 0. Ir. cotlud, vb. contulim
:
tol ; Ch.
SI. toliti,appease,
placare. Lit. tilas,quiet (Persson).
The
thole.

root

tol, tel, appears

in

tlccth,gentle, Lat.

toierare, Sc.

62

ETYMOLOGJCAL

cadan,

(Sh.)

cotton

the

; from

dialect

usual

DICTIONARY

Eng.

form.

Properly codan,

cotton.

See

For

Ir.

caoi,

way,

cotan.

which

cadds,

is

cotton,

catas.

see

cadha,

cdi,

narrow

pass,

Stokes,

which

Gr.

cio, move,

Ir.

entry; cf.
however, refers

pass,

ci

root

which

derivation

go,

kuo,

the

to

E.

road,

does

Lat.

in

as

Ir.

the

suit

not

Cae

G.

phonetically.
(Meyer).
Ir.
Ir. caog
or
cadhag", jackdaw,
cahhdg, M.
ca-er
; '^ca-6g,the
crier
Cf.
of ca,
of
caw
caw
origin.
Eng.
onomatopoetic
;
;
also chough, from
West
Teut.
kdiva-.
a
cadhag", a wedge (M'A. for Skye) :
Ir. ; cf. Eng. caiv, for possibly
cadhan, wild goose, barnacle
so
goose,
the name
is onomatopoetic.
Corm.
(B) cadan.
the
cud-weed
cadh-luibh,
(Sh. gives cad-luibh, and
O'B.), Ir.
ca.dh-luibh
M'A.
M.
the word
omits
Eng. code, a cud.
; from
;
it is clearly Irish.
The
is its Lat.
G,
is cnamh
lus, which
of

name

cadhmus,

gnaphalium
mould

for

in

folk

etymology.
bullets

casting

(16th century), caums,

Eng. calm,
cagailt, a hearth, Ir. cagailt, raking of
cagar,

Ir

whisper,

sound

cairche,

M.

ccgar,

root

kar,

Ir.

of

Sc.

; from

calmes

caivmy^,

came.

fire

the

Lat.

(O'R.)

cechras, qui

coccur

Krjpv^, herald

Gr.

carmen,

canet,

(Stokes).
dear,

darling : '^cn7i-car- ; root car,

caglachan, something
ground to pulp
Ir.
M.
cagnadh,
chewing,
cognadh,

cagaran,

"^con-cndmh

caibe,
0.

spade,

Cor.

caibeal,

caraid.

(M'D.)
0.

cocnum,

Ir.

cocnom

C7idmh.

see

turf

cutter,

Ir.

coihe,

(O'R., Fob),

cuihe

W.

caih,

cep.

chapel

or

Ir.

in

as

dust

(M'D.)

; from

Lat.

The

capella.

G.

really

is

^eiyeal, q.v.

caibheis, giggling, laughing :

caibideil, caibdeil, a chapter,
cahidwl

from

Lat.

Ir.

caihidil,

Ir.

Fr.

0.

whence

capitulnm,

E.

caiptel,

W.

chapitre, Eng.

chapter.
word.
See
the next
caidir, cherish, so Ir.
caidreabh, fellowship, affection, vicinity, so
Celtiberian

Contrehia

"^con-treb-

Ir.,

aitreahh,

see

caig, conversation, claque (Arg.) ; teaze (Perth)

caigeann, a couple (of animals), coupling :
ceann,

caigeann,

Ir.

caidrebh,

treabh.

*con-cea.nn

from

q.v.
a

mountain

caigeann,

M.

winding
pass

scrimmage

through

pass

rocks

and

cadha-eiginn).
(Dial.
(M'D.) :
=

brushwood,

rough

OF

C^il, condition,
cael,

also

whence

(of wattle

wall

E.

Ir.,

cailc, chalk,

enjoy, "^kapli-, *kapelo-

get,

partition

Ir. cdil^ W.
{caileigin),
:

Ir.

W.

cailc,

clay, etc.);

or

Ir.

husks,

calbJi,q.v.

dervish,

cailidear, snot,

calx,

calcis,

star-gazer
from

Pers.

plac7i, girl ;

caileag, girl.

caiJi.

see

the

from

cdth

From

Eng.

calender,

qalander.

eailidhir

(M'F.,

rheum

cdith-lach

Br.

husk.

philosopher,

mendicant

this

cdithleach

cailean,

also

caileadair,

from

chalk.

Eng.

caile, girl,wench,
hussy, E. Ir. cailf ; cf.
Lat. pellex.
Gr. TraXXaK)], concubine,
Usually

comes

qap

Lat.

from

calck;

Ir. caile,

C^ileach,

Lat.

root

have.

capio, Eng.
cailbhe,

63

LANGUAGE.

vigour, appetite, anything

have,

to

GAELIC

THE

O'R.

8h.).

in

improves

cailideay

into

Ir. cailis

cailis, chalice,

cailise, kails, ninepins

keyle,

from

cailleach,

old

Ir.

mote,

the

cdim^

caillecli,

Lat.

pallium,

"

veiled

one

;"

from

cloak, Eng. pall.

caill, lose.

stain, blemish

cailis,

Eng.

ninepin.

cane,

Ir. ; from

so

M.

kaiU,

Ir.

Ir., 0.

chalice.

Eng.

cup,

Eng.

from

is from

caillteanach, eunuch,

calix,

kegel, a

so

nun,

caille,veil, which
C^imein,

(M'D.)
Ger.

peg,

wife,

Lat.

from

See

from

call.

ctmi.

caimeineacb,

saving (Carm.) :
caimbleachadh,
caing'leachadh,

restraining

caimir, a fold :
the
from
caimleid, camlet;
Eng.
C^in, a tax, a tribute, Ir. cdin, E.
root

as

qap,

Skr.

call

(do.),

cds

Hence

in

Stokes

Lat.

Gr.

(1);

H.

(7.

refers

it

cabtigare, caatus.

Lat.
cdnus.
cain, w^hite : from
C^in, scold, revile, Ir. cdin,

0.

cdi7i,statute,
the

to

law
root

"^kap-ni-,

M.s-,order,

hazjan,

Got.

praise.

cain.

Sc.

kakyiio

Ir.

(Carm,).

mock

cainb, hemp,
Eng. hemp.
caineal, cinnamon
cinnamon,

cndib,

from

M.

; Skr.

Br.

from
0.

Ir.

scolding

Kay^a^'w, Lat.
lakhati, laugh.
; froni

canap

and

obsolete

amelle,

from

Sc.
Fr.

cdined,

Lat.

^kag-nio

cannatjis, allied

Eng.
Lat.

cannel,

canella,

to

canel,

dim.

of

cane.

canna,

caingeann, a fine (Heb.), Ir. caingean, a rule, case, compact,

the
Caingis, Pentecost, Ir. cingcis, E. Ir. Cingcigais ; from
(dies, 50th

quinquagesima

cainneag,
cainneag,

or

cachimius

laugh,

Kaxa^w,

huohon,
Ir.

M.

mote

hamper

(Skye)

day

from

the

Passover).

etc.

Lat.

64

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY

Stokes
cainnt, speech, Ir. caint ; from
gives the
can,
say, q.v.
stem
as
*kan{s)ti, root kans, Skr. casti, praise, from
fams,
Lat.
censeo.
speak,
M.
caiptean, a captain, Ir., M. Ir. caiptin ; from
Eng. capitain,
"

"

Fr.

0.

from

Lat.

capitaine,

head.

capitaneus, caput,

cair, a blaze, sea foam, etc. ; see rather caoir.

Ir. cdir (cairib,Fol.) ;
cair, the gum,
(Dial.); from Eng.
cair, a peat moss,
dry part of the peat moss
Also
cathar,
kjarr, brushwood.
boggy ground, Norse
carr,
saddle

{srathair). Shaw
gives
the
further
meanings
plank, ship, fusee (cairb a' ghunna
chariot
Ir.
The
word
is the
corb, coach.
";
primary
(Rob),
As
which
carbad.
from
stem
carbad, chariot, springs ; see

cairb,

bent

the

of

ridge

cart

"

"fusee"
of

cairbh,

"fusil," i.e.,"musket,"

or

all

tenants'

(Cf.

senses

all due

cairbinn,

"),

the
; from
toothless
person

Ir. cairb.

See

cairc, flesh, person

cai^b

See

*carbh,
Lat

see

deer
;

Ir.

or

cored,

weir,
0.

Eng.

(Sh.) ;

cdirde

; cf.

word

W.

stag,

; cf. W.

Gr.

which

Ir

f cairb,

from

Ir.

0.

jaw,

gum,

cairde, pactum.

originally

cairdes

who

Ir.
and

Ir.

from

"

means

ship."
friend-

caraid,

q.v.

gives caireog); probably

from

^carbh-fhiadh.

For

hart, stag.

Cor.

caruu,

Br.

cam

horned.

Kcpaos,

Z.

cdirrfhiadh

carw,

coirighim,

cairem, sutor,
a

cariage

coiriolL

hart

cervus

cairich, mend,

cariage^

and

jaw."

having

Eng.

"Areage

"

corpus

next,

"

fcairfhiadh,

M.

; from

terms

to

cairdeas, friendship, so Ir., O.

caireag, a prating girl (Sh.,
cdir, gum
caireal, noise

allied

above,

caird, a delay, respite, Ir.

special legal use of a

See

form

carriage.

now

carabine

cairbinneach,

cairidh,

curtailed

(Dial.);

service

rent

charter

the

service

cairb

; also

carrion

carcase,

and

Cf.

seems

cairbinn.

cairbhist, carriage,
in

it

E.

Ir.

coraigim,

from

arrange,

coir,q.v.

775.

cora,

M.

0.

Br.

Ir.

coraidh

coret,

from

for

cora,

Celtic

g.

korjo,

corad,
I set,

W.

put.

cuir.

Ir. moss,
named
Eng. carrageen,
so
cairgein, sea
moss,
in
Ireland.
This
place name
Carragheen (Waterford),
dim.
of carraig, rock.
M. Eng. cors,
Sc. corrssys
on
cairis, corpse, carcase
; founded
in Blind
corse.
Harry), now
cairmeal, wild liquorice; see carrameille.

from
is

(pi.

OP

cairnean,

GAELIC

THE

egg-shell :
cairt, bark (of a tree),Ir. cairt ;
kertu^ cut, Eng, rend.
cairt, a cart, so Ir.,W. cart ; from
cairt, a card, so Ir. ; G. is from
the

65

LANGUAGE.

an

Fr.

The

carte.

Lat.

cortex

the

Eng.

Sc.

cart.

is direct

which

carte,

modifies

Eng.

qert, cut, Lit.

; root

the

latter

form

from

into

card.

all from
E. Ir. cairt
Lat.
meant
charta, paper.
They are
"parchment."
carthu, purge,
cairt, cleanse, Ir. cartaighim, E. Ir. cartaim, W.
kar-to-.
The
idea is a
the
root
root
out
;"
ker, kar,
clearing
allied
sker
and
is
in
in
to
especially
ascart,
separate,
sgar.
Late
Lat.
cairteal, a quarter ; from
kvartill,
quartellus, Norse
"

Lat.

fourth,

quartus,

caisbheart, cais'eart, foot

from

(shoes

gear

auscLiltet

co-etsim, co

Ir.

coisdeacht

natural

most

coisbheart

heart, q.v.

cas-\-

caisd, listen, Ir. coisteacht,listening, E.

modern

Ir.

boots),

or

result

caise, cheese, Ir.,

E.

cdseus, w^hence

Ir.

coistim, 0.

Ir. coitsea,

O'R.
q.v.
w^ould
which

eisd, listen,

with
from

long,

gives

the

seem

the

co-eisd.

cdise,

W.

Br.

caws,

kaoiiz

Lat.

; from

cheese.

Eng.

caiseal, bulwark,

and

Ir.

castle, Ir. caiseal, E.

Ir.

caisel,caissle

; from

Lat.

casteilum.

caisean, anything curled, etc. ; from

caisg, check, stop, Ir. coisgim, 0. Ir,
sqo-,

I say ; Lat.
Ger. sagen.

*seq6,

Eng. say,
C^isg",Easter,

Ir.

Cdisg,

inseque
Ir.

0.

cas,

curled,

q.v.
cose, castigare, W.

\ Gr.

cvveire,

W.

case,

pasc

*kon-

cosp,

say,

evi-cnre,

from

Lat.

dixit

pascka,

Eng. paschal.

caisil-chro, a bier, bed

to

denote

responsible
word
Lat.

violent

for

cosair

caisleach,

E.

G.

making
been

has

Eng.
ford, footpath

Ir.

cosair, bed.
and

Ballads,
casair

explained

chrd, bed

cosair

into
as

of blood

The

"

expression

folk-etymology

caisil,bulwark.

co-ster-, root

is

The

ster, strew,

streiv.

sternere,
a

death,

Ir.

M.

blood,

Ossianic

the

in

appears

of

; from

cas-lach, rather

than

cas-slighe,

foot- way.

caislich, stir
caismeachd,

up,
an

caisleachadh, shaking up, etc.

alarm
(of battle),signal, march
Ir. is

caismirt, alarm, battle,

M.

; from

cas,

tune.

Ir.

sudden.
The

caismert,

responding
cor-

E. Ir.

cosmert.

caisrig',consecrate
;
caisteal, a castle, M.
whence

see

Ir.

coisrig.
castel,E.

Ir. castiall

; from

Lat.

casteilum,

Eng. castle,
7

66

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

C^iteach,

rush

sheet

the

W.

trout

cat,

called

was

from

Sc.

wool,

caddis,

floss

silk

lint

cat,

in

(M'A.
(M'L.).
In

rag.

for
For
Irish

(Giraldus).

for

the

(M'F.)
stoppage of wounds
Eng. cadas, caddis, cotton

wounds,

for

trouts

barley

piece, Sc.

catus

caiteas, scraped linen, applied

for

hold

to

cditeach, winnowing

cath.

basket

(Sh.), a place
cf.

Ir.

corn,

from

(H.S.D.),

bit

first sense,

Lat.

measuring

caite, winnowed,

caiteag, a small
Islands), basket
the

for

mat

; from

M.

0. Fr. cadas.
padding, from
caiteas
ssiw
dust, scrapings (M'D.).
of cloth, shag, Ir. caitin, catkin
of the
caitein, nap
The
cat.
cotton
caddis, catkin, and
Eng. words
for

See

G.

catas.

mixed

as

up

basis

the

of

shaggy
caith, spend, cast, Ir., 0.

G.

the

and

Ir. words.

little

osier,

be

to

seem

Cf.

W.

ceden,

hair.

Skr.

Qatayati,

fall, wearing

Ir.

root

AUied

gat.

I consume,

castaway

destroy, gdt-ana, causing

down,

cast

sever,

out,

caithim, *katj6,

the

to

cath,

of

root

to

war.

caithear, just, right, Ir. caithear

(Lh.), caithfidh, it behoves,
M.
Ir. caithfid; from
doubtless
caith,
(Atk.).
Ir.
caithreim
shout
of
cath, battle,
caithream,
joy, triumph,
; from
and

reim,

refers

to

Lith.

E.

shout,

the

root

Ir.

{*rec-m

req

This

r^m.

last

word

Ch.
"^rec-s-m),

or

SI.

Strachan

rek(}.,
speak,

rekiu.

caithris, night-watching
:
Ir.
C^I, kail, cabbage,
cdl, W.
caulis,

stalk,

cawl.

whence

Cor.

likewise

Br.

caul,

; from

(colewort)

cole

Eng.

kaol

Lat.

and

Sc.

kail.

cala, caladh,
correlate

this

are

with

Windisch),

neysen,

Ir.

harbour,

borrowed

It.
and

from

cala,

Fr.

Stokes
Romance

M.

caladh,

Ir. calad.

cale, bay,

even

It

"^calatum.

usual

(Diez,

cove

the

says

is

G.

and

to

Thur-

Ir. words

It. calata,

cala,

Fr.

probably the Celtic root is qel, qal, hide, as

also
in Eng. hollow, M.
Eng. hole,
Eng. holh, hollow, cave,
possibly. The root of cladh, has also been suggested.
M.
caladair, a calendar, Ir. calaindeir
Eng. kalendar,
; from
from
Lat.
an
account-book,
calerdarium,
through Fr. from
More

cale, cove.

calendce, the

calaman,
calanas,

dove

Calends
; the

of

spinning

distafl".

See

form

common

wool

must

instances
be

the

of the

literary colum.an,

founded

seemingly

on

Lat.

q.v.

coins,

cuigeal.

fcalbh, head, pate, bald, so Ir., E.

H.S.D.
scalp, calvus, bald.
gives
and

month.

first of the

or

"

Aoineadh

Calf

of

Mull

Ir.
as

a' Chailbh
; and

Calf

calb

from

-,

meaning
Mhuilich,"
is

common

"

Lat.

calva,

promontory,"
which
surely
name

for

GAELIC

THE

OF

such

subsidiary

isles

with

Lat.

calvaria

calbh,

calva,
osier

shoot,

tree, E.

Ir.

calbh, gushing

Ir.

wand

water

hazel

colbha, plant stalk, sceptre,

colbh.

; see

(H.S.D.)

blood

or

kdlfr^ Eng. calf. Cognate

(St.Lee).

twig,

colba^
of

Norse

from

"

67

LANGUAGE.

from

above

calbhair, greedy of food (Suth.) ; from cail ?

Lat. calco, calx, the heel,
calc, drive, ram,
caulk, Ir. calcaim
; from
Eng. in-culcate.
caldach, sharp, pointed (Sh., M'L.) :
beard
of corn,
bristles, Ir. calg, colg, E. Ir. colg, a
calg, awn,
sword,

W.

O.

colginn, aristam,

caly, penis,
; Got.

stunted
knife

halks,
The

etc.

; further

poor

sting,

corn,

^holgo- ; Gr.

is Lat.

Caledonian

koXoPos,

cellere, hit, culter,

hero

break

direct,

derives
sword-

"

straight" to a place.
call, loss, Ir. caill,E. Ir. coll,W. coll, Cor. colled, jactura, M.
coll,*koldo- ; Eng. halt, Got. halts, 0. H. G. halz, lame
;
above
in
calg, q.v.
qel,as
callaidh
(M'A., also Sh., who
calla, callda, tame,
gives
"active"

meaning
Lat.

the

form)

last

; cf. W.

call, wise

the

the

black

guillemot,

diver

Eng. quail,

; compare

caille.

^coll

Calluinn,
Jan.,

Year's

New

W.

E.

Ir.

calan.

Ir.

Day,

the

callaind,
Calends

calldin. Calends,

; from

pillar(M'A.), Ir. columhan,

calma, brave, Ir., E. Ir.

celfydd, skilled, 0.

compared
I.E.

M.

Br.

hazel,

-I- tann.

month,

root

; from

tallaid, q.v. %
as
callaid, a partition, fence ; the same
callaid, a wig, cap (M'F.) ; from Eng. calotte,skull-cap.
callan, a noise, Ir. calldn, calldich ; from Eng. call 1
calltuinn, hazel, Ir., E. Ir. coll, W. collen. Cor. coil-widen.
hasl, Eng.
corylus ; Norse
quel-vezenn, *koslo- ; Lat.

calm,
calm,

Br.

callidus

callag, calltag,
Fr.

to

see

Calgacos

calg-dhireach,

Hence

of

qel, qld, hit,

is

root

The

hence.

name

cola, beard

(do.), *kalgo-,

main

cladh.

claidheamh,
his

calc'h

Br.

W.

root

with
is

Br.

that

qel, as

in

colbh

Ger.

Lat.

; from

calma.

celmed,

in

first

day of the
first
Calends, particularly the
Lat.
calendce
(Eng. Calends).

efficax.

held, hero,

Cf.

or

Lat.

W.

The

columna,

etc.

celf, skill, art,

root

*haleth

celsus,high, columna,

or

cal

is

^calet.

column,

to

be

The

Eng.

excel.

caiman, dove ; see calaman.

calmarra, the pike (Wh.) %
calpa, the calf of the leg, so Ir., E. Ir. calpda,
colpa, tibia ; from the Norse
kdlfi,whence

bonus
also

pes

(Corm.),

Eng. calf.

68

ETYMOLOGICAL

calpa, principal
the

landlord,

calum,
E.

on

W.

crooked,
Gaul,

It

Ir. cam^

It

0.

wind

has

been

camag,

of the

a?'a," 0.

Ir.

Skr.

to

aire^

the

W.

Lat.

to

Br.

kam^

bond
root

Lit.

of

Gr.

whence

ca7nera,

Eng.

bay.

Ir. camog-ara^

eye,

hard

/a/,

cam^

the

to

arach^ tempus

g.

'D.) ; from
caladh, hard,

Koixf^o^s,
a
band,

club, camas,

above

stone.
c^ild,

ccmim,

referred

chamber.

hollow

in

obsolete

Ir.

; Gr.

(see ceum), and

camag-gharuidh,

payable

calat, *kaieto-^ root

crooked
a-Kafxfio^i^
Hence

the

not

Br.

cathlum

helle, hallr

kemh^

door-bar.

is

0.

Norse

one-eyed,

cainho-^ root

kinge,

(H.S.D.

caled,

Iiallus,stone,

calpa, death-duty

kaup, stipulation, pay.

skin

callus.

Ir. caiad^

Got.

cam,

the

callum,

Lat.

N.

from

hardness

Sc.

interest,

to

set

DICTIONARY

"

the

bend

Trapeid,cheek.

; Gr.

wry-neck :
quarrelsome disputation (M'D.) :'
1
talkative
in adhan
camhach,
; *com-ag-ach, root
ag
camhal, a camel, Ir. ccmihall, E. Ir. caviail, W. camyll
camart,

camastrang,

; from

Lat.

cainelus.

camhan,

hollow

Lat.

break
"

anaich,

camlag,

sing,

say,
Lat.

M.

Ir.

(do.);

cana

down,

^qonak-.

Ir.

canain, language,
canal,
canan,
cana

the

root

the

stair,

(M'A. sgamh-

see

the

; from

Br.

kana

(O'B.), whelp,

Ir.

canach, lanugo
kdncanas, golden,

*casnaka,

to

Lat.

;
a

cdnus,

hare.

Eng.

Seemingly
See

cry.

camp.

; Skr.

it

grey,

sing,

cdna

caiiach, 0.

cdnainhuin.

; from

canister

cani"

yellow

hasu,

Eng.

cmnber.

ca7ia,

(O'R),

refers

caineal.

cannon

S.

sing,

qan,

cinnamon
a

from

hen.

cana

Ir.

Kvrjiws,

Stokes

W.

Eng.
Lat.

from

the

Eng.

cummar,

Ir.

cotton,

(*casno-),Ag.

white

; from

canim,

Kavct^w

KVTJKos, thistle,

plant

Ir.

whale,

young

mountain

Gr.

0.

; Gr.

sing

Sc.

; from

canaim,

Ir.

caiio^

pup,

Ir. camhaoir

Ir. campa

Ir., M.

camp,

porpoise,

of

day, twilight,

of

vexation, grief

canach,

campa,

cana,

Cavan)

(County

lights") :

curl

campar,
can,

cabhdn

cavus.

camhanalch,

camp,

Ir.

plain,

long-vowel

form

cainnt.

Eng.
the

Eng.

Sc. canker, fret, Eng. canker,

cangaruich, fret ; from
Sc. cangte.
cangluinn, trouble, vexation
; from
canna,

can,

so

Ir., E.

Ir.

cann

; from

Eng.

cannach, pretty,
; ^cas-no-, root, qas,
S.
hasu, grey, Eng. haze^.
nus), Ag.
kind

Lat.

candtdus, white,

Skr.

cand,

shine.

ca7i.

Lat.
Or

it

white

cdnus,
may

be

(cas-

allied

to

OF

canntaireachd,

wrangling, grumbling,

cantal, grief, weeping

clod,

cantor,

cano,

caoch, empty
Cor.

0.

(as

cuic,

Lat.

Ir. comichldiin

Ir.

Ir., 0.

so

can,

the

is also

; from
of

mn

unusual,

oftener

than

it

for

actually

and

once,

Chaluim-chille,

Ir.

Ir.

caech,

W.

Ir.

caochluighim,

claoidh.

see

but

the
as

appears

inversio

The

tion
aspira-

history

of the

claemchl6d

in

word
Ir.

E.

claochladh.

(Sh )

wort

foolish,

cony,

haihs, one-eyed.

claochlddh,

John's

St

niuto

unusual,

is

caip, cdep,

imchloiid, iinchload,

cloim,

mib

Ir.

E.

coep,

; Got.

caecus

coem-chloim

co-imm-cloim
of

caod

from

jecur.

oo,

nut), blind,

*kaiko-s

M.

caoh, clod,

Ir. caebb

Ir. cantlamh

caoch, caothach, rage ; see cuthacli.

caochan, a streamlet
caoch, blind 1
; from
caochail, change, die, caochladh, a change,
for

ing,
sing-

sing.

Ir. carinrdn

muttering,

(Sh., M'L.),
Ir.

bite,

clot, lump,

0.

sing.

say,

caob,

Lat.

; from

cantaireachd,

Ir.

chanting,

music,

singer

69

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

articulate

cdntaire,
C^nran,

THE

(the eye). Cf. Norse

kaga, keek ; Sc. keek ; Shet. coag, peep slily.
caogad, fifty,so Ir.,0. Ir. c6ica{t),*qenqekont ; Lat. quinquaginta
Gr.
TrevriJKovTa. See coig.
caoidh, lamentation, Ir. caoi, caoid/i, E. Ir. coi, cdi, inf. to mm,
wink

caog^,

apparently

cock

Eng.

from

in caoin,
ploro, "^keio, root
qei, which
appears
Eng. ivhine, ivJiisper,etc.
Bezzenberger suggests
compares

Lit

derivation

former

Ch.

szeptis, grimace,
of Stokes'

SI.

in Lat.
root
Pray?', 26) : "^qe^^i,
qes as
caoilleaD, a twig or osier for wicker, M.

by

in

"^keipOy and

o-sipnati,

repeated

is

and

q.v.,

raucescere.

Rhys

{Manx.

questus.
Ir.

coelack

from

caol,

slender.

caoimheach,

neighbour
The

be

to

(Sh.), Ir. caoimhthech,

Also
aitheack.
caomhach,

see

latter

caoimhDeas,

bedfellow

from',

seems

kindness.

from

word

is

ct.omh, kind, whereas

caoin, kind, mild,

'^koini-, root
kaini-,
SI.

koi,

the

might
exterior

kei

Ir.

of

Bezzenberger

sinati, gleam

shine

caoin,

and

so

folk

oi

q.v.

be

vtn

kind,

cam,

caomh,

compares
If the

forth.

com-aithech,

friend,

by, caomh.
supposed by
it is really

root
coibnes, affinitas,"^co-ven-estu-,

Ir., 0.

Ir.

bedfellow.

influenced

or

This

E.

base

fine,

etymology

allied

[W.

beautiful
Stokes

to

O.

cam

Ir.

%\ :

base

as

Gr.

Katvva-Oai,excel,

Ch.

idea

were

v.

gives
"

beauty," Eng.

compared.
surface

caoin, gentle, polished

of

cloth, right side, rind,

sward

; from

70

ETYMOLOGICAL

caom,

deflebunt,

Ir.,

so

weep,

DICTIONARY

Ir.

0.

cdinim,

cdinim,

cuinhaunt,

W.

qein, qin ; Eng. whine,

Norse
hvina, whirr
wailing. See caoidh.
; Gr.
Kcvvpos,
caoiaich, dry, make
dry (as hay by the sun), caoin, seasoned
;
1
from
the adj. caoin
caoir,

Br.

blaze,

sparks, a coal,
{^koiro-),Teut. root hai

0.

clearness,
More

of

stream

hoar

Eng.

queiniff^ "^koinio

couen,

near

H.

G.

kirikd, sparkling.
has

clear,
caoirean,

plaintive

The

also

been

skei

root

in

^eicT,atmospheric

; also

song

orse

heat

of

Ir.

Skr.

Skr.

ketus, light.

kirdna,
Got.

shine,

Eng.

ray,

skeirs,

peat ember.
(H.S.D.).
caoi-ran, moaning

suggested,

is caoidh

word

E.

Hes.),

(lamp,

Kipts

cder, ^kairo,

Ir. caor,

hei, heat, Eng.

Gr.

are

caoran,

the

forms

The

latter

possibly ran, roar,

part.
caoirnean,
drop
sheep or goats' dung, a drop or globule ; cf.
Ir. caoirin, a little berry, little sheep, from
berry, caora,
caor,
In Argyle,
The
ideas
confused
in Gaelic.
two
seem
sheep.
%
From
gaoirnean ; (Arg ao here is northern
skar, sham
ao).
caol, slender, so Ir., O. Ir. coil,W., Cor. cul, 0. Br. cuted, macies,
root

'''koilohollow

of

Lett,

',

kails, naked
caol

Hence

caolan, gut, intestine,

tender, kind,
Br.

cum,

ham.

cuf,

caomhach,

firth

E.

Ir.

kolXos,

Gr.

Kyle.

or

coeldn,

cf. Ir.

debonnaire,

rest,

/cei/xat,

The

0.

save,

last

W.

coilion, exta

form

nank,
verb

may

from

caomh

caonnag,

Skr

to

have

the

of

present
strife, tiunult,

*kaiH-no-,
berry
bacca,
the

same

the

red

root

of
W.

the

The

etc.

as

rowan

as

caomhnaim,
preserve.

refer

we

the

It
an

inf.

is

root

larly
particu-

more

possible
which

form

and

nak

neszii, draw.
is

to

The

to

G.

derive

usurped

it
the

stem.

Ir.

caomibg,

mountain

caoir, blaze,

berries.

S.

caomh.

Ir.

7iak

Lit.

strife,
heat,
berry,

cair, berries, ceirion, berry,

word

if

form

kais, kai, heat, Eng.

rowan,

lie ; Gr.

caoimheach,

see

from

protect (a-nak), root

*com-anich-.

caomhuin

with

O.W.

village, Ag.

caomhnuigkim,

original,

most

ndgati, reach,

been

friend

caomthach,

protect, cherish,
caomhnadh,
sparing,

adhkic, thig,

in

as

allied

place

hdims,

cu,

kei,

root

the

seems

W.

coim,

is "restful."

anich, protegit, aingim,

Ir.

*koimo-,

keep, protect, caomhaighim,

preserve,
The

Ir.

Ir.

0.

lie ; Got.

idea

caomhaighim,

spare,

Ir. coem,

cun,

bedfellow, friend,

caomhain,

caor,

Ir., E.

so

home.

Eng.

and

to

put

Kot/xao),

0.

caolas,

caoldn,

caelebs, single 1

Lat.

caol.

from

caomh,

Ir.

the

idea

G.

caoir

Ir. ca,or,

*kaird.

wild

of

nest

bees

1
0.

It is

Ir.

cder,

seemingly
arising probably from

OF

GAELIC

THE

71

LANGUAGE.

sheep, Ir. caora,

g. caorach, 0. Ir. cdera,
*ka{p)erax, allied to Lat. caper, a goat, Gr.
Eng. heifer. Cf. W. caerhvrch, roebuck,

caora,

the

caorrunn,

Br.

cerddin,

tann,

0.

tanna,

G.

Eng.

tan,

W.

capa.

caval

Capal-coille

Lat.

gyros,
Gr.

W.

caraid,

was

Rhys

says

cap.

Norse

W.

Ir.

Ir.,E.

kapall,

Br.

capall,
borrowed

seems

nag,

remarkable

ceffyl,with

is

crdpula.

Lat.

Eng. cavalry, etc., capjLe (M.

Ir.

M.

cor,

turbo,

curved.

See

to, Ir.

cor

vocalisation.

Br.

M.

Ir.

(O'Cl), 0.

cuairt

^kuro-

coruent,

; Lat.

curu,

curvus

cruinn.
friend.

cdra(d), a

See

for

caraid

the

root.

cdirich,
C^radh, condition, usage
; from
Ir.
caraich, move,
stir,
corruighim, from
G.

word

(C.F.L. 292).

Celt.).

The

fir,

C^r, friendly, related

usual

McCaorthainn.

whence

coT-wynt,

Kvpros,

Cairatini,

caballus,

from

with

would
; it

Celtic

the

or

Eng.

mare

twist, Ir.

turn,

?)

*tann,

tanne,

is doubtful

that

(Dial) ; from
so
(more commonly),

Gaelic.

from

the

Ger.

wood,

tan,

and

connection

borrowing,

Gadelic

from

G.

W.

caerthann,

berry,

The

riotousness

; from

Eng. capil,

of

Maqui

; from

cap

cdpraid, drunken
capull, a horse,

car,

idea

H.

bush
Odfj-vos,

(Gr.

the

Ogam

M.

boar,

Ka-n-pos,

Ir.

caor,

glas-tannen.

fir, oak,

is borrowed

Cor.

oak,

tanner

necessitate
dann.

E.

caorthann,

kerzin, "^cairo-taiin,from

tree, Br.
H.

Ir.

tree,

rowan

from

"^cairax,

this

confuses

friend,

so

with

Ir. cara,

carim, caraim,

love,

Caractacus,

carantus,
Got.

hors,

corrach, unsteady.

The

turn.

car,

0.

Ir

mend.

W.

^Jcarant-

g. carat,

caraf,

Br.

amo,

quaret,

Ir. verb

0.

Gaul.

amare,

cdrus, dear, Eng. charity, etc.;

etc.; Lat.

meretrix,

Caraid, a pair, couple, Ir. c6raid,

threshed
refuse
of
carainnean,

Ir. corait

E.

Ir.

barley,

bran

carra,

see

carthuinnich.

caraist,

; from

catechism

contest,

caramasg,

Sc.

confusion

carritch,

corruption
(Arm. M'F.) : from car
a

caramh,
; see
C^ramh, c^radh, condition, treatment
:
carathaist, compulsory labour, cairiste,cairbhist,
carbad, a chariot, so Ir., 0. Ir. carpat, W.
cerbyd,
Gaul.

Carpentoracte,

basket

; Norse

The

root

of the

measg%

and

caruihh.

beside

carpentum

of catechise.

Carbantia,

hrip, pannier

(Eng. carpenter,
idea

body

is

"wicker,"

of these

*karbanto-

for

peats

etc.),

seems

referring

chariots.

on

the

0.

Br.

Lat.

horse-back.

borrowed
to

last

which

from

basket

cor

see.

cerpit,
bis,
Lat.

Gaulish.

character

72

ETYMOLOGICAL

carbad,

jaw, jaw-bone,

yr

car

mouth

(car of

en

chariot,"

and

jaw

carfa7i,beam,

cfs. W.

carbh,
carbh,

"

is

lower

the

between

Ir., W.

so

idea

The

karvan.

DICTIONARY

the

old

from

the

mouth),

the

resemblance

wicker

chariots.

the

English.
of ship or
boat
particular kind
(Islay);
karfi^ a galley for the fiords.
carbhaidh, carraway-seed ; from the English,
carbhanach, a carp, Tr. carhhdn, Manx,
carroo
; from

from

Norse

Norse

karji,

Eng.

Loth

rail, row.

; from

carve

engrave,

Br.

carp.

carcair, a

prison,

in

sewer

(do.) ;

carcair

Ir. carcar,

cow-house,

Lat.

from

prison,

career,

prison,

barrier.

E.

cacair

Ir.
in

Glenmoriston.

carcais, a
C^rd, card
cargo,

load

cargo,

Lent,
Lat.

from

the

card.

Eng.

the

English.
Corghas, M.

Ir.

torment,

Ir.

W.

corgus,

garawys

agenma.

of wool

Ir.);

for

; from

quadr

lock

the

English.
cardaighim, ; from

Ir.

wool,

Carghus,
C^rUg,

; from

carcase

(Sh., H.S.D.), carla, a wool-card

(Sh. Coneys
from
card
of
For
'^card-la-,
Eng.
phonetics, cf.

birleach.
Ir.

Curias, excellence,
clever, *air-lam%
cirn,

of

heap

Eng.

further

C^rn,

"

C^rn,

harsh.

hard,

G.

The

horn, put
outlawed,"

Eng.
for

Ir.

cairn,
kar, be hard

horning.

lam,

stones,

'*'kar-no-,root

to

excellent,

carlamh,
For

see

the

; Gr.

See

sledge, cart, peat cart, Ir.

biga, 0. Br.
biga, W.
carr,
a

Latinised

carros,

chariot,

carry,

career,

ebb-tide.
used

for

the

carr,

C^rr,

cairn

flesh

the

scabby,
cf.

cam,

itch,
Eng.

M.

cor?i,

horn,

^ir ch^m

gives

excommunication.

dray,

carr,

E.

waggon,

(gl.), Gaul.
through
Fr., Eng.

carr,

fish

from

Ir, carr,

vehiculum

carrus

meaning

found

in

cairn.

cam,

karm-

; Lat.

shores

stony

Terriers

at

were

hunting.

of the

obsolete

on

first

The

between
M'F.

cclrn.

yguors-),from
carnaid, red ; from Eng. carnation.
C^rnag, (1) a she-terrier, (2) a small
currus

karn,

(Kpa-, Kap)

(whence,
Celt,
charge)
; from
cargo,
qrs ; Eng. horse, hurry.

into

Br.

cam,

rock

K/)avaos,

confusion

and

c^rn-eaglais,

Ir., W.

carraig.

horn,

E.

cam,

seems

*co-er-lam-, erlam,

idlamh.

seal

and

flesh

whale

(Heb.

Carmichael);

founded

superficialroughness, Ir. carr

; carrach,
mange,
Ir. carrach, "^karsdko-, from
kars, be rough, hard ;

harsh

(^horsqs),

{*kors-ta-); further
rocky shelf, Ir. carr,

and

hard.

Lit.

kar, to be hard,
rock, see carraig.

root

krasta,

rough.

the

For

itch

c^rr,

OF

GAELIC

THE

73

LANGUAGE.

rock
the
cobler," Ir. carrachdn,
frog-fish,called
Also
fish called
cobler
rock.
the
From
a
(Coneys).
carr,
word
wild
"the
carra-7neiile, q.v.
means
liquorice root
The
carragh, a pillar stone, Ir. carrthadh, cart/ia, E. Ir. corthe.
Ir.
form,
difficultycaused
by the E.
root, despite the vocalic
/^or
of
is likely the same
in
cf.
set.
as
cuir,
carraig ; yet
carraid, conflict; from the root ^ars in cdi^r, rough-work'?"
0. VV. carrecc,
Br.
carraig, rock, so Ir., 0. Ir. earric, W.
cai^'eg,

carrachan,

"

"

"

"

^karsekki-

karrek^

borrowed),

from

Jca7\%hard,

root

stiif,harren,

hard,

C.^"

R.

(so Rhys,
hard,

who

102,

Norwegian, herren^
harsh, hard
(root kar). See

Eng.

rough

W.

thinks

carr.

carra-meille,
same

as

carran,

kars

root

of the

the

of

the

conger

see

See

rough.
quart,

cartan,

small

scurvy

means

the

carmele,

etc.

From

grass.

and

"shrimp,"

is

Ir. carsdn

Gadelicised

the

that

affectionate,

eats

the

; from

Lat.

the

into
into

be

kars,

root

rotz.

quart,

eats

oi partan,

form

Eng.

that

insect

insect

above,

Kopv^a, catarrh,

; from

brown

brown

carthannach,

Cf.

carr.

Ir. cart

small

Sc.

The

being

carr

Hence

carrdn,

also

carran

hoarseness, wheezing,

carrasan,

of mil.
Ir.

Carran

carr.

the

honey,"

gen.

carra-mhilis.

origin.

same

carran-creige,

meille

of

spergula arvensis,

spurrey,

the

cart,

and

carr,

Ir.

pease,

"

is

name

liquorice, wood
knots
explained as
wild

the

quartihs.

flesh, Ir. cartdn,

flesh,

crab.

q.v.

charitable,

Ir.

carthannach

Lat.

from

caritas.

carthuinnich, dwell
apart
of
refuse
caruinnean,
from
the
root
Possibly
sgar,

an

G.

H.

Ir. cos,

0.

hahse,

bend

cas, steep, sudden,

Eng.
cas,

Ch.

the

winnow.
root

of

Ir.

This

near.

Ir.

coss,

of the

casach,

an

W.

coes,

knee

is the
*koksd,

; Skr.

ascent, M.

dat.

pi. of

; Lat.

car.

hip

coxa,

kdkshas, armpit,
Ir. cass,

rapid, ^kasto-

curly, casaim, flecto ; ^qasto-, root qas ;

haddr
(has-da-), hair, Eng. hair ; Lit. kasa, hair-plait,
SI. kosa, hair
Stokes
Lat.
it with
(Kluge).
compares

quasitlum,
gnash

the

Eng. hate,
as

kar, separate,

of

form

haste.

curled, Ir., M.
Norse

cas,

caruinnich,

corn,

Cf.

(M'F.).

separate

cave,

threshed

caruibh, beside,

foot, leg,
M.

q.v.

caruibh,
cas,

in

as

ca.s,

Ir. cas,

basket,

teeth,
Ger.

sudden

Ir.

root

quas.

cais, hate,

hass.

Got.

hatis.

W.

cas,

Of

hate, Br,
the

same

cas,

^cad-s-to- ;

ultimate

origin

(Strachan).
8'

74

ETYMOLOGICAL

(as

fire

cas,

stone) (Suth.), seemingly

casadh

Cf.

DICTIONARY

ar

cheile

Eng.

on

cast.

(Ir.).

TiiQt

founded

(Eng. case).
difficulty,Ir. can ; from Lat. casus
tackle
attached
to hook) : from
(part
cas.
casach, fishing
Ir.
W.
casachdach,
peswch, Br. pas,
casad, casd, a cough,
pas,
husten
kdsiu
host, Ag. S. hvosta, Ger.
*qasto- ; Eng.
; Lit.
Cas,

casag,

; from

casog

the

The

Eng.

word

is borrowed

from

Root

(do.),Br.
in Lat.

be

to

path,

casan,

rafter,

casgair, slay, butcher,

;

The
of

seemingly

quarrel.

shower,

; from

roof-tree

see

and

cossoit.

Ir.

E.

casair, hail, W.

cesair

word.

same

Ir. casdn

casan,

"^co-scar

cynhenn,
a

Ir.

cad
root
as
(do.),"^kassri-,"^kad-tri- ; from
The
Ir. and
G. (?)casair, phosphorescence,

fall.
the

Lat.

casair,

hazercli

cado,

seems

the
W.

sen,

drift, Ir.

sea

is

Stokes
thinks
that
the word
q.v.
causatio
ever.
is not
likely,how; this

origin Sisfaosaid,

same

Ir. word

E.

casula.

complaint, accusation, Ir. casaoid, 0.

is a
compound,
beginning with
con,

the

Lat.

from

casal,

casaid,

Ir.

cassock,

casair,

kdsate, coughs.

Skr.

; from

cas

Ir,, 0.

so

foot.

cas,

Ir.

victory,

coscar,

destruction

sgar.

casnaid, chips of wood

(Arm.); Ir. casnaidh
caspanacll, parallel (Sh.), Ir. cospanach

*co--\-snaidh, q.v.

(O'R.)

*co-spann

see

spann.

castan,

chestnut

Lat.

from

through

castanea,

M.

Eng. castane,

chesnut.

castaran,

castreag'hainn,
H.S.D.) :
cat,

cat,

etc.

the

Ir,

so

Cattos

for

measure

E.

; Lat.

It

Celtic,

is

catta,
a

and

Egyptian

Ir.

word

applied
cat

(J stone)

butter

straw

on

perhaps

also

doubtful

first

introduced

; from

below

the

to

the

in

catulus

early

Eng. castor.
grain (Arm.,

kat,
;

origin
wild

the

the

catJi, Cor.

W.

catt,

of

kiln

Br.

kaz,

not

Gaul

Eng. cat, Ger. katze,

possibly, however,

cat, then

to

centuries

of

the
the

tame

tian
Chris-

era.

from

Eng. cot.
catadh
(M'F.) ; cf. tataich.
cellar
catag", potato
(Dialectic); see cata.
refuse
at
catas,
carding of \vool, Ir. cadds, cotton, scraping of
linen
further
under
caiteas.
See
Eng. caddis.
rags ; from
Gaul.
cn,d, 0. W.
eath, battle, Ir., 0. Ir. cath, W.
cat. Cor.
cas,
0.
G.
H.
Ger.
catutention
hadu-, fight, Ag. S. hea"o-,
hader, con;
cata, cata, sheep-cot, pen ;
catadh, catachadh,
taming,

; Skr.

catrUj enemy

Gr.

kotos,

wrath.

01^' THE

GAELIC

75

LANGUAGE.

of corn,
cath, chaff, husks
Ir., 0. Ir. cdit/i,W. coden^ a bag, husk,
pod C?),*ki%ti-,root kdt^ kat, as in caith, spend, cast,
cathachadh, provoking, accusing, fighting,Ir. cathaighim ; from

catJi,fight.

cathadh,

Ir.

snow-drift,

ciiadh, W.

gen.

cua,

(Stokes) ;

"^kavat
refer

the

cathair,

Br.

caer,
root

word

G.

for

piuthar

cathair,

be

to

Eng.

root

of

Ir.

the

from

E.

See

with

form

as

possible

is

to

Ir.

W.
{^kastrex),
(Stokes). The

c-ithir
fort

the

are

same

in

as

cathdir,

bill

(Heb.)

H.S

cadair,

W.

chcdr.

Fr,, Eng.
cadhan.

see

; formed

D,)

kador

Br.

Lat.

on

callum.

cadldvihh.

see

M.

Ir. ceo,

referred

koaveim., which

mist, "covering."
earth, used only

earth, Ir., E.

supposed
he,

Ir.
be

to

Lat.

*co-\-hitfen,W.

to

ce, the

cio, Gr.

cf. Br.

suggests

(cf.gle from ylcivo-),root kei, i"kei,

shade, cover,
Br. koavetiu
shadow, Ger. acheviefi (do.) l The
o-Kia,

been

Keivos,

milk

keivo-

in Gr.

has

c6, give

kaouad,

calum.

catluibh, cudwort
c6, C^ath, cream,
a

0.

also, through

black

Ir.

M.

word,

Ir.

catlian, a
goose
cathan-aodaich, a web (M'D.) :
cathar, mossy
ground ; see cdir.
cathlunn, a corn
(Sh. ; not in
wild

Br.

phonetics

of the

part
chair, Ir. cathaoir,
Lat. cathedra, wheuce

nimbus,
It

castrum,

; the

final

; cf.

shou'er.

cathair,

cats

cat,

cowes,

sea-drift

caitk, cath,

"^kastro-;Lat.

kaer,

seems

Cor.

to

the

to

E.

snow-drift,

0.

cawod,
allied

city, Ir.,

cdthadh,

the

in

ce,

phrase
hith

for

for
ce,

KLOi),has

"this,"
cis,Eng.

also

been

this

on

from

the

he.

The

ce,

the

earth.

pronominal
root

Cf.

cream.

cruinne

an

eke,

hufen,

(round)

The

ce

is

kei, Gr.

root

kei, go,

ceo,

(Lat.

move

suggested.

c6, spouse
(Carni.),Ir. ce :
eaba, ceibe, the iron part
see

C^abhar,

of

spade

or

other

delving instrument;

caihe.
breeze

(Heb.) :
(Carm.), sky, (Prov.) ci'ar :
ceach, an interjectionof dislike ; see the next word,
ceacharra, dirty, mean,
obstreperous (Carm.), Ir. ceachair, dirt,
a

fine

ceabhar

M.
kak

Ir.
seen

cecharda,
in

cac,

^kelari-

; from

q.v.
Ir. ceachlaim, 0.

ceachladh, digging,
"^ce-cladr,
a
reduplicated
cladh,

or

kek,
Ir.

the

form

of

the

root

ro-cechladatar, suffoderunt,
of the

perfect form

clad

root

of G.

q.v.

cead, permission,
ces-do).

so

Ir., 0.

Ir. cet, *ces-do-

Lat.

cedo,

yield (for

^6

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

ceadan,

bunch

of

clout.

Rhys

cadadh,

caiteas.

ceadha,

the

ceadach, cloth,
W.

regards
of the

part

ceidhe.

Ir.

wool,

Both

plough

words

borrowed

as

used

For

all, cf.

is fixed.

share

the

cadach^

W.

Ir.

from

which

on

cloth,

coarse

Also

Eng. qua^.
ceafan, a frivolous person
:
(Dialectic)
ce^ird, a trade, E. Ir. cerd ; see ceard.
the
root
ceal, stupor, forgetfulness, Ir. ceal, forgetfulness; from
Cf.
end
of
conceal.
Ir.
E.
death,
ceil,
ceal,
eel,
^el
(Carm.).
similar
hue
fceal, same,
(Carm.) :
cealaich, the fire-placeof a kiln :
cealaich, eat (Kirk), Ir. cealaim
qel as in Lat. colo ?
; root
cealaich, conceal
:
cealair, a virago (Badenoch) :
cealg, guile, treachery, so Ir., E. Ir. celg, '''kdgd; Arm.
keXclV^,
The
further
ceil.
is
of
root
hypocrisy.
qel
Lat. cella,a cell,
ceall, g. cille,a church, so Ir., E. Ir. cell ; from
hermit's
cell especially,whence
Gadelic
Hence
the
a
use.
"A
Mackellar.
the
cealloir, superior of a cell, and
name
retired

are

for

"

(Hend.).
spot
cealtar, broad-cloth, Ir. cealtair,clothes, E.
from

qel, cover,

whither,

ceana,

as

for

in

Ir.

cellar,celt,raiment

ceil,q.v.

c'iona,

c'ionadh

Cf.

Ir.

h-io7iad.

cd

See

ionadh.

ceanalta, mild, kind,

desire.

See

*cen,

Ir. ; from

so

cion, jcean, love,

in

as

cion,

ceangal, a tie, binding, so Ir.,E. Ir.,cengal, W.

cingulum, vb. cingo, I bind, Eng, cincture.
head,

ceann,

Ir., 0.

so

Ir.

cend,

cenn,

Bi.

W.,

cengl

Lat.

; from

Gaul, Jr'enno-,

penn,

begin,
^qettiio-. Perhaps for qen-no-, root qen (labialised),
SI. koni, beginning, as
The
in ceud, first.
difficultyis
that
the other
Brittonic
branch
and
the
labialisinglanguages

Ch.

otherwise
followed

kvi,

show

by Brugmann,

Skr.

Qvi, swell,

vowel

is not

which

docs

bottle

by

trace

no

the

i, even

head

labialisation

suggested

IltvSos, Pindus

granting

the

Dial,

ceannas,

purchasing,

so

Windisch,

qen.

kvindo-,
; but

Mount

possible labialisation

really take place in

hay, ceannaich, buy (
; cf.

for

stem

Greek.

not

of

(Hend.),
ceannach,

Gr.

of

Hence

I. E.

root

the

root

of

kvi,

ceannag,

or
reckoning
wind
headceannaidh,
sum
up),
ceann,
vaunting (Hend.).
Ir., E. Ir. cennaigim, I buy, 0. Ir.
"

heading"

cennige, lixa, caingen, negotium.

ceannairc, rebellion, turbulence,

arc,

see

pen^e^i

adharc.

(do.).

For

so

meaning

Ii". ; "^ceawt
cf.

Eng.

4-

arc

for

root

Aer/c7strong,W.

THE

OF

77

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

ceannard, commander,
chief, Ir. ceanndrd, arrogant, commanding,
and
ard ; M. kinnoort, Ir. ceannceann
high-headed," from
pho7% commander,
authority, head
post or city: ceann-]- port.
bridle
horse's
head-gear, Ir.
or
ceannrach, ceannraig (Cam.), a
ceannrach
rach.
For
y^ach
from
ceann
(root rig), see
+
;
"

cuibhreach,

arachas.

ceannsaich, subdue,

"head-ness,"

from

Similarly ceannsal,
ceap,

from

ceap,

Lat.

Celtic

and

ceann

the

Ir.,E.

last, so

ority,
superi-

ceannas,

termination

abst.

as.

c?/J',Br. Jcef;

Ir. ce2)p, W.

cippus.

catch, stop. This word

like meaning,
a
bye-form
from
bind, stop (I),seems

fceapach,

; from

ceannsaighhn

rule.

shoemaker's

block,

Ir.

tame,

tillage plot,
keppo-, garden,

borrowed

seems

Stokes

This

ceapach.

kep, kdp,

root

kep, of
bound,

above.

ceap

Ir.

Sc.

Ir. ceap,

The

Eng. keep.

of

the

from

Lat.

refers
Gr.

campus,

to

kyjitos,

Satisfactory though the

is doubtful
as
be, the derivation
meaning
involving the preservation
flanked
of p, even
though
(or -no-,
by a second
p
is still more
i.e.,kep-nb-, which
doubtful). Perhaps from
the common
of a "holding." Hence
a
block, in the sense
ceap,
place-name Keppoch.
a
an
carelesslysung verse, E. Ir.
impromptu
ceapag,
verse,
verse,
garden,

Ger.

chorus

cepoc,

Gaelic

hube, piece

Ir.

for

Eng. catch, a
for

Ce

block.

the

so

; Gr.

smithy,

latter

allied

Gr.

to

girls as

Ir.

wheel-barrow

ceapaire

cf.

it stands
refrain

at

rag,

Ir.,E.

word

Eng.

from

Ir. cer2:^, cutting,

ceap,

cerbaim;

s/i7ub; "^{sjker,
cut,
cfs. M.

Bezzenberger

cerpyn.

wheel.

Kapcfios,twig, Eng.

H.

G.

skerb, Eng. sharp.

now

teal,

Ir. ; from

0.

Prus.

qerqo,
a

kerko,

to

sound,

cock, Kpe^,
diver

; Skr.

L.

Lat.

circulus,circullus,a

hoop,

circle.
Ir.

craftsman,

catch

that

Sc.

be

cock.

hoop,

craftsman

butter, etc.,

clothing, so

carp,

circulus, a

ce^rdach,

of

querquedula,

krka-vdkus,

ceard,

by

to

ceap,

Ir. cere, ^cercd

I. E.
; from
"
noise-making bird
; Gr.
KepKos,

from

said

suggests
the

Ir., M.

; Lat.

with

ceapag,

St.

"

cearcall,

From

Zimmer

here," ("?)
sung

Cf. W.

herb, asper.
a
hen, so
cearc,
fowl

Ir.,and

in

chorus.

verse.

covered

cearb, piece,article
*krbh, skrbh ;

hence

word

rare

Cf.

divide.

aidbsi, great
chorus

"kiss

Poc,

gatherings
ceapaire, bread
a

song

land.

of

ceard,

E.

Ir.

cei^d,W.

cerdd, art; Lat.

cerdo,

K"p8o"s,
gain.
Ir.

ceardcha,

cae

hoiiie.

meaning

0.

Ir. cerddchae
a

house

in

; from

Ir.,a

cerd-\-cae,
kaio-ii,

Celtic

78

Dl6TI0NARt

ETYMOLOGICAL

ceard-dubhan,

scarabseus, dung-beetle,

ceardaman

(M'A.)
wrong-sided little
cearmanta,
tidy (Arm.)
"

cearn,

quarter,

corner,

ceamabhan.

see

black
;

left

wrong,
Gr.

eyKapcTLO's,

cearrach,

Cf.

gambler.
of which

was

right,

ceart,

in

corn,

*kerso-

; Lat.

; Lat.

cert

q.v.
Cf.

Eng.

cerritus,crazed

dexterous

gamester,

the
cearrbhag', cearrag,
in plays of chance
considered
Ir.

cern;

crooked.

sket sas,

cearrbhach,

horn,

^cerno-.

; from

G.

Jr.,E.

so

; Lit.

Ir.

gamester,

tidy (Perth.) :
E. Ir.
angle, corner,

found

Ir. ce7T,

slantwise

make

cearna,

ceam,

(hand), E.

(Carm.),

one."

evidently an e form of the stem

hornet, Ir. ceamabhan
a
cearnabhan,
Lat.
hornet
crabro.
(^*krs-en-),
cearr,

form),

for

cearr-duhhan

cearmrMiaick,

Ir

(H.S.D.

hornet

left-hand,
as

use

"sinister."

certain,

certus,

the

sure,

cerno,

judge, kplW]s, a judge, Eng.

Kpcvo),
M.
Ir.
complaint (M'F.), Ir. ceasacht, grumbling,
cexnaighim, complain, ces,
*qes-to-; Lat.
questus^
sorrow,
I complain, querela, Eng. quarrel.
quei'or,
with
fceasg, floss (Carm.), animal
long flossy hair or wool, Ir.
ceaslach, long hair or wool on fleece legs. See Ceus.
ceasnaich, examine, catechise, Ir. ceasnuighim ; from Lat. qucestio,
qucestionis,Eng. question. Stokes
(Bk. of Lis.) has suggested
Gadelic
the Lat. and
that
are
cognate ; though possible(qais^
become
in G.), it is improbable from
qis may
ces
by umlaut
in n persisting in the
G, verb.
the stem
form
of ceo, mist, E.
Ir.
ceathach, mist ; this is really the old stem
Ir. ceathach, showery, is from
cith, a shower.
ciach, q.v.
the portion of a population lit for warfare
ceathairne, yeomanry,
;
discern

ceasad,

; Gr.

ceatharn.

see

ceatharn,

troop,

catena,

troop,

in the

which

shag,

ceithern, "^keternd;

0.

SI.

whence
round

as

means

ceigh, quay.

clot, ceigein,

Eng.

from
of

"body

caterva,

(Stokes).

ceta, company

borrowed

Lat.

It

Lat.

quaternio,
soldiers," quaternion.

four

Jtern.

cateran,

kagge,

Scandinavian

kagge,

Ir.

regarded
Eng.

of

mass

animal,

E.

coulter-place,Ir.

quay,

chain

Vulg.

Hence

ceidhe,

Ir.,

so

been

also

has

ceig,

critic.

round

mass,

keg;

Norse,

ceadha.

See

tuft,

fat

man.

From

or
keg, corpulent man
kaggi, cask, Norwegian,

mass.

the Eng.
cei^, a kick ;
celu, I. E, qel ; Lat. celo,
ceil,conceal, Ir.,ceilion,0. Ir. celim, W.
Eng. con-cea^ ; Ag. S. helan, hide, Eng, Hell ; Gr. KaAvTrrw,
from

hide

ceile, spouse,
=

Skr.

kdla,

fellow,

cheile

of

darkness.
so

Ir.,0.

G.=eguille

socius, W.
Br.), *keiljo-,

Ir. cele,
of

"

cilydd {y gilydd

vvay-farer,"from

OF

(Lat.

kei, go
The

idea

Dr

fellow,
allied

cacula,

demand

W.

from

setig, wife,
a

set, way.
and

ceglio-;

stem

is different

cele,servus,

from

ce/e,

keklio-),and

be
(better
Hence
ceilidh, a gossiping

kak-lio-

servant.

Midi-,
Ir.

Ir.

(H.S.D.),
Lat.

war,

ceileir, chirping
M.

if

from

come

martial

Tent.

and

Ir.

kinetics).

move,

meeting.

or

ceileach,

that,

must

Lat.

to

G.

KtVew,

go,

Ktoj,

in

as

that

thinks

it

Gr.

same

thinks

Stokes

visit

the

79

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

move,

ao,

is

Strachan

THE

M.

war,

Ir.

cellach, war

per-cellere,hit.

ceileahhar, ceileahhrach, musical,

eoin, singing of birds, E. Ir. celebrad, a

of

Ir.

birds,

ceilebradh

celebrating

ceaMach,

observance,

or

welcome

of

joy

from

Lat.

celebratio.

ceillidh,wise, sober, Ir. ceillidhe ; from ciall.

ceilp, kelp ; from Eng.
Cein, remote
oblique form of cian, q.v.
; really the
C^ir, wax,
Ir.,M. Ir. ceir, W. civyr, 0. W. kuyi\ Cor.
from

Lat.

coir, Br.

ccar

wax.

cera,

ceir,ceire, the buttock

peire.
; see
make
much
of (Perth) ; cf. ceirein, plaster.
ceireanaich, fondle,
ceirein, a plaster, a
clout," Ir., M. Ir.,ceirin, a plaster ; from
ceir, wax.
Eng. cerate.
Ir. ceirsle (so G. too), ceirtlin,0. Ir.
ceirtle,a clew, ball of yarn,
I. E. qert, wind, bend
certle,glomus, ^kertillid ; from
; Skr.
Lat.
Gr.
kart, spin ;
cartilago, Eng. cartilage ;
KapraXos,
basket
hurdle.
; Eng.
Ir. ceis,basket, M. Ir. ceiss,
ceis,a case, hamper ; from Eng. case.
is a different
borrowed
w^ord, possibly allied to, if not
from,
Lat. cista
Ir. ceis comes
ceis-chrann, poly(Stokes). From
pody,
"

in

given
Lat.

H.S.D.

from

O'R.

Cf.

0.

Ir.

basket,

cass,

quasillus.

Lat.
ceisd, a question, so Ir., E. Ir. ceist ; from
qucestio. Hence
ceisd
chridhe
on
mo
ceisdein, a sweetheart, founded
darling {i.e.,
question, anxiety) of my heart.
cebs.
ceiseach, large, corpulent woman
; see
Ceitein, May, 0. Ir. cetam
(g. cetaman), cetsoman
(cetshaman) in
Cor.
where
the
first weatherit
is
as
cet-sam-sin,
Gl.,
explained
"

"

"

motion

of

summer"

cet +

"

is

sam-,

possibly

word

The

summer.

or

sam

the

sam

influenced

samJwadh,

oi

by

the

means

other

first

of

-The

nation
termi-

words.

See

q.v.
time

"

Samhainn.

ceithir, four, Ir.

pedwar,
qetvdr
Lit.

Cor.
; Lat.

keturi

(n.),ceithrc

ceathair
peswar,

quatuor
Skr.

Br.
;

Gr.

catvdras.

pevar,

(adj.), 0.

Gaul,

reTTa/oe?

petor-,
Got.

Ir.

cethir,

^qetveres,

W.

I. E.

jidvor, Eng. four

80

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

Ir.

mist,

ceo,

Lat.

sqevo-,
is

ce6b,

E.

ceo,

Ir.

ceo,

Norse

obscurus,

ciach, *cevox,

g.

*cevocos,

g.

skp, cloud, Eng.

I. E.
idea

The

sk^.

"covering."

dark

ce6ban,

nook,

corner

Ir. is ceobhrdn,

drizzle, fog,

ceol, music,

Ir.

M.

alliance

ciuran,
Ir.

ce6pan.

q.v.

ciabkrdn,

Gadelicised

form

of

ptpilo, chirp, pipihim,

(hence W. pib, G.

pip, Lat.

root

pipe, Eng. pipe

S.

have

Rhys
pib, pipe.

W.

to

Also

G.

is

mist.

and

Stokes

suggests

now

ciahor,

1)

last

eedl, g. ciicil,"^kipolo-,a

Ir.

chirp, Ag.

allied

This

braon.

onomatopoetic

outcry, pipo,
jnob, etc ).
stem,

ced

The

-bainne, "mist-drop."

or

(for ceobnach

Ir., E.

*pipolo

boinne

ceo

for

ceopach

Hence

drizzle;

small

For

given

Celtic

phonetics,

Ger.

ceus,

poples.

Stokes

febil.

see

0.

heulen, hoot, howl,

with

for

qeqlo-

G.

H.

hiuivilon.

ce6s,

the

hip, podex ; see

skirted, bulky, clumsy.
burr

ceosan,

ceud,

with

Gr,

0.

of feathers

Ir. cet, W.

(do.), Gaul.

kenta

kent,

down

light

or

first, Ir. cead,

down,

Kara,

Cintii-, '^kentu-

against

; Ch.

young

compared Teut.
so
ceud, a hundred,
"^k/ito-n ;

Lat.

ceudfadh,

ceum,

the

step,
gradibus,
Gaul.

Ir.

the

0.

The

part

; from

I. E.

of

ceus,

Ir.

is

gen.

cKarov

Skr.

Ir.

from

see

Got.

se-knton) ;

canfod,

ceud, with,

first,and

to

from
"^'centinio-s;

W.,

Cor.

0.

cam,

"^kengo, I

hund,

men

Skr.

"

ceois, whence

ceds,

perceive,
hu, be.
first.

ceud,
W.

cemmein,
Ir.

go,
"

of

cingim,

warriors

khanj, limp
bend

"

on

haiit,

catdm.

of the

(^ hanx), Eng. hough

wool

Br.

cans,

S. hoh

; Gr.

ceusaim,

knee,

(Strachan

etc.

sheep's legs (Heb.), M.

Ir.

0.

Ir.

cessaim, suffer, "^kentso,

irevOo's,
TrdOos,suffering, Eng. pathos

kenczu, suffering.

ceutach, becoming

Cor.

have

again

ham.

ceasaim,
qentho

Some

cetlaid, W.

ceimm,

cann,

Further

contra.

kenkle, hough,

the

etc.

cant.

W.

to

; Lit.

*cencso-

coarse

crucify,
Lit.

Gr.

"^kngmen-, verb

kam,

allied

Lat.

cet, W.

Ir. cetna,

Ir.

joint; Ag.

Lit.).

suffer

ceiyn, 0.

Br.

knee

ceslach

ceus,

Ir., 0.

so

poples

kinka,

ceus,

szimtas

ceadfadh,

legs,

derivation) I. E. qen,
( Kavto?), new
Kaivos
;

Cingeto-rix, king of marching

kheng, limp ; Ger, hinken, limp ;

ham,
for

Gr.

with-being,"

"

of

usual,

"

I. E.

ceus,

Ir.

Lit.

same,

0.

koni, beginning.
Eng. hindmost.

in

as

Ir.,

Ir.

sense,

*cant-buti-,

ceudna,

hind

centum

hund-vedi

Eng.

SI.

knta),

the

is

kand,

Skr.

wool

ceus,

broad-

cynt, formerly, cyntat\ first,Br.

possibly {cmd this is

begin, Lat. re-cens,
Eng. recent

allied

see

ceosach,

Hence

ciatach.

OF

cha, cha'n, not,

particle
"

Jr.

or

no

chaoidh,

See
for

aidche,

make

chena,

will

in

chidhim,

cho, CO,

as,

to

the

Ir.

so,

"Cho
;

thun

thu7i

in

kleu

chugad,
for

chum,

g^i,

dochuin

Eng.
chun, to,
chunnaic,

'

Eng.

See

from

co-

withont

"

cen-e,

The

Ir.

1),
('^cas-jioThe

ckiinnaic, faic.

initial, which

ad-

is

a.

Welsh

with.

ddued

belongs

to

and

comh-.

See

"Cyn

thugad

rochiiala, W.

Jr., 0.

Ir.

a'r fran."
article.

the

and

chon

to

cigleu, ^kuklova

chucut, *cii-cu-t,where
See

chuga, chuige,

to, for, in order

71-, dochom

jam,

quidem,

canus

com,

chugad,

0.

Lat.

to, is reduplicated.

chum,

for

q.v.

so

witli

So

Ui, q.v.

chum,

atchi, videt, *a.d-cesi6,

lost

the

git.

Compare

thee,

sooth,

; from

ha7'e.

cyn

of

cluinn,

in

Ir.

0.

feannaig"

form

in

or

cii

goad

coidchi

chaidche,

particle do,

W.

ri

; q.v.

as

Ir.

"^ca-kas

for

verbal

dubh

towards

prep,

'^coud-

went,

cion, want,

chim,

phonetics.
chuala, heard, Ir. do chiuda,
root

cene,

see,

comh,

dialectic

Also

he

dochoid,

olchene

Eng.
grey,
is
due
to

chl

with

Gaelic

chon,

caksh,
of

aspiration
confused

Ir.

"till

without,

S. hasu,

Ag.

0.

Ir. cha.

E.

gun,

Ir.

"^kesio ; Skr.
;

Ulster

night."
Ir. chena,
cheana,

Ir.

chena, 0. Ir.

ar

see,

grey

same

choidhclie, E.

oidhche,

this," root

chi,

of this

aspirating. The
negative : only ni and
con^
as
gu''n. Aspirating power
con

7u

haste, codavati, drive, coda,

Ir.

ever,
c/u

Tr.

deach.

cheana, already,
ol

no

ivit, Ir. dochuaidh,

codati,

shoot.

part
being the

co?z

0.

"-,

yet unexplained.

as

chaidh, went,
Skr.

is

81

LANGUAGE.

OAELTC

noclia

nu

quod,"

non

of it is

TI-TE

7i-

is

-iit

or

etc.

to, Ir. chum, do

idiomatic

an

The

gu.

the

use;

of

com,

ckmn,
side

Ir.

0.
'?

Cf.

side, beside.
until

see

chon.

Ir. choncada7%

saw,

for

con-\-faic;

chunnairc,

co7i,

saw,

0.

Ir. conaca,

comh-, andsee/a?'c.

see

still used

they

in

Ir

as

The

vidi

; from

old

past was
chonnairc, from
con-\-dea7X,q.v.
Cor.
W.
pwy.
joj/if, Br. piu, *qei ;

cia, who, what,

cia,
Lat. qui (Old Lat.
under
co.
qiiei). See further
ciabh, a lock of hair, so Ir., E. Ir. ciah : ^kes-ahu-, kes of cas ?
Ir. Ceadaoin,
0.
Ir. cetdin,
Ciadaoin, Di-ciadaoin, Wednesday,
first fast,
The
first weekly
fast
Day of the First Fast."
latter
half
the
the
of
next
was
was
Wednesday,
Friday
Di-h-aome.
is
the
Between
fasts
two
Thursday
day
Ir.

0.

Ir. cm,

"

"

"

"

"

Diardaoin,

q.v.

ciagach, sly-humoured
cial, side or brim of a

See

further

under

Di-.

(Dialectic):
vessel

see

ciohliull.
9

82

ciall, sense,
Br.
wise

ETViMOl.OGICAL

DICTIONARY

understanding, Ir.,0.

Ir.

1. E.

"''qeidd:
2')oell^
; Skr.

further

(Sh., Arm.),
0,

so

referred

have

see,

shine

time, Eng.

; Gr.

pidl^

ttlvvto^

cinoti, discover

heiter, clear.

Jr.,
kei, there, Gr.

root

([ci,
observe,

pivyll^ Cor.

ci4ati, perceive, cittam, thought,

Ger.

ciamhair, sad
cian, remote,

ciall,W.

it

Ir.

Ir.

cian,

Keivog,

to

vjhile.

ciamhair,

root

Hence

ciamhaire

"^keino-

from

(O'Cl.,O'Br.) :
the
pronominal

cis,citra,Eng. lie. Others

qei,qi, Skr. ciras, long, Got. hveild,
Ir. eia7icianail, sad, lonesome,
ille,Lat.

amhuil.
land
of arable
cianog",a small measure
(Heb. : H.S.D.); see cionag.
dusk
E.
Ir.
root
ciar,
sqhei, Gr.
ciar, ^keiro-s, "shadowy";
J, Ir.,
Skr.
chdyd, shadow, Ag. S.
(rKL"p6"i,
shady, crKid, shadow,
scimo
hdrr,
(do.). It has been compared to Eng. hoar, Norse
but

the

vowels

do

suit.

not

cias, g. ceois, border, skirt, fringe :

Ir. ceadfadluich, discreet,
ciatach, ciatfach, elegant, becoming,
the
to
ceudfadh, q.v.
senses
belonging
; from
Ir.
(of a bird, M'D.),
cibein, rump
cihin, the rump
(Con.). Cf. Ir.
yiob,

tail.

cibeir,a shepherd
cibhearg, a rag, a

; from

Sc, Eng. keeper.

little

(Sh.) :
luchd
cidhis, a mask, vizard
cidhis, masqueraders ; from
Sc. gyis, a
mask, gysars,
masqueraders, M. Eng. glsen, to
0.
Fr.
dress, Eng. guise, disguise; all from
guise, modus,
borrowed
The
in the
Sc.
was
disguise.
desguiser,
directly
Stuart
period.
cigil,tickle (Sh.) ; see ciogail.
cileag, a diminutive, weakly person
(Arg.) :
codfish
from
Norse
cilean, a large
keiia, gadus longus or
long;
cod."
Also
cilig (Sutherland).
locative
for the most
of ceall,q.v., used
cill,a church
case
part
;
in place-names.
cillein,a concealed
heap, repository, Ir. cilliu,a purse or store of
hoarded
cash
(O'B.), dim. of ceall,cell,church, q.v.
cenedl, 0. W.
cineal, offspring, clan, Ir. cineul, 0. Ii\ ce7iel,W.
ragged
(M'D.),

woman

"

cenetl, Cor.
new

{i"avj6s)
;
; Skr.

cinn,

grow,
descend

I. E.

Eng.

recent

kinethel, *kenetlo-n
Lat.

kand,

re-cens,

qen, begin
SI.
; Ch.

Gr.

Katvo?,

koni, beginning

young.

increase, spring from, Ir.,E.

of ; root
of cineal, q.v.
qen

Ir.

cinim, spring from,

Also

cinnich,

grow,

increase.

cine, E.
cinneadh, cinne, tribe, clan, Ir. dneadh,
Hence
root
(g. cineda) ; from
qe7i in cineal, q.v.
gentiles,Ir. cineadhach, a gentile.

Ir.

ciniud.

cinnich,

OF

83

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

cinneag, a spindle (Sutherland) :

cinnseal, need, desire (Arm.;, contact, origin (M'A.).
the

sense,

word

cion,

is from

second,

the

; in

want

in

first

the

cinn.

from

exemplified by M'A., the Sc.

wi' one"), has
kinches^ correspondence, etc. ("to kep kinches
word
to be remembered,
a
apparently from kin.
infinitus
cinnte, certain, so Ir., 0. Ir. cinnim, definio, ecintech
;
In

the

from

"contact,"

head,

ceann,

wound

ciob, bite,
ciob,

of

sense

q.v.

(Bib. Gl.) ;

mountain

coarse

as

tow,

grass,

cibidk

(Hend.).

cioh, coarse

mountain

caob,

see

Ir.

grass,

fiaky peat (Carm.).

scirpus ca3spitosiis.
ciobhuill
who
writes
ciobhull, the jaw^ (M'i)
na
"), ciobhal
H.S.D.
gives the
(Sh.), more
properly g'iall (Arm.), q.v.
cibhlean.
pi. as
cioch, a woman's
breast, Jr. ciocJi,E. ir. cicJi; cf. W. cig, fiesh,
M.
Br. "ptic(do.),*ktkd
{kckd 1). Bcz. suggests
(witli query)
Club

rush,

"

connection

with

rolish

Bulg. cica, teat,

eye.

ciocras, hunger, longing, Ir. cioeras, hunger, greed, ravenousness

ciod, what, Ir. ead, 0. Ir. cate, eote, lit. "quid est," co-\-ta,
Ir. caide

(North

goide), 0.

Ir. eate',what

ciogail, tickle, Ir. giglim ; see

diogail.
tickling,also signifiesterror, a crisis

is
In

of

ciogailt,

Heb.

the

q.v.

ite, it is.

Ir.

it, 0.

tion
determina-

timorous

(H.S.D.).
ciom,

comb,

M.

Eng. kemd,

ciomach,

wind

kemh,

root

Norwegian
root

Ir.
;

H.S.D.

Lat.

the

not

See

from

word.

(Stokes),
KOjifSos,band,

Gr.

ceangcd,

^kmhiti-

cimhid,

surround

cingo,

the

from

E.

I.

same

qeng.

ciombal, bell, cymbal, so Ir.

of hay or
ciomboll, a bundle
bundle,

kimbla,
kimple,

straw,

cion, want
; from
cion, love, esteem,

honour,
and

rtw,

small

of

; cf. W.

cionar,
from
os

kemple,

forty

eion,

E.

of gim,
without.
M. Ir. cen, 0.
cean,

qei, notice,

is combined

"farthing"

in

land,
land

cei7iiog,a

in

kimhill,

bottles

Sh.

Ir.

ciall.

penalty.

pay

tlvw,

of

as

the

same

one-fourth

(Heb.),

of

hay

or

fochen,

Gr.

Further,
The

eionog,

See

rt/xr;,

ciont.

eleitigor
a

of honour

sense

word.
of

Ir.

welcome

small

one-

coin,

penny.

cionthar
(Arm. ;
A. M'D., querulous music) :
cionn, etc. ; this is the old dat.

music

Norse

] from

eymhal.

ken

root

portion

kernel

Sc.

Eng.

eymbalum,

(Heb.)

straw^

truss,

honour,

eighth

Lat.

from

piece (Banfi^shire).

Ir.

punishment

cionag,

to

the

qino-, qi, I.

root

cionn,

Ir.

(O'B., Sh.)

comb

has

0.

civiidh,

(do.).

hempa

cwmam,

comb.

to

prisoner,

Ir.

wool-card,

has

of

H.S.D.

ceann,

has

head

cion'thar

{'^qenno).

ETYMOLOGICAL

cionnarra,
form

of

the

-ar

Ir.

how,

in

Ir.

metathesis

by

ceudna,

cionnas,

idem

identical,

DlCTlONAEV

of the

The

7i.

G.

is

-arra

cioilda), for
adjectival

an

etc.

aoii-ar,

0.

cionnus,

(dial, (xaelic

cionda

Ir.

cindas

iudas

co

see

and

co

ionnas.

ciont, guilt, Ir. cionnta, 0. Ir, cintadi,

guilt
injustice, cm,
(*cin-at-), dat.
pi. cintaib ; also G. fcion ; I. E. f/in, Gr.
Lat.
TtVv/xai,punish, Troivr/, punishment,
punishment,
poena,
See

Eng. pain.
ciora,

lamb

pet

call

to

cion.

sheep, cireag",a

or

sheep

ka^er

to

to

come

one

petted sheep, ciridh,

all

from

shorter

kir) of caora,
(i.e.,
q.v.
from
cioralta, cheerful, ciorbail, snug
cheerful.
Eng.
;
Ir. ciorrbhadh, E.
ciorram, hurt, damage, wounding,
the

root

death,

ciosaich,
ciosan,

ker, destroy,

root

(^rndti,smash,

subdue

make

"

bread

form

of

kair

or

cirud, ^cir-thu-,
Skr,

the

Lat.

Gr.

k/jp,

mutilated,

was

from

tributar}^;"

ilorail.

cirriud,

Ir.

caries, decay,

cirrad,

ro

Cf.

tribute,

cis,

tax.

corn-skep (M'D.), Ir. ciseaji,cis, basket,

M.
Ir, ceiss,possibly allied
borrowed
to (ifnot
from) Lat. cista
See
ceis.
Sc.
cassie.
(Stokes).
ciotach, left-handed, sinister, so Ir., W.
chivith, *sqUtu- (Stokes),
and
is
extension
of
"^sgit-tu-,
sqit
an
sqi, sqai in Gr. o-Katos,
a

Lat.

ciotag,
cir,

basket,

(*sqai-vo-), left.

scaevas

little

Ir.

comb,

it

; but

the

ideal

Ir.

Ch.

SI.

qes,

the

to

etc.

dor,

(from skenn),
Strachan), root
refers

0.

plaid, shawl,

form,

cir, cud, Ir,, E.

give

Ir, cir, Manx

with

Perhaps
sheep (Oarm,),

Ir,

cios, 0.

ktci?,

cera,

Celtic

wax,

cil, Br,

above

Ir. cis ; from

Armagh)
g.

Zimmer

scratch,

would

cera

be

honeycomb."

das-kiriat,

census,

ruminer.

cir, ciridh,

(Windisch),
Lat.

ktci/os,

(Stokes,

scratch

karsha,
"

keeil, W,
the

Skr.

cer?'.

of

^kia,^vpor.

; cf. Gr.

G.

Lat.

Gr.

ka-yti,

furrow,

to

suggesting

identical

cis, tribute, tax,

scratch

(Bk.

case

; cf.

Lit.

ceslu,

gers,

would

cetaig, ace.

cir, "^keiisrd,

shave,

root

qers

Ir.

whence

Eng.

census.

cisd, cist,
Ir.
Lat.

chest,

ci'i,
piece

Ir,

cisde, M,

of basket

Ir,

work

ciste,W.

cist ; from

osiers.

Cf.

0.

ceathrt, E.

Ir.

cifh, 0.

of

Lat.

Ir. cass,

cist"i,

basket,

quasillus.

ceis.
cisean, hamper
(Islay) ; from
ciseart, a light tweed
(N. Lochaber).

cistin, a kitchen
cith,
shower,

Jr.

flebilium

the

from

Eng.

vitii,cioth,

^citu-

g.

Ir.

cithech,

THE

OF

cith,

ardour

rage,

cifh

ciuran, ciurach,
M.

ceohan.

;"

"hurly-burly

onomato-

an

kjokr,

whine,

ciuin, mild,

Ir.

stifled

voice

SI.

iurihund,

Ir.

tears.

; Skr

t.o hurt,

S.

root

Ir. claO

in

; Lat.

dear

ge-heuer,

(Jew

civd, friendly.
:

adteram,

as

org

heore,

wound

maim,

dujiurrsa,

kjdkra,

Norse

from

hf/rr,mild, Ag.

po-civu, benignus

0.

H.S.D.)

; not

plaint
with

I
ctorrbhaiffivi,

Ir.

however,

See

ceohhrdn.

*kivo-iii-,I.E., kivo-, keivo-, akin,

civil ; Norse

; Ch.

Arm.

low-voiced

cmin,

civis,Eng.
ciurr, hurt,

(Sh.,

dimpling

ciucran,

ciucharan,

rain, drizzle, Ir.

small

Ir. ciabor, mist.

ciuchair, beautiful,

clab,

(M'L.)

word.

poetic

safe

where

attuned,

caoin.

Cithean, a complaiuiug ; sec

cithris-chaithris, confusion
ciubhran,

cith.

an

/v?/, mood.

Eng.

from

seems

cutkach

"^ketu-, cf.

85

LAN(}UA0E.

GAELIC

ciorram.

see

du-furr,

Cf.,

attriveris,

fuargan.

Eng.

clap, noise, the

claban, a mill-clapper.
tongue.
of
the
head, brain-pan
clopen, G.
(H.S.D.) ; cf. W.
claban, top
claigionn, q.v.
Possibly Pictish*?
clabar, filth,mire, clay, Ir. cldbar (whence Eng. clcthber)
; cf. Iciban.
collar
cow
clabar-nasg", the clasp of wooden
(Arg.) :
clabog, a good bargain, great pennyworth
clach, a scone,
Ir., E. Ir. clock, W.
rock, detached
rock,
clwg,
an

mouth,

open

from

clap,

Hence

human

'^klukd

rock, clogcnt,a large stone,

hcdlus, stone, Norse
hella, flat

clog,

Got.

correlated

Usually
clachan, kirk
or

clad,

in

wool, clad,
also

comb,

cladan,

of

cladh,

burr,

wool

"

so

stone.

stones."

stepping

comb

Sc.

; from

clutching hand,

shore, beach,

clad

''

cild, a

calculut",a pebble, Eng. calculate.

stone-cells
clochdn, monastic
singly

Ir.

and

G.

stone,

Skr.

Lat.
Ir.

town,

; also

group

comb

cladach,

kirk

or

with

kal, kl-, hard

; root

hoe

or

claut, clauts,
;"

scraper

"

Ir., *claddo-,

from

shore

score,

wool
claw.

;"

from

q.v.
that

thing

sticks,

Ir,

claddn, burr,

flake

; from

clad.

cladh.
W.

churchyard,
cladd,

KXaSapds,
further

cladh,

Cor.

claidheamh,

kela,

root

easily broken

bank,

claivdd, fossa,

^klddo-

*klado-,

Ir.

; Lat.

sword.

ditch, E.

cledh

kla,
clddes

Ir.

clad,

Br.

(do.),
split,

break,
; Russ.

kladu,

cleuz
hit
cut.

cladhaich, dig.
digger, clod-hopper," from

ditch,

(do.),
;

Gr.
See

Hence

cladh
1
cladhaire, a poltroon, so
Br.
Ir.
0.
Ir.
Cor.
clag, a bell,
clog,
clocc,W.,
clock,
kloc'k, *klokko-,
sound
Lat.
klog,
Mag,
clango, Eng. clang ;
"^kloggo-; root,
;
Gr. K'Aa^ti),
Bez.
K/Vayy/y,clang ; Lit. klageti, cackle.
suggests
Ir. ;

"

86

ETYMOLOGICAL

Bill. Iducaui,

DICTIONARY

the

hit, giving

dag

of

stem

"^klakko-.

as

Hence

clock, etc.

Eng.

claideag, a lock, ringlet ; sec clad, cladau.

of corn
the farm, the
"maiden"
cut
on
claidheag", the last handful
Sc.
from
claaik-sheaf (Aberdeen,
(Badenoch) ;
etc.),
claaick,
home
the
all
of
the
the harvest
state
in.
corn
having
;
sword, Ir. cl"idheaviJi, 0. Ir. claideh, W. cleddyf,
claidheamh,
a
Br.

cledhe,

Cor.

KA.a8o5,

Gr.

kela, kid, hit,

better

claidhean,
the

; Ch.

twig

SI.

kladivo,

hammer.

claidhean,

the

of

claidJieamJi.

as

H.S.D.

See

gives

root

cladh.

Ir. claibin

door,

kladga

Further

etc.
culter, 'per-cellere,

bolt

Skr.

klad,

root

split ; Lat.

source

same

*kladebo-s

kleze,

from

it in supp.

as

cldiinhean.

claidreach,
claigionn,

shattering

damaging,

*claddo-

eamh.
of claidh-

clad

; root

cloiyionn, M. Ir. cloicend, W.

clopen, Br.
*cloc-ceim, from
bell-head, domeclag and
ceann,
Ir.

skull,

"

klopenn,

Stokes

head."

considers

Ir.

the

borrowed

from

Welsh,

the

claban.

Cf.

ditch,

clais, a furrow,

of cladh.

*dad

Ir.,E.

so

Br.

claiteachd, gentle
clambar,

wrangling,

clamhan,

buzzard

clamhradh,
clamhsa, an
clamhuinn,

kiltis

ljQt\j.

added

Lat.

Ir.

so

clamor.

'''clain-rad, ;

Ir. ; from

so

so

Ir., 0.

Ir.

cloimh,

see

itch.

close.

Eng.

eland,

W.

plant, ^qlanatd

Slav,

; G.

; Skr.

stock

zilts, race,

kiila, race.

Usually regarded as
sprout, li^ig.plant, whence

I. E.

celjadi, family. Lit.

have

Some
borrowed

populun.

planta,

Lat.

Lat.

; from

reAo.s, company

Gr.

qel ;

cluas.

see

clann, children, clan,

root

ear

alley, close,
sleet

from

clanipar

scratching,

^clostd,

from

(Arran)

Ir.

dais, "^clad-s-ti- ;

W.
clatis,

kleus, pit.

claistinn, hearing, listening ;

rain

Ir.

from

clannach,

G.

comatus.

claoidh,

"^cloid
Stokes

and
Lat.

Ir.

oppress,

vex,

claudo,

daoidhim,

I. E.

refer

it

to

close, claudus, lame,

Eng.

lean

; Lit.

board, tablet, Ir., G.

Kkypo'i (for KXapos),

Ir.

ddr,

lot, kAuw,

claon,

0.

claon,

incline

; from

W.

cluddio,

whelm,
over-

Windisch

q.v.

qlov, qlav, qlu, shut

kXcl^, /cAetSos,key.

Gr.

incline
s^zieti,

clap, clapartaich, clap, clapping

a

Ir.

cloim,

in

root
'''clovio,

cllno, acdlnis, leaning, Eng.

incline

clar,

Ir.

klei, incline, as

claon, inclining,squint, oblique,

Lat.

G.

Ir.
;

Gr.

cl6i7i

kXIvm

in,

"^kloino-

; Skr.

the

crayati (do.).
Eng. clap.

claw,

break;

G.

root

W.

(i long),

clanr.

Gr.

qela, qld, break

OK

in

etc., as

THE

(JAELIC

claidheamh,

coiUe,,i\.\.

alia, clarach,

inter

Hence,

clumsy figure, board-built."

for
Cf.
cldr.
clarsach, a harp, Ir. ddirseavJi
; from
Jiodhcheall, chess-play, wood-intelligence."
clasp, claspa, a clasp, Ir. clasba; from the Eng.
clatar, mire (Dial.); from Sc dart.
clathnaire.
writes
clathn^ire, bashfulness
(M'D., who
a

of

87

T.ANGUA"E.

woman

"

meaning

"

the

gives

form

from

seems

cleachd,

practice, custom,
*klcto-, root
qel,

2^ldh

fillet of
Lat.

clearc, a curl,
cleas, a play, trick, feat,
lock

klek, klok,

concealment,

hide,

Ciat/i

ceil,q.v. (H.S.D.).
cleadidadh, E. Ir. deditaim,
as

in

as

wool,

colo, Eng.

Lat.

E.

am

cultivate,

Gr.

cleas.

Ir.

dechtaim,

plait (Cam.),

so

Ir., E.

*de.ru*c/e.s."Ji6-,
c/e.s.s,

Ir.

; root

hiding

cleith

; also

{^kleti-a)
;

inf.

to

ceil,

q.v.

cleibe, an

laying hold of hsh, or of sea-fowls, Ir.

Eng. dip, a gatt'or cleek, a fastener, Norse
klf/pa^
for

instrument

dipe

ndire.

see

cluich, q.v.

in

as

plecto, Eng. plait.

hair

of

naive

in

Gf., however,

etc.

; from

dath

t/el,hide,
Ir.

wont,

death,

text)

root

TreAo/xai,
go, be,
cleachd, a ringlet,a
W.

the

in

the

H.S.D.

; from

pinch, 0. H. G. chluppa, tongs.

See
Lat.
the next
word,
clerus.
cleir,the clergy, Ir. cleir ; from
cl^ireach, a clerk, a cleric, 0. G. derec (Bk. of Deer), Ir. deireach,
to

E.

clerech, Br.

Ir.

kloarek

Lat.

; from

dericus,

clerk, cleric,

the lot
lot, office :
a
K-Ar^/atKos
Kkrjpo"i,
(do.), from
of this ministry" (Acts i. 17).
(kA7//oov)
cleit,a quill,feather, down, Ir. cleite :
Norse
klettr,rock, cliff. Common
cleit,a rocky eminence
; from
in Northern
place-names,
cleit,bar, ridge (Carm.).
cleith, a stake, w-attle,Ir. cleith,death, E. Ir. cleth,tignum, W.
(place) ; root qleit, glit,
clyd, sheltering, M. Br. det, warm
Gr.

from

0.

hhltdan,

Sax.

be

(Schrader).
cleith, concealing,

0.

measure
a
cleitig,^clitig',

cleuraidh.

one

Ir. cloca
who

cli,vigour :
cli,left (hand),
Br.
See

klnz,
further

; the

kleitio-,the

for

cle6c, a cloak,

Got.

cover.

cleith, roof

Hence
to

"

of land
; from

the
work

Ir. c/;, E.

in

root

same

Ir. cleith

neglects

wrong,

E.

hlei^ra, hut, Ch. SI. kleti,house.

Ir. clethe,roof, roof-pole, appears

an

8th

daou.

of the

Eng.
(Arran)
Ir.

vocalic

form

"

penny"

land

cli,de,

klei, incline,
^klijo ;;^root
under

full

death.

see

"

its

Got.

W.

dedd,

0.

hleidnma,

W.

ded,

left, etc

88

niCTIONARY

ETVMOl.OGICAl.

cliabh,

basket,

the

hamper,

cliab, corbis, ^cl.eibo-.

chest

Root

cliadan, a burr ; cf. dadan.

cliamhuinn,
son-in-law, Ir.
affinity;
cliar, a poet,
from

hero

Lat.

derus,

swordsman.
the

deir,

in

as

Cliar

The

Ir.

cliatan, a

G.

and

cleamhiias,

Ir.

diar, society, train, clergy ;

Hence
cliaranach, a bard,

(|.v.

Sheanachain

(Senchan's

Lot)

harrow

diath,

Gaul,

"harrowed,

"

^deta,

lean

Lett,

tread

cliathach,

slita, wood

side,
"

level."

trick,

Gr.

wile

of

rack
i^zlite,
a

kloned,

klei,

root

(of a

\vaggon).

Tr.

ribs,

klei, incline

kXitv'?

diathdn,

Norse

side, breast,
hlitS,

slope,

(t long), a slope, hill-side.

(H.8.D.)

dei.he, dip,

; from

d\did

as

from

clibist,a misadventure
clic, a hook, gaff: see
clichd, an iron hook
;
clichd, a cunning trick

diob.

see

the

next

from
;

Sc.

word.

deik, Eng.
the

from

advantage, tricky, deek,

in

"

'im

cliob, to stumble,
a

the

root

deek.

fall.

cliob,

Lit.

*kleitd

died

side

slope,"

dai.e, hurdle,

fence,

cock

as

the

side,

mountain

Fr.

whence

hens,

^kleito-,

deek

was

company,

cliath, harrow, hurdle, Ir. diath, E. Ir. diath, 0. Ir. Vadum

Dublin, W. d.wyd, hurdle, Cor.
duit, Br.
(Adamnan),

the

lean.

client, iw-dine,

from

clibeag,

Ir.

its rounds
(Gaelic
especially on
cliar achl, singing, feats.
Hence
Tales).
level plot of ground
"^diath-t-an, a participialformation

bardic

mythic

Folk

cliath,

0.

cliath.

in

as

aliens,Eng.

Lat.

Ir., E.

heroes,

or

klei

cliabh,

Ir.

man),

cliamhuiii,

Iclei,
lean,

root

(of

See

deek,

above.

Sc.

inclination

to

dick.

deiky, ready
cheat

"

to

take

There's

(Banffshire).
cliobach, stumbling,

awkward.

Cf,

Sc.

dypock,

next.

cliobain,

dewdap, Ir.
Ir.
also
cliobach, hairy, shaggy,
diob, dilnn
;
diobog, a
Cf. Sc. dype, an
(shaggy) colt, etc.
ugly, ill-shaped fellow :
origin unknown
(Murray) ; dip, a colt, Ger. kleppe^.^ palfrey.
Gr.
Root
KoXof3(k.
qlg.,stumpy,
dangling,

anything

excrescence,

cf. Eng. dip

words.
cliopach, halt in speech (H.S.D.)
cliostar, a clyster ; from the Eng.
clip, a hook, clip,Ir. dipe, a gaff ; frouj the Eng. di}). See deibe.
cliheag.
clipe, deceit (H.S.D.) ; see
clis,active, Ir., M. Ir. cliste,ready, quick. Cf. W. dys, impulse :
fir chlis,"
^cl-sto-;root, kel, as in Lat. celer,swift, etc.*? "Na
:

the

Merry

Dancers.

From

cleas.

Cf.

Ir. and

E.

Ir.

deil-dis,

staff-sling.

clisbeach, unsteady

of

foot, cripple ;

from

dis.

i\lso clisneach.

GAELIC

THE

OF

89

LANGUAGE.

clisg,start, Ir. cliosg(Meath Dial., clist); from clis.

clisinnean,boat ribs, cltsneach, rib :
outward
clisneach,the human
(Arm. ;
body, carcase,
appearance
not
H.S.D.) :
clisneach,a bar-gate (H.S.D.), a rib (Wh.) :
of hearing, clod,
cliu,renown,
praise, Ir., 0. Ir. clu, W. el?/w,sense
praise
further

under

cliuchd,
cliud, a slap
mend

cuff,

KXeo'?, fame

; Gr.

I. E.

^ravds,

See

hear.

kleu,

cluinn.

nets

with

; Skr.

the

fingers ;

the

from

Sc.

clout, Eng.

clout, a

"clout."

hand
%
Sc. cloot,hoof, half-hoof
cliud, a small or disabled
; from
cl6, cl6th, broad-cloth
Eng. cloth, clothing, etc.
; from
M. G.
do
cld, a print, printing press,
(Carswell), Ir. do, dodh
E.
Ir.
mark
{clodhuighim. Coneys ;
clod,
V); cf. the next word.

clodh.

Also

t clo,

nail, Ir., E.

Lat.

Ir.

do,

forked

mast,

from

Norse

snuffers, klof,

in Lat.

clobhsa,

fact, the

tool, *klavo-

Mao,

See

etc.

claoidh.

doth.

Idoji,a

fork

of the

clohh{a) in Con. and FoL, and

Scottish
importation, for Coneys
In

Br.

kAci?,key,

; Gr.

Ir.

tlobh.
as

do, key,

claims, nail, davis, key

cl6-chadail, slumber
; see
clobha, a pair of tongs ;
The

W.

Ir. w^ord

is

(of

fork

legs,

the

clomh

says

the

tlu, Hugh

"

river),a

cloven,
of

cleft."

Lh.,

seems

vernacular
lifter

"

"

is

; root

^Z-

tollo ?

close, lane, farm-yard,

Also, clamhsa,
clochranaich, wheezing in
close.

Ir.

clamhsa,

W.

daws

; from

Eng.

q.v.
the throat

(M'F. ; Sh. has clochar, and

Sc. docker, w^heezing, cloch, cough
clochan, respire); from
feebly. It is an onomatopoetic word, like Eng. cluck, clock.
clod, a clod, turf ; from the Eng.
clogad, clogaid, a helmet, Ir. clogad, M. Ir. clogat, at chluic, E. Ir.
clocatt ; from
in
fclog", head, which
see
ad, hat, q.v., and
claigionn.
clogais, a wooden
clog ; from Eng. clogs.
shrub
tree
or
cloidhean, the pitch of the box-tree
(Arm. ; not
any
Cf. glaoghan.
H.S.D.).
E. Ir. clam, leprosus, W.
cloimh, scab, itch, Ir. damh,
scurvy,
M. Br. claff(do.),
clafr, leprosy, claf,diseased. Cor. c/q/'(do.),
Br.
klanv, *klamo-, sick ; Skr. klam, weary
: Gr.
Kkajxapos,
weak

(Hes.);

cloimh, wool,
dum,

down

pluma,

Lat.
of
W.

clemens.

feathers,
plufy

Ir.

cliimh, down,

plumage

from

Lat.

feathers,
pluma

E.

Ir.

(Eng.

plumage).
10

^0

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

cldimhdich,

rub

and

scratch

or

itchy

as

clamhradh

as

same

in

ing
mean-

root.

;cl6imhein, icicle,snot ; from clbimh.

clois, the herb
"stinking marsh,

(O'R.),

"

water

cloitheag", a

shrimp,

claidh-, *cladi-,
instead

"

nail

(Cameron).

cloidheag,

clad,

of

cloitheog.

Possibly
digger." M'L.

"

dadh

for
has

shore-fish.

small

Ir.

(M'D.),

prawn

root

tail,'Mr. clois, clo-uisge

horse

clomh, counteract, subdue

(Carm ). See caochail.
cloves
from
the
clomhais,
Eng.
;
claoidh.
clos, rest, sleep, stillness ; "^clud-to-^root Tdu^ klav ; see
closach, a carcase
clos^q.v.
; from
the
closaid, a closet, Ir. doseud
Eng.
; from
cl6th, mitigate, still ; from the root lalav,of daoidh, q.v.
^^dopni- ; Lit.
cluain, a green plain, pasture, Ir. and E. Ir. duain
:
szlapti, become

wet, szlapina,

place (Strachan).
muddy
cluaineas, cluain, intriguing, deceit,
"^dopniCluain

; Gr.

kXgttto),steal; Eng.

thistle

Ir.,

kleu, hear;

; cf. W.

0.

Ir.

0.

Sax.

cluro,

cluas,

dud,
patch, clout,
dut, (Rhys, Murray),
cluich, play, Ir. duiche, a
a

Ger.

ludibundus

lachen

Br.

audio,

cru,

W.

W.

E.

game,

^klokjo- ;

Ir.

W.

duinim,

famous

Gr.

Hence

of

dag.

hear

crack,

Ir. cnag

; from

clueo,

Eng. loud,

clewaf,
am

listen

cliii,cluas, etc.

sheltered,

dressing

flax,

the

crask.

Eng.

Cf. E.

warm.

Ir.

clyd, sheltering ; root

from
Eng. clothe,
cover,

cainh.
a

Cor.

Lat.

both
in G.
the vowel
possibly influenced
"^klu ;
cluthaich, chase, Ir. cluthaighim : '^'kluto-,
cnab, pull, haul ; see cnap.
for

laugh,

shelter, clitli,
clothing, W.
Ir. cludaim, I clothe,
ceil,q.v.

instrument

Ir.

KAeTrrw.

an

Eng.

S.

has

cnabaire,

chdnn.

0.

game,

hearing.

dywed
I

hlahjan,

Got.

kAi!w, hear

cluip,
:
hardly
the
swollen
throat
in cattle
clupaid,
cluthaich, cover, clothe, Ir. duthmhar,
qel

Ir., duche,

"^klevo,

*kloppi- ; Gr.

clithaigim,

See

Eng, clout, Ag.

the

; from

dwt,

hear, crdvas, sound.

cheat

Jdeus, klus,

"^kloustd, root

dust,

klevet, audire,

reputed, mdutus?,
Skr.

whisk.

(Windisch, Stokes), placere

bell, anything dangling ; from

cluigein, a
cluinn, hear, Ir., E.
little

duain,

lifting(Strachan).

lift,cattle

hlust,hearing, Eng. listen,etc.

Ir.

duichech,

duainearadid,

Ir.

(Glenmoriston).

sense

cluaran, a
cluas, ear,

cnag,

(Hes.),

wet

clud,

KXeTras

; Gr.

spot

wet

Ir.

and
see

Ir.
claoidh

cndih, hemp

see

OF

cnag,

Ir.

pin, knob,

hnag^

Sw.

peg,

Ir.
scoff*,

cnag

the

from

91

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

knag^

Eng.

Dan.

peg,

kiiagg, a knag.

cndid

:
cn^id,
leg ;
cn^imh, bone, Ir. cndimh, 0. Ir. cndim, "^kndmi-s ; Gr. kv/jimt],
Eng. ham.
a
cnaimhseag,
pimple, bear-berry :
cnamh, chew, digest, Ir. cnaoi, cnaoidhim, E. Ir. cndm, gnawing^
a

W.
Skr.

kvcoSmv,

; Gr.

cnoi

chew.

khdd,

tooth,

Root

Kvaw,

qnd,

qne,

scrape

; Lit.

qen.

Hence

bite

kandu,

cnamhuin,

gangrene.
matured

cnamhaiche,
cnap,

(M'D.)

person

Ir. cnap,

knob,

E.

Ir. cnapp

from

Hence
also G. and
Eng. knap.
Eng. knappe, blow.
cnapach, a youngster ; from
C7^ap.
knave.
varlet, Eng.
Norse
tcnarra, a ship, Ir. cnarra
; from

Norse

knappr,

Ir. cnap,

M.

But

knorr^

g.

knap^

knapi,

Norse

cf.

Sc.

blow,

knob,

boy,
S.

Ag.

knarrar,

cnear.

cnatan,

cnead,

^krod-to--,Ger.

cold:

sigh, groan,

cneadh, a wound,
kvlSt],nettle
Gr.

KVi^o),stick,
bead

button,

cneas,

skin, waist,
hoicionn

see

Br.

caress,

Ir.

cned,

E.

Ir.

knes, body,

^knidd

root

of can,

can

tundere.

Gr.

Ki/tfw, sting,

Teut.

Cf.

knit,

hit

W.

Ir. cneasda
ball

cnes

from

cen

cineal, kin.

in

as

cen

skin

flesh.

human

cnaivd,
; from

cionn,

of

from

cneas.

Ir. end,

end, 0.
*knovd

W.

Norse,

Cor.
pi. cnau.
cnyfan,
S.
hnot, Ag.
hnutu, Eng. nut,

cneuen,

nuss.

hillock, Ir,

0.

cnoc,

Ir. cnocc,

kreac^h, krec^henn, hill,*knokkoof

nape
have

the

Gaul,

in

ycung

Sc.

cocker

stem

W.

high,
See

q.v.

Br.

cnoch, tumulus,

Br.

knog-ko-, Norse, hnakki,

Some
hnecca, neck, Eng. neck.

cwn,

Cf.

and

referred

height,
Ag. S.

root

it

ku,

hnoll,

to

be

O.H.G.

the

root

strong,
hnol,

ceann.

woman's
noun

S.

0.

; from

^cunocco-,

as

curaidh,

head.

vertex,

cndcaid,

cuno-,
as

Ag.

neck,
the

given

great,

the

the

cnap.

cneas,

stroke

knaouenn,

Ger.

of

from

cneidh-ghalar, painful complaint,

;
see

shinty
(M'D.) ;

slender

nut,

Ir.

Ir.

hnitan,

modest,

fir cone,

cneisne,
cniadaich,

cut

; Corn,

cneasda, humane,
cn^atag,

S.

Ag.

cneap,

cnoc,

Ir., cnet

E.

Ir.,

so

Ir., E.

so

sing.

say,

cno,

Kopv^a (do.).

Gr.

rotz, catarrh;

cneatan.

Also

hair
I/.

bound

up

in

fillet.

Founded

on

92

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY

the Eng.
cnod, a knot, Ir. aiota
; from
shoe
cnod, a patch, piece on a
; cf. Sc. knoit, knot, large piece.
cnod.
cnodaich, acquire, lay up, Ir. cnodach, acquiring (O'R.) ; see
so-called
cnodan, the gurnet, Ir. cnuddn
(Fol.) ; cf. Sc. crooner,
from

the

borrowed

from

it makes

noise

or

croon

Sc.

mixed

crooner,

landed.

when

Sc.

with

cnoid, a sumptuous
present (Heb.) ; croid :
cnoidh, tooth-ache, severe
pain ; see cnuimh.
a
large whelk, buckie
cnomhagan,
; cf. end,
cnot,

unhusk

barley

hollowed
knot

for

out

from

cnotag,

unhusking

crout,

seems

croak.

joint

or

The

barley.

G.

nut.

block

the

The

word

is

wood

of

the

Eng.

cnuwch,
cnuachd, head, brow, temple, Ir. cruaic
(O'R.) ; cf. W.
head
of
hair, cnivch, knuckle, cnuch, joint, "^cnoucco-,
bushy
hnukr, hnjukr, knoll,
a
kneu, knu ; Norse
prominence
; root
shrewd
Hence
cnuachdach,
:
peak, ImutSr, a knob.
having
"

"

"

head."
crunch

gnash, chew,

cnuas,

crush,

crunch

for

cruais, founded

cruas,

Eng.

on

a
collection,
ponder, collect, Ir. cnuasuighim, cnuas,
and
Ir.
G.
cnuasachd,
reflection,collection,
scraping together,

cnuasaich,

"^knousto-

kmi,

; root

knevo,

Gr.

scrape,

scratch,

kvvw,

Norse

The
niggard, Eng. niggard, Ag. S. hnedw, sparing.
idea
who
is "scraping together" : a niggard is "one
scrapes."
the
and
Stokes
Lit.
root
knup,
as
(Diet.) gives
compares
St.
possibly, *knoud-to, Norse,
knupsyti, oppress.
now,

hnoggr,

knutyr,

cnuimh,

worm

cnumhagan,
hand

CO, CO, who,

pe,

force.

; for

q.v.

fcrobh,

from

crohhagan,

the

crbg.

See

quia,

(Heb.)

handful

0.

for

spelling for cruimh,

; wrong
a

"?

cruinnich,

Cf.

ball.

Ir. co-te,

root

qo-,

now

qa-, qe;

G.

ciod,

Lat.

q.v.

quod;

; W.

Gr.

Cor.

pa,

py,

pe,

tto-Ol,etc.; Eng.

Br.
who.

cho, as, so ; see cho.

Ir. coib, party, followers.
Lat.
copia.
cob, plenty (Sh.) ; from
hher,
CObhair, assistance, so Ir., 0. Ir. cohir, "^cohris,co + her, root
Gr.
and
for
heir ;
cf.
crviK^kpa,it is of use.
meaning
; see
carry
CO,

Cobhan, a coffer, box, Ir. cofra ; from

CObhar, foam, Ir. cuhhar, E. Ir. cohur

coffer.
Eng. co'ffi7i,
:

co

hur

for

har,

see

tohar,

well.

cobhartach, spoil,booty :
cahhlach.
See
cobhlach, fleet.
COC,

cock,

cocaire,
the

to

cock

cook,

Lat.

; from

Ir.

coquo,

the

cocaire, M.
I

cook.

Eng.
Ir. cocaire, Cor.

peher, pistor ; fronj

OP

W.

coich

also

COChull,

THE

GAELIC

(Carm.), husk, hood,

cowl

cwcwll, hood,

93

LANGUAGE.

Lat.

; from

Ir.

cochal,

Ir.

0.

cucul/us, Eng.

cochull^

coivL

COCOntachd, smartness
(A. M'D.); see coc, gog.
codaich, share, divide ; from codach, gen. of cuid.
codhail, a meeting ; see comhdhail.
cath.
COgadh, war, so Ir.,0. Ir. cocad : "^con-cath,"co-battle"
; see
0.
Ir. concubus
COgais, conscience, Ir. cogus,
+ cuhus', arid
: con
0. Ir. cubus, conscience, is for con-fis,co smdjios,knowledge,
q.v.
COgan,

loose

for latter

vessel

see

gogan

force.

COgull, tares, cockle,

cokkidj

small

husk, covering (H.S.D.), a

Ir.

borrowed

cogal;

from

M.

Eng.

cocTcel^

cockle.

now

coibhneas, proper
see.
spelling of caoimhneas, which
coibhseachd, propriety, so Ir. coibhseach, becoming ; cf.
cubaid
cubhaidh.
cuibdes, fittingness,from
; see
coicheid, suspicion, doubt
:
E. W.
cbig",five, Ir. cuig, 0. Ir. coic^ W. pump,
pimp, Cor.
Br. pemp,
Gaul,
Lat.
"^qenqe;
quinque ; Gr.
pempe,

pymp,
; Lit.

Trevre

penki

COigil, spare,
qel,

fimf

; Ijot.

Lat.

colo,

thought,

concern,

pdnca.
Ir. coiclim,

Ir., E.

so

save,

in

as

; Skr.

etc.

is for

Also

con-ciall

cocill

cagail.
;

Ir.

M.

(n.); *con-cel, root

The

E.

Ir.

cocell,

ciall,sense.

COigreach, a stranger, Ir. coigcrigheach,coigcrioch,*co7i-crich-eck,

See
crioch.
provincial,"E. Ir. cocrich, province, boundary.
The
that
from
comes
a
one
meaning
is,
neighbouring
province."
coilceadha, bed materials, fcoilce, a bed, Ir. coilce,a bed, E. Ir.
"

"

colcaid,

flock

bed,

0.

W.

cilcet, now

culcita, a pillow, Eng. guilt.

coilchean, a little cock, water
spouting

coileach,a cock,

so

Ir., 0.

kiliok, "^kaljdkos, the

summon,

Eng.

Ir.
"

Calends

; from

cailech, W.

caller
; Gr.

KaAeco, call

Lat.

coileach, q.v.

ceiliog, Cor.

"

; root

from

cylched.;

qal,

call ;

celioc,Br.
Lat.

calare,
kalba, speech,

; Lit.

etc.

the
Sc. cole, a
coileag, a cole of hay ; from
See gbileag. Coileag (Perth.).
coileid, a stir,noise (Heb.) ; cf. Eng. coil,of
seems

borrowed

cole

like

or

coil

force.

of

The

hay.
G.

therefrom.

coileir,a collar, Ir. coilear ; from the Eng.

COilionn, a candle ; see coinneal.
coi'lige (Dial.),
course
(Hend.) : coimhliong.
race,
coiliobhar, a kind of gun ; see cuilbheir.
coille,coin, wood, Ir. coill,0. Ir. caill,W. celli,Cor. kelli,^kaldet-,
Gr. KAaSo?, a twig ; Eng. holt, Ger.
Further
holz.
root
qla,
in
cladh,
claidheamh,
qela,split,hit, as
q.v.

94

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY

coilleag, a cockle (M'D.), Ir. coilUog (O'R.),Cor. cyligi:

blow
a
coilleag, a rmal
:
potato, a smart
young
song,
stroke
COilleag',coilei^ (accent on end syllable; Perth.), a smart
coilpeachadh, equalizing cattle stock (Heb.) ; see colpach.
coilpein, a rope :
coimeas, comparison, co-equal, Ir. coimheas, E. Ir. coimmeas
com

See

meas.

meas.

coimh-, CO- ; see comh-.

coimheach, strange, foreign, cruel, Ir. coimhtheach, coimhthigheach,
Ir.
coimhightheach, strange, M.
comaigthe, foreign, 0. Ir.
; for

comaigtech, alienigena
tCoimhdhe,

God,

Coimhdhe,

(Bk.

comded

gen.

medj think,

root

See

meditate.

of

to

For

coimhearsnach,

; from

comarse

See
0.

"

the

of

comdiu,

Providence,"

"

Lat.

tathaich.

Ir.

meditor,

modus,

Coibhi,

Celtic

the

obsolete

arch-

Coimhdhe

with

of Bede.
Ir.

watching,

0.

coimhead,

Ir.

^'com-

com^t,

didean.

see

neighbour,

fanciful

confusion

entu,

Trinity,

esteem,

7neas^

Coifi

looking,

entu-.

G.
The

Northumbrian

coimhead,

God,

(Stokes).

the

Deer), Lord, *com-medi6s,

in

as

meas.

is due

druid,"
the

Ir.

comaitche

and

com

Ir.

comharsa,

ursainn,

gen.

E.

cdmharsan,

door-post (Zimmer).

Ir.
See

U7^sainn.

coimheart,

comparison

*com-hert,

ber,

root

of

Cf.

heir.

Lat.

confero.
"{"far puis, q.v.
wrangling : com
root
as
striving
oidkirp.
(Arg.) ; same
coimhirp, rivalry,
also
coi'lig^e(Dial.); Ir. coimhliiig;
coimhliong, a race,
course,
and
leitm.
from
lingim, I leap. For root, see
com
COimsich, perceive, Ir. coirnsighim : com-meas
meas.
; see

coimheirbse,

coimirc,

mercy,

quarter,

so

Ir. ;

see

comairce.

Lat.
or
Eng. compeer
coimpire, an equal, match
; from
Sc, Eng. cumber, cwmbering.
coimrig, trouble
; from
coimseach, indifferent
(Sh.) ; from coimeas, co-equal.
coindean, a kit (Arm. : not H.S.D.) :

coineag,

nest

of wild

bees

(M'L.) ;

cdinneach,

from

compar.

See

moss.

caoniiag.

coinean,

cunin,
Eng.

Ir. coinin, W.
coney,
0. Fr. connin, connil, from

rabbit,

from

coney,

through

coingeis, indifferent,
desire,

etc.

Cf.

same

cwning
Lat.

from

M.

cuniculus,

Eng.

whence

Fr.
as,

ailleas, from

no

matter

con-geas,

from

ail-ges.

coingeal, a whirlpool (H.S.D.) :

coingheall, a loan, Ir. coinghioll,obligation;
coingir, a pair (Sh.) :

con

giall,q.v.

geaSy

fHE

OP

coinlein, a nostril ; see cuinnean.

coinn, fit of coughing ; a nostril (Hend.)
coinne, a supper,
a
party to which
every
Cf.

(Heb.).

(Hend.)

woman

Eng.

root

some

as

; from

Stokes

here,

form

Coinneamh,

when

visions
pro-

coindem, coinmed, coigny, conveth,

cnamh, q.v.

N.

kona,

Ir.

coinne^

(gen. pi.),woman,

kvenna

de

caonach,

vatw,

that

kon-de-

cantuil

nas,

is

the

etc.
dhe, set, Gr. tlOtjijli,
coinnibh, dat. plur. "?

M.

Ir.

cimnacli,

0.

Ir.

coennich,

so

Ir., E.

; from

Ir.

Lat.

candel,

candela,

W.

0.

W.

cannuill^

canivyll,

whence

Eng.
See
COinneas, a ferret; "^con-neas, "dog-weasel'"?
coinnseas, conscience
(Hend.) :
Ir.
Ir. coinnli7i,
coinnlein, a stalk,
coinlm, M.
*kon7iaUo-

stipula,
also joins W.
cawn,
coir, just, right, Ir.,
now

t'ero-,
in

coirb, cross,
from

COinneal, candle,

from

; Skr.

dwell

I. E.

the

adverb

as

"^con-nesid

Ir. conne,

think

to

being

E.

go,

veo/xat,

seems

used

Ir.

moss,

muscosi

the

reed,
0.

Ir.

/^or,

phrase

vicious,

Lat.

Lat.,

Ir.

'n

cywir

coir, W.

neas.

0.

connall,

Ir.

Stokes

Kavva.

coir, justice, right,

Hence

their

coir, in

Also

see

^ko-vero-, "co-true,"

presence

corhadh, wickedness,

corruptus.

candle.

"^kdno-.

q.v.
an

Gr.

reed,

carina,

coirceag, a bee-hive
(Sh., O'R.) :
coire, fault, so Ir., 0. Ir. caire, 0. W.
carinare, blame,
"^'karjd
; Lat.
Ch.

own

in

meeting,
dw^ell, Gr.

one.

ultimate

coinneach,

come,

nes,

join

Also

his

brings

one

queen.

coinne, coinneamh,

Cor.

Ir.

"^kond, eat,

quartering,

coinne,

E.

^5

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

E.

share.

comhair.

see

Ir. corpte, wicked

coiripidh,
cared,
abuse

W.
Let.

cerydd,

Br.

karindt,

carez,

banter,

karati, punish.
coire, a cauldron, so Ir., E. Ir. core, coire, W. pair. Cor., Br. per,
caru
*qerjo ; Norse
kverr, kettle, Ag. S. hwer \ Skr,
; Gr.
sacrificial
vessel.
a
Kkpvo"i,
coireal, coral, from the Eng.
Fr.
Ir. coireul, coiler
coireall, a quarry,
carriere,
(F. M.) ; from
I

with

SI.

dissimilation

coireaman,
Gr.

coriander,

of r's
so

(Stokes).

Ir. ;

founded

on

the

Lat.

coriandrum,

Kopiavvov.

coirioll,a carol ; from the Eng.

Lat.
coiripidh, corruptible ; from
corruptus.
Ir.
corniel
(F. M.) ; from
coirneil,a colonel,
curnel,
coirpileir,a corporal ; from the Eng.
sian, q.v.^
or
COiseunuich, bless (Sh.) ; con + seun
COisich,walk, Ir. coiseachd
(n) ; from cas, coise, q.v.

the

Eng.

96

ETYMOLOGICAL

coisinn,
coisir, a

win

cosnadh.

see

DICTIONARY

party, coisir

party, chorus, Ir. coisir,feast, festive

(O'R., O'B., and Keat.), feasting, "coshering":
festive

coisrigeadh,
small

Ir.

boat,

the

and

G.

Hence

Eng.

col, sin, Ir., E.

fault.

Lat.

E.

coite.

Ir.

coitedir
take

the

; from

something

suggests
Indica.

; Gaul,

whence

ponto,

Ir. coitchenn

^con-tech-en

cottar.

tek, ask, Eng.

qela, qld, break, split1

kwA7;w, hinder,

col.,W.

species

cotia, navis

^con-tec-,root

Ir. cois-

cotta,

Stokes

cat.

Eng.

root,

Lat.

Lat.

^quontio

Ir., 0.

so

Ir. colaim

Ir.

Of.

Low

the

Deer),

of

consecratio.

ship, Eng,

from

public,

Gr.

culpa

schuld,

which

is

See
the

from

probably

colamoir,

hesitates
to

or

steak

that

referring

qela, break,

colbh, pillar,Ir
Eng. column
is allied

to

have

eider

from

; from

culpa, colpa,
the

to

of

root

Eng. collop.
Eng.

the

Ir.

colamoir

cf.

Ir.,0.

so

lack

Ir.

W.

celein, cadaver,
idea

coalmie,

Sc.

being
nek,

kill,

from
E.

Ir.

; root

qel,high.

(Heb.)

G.

by

; from

gen.

colno,

W.

celain,

(Brugmann)
; root
Cf.
for
body'"?
meaning

celff,Br. keif',Lat,

colbh, plant stalk,

words,

Celtic

The

influenced

oglach.

colinn,

colha, W.

culmus.

been

of

The

together.

"^colanni-

"dead

colbh,

Lat.

duck

the

com-lach,

cdmhla,

cf.

the

corpse,

veKvs,

the

Sc,

if not

columna,
Ir.

colmh,

borrowed

Lat.

colk, E.

Eng.

Fris.

kolke,

the

diver.

colg",wrath, Ir., colg ; a metaphorical use

colg",sword
(ballads). See calg.
collachail, boorish
(H.S.D. ; O'R. quoted
a.mkuil

it

skal, Eng. shall, Ger.

scelus, Got.

companion

body,

0.

carcase,

black

Lat.

(Sh., O'B.),

is for

colann, colainn,

from,

of

; Lat.

coal-fish.

the

Ir. comhlach

Gr.

between

Ir. colaisde

hake

fellow-soldier,

col^ *kulo-

Br.

collop (Arg.) ;

or

college,
the

colemie,

colan,

c^^/,0.

crime.

small

colaiste,

an

are

cf.

Stokes

Lat.

cole,

; from

(Bk.

root.

same

colag,

consecrad

from

Now

cot.

G.

small

Ir.

Eng. punt.
coitcheann, common,
coiteir, a cottar, Ir.
to
coitich, press one
atacli.
thig ; see
col, an impediment,
call \ and

coit,

kati,

Norse

navis,
that

Ir. coUecrad

0.

reagadh,

colt,

0.

consecration,

; from

Ir.

collach,

Ir. colloid

collaid, a clamour,
collaidh, carnal, sensual,
colatm, body, flesh.

so

boar.

see

Ir., E.

See

of

as

calg (i.e.
colg),q.

authority),Ir.

v.

collach-

cullach.

coileid.
Ir. collaide

; for

colnaide,

from

THE

OF

coUaidin, codalan,

collainn,a
colman, a
colpach, a

dove

caiman.

see

coltach, like ; for co-amhuil-t-ach.

coltar, a coulter, Ir. collar^ E.
Lat.

the

Ir.

dove,

Br.

colom^

coulin
of

cavity
The

^kumho-

; Gr.

0.

Lat.

; from

the

Ir.

cottar

apparently

colpindach.
samhuil.

amhuil,

M.

; from

cidtre,

Eng.

is allied

bend.

kemb, wind, as
indifferent, so Ir.,E.

it is all the

Ir.

cavity, waist,
valley, a hollow,"

cumber

; Ger.

hood

hauhe,
from

is

coim, covering,

the

q.v.
0.

Ir. cuma,

; from

same

cwm,

Lat.

0.

The

chest

"

W.

to

in cam,

root

columba.

coim,

com^

Corn.

colomen^ civlwm^

columbus,
Ir.

chest,

W.

colum,

Kvcfios,a hump,

kubko-,

root

and

G.

body.

coma,

calpach
Sc.

Hence

See
Ir.

Ir.

culter.

columan,
com,

M.

heifer, steer, Ir. colpach,

Norse
on
kdlfr, a calf.

founded

; O'R.

(H.S.D.

poppy

stroke

smart

Ir.

only quoted),
from
colladh,codal, sleep.
; also coilleag.

white

collaidin, codalan

97

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

"

root

measure

me,

idem,

is cumma,

equal

measure."

Ir. cumme,
:

comaidh, a messing, eating together, E. L-. comrnaid, ^kom-buti-s,

See bi, be.
"co-being," from *buti-s,being.
"^com-moiniCOmain, obligation,Ir. comaoin, 0. Ir. commdin
:
; Lat.
communis.

See

maoin.

fcomairce, protection ;
celebration
comanachadh,
comannd,
fcomar,
Br.
as

comas,

command

a
a

; from

confluence, Ir.

combach,
combaid,

companion

ckoue.

E.

Ir. commar,

; Lat.

W.

cymmer,
Root
bher,

con-fero.

comi-

owl,

W.

(from
Cf.

E.

cumas,

Ir.

^com-mestu-,

commus,

(Zimmer, Brugmann).

meas

shortened

of

form

companach.

a
"

Ir. compds

compass,

with,

com-,

; from

Ir.

con-,"

the

comh-,

0.

Eng.
Ir. com-^

It appears
Eng. com-, con-, etc.
(before m and 6), con(before d, g), etc.
:
"^com-agos-; root ag, drive %

cum,

prize, prey

comhachag,

CO

Lat.

coimh-,

cavannus

or

(Dial.):

company

COmh-, prefix denoting

COmhach,

comann

Eng.

"^kom-bero-

in

as

COmbaiste, compaiste,
"^kom-

; from

communion.

Eng.

cumar,

comar,

Ir.

power,
^mestu-, from med,

CO

the

Supper

beir.

comus,

as

communio,

kemper, confluent,
in

Lord's

of the

society,Lat.

comunn,

comraich.

see

Ger.

com-,

cuan,

the

con-,

Br.
Celtic

schuhu,

kaouen,
"

0.

Ernault),
uhu.

An

originally.
had, a comparison (Sh.); comh+fada,
about
haib, contention
rights (M'A.) :

Br.
Fr.

couann

; L.

chouette,

onomatopoetic

0.

Lat.
Fr.
word

q.v.

11

98

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY

.comhaich, dispute, assert, contend

:
Ir.
comhal, a
comhailtim, I join ; from
comhailteachd, a convoy,
0.
Ir.
E.
Ir.
accomallte^ socius,
accomol, conjoining, so Ir.,
For
tional, alt.
ol, see under
junctio, W. cyfall, *ad-com-ol.
e
comhair, presence,
regione, etc., Ir. comhair, E. Ir. comair^ W.
cyfer,

W.

0.

aver

Cor.

(Asc).
comhairc, an

Cf.

comhghar

I ask

For

-\-arc.

com

,COmhairle, advice, Ir. cdm/mirle,

le is usually referred
This
to
desire,
0.

Ir.

Lat.

Ir.

iomchorc.

see

las, desire,

root

air

the

suggests

0.

Ir.

COmhait,

in

as

the

Lat.

bark

latratus,

of

W.

al,

Lat.

rear,

0.

comhartha,

airde, signuni,

vid,

root

Ir.

mark,

W.

here

M.

cyfarth, arthio,

Br.

lash,

root

Id of

comh

and

altrum.

from

and

com

*are-vidio-

etc.

Ir.

art, 0.

0.

bark,

to

cyfaillt,

See

etc.

argoez,

proe-video,

; from

dog

alo,

Ir. comarde

arwydd,

video,

le.

Skr.

comhal, a joining" an Ir. word ; see comhailteachd.

comhalta, a foster-brother, Ir. comhalta, E. Ir. cornalta,W.
comharradh,

Ir.

kXavvM.

Gr.

friend, "^kom-altjos,root

q.v.

E.

cdmhairce,

airle, counsel,

Ascoli

lascivus, wanton.

Idaim, mittere,

Ir.

the

air,

]r.

arc,

0.

and

comh

prep,
of

appeal, forewarning,

outcry,

comaircim,

-{-air,the

com

kever.

Br.

artram,
Cf.

arton.

Ir.

amhastrach,

barking.
comhdach, clothing, covering,
E.

Ir.

root

cumtach,

comtuch,

teg, tog,

in

as

Ir.

tigh,

cdmhdacJi, veil,covering, defence,

Cf.

q.v.

shrine"

"

covering,

"^con-ud-tog;

cuintgim, peto

"^com-di-

segim.

comhdaich,
comhdhail,
see

comhla,
See

allege, prove

E.

comhdhdil,

atach

see

Ir. comddl

ddil;

com

dail.

together,

Ir. comhldmh

com-\-ldmh,

"co-hand,

at

hand."

Idmh.

comhla,

door,

door-leaf,

root
"^com-lci-,

comhlann,

Ir.

comhla,

E.

combat,

root

Ir.

pal, pel,
comhlann,

Ir.

comla,

comlad

gen.

(cf.Lat. sim-plu-s,
in alt, joint.

{p)ld-, fold, groove

zwifal, two-fold) ;
see

Ir.

meeting,

*com-atach

as

E.

Ir. comlci'tui

'^'
com

O.H.G.

"\-lann

lann.

COmhluadar,

conversation,

conversation

from

colloquy, Ir.
luaidh, speak

comhluadar,

company,

{^com-luad-tro-).

See

luaidh.
0. Ir. congnann,
inf. to congu'm, I
COmhnadh,
help, Ir. cdugnamh,
+
help : com
{g)n\, co-doing." See nl, do, gniomh, deed.
comhnard, level, Ir. comhdrd
com
+ drd, "co-high, equally high."
E. Ir.
comhnuidh,
a dwelling, Ir. comhunidlie, a tarrying, dwelling,
"

-.

coiiftnaide,a

waiting, delay, (also iniaide) :

*com-naide

root

OF

dwell

nas^

nes,

Skr.

join

nas,

COmhradh,
cdmhrag",

; Gr.

renk,
COmhstadh,

W.

Ir.

*com-iasad-

iasad

see

0.

battle,

"^kom-ranko-

Ir.

; root

assembly.

surink\mas,

rinkti, assemble,
loan

radh.

see

comrac^

cyfrang, rencounter,

; Lit.

Ir.

Cf. E.

consuetudo.

COmpairt, partnership,
companach,
companion,
"

E.

radh

com

comhrac,

borrowing,

costud,

E.

Ir. coDihrddh

Ir.

meeting,
assemble

inhabitant

vaerr]^,

one.

any

conflict,

comracc,

dwell, vkoiuu, go,

vcum,

conversation,
a

99

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

Eng.

Ir.

Ir.

compainoun,

co-bread-man"

pdnis,

comairche,

Ir.

comairce

teasairg,q.v.
COmunn,
society, company,

pdirt,

q.v.
; from

companach
L.

compdnio,

Lat.

combach.

Dialectic

c6mai7'ce, comruiyhe,

Ir.

the

; from

Ir.

Ir.

from

Fr.,

bread.

comradh, aid, assistance

:
comraich, protection, sanctuary,

and

com-

M.

compdnach^

through

from

M.

; from

compdrtas

root

defend,

arc,

Lat.

; from

cumann

E.

Ir.
in

as

communio,

Eng.

Cf. gonan,

grass

communion.

con-,

with

COna,

cat's

comh-.

see

tail

or

moss

(Sh.) ;

crops

see

canach.

roots.

COnablach,

"

Dog's
conachag, a
conachair, a

sick

COnair,

path,

conaire,

(M'A.)

the

gets

Ir., 0.

"loose-strife,"Ir.

roots

kuno

conas,

currishness

conasg,

Manx

"

Ir.

conair

c6nlan,
the

(M'A.),

conar

(O'R.)

see

conas.

Conall,
H.S.D.) ; cf. the name
and
in
flath,
as
val,
(see curaidh)
q.v.
conaltra
(O'R. ; Sh.) : '^con-alt-rad/i ?
from

the

con-,

of

stem

cu,

1
Ir. conasg

furze, whins,

(O'R., Sh.):

yellow furze.
condrachd, contrachd, mischance,
curse,
Lat.
contraction.
a
shrinking,
contractus,
conf hadh, rage,
Ir. confadh, M.
Ir. confad
see

ablach.

not

COnaltradh, conversation, Ir.

For
alt, see alt, joint.
a
wrangle, so Ir. (O'R., Sh.)
conas,
dog

better

nor

worse

raging gale (Hend.)

COnal, love, fruitage (Carm.) :

COnalach, brandishing (Sh, ;

"

and

Eng.

neither

(Sh., O'B.), so

way

*Cuno-valo-s,

con-

tempest,

herb

the

; from

who

person

(M'F.)

uproar

cona-ghaothach,

see

(Atkinson).

carcase

conch

con-ahlach

Ir. ; for

so

carcase,

"

cf.

above.

conas

conney,

E.

Ir.

con

contracht

+fadh

; for

from

fadh,

onfhadh.
an

Ir. conldn.

assembly,
Gaelic

word

"

Lh.

et

H.S.D.

C. S/'

gives

as

authorities

for

100

ETYMOLOGICAIi

conn,

Gr.

see;

Ir.,E.

so

sense,

Got.

with

been

hugs,

sense,

connadh,

under
wise

suggested
has

fuel,

^kondutu-

also

Ir,,

so

this

is

to

the

Eng. handy.
Got.

head.

ceann,

*cug-s-no-is possible.

W.

condud,
hid

merely

form

compared

Ir.

kond,

root

',

been
0.

seen"),
("what
array
kes.
Stokes
equates cond

for

ablaut

an

cki,

is

koct/xos,

chi

; but

as

in G.

kos, kes, as

root

cos-no-,

understand,

further

handngs,

It has

Ir. cond

Kovveo),

See

world.

DICTIONARY

Cor.

cynnud,

Lat.

cunys,

incendo

candeo,

Gr.

KOLvSapos,coal.
lust

connan,

connlach, straw, stubble,

Lat.

cannula,

so
a

canna,

Ir.,0. Ir. connall, stipula :

reed, canalis, Gr. Kavva,

konnalloreed.

See

coi7inlein.
ionnsaich.
connsaich, dispvite; see under
connspair, a disputant : *con-deasbair
; see
COnnspeach, a wasp, Ir. coinnspeach (Fol.);
a
COnnspoid, a dispute, Ir. conspoid; from
^condisputatio. See deashud.
conspuU, consmunn,
a
hero,
connspunn,

deashair.

speach, wasp.
Lat. *consputatio, for

see

Ir.

heroic

conspidlach,

(O'R.):
constabal, the township's bailiff (Heb.) ; from Eng. constable.
Lat.
from
contraigh, neaptide, 0. Ir. contracht
contractus,
;
and
See condracht
traogh.
shrinking (Zeuss, Meyer).
wild
contran,
angelica, Ir. contran
(O'R.)
hornet
conuich
conuiche, a
(Arm.), conuibhe, connuibh
(H.S.D.),
in the Bible
(M'L., M'A.) ; used
by Stewart
glosses. Same
:

root

as

foam,

cop,

conas.

M.

Ir., E.

top, Ger. kopf,

docken, Ir.
COpa^,

Eng.
The

copan,

shaped
copar,

copog,

head-dress,

cop,

shield

; from

cup

the

; from
cor,

0.

See

cuir.

coram,

place.

faction, a

set

(M'A.) ;

Ir. ; from

cut

cork,
knife, gully, dirk,
kirwis, axe
; Lit.

to

the

core,

core,

so

root

oats, Ir.

vertex,

copp,

tuft

Founded
W.

the

on

tufted.

copog,

the
Ir.

the

Norse

koppr,

bell-

cup,

cup.

Eng.

vb.

"^korio,I

Ir. copog.

crest,

helmet, Eng.

Ir. copar

copper,

Eng.

q.v.

boss,

of

crown

Ag. S., M.

; M.

capog

state, condition, Ir.

cor,

core,

as

boss,

; from

head.

head,

cop,
same

Ir. copp

positio,"jactus," '^'koru-,

Ir. cor,

from

the

Eng,

quorum.

Eng.
core

; Gr.

root
"^korko-,'^''qor-qo-,

Kepfxa,

of sgar, q.v.
coirce, M. Ir. corca,

chip,

Ketpo),

qor,

cut.

qer,

Allied

sqer

W.

Bezzenberger suggests
corn.
Possibly for kor-ko-, where
connection

ceirch,

kercli,^korkjo-.

Lettic

with

kor,

Br.

ker

is

the

kurki,

small

root

which

OF

szerti,

feed.

The

porphor
a

Ir. corda

rope,

Iy. cord

agree,

; from

cord-,

The

Ir.

Sc.

Eng.

what

Cdrn,

"

is

Lat.

Gr.

purple,

W.

the

has

of

stem

the

part,

bring
heart,

cor,

to

an

whence

cordyt, agreed.

as

cord.

corlach), corrlach,

has
A

compound

of

co?t,

over

horn, Ir., E.

drinking

corcur,

co7'd,agree,

cordaidhe, spasms
(Sh.) : "twistings," from
of grain (M'D. ; O'R.
c6rlach, bran, refuse
meal, over-plus.
coarsely ground
"

with

(Eng. purple).
Eng. cord, Lat. corda.

obsolete

Lat.

etc.

connection

0.

scarlet,

purpura

; from

from

agreement,
Eng. cordial,

makes

Lit.

satiety,

Kopos,

doubtful.

corcur,

Lat.

; from

Gr.

cereal,

meaning

Ir.

crimson,

corcur,

101

LANGUAGE.

Ceres, Eng.

pimpernel,

KopKopos,

cord,
cdrd,

Lat.

in

appears

GAELIC

THE

Ir. corn,

; Gr.

; Eng. horn
cornuil, retching, violent
cornu

W.

Br.

Jcorn, "^korno-

For

horn.

Kcpas,

coughing

corn,

^kors-no-

kors,

see

carrasan.

COron,

E.

Ir.,

crown,

Ir.

W.

coroin, cordn,

coron

(Eng. crown).
body, Ir., 0. Ir. corp, W. corff,Br. kor-f;
COrp,
(Eng. corpse, Sc. corp).
on
corr
COrpag^, tiptoe (Arm.) ; seemingly founded

from

Lat.

corona

from

COrr,

Ir., E.

crane,

hawk,

SI.

from

reiher, heron,

Gr.

c6rr,

Ir. corr,

also

E.

The

Ir.

Thurneysen
duty also
odd

"

(cf.

Kpi^w,
Ir.

snout,

for

corr,

odd

of

Eng.

; further

hjarsi,crown
corran,

corra-biod,
and

hiod

of

the

Gr.

head

Ger.

Refer

Kepas,
; and

"

means

it rather
keras-

; stem

horn,
also

Lat.

corn,

bird
of

and

doing

"

point,
to

corner.

excess,

end

")

kors-, stick

; Lat.

cerebrum,
horn,

odd

Zimmer

meanings

really
head

by

"beaked"

of

corr,

rostrum,

referred

modern

which

Kopcrr],

is

heron,

hrdgra,

Ir. cor,

Ir. corr,

name

doubtful.

comparison
out, point, head
; Gr.
crest

the
The

Eng.,

E.

been

has
"

Br.

Kepxvrj,

cregyr,

S.

Ag.

odd,

corr,

point,

crane

hoarse,

W.

0.

screech.

; G.

corr

beak."

"

Cf.
;

cherkit,

be

Kepx^^,

hoarse

KpcKe,

rostrum,

corr,
to

be

corner,

the

makes

crychydd.

corpus

of corrag.

Cor.

sparrow-hawk.

cregu,

overplus,

excess,

corr,

kraguj,

screamer,"

"

W.

"^korgsd, korgjo-s; Gr.

corcid, ardea,
0.

Ir.

Lat.

q.v.

crista,
Norse
Hence

headland.

attitude

an

of

biog, start,

readiness

to

corra-beaga
M.

Ir.

start

; from

corr,

point,

(M'A.).

corrach, unsteady, wavering ;

corrach, abrupt, steep, Ir.,
odd
1
from
on
a
point,
point,"
corr,
raked
figures from
corra-chagailt, glow-worm-like
embers, Ir.
a
corrchagailt ; from
point, and cagailt.
corr,
"

102

ETYMOLOGICAL

corradhuil,

first

eftbrt

of

DICTIONARY

infant

an

An

articulate.

to

poetic

cdrr, point, etc.

forefinger,finger ; from
Ir. corr-ghrian,
heron,
COrra-ghriodhach,
a
crane,
^grtu-^
cbrr^ and
(E. Ir.) grith^ a cry, scream,
COrrag,

onomato-

word.

goir^
Corran,

Cf.

q.v.

caiyo,

cut,

Skr.

The

Gaelic

an

root

G.

been

etc.,

Ketpo),

which

root,

same

be

referred

from
the

to

gives

hir, roimd,

root

(Ossianic Poems)

arrow

from

corr,

q.v.
loud

Ir.

coronach,"

"

weeping,

cordnach,

The

striking

resemblance

funeral

M,

to

(from Lat. corruptus), has been

625).
(Rel. Celt. II
Cf. corsair,
the
from
Eng. course.

couroux

Cameron

Dr

as

corr.

barbed

corrach.
Fr.

korso-.

korpso-,

see
ra?z.
dirge: co -\- ran-ach, "co-weeping";
corradhuil.
corrg'huil, a murmur,
chirping (Heb.) ; see
corrlach, coarsely ground meal, overplus ; see corlaclt.
Ir. corruighe, vb. corruighim, stir,
COrruich, anger,
rage,

from

kerpu,

Lit.

(Eng. harvest),

may

in core,

as

(O'CL).

circuit

see

spear,

point,
corranach,

also

the

fruit

Kap-n-os,

sword.

Ir. cor,

headland

0.

of

gar^

"^korso-, root

corrdn,

Gr.

qero,

from

cut,

Gr.

krpana,
has

I. E.

Ir.

M.

carrdn,

of

qerpo^

cull,

cruinn,

corrdn^

extension

I. E.

Lat.

corran,

Ir.

sickle,

kors, kers,

corran,

; from

q.v.

in

heron

Eng.

cry,

shake

couroux,

remarked

by

corsa,

coast

cor-shiomain,
COS,
COS,

a
a

thraw-crook

foot, leg

Ir.

cave,

see

cave,

possible
hide,

hut.

*cavosto-,

COSd, cost,
Eng.

to

Ir.

q.v.,

cavo-,

kjds,
in

Lewis

(n), M.

sioman,

q.v.

hollow

deep
the

in

M.

Coose,
; Lat.

Gr.

hide,

hollow

or

Ir. cuas,
It

cavus.

KevOo), Eng.

place,

place-name

is

is not

Keose.

Ir. costus,

W.

cost

; from

0.

which

Fr.

cost,

cost.

COSgairt, slaughtering
valuation
cosgaradh,
entitled

to

Norse

casgairt.

see

sheep and
state
Icost-gortS,
the

of

cattle

cost

of

affairs

cosmailius

crofter

is

(Lewis).

of

cost.
by-form
coslach, like, coslas, likeness, Ir., cosmhuil,

COSgus,

and

cosnadh.

see

cosdus

from

"^coud-to,koudh,

Norse

it appears

industrious

COSanta,

it

The

allied, but

car,

Coos,

topographically

refer

to

or

cor

cas.

cuas,

hollow

; from

cruiser.

(n.):

cosmhail, like ;
COSmal, rubbish,

see

con

the

refuse

samha.il,

like,

q.v.

above.
of

meat,

etc.

(M'A.)

0.

Ir.

cosmail,

The

OF

COSnadh,

earning,

*co-sen-,

profitable,

Gr.

sanati,

COStag;, costmary
cot, a cottage ;
COta,

COthachadh,

sen^

the

Eng.

from

win, saniyas, more

aisne, gain, ^ad-senia,

san^

M.

Ir.

cot.

the

Eng.

the

; from

earning

teg, tog,
strive

Eng.

Ir.

support,

in

as

COthan, pulp,
; see
Ir.
COthar, a coffer,
cofra ; from
cothlamadh,
things of a difterent
COthrom,
fairplay, justice, Ir.
comtliroin, par

the

mixed

comhthrom,

together :
equilibrium,

0.

Ir.

crddh.

ct

Ir.

crdihdecli,crabud, fides, W.

; Skr.

trust.
vi-cjatnbli,
the
crabhat, a cravat, Ir. carabhat
Eng.
; from
crack.
conversation
from
Sc,
Eng.
cracas,
;
cradh, torment, Ir. crddh, E. Ir. crdd, crdidim
(vb.).
he
compared 0. Ir. tacrdth, exacerbatione, which

acrcid-,derived

E.

q.v.

crdhhach,

crefydd, ^krab, religion

Eng.

nature

trom,

com

Ir.

devout,

of

cothugud.,

*?

catli,battle

; from

Ir.

M.

cotkughadh,
tigh ?

omhan.

froth

stem

cosnajn,

Eng.

; from

cotdn

support ; from
COthaich, contend,

crabhach,

Ir.

avv[XL.

; from

cota-ban, a groat
COtan, cotton, Ir.

Skr.

0.

defence,

cosnamh,

booty.

"vapa,

Gr.

; Ir. cota

coat

root

103

LANGUAGE.

Ir.

winning,

contentio,
Skr.

GAELIC

from
it

Possibly

Lat.

acritas.

has

arisen

This

will
the

from

Ascoli

has

refers

to

suit

not

the

ker, cut,

root

hurt, (ker,krd).

cra-dhearg,
crag,

crac,

crag,

knock

fissure

Ir.

kroc'hen,

*krok-kenn
Norse

the

crack.

Eng.
0.

"^krokkenno-,
kenn

Ir.

W,

allied

is

crb.

see

crack.

Eng.

; and

hryggr

cro-derg

croiceann,

krok

Ir.

from

the

; from

craicionn, skin,
Br.

E.

blood-red,

to

is

crohen,

(I). From
rilcken, back, Eng. ridge,

croen,

Ger.

allied

Cor.

tergus.

crocenji,

to

"^krokno-

Eng.

skm.

For

it, see

dried

peat

boicionn.

craidhneach,
for

root,

craigean,

craimhinn,

crain,

skeleton,

creathach,

see

frog,

from

"grunter,"

figure, craidhneag,

gaunt

Ir.
root

(^^krat-ni-).
the well-pawed
crbg, q.v. :
"

crag,

crdin,
qreq,

M.
as

from
Ir.
in

crdnai
Lat.

cndmh,

craiteag, a niggard woman

; likely from
and
cralad, torment
; for crddh-lot, crddh
cramaist,
crease
by folding (Skye) :

crocio, croak,
crddh.

lot, q.v.

one."

v.

(gen. case^

grunt.

crton,

Ir. cnamhuinn:

cancer,
sow,

*crdcnix,

Lit.

krokti,

104

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONAKY

the
Eng.
cramb, a cramp-iron, Ir. crampa
; from
a
crampadh,
:
crambadh,
quarrel
the
cralaidh, crawl, crawling ; from
Eng.
W.
a
tree, lot, 0. Ir. crann^
tree, a plough, Ir. crann,
crann,
Br.
"^qrenno-; cf. Gr. Kpdvov, cornel, Lat. cornus,
:
prenn

keras,

tree

stump,
correlated

Windisch

satisfactory
crannadh,
crannag",

crannog,
wooden

crann

crannchur,

and

crannlach,

for

decrepit

crannda,

from

frame

hold

to

word

fir

Ir. crannoc,

"

in

crannogs

means

vessel,
lakes.

Irish

kinds

many

Ir.

candles,

wooden

"

especially the

the

the

wooden

of

lands.
Ir.

lots,

0.

crannchar,

Ir. cranchur

from

C2iir.

teal, red-breasted

the

duck,

form,

stands

rather

Welsh,

Ir.

basket, M.

or

lot, casting

crann

craobh,

wooden

Gadelic

in

structures

this

wood."

to

(Bezzenberger).
but

oaken,

the

Lit.

oak.

structure,

From

of

shrivelling,

pulpit, a
a
hamper

kirno,

shrub

quernus,

view

quercus,

"running

in

is

withering,

crann

Pruss.
Lat.

it

as

from

quercnuB^

0.

and

; from

merganser

and

crann

lack,

q.v.

tree,

Ir., E.

so

Ir.

croeb, crdeb,

^'croih

of

Eng.

krei, kri, separate

root

in

congeners
other

some

rending

other

languages
words

tree

tree

as

is from
from

are

the

and

its

and

violence

meaning

roots

numerous

der, split ;

root

splitting (KXaSos, twig, e.g.).

or

splittable,"

"the

'^

For

of

kri,

root

see

criathar.

craoiseach, a
craoit, a croft
craos,

spear,

wide,

0.

Ir.

see

Ir. croisech

E.

open

cras^ach,

cratach, back
crath, shake,

This

of person,
Ir.

cfs. W.
Lat.

to

crdes,

croes,

buffoon.

croesan,

crdpula,

Gr.

to

or

intoxication.
an

place

across

H.S.D.
for

for

; for

crosg,

C.

8.)

; from

"^'crapso-,"^krps, root

(Skye)

side

erathadh,

kresti, kratyti,

It has
for

Ir.

E.

from

cros

obsolete

krp

eras,

of

Lat.

corpus

Lit.

q.v.

corpulent (Sh. ;
(O'Cl.)j Ir. eras,

body

Ir.,

so

Zimmer

k""apestu-, allied

Possibly a
from
KpaLTvaXrj,headache
crasgach, cross-ways,
crasg",
cross,

craobh

gluttony,

mouth,

crois, gula, gluttony.

crois, a

from

croit.

Celtic

of

0.

Ir.

shake.

compared to
sker
cTKapSdu),root
would

suit

G.

in

crith,

W.

erot

crothim,
But

Gr.

been

"^krto- ;

it may

be

perhaps

allied

KpaSdw, brandish,
spring, Ger.
cr;^d and ysgryd.

crKatpw,

to

which

allied

to

crith, q.v.
may

be

scherz, joke.

OF

Cr6, clay, Ir., 0.

relation

criathar,

have
is

the

without

doing

this

again

cr6, creubh, body

which

qre,

the

violence

of

Cf.

cretus.

is

0.

kregi, seize, bite,

shell,

fir
Ir.

mountain

separate,

the

modern

ce.

This

in

agreement
cyino
supposing

in

as

G.

has

points

with
to

Lat.

give

the
to

creta

cerno,

Ir. c/e, left.

cone

C7ech, plundering,

(as fire).

catch

Br.

crogen,

creachann,
"

cretus,

"^crino,Gr.

for

any

in gne,

ultimately. See core, knife, and

creachag, a cockle, Ir. creach, scollop
creachan,

from

creubh.

see

cr^abag, a ball for playing,

creach, plunder, so Ir., E.

Cor.

Its

pry.

language (not qrei).

easily explained, however.
in

not

find

we

krei.

Br.
as

be

ceimo

kri,

qreid-, but

as

which

qre-jd, root

stem

If

root

are

stem

sound

explains

labialised

not

Cor.,

pridd^

Wharton

the

phonetics

gives

peculiar

and

it

W.

is doubtful.

cerno,

and

Celtic

Stokes

creta, which

should

we

Kpcvio,

The

from

105

LANGUAGE.

criad,

g.

ere.,

Lat,

to

"sifted,"

Ir,

GAELIC

THE

bare

bared,"

From

hosting

the

cf. Br.

ker, cut,'

root

creuchd.
shell

(O'll.);

cf. W.

cragen,

krog.
summit

from

of

creach

hill

wanting

foliage, a

with
calf's entrails
creachan, pudding made
a
(M'L.) :
creadhonadh,
a
twitching, piercing pain (Heb.) ; possibly for
ciieadh-ghonadh,
wound-piercing."
Also
Ir.
curtailed
of carraig.
form
a
rock,
so
a
(Dialecticreag,
;
cally) craig". Hence
Eng. crag.
W.
creamh, garlic, Ir. creamh, earlier crem,
craf ; Gr.
Kpofivov,
S.
Lit.
onion
hramse, Eng.
kermusze, wild
ramsons
; Ag.
;
garlic.
crion, quake, tear up (Carm.) :
crean,
(Arm. ; not
creanair, sedition
H.S.D.), so Ir. (O'R.) :
considers
it
whetting or hacking of sticks (M'F. ; H.S.D.
creanas,
Dialectic),neat-handed
(M'L.) :
creapall, entangling, hindering, so Ir. ; it is an Ir. word
evidently,
Lh. ; founded
from
on
Eng, cripple.
creapall, a garter, creapailld (Skye) ; (Arm. creapull) :
creathach, (faded) underwood,
firewood, Ir. creathach, hurdle,
brushwood,
faggots (O'li.): "^'krto- ; cf. crion.
Northern
M. Eng. credit, Sc. creddle, Eng.
creathall, cradle, from
Further
derivation
uncertain
at present
cradle, Ag. S. cradol.
(Murray).
creathall, a lamprey :
creatrach, a wilderness, so Ir. (Lh., etc.); M'A.
gives the word,
"

but

it is

clearlyIr.

Cf.

creathach.
12

106

ETYMOLOGICAL

creic, sell, M.
buy, W.

Ir.

creicc,sale, E.

buy

prynn,

confusion

creid, believe,

and

G.

in

Ir.

"^kreddio

credrdo,

"

Lat.

give

creim, creidhm,
creim.
"

")

gnaw

cnamh,
or

crein,

"You

creis,

the

after

suffer

Lat.

buy

crassa,

creithleag,
cred,

for

it !

Sc.

gadfly,

From

erad-dadhdnii.

derivative

of Norse

cnithio, cnoi

hrcekja,

because

Ir.

M.

also

{which

becomes

early

Allied

H.).
"

See

thick.

under

means

in

as

the

of

wi

Ir.

so

Cf

(Fob),

Lett,

Fr.

crenim, buy

Ir.

M.

craisse,

is of like

grease

krihindt,

Ir.

creic.
0.

Eng.

0.

the

to

creische, from

crassus,

scratch

Br.

cresy,

stick, Eng. crook I

nibble, Ir. creimim, creidhmim,

kn

of

(W.

; from

grease

credit,Cor.

first vowel,

for

will

knet, kne7i, knO, ken, bite, scratch,

The

q.v.

seems

rei",sell,q.v,

W.

Skr.

some

creiniya,W.

from

cretim,
;

; from

chew,

gnaw,
Ir. is also

Ir.

crenim^

There

(do.).

tlie word

Ir.

to."

crooked

hook, krcekill,a

krinami

credo

heart

creigeir, a grapple (M'D.)

to

0.

0.

creic,buying,

Ir. with

E.

Ir.

Skr.

creidim,

cridiff,

DrCTrOXAllY

W.

crehar,
oft".

gnaw

cre.^se, from

origin,
root

creyr,

Ir.

creabhar,

horse-fly.
cre6th, wound, hurt (Dialectic),Ir. creo, a wound
(O'R.); creonadh,
being pained : "^krevo- as in cro, blood.
creubh, creubhag, ere, the body ; cf. M. Ir. cri, ^kreivio-jflesh,
hrae, body, (). H. G. hreo, corpse.
body ; Got. hraiva-, Norse
It is possible to refer cri, ere
0. H. G.
to *krepi-, Lat.
corpus,
href, Ag. S. hrif,body, Eng. mid-r^^. Stokes
:
krpes.
C7^i,
the Eng. crave.
creubh, dun, crave
; from
creubh.
in health
creubhaidh, tender
; seemingly from
Ir.
W.
creuchd, wound,
craith, scar, creithen,
creachd, 0. Ir. crecht,
Br.
M.
creizenn
root
kerp, ker. Lit. kerpu,
(do.), "^crempto- ;
cut, Skr. krpana, sword
gives the Celtic
(Strachan). Stokes
This
as
krekto-s,and Bez. cfs. Norse
hrekja, worry.
neglects
the

of Gadelic.

creud, what,

Ir.

creud, cread,

E.

Ir. cret

; for

ce

See

ret.

co

and

rud.

creud, creed,
believe

Ir.
the

creidh,

M.

Ir.

first word

credo,

W.

credo

; from

Apostles' Creed

of the

in

Lat.

credo,

Lat.

Lat.
creatura.
creutair, creature, Ir. creatur, W. creadwr
; from
Ir.
the
criadh, clay, so
Really
oblique form of ere, q.v.
criathar, a sieve, Ir., 0. Ir. criathar, 0. W. cruitr, Cor. croider,
M.
Br. croezr,
^kreitro; Ag. S. hridder, hriddel, Eng. riddle,
Ger.

reiter

separate,

; further

whence

criachadh, proposing
define,from finis

Lat.

Gr.
to

and

{*k7^i-0ro-n)
; root

crtbrum

kri, krei,

Kplvui,Eng. critic,etc.
oneself

end,

used

from
for

crioch,

end.

"purpose."

Cf.

Eng.

THE

OF

Cridhe, heart,

Ir,

Ger.

0.

croidhe,

Ir.

Jierz ; Lit.

107

LANGUAGE.

cride, W.

KpaSia, KapSta

Gr.

*krdjo-n\

GAELIC

Lat.

Br.

craidd,

kreis^ middle,

cordis;

cor,

Eiig. Jteart,

szirdis.

creel (M'E.), a box, small

coft'er (H.S.D.), crilein
crilein,a small
(Arm., M"L.), a box, Ir. crilin, E. Ir. criol, coifer, "^krepolo.
criol
Stokes
stem
as
krepo-,
(Arraii, Perth).
gives the
and
Bez.
adds
Skr.
basket
winnowing
(Cf. for
curpa,
phonetics lion, and Skr. pilrna, full). Sc, Eng. creel,which
about
1 400,
hence
the
is usually derived
as
appears
; but
G.

form

from

itself

doubtful, and,

is

creel, as,

through
only in Sh.,

exists

crioch, end,

Ir.

separate,

as

W.

crip,

0.

Slav,

of Lat.

crion

aKiqparo'^,

side.

from

dialectic

Cf.

M'A.

cries, a

Ir.

kre

crin,

join

Bezzenberger

and, for
strewed,"

the

"

referred

K6yoa/xat,

W.

the

to

root

criu, fragile,(hy,
belong to root ker,

to

appears

Lat.

rend,

Got.

caries, decay,
Stokes

sword.

hairus,

"p^d,cook, possibly

form

which

of

mix.

things, prudent,

crionda,
Ir.

shows

criopag, a clew
belt, girdle,so Ir., 0.
shirt, E.

the

Criosdaidh,
G.

root

W.
Bez.

krid

; founded

criopog

has

circle, knee-cap,

the

been

krei,

root

kreikti, strew,
strand,

r.ruCimi,break,

small

to

kreis, middle.
to

the

strife, quarrelsomeness, Ir. crioncdnachd

Lh., apparently.
crion-cdn,
Perhaps

wrinkle,

crys,

croidhleag.

from

so

Ir.

:
"

Ir.

an

small

(crlonna. Con.)

its connection

with

crion.

crintach, sordid.

W.

criopag,

E.

root

Gr.

G.

The

creim.

see

untouched,
pure,
Skr.
crdua, cooked,

reviling."
crionna, attentive
also

; the

Skr.

has

crion,

Ir.

also

criol

KpiKo^.

bit

kera, mix,

canachd,
word

It

for

etymology

an

See

Lit.

Ger., Eng.

circus,circle,Gr.

root

for

Lh.

taken

appearance,

craticula.

it in

compare

the

to

kera, destroy,

the

Lat.

found

and

comb,

strana,

it to

elsewhere

Ir., crich, *krika,

crioch,
in
Stokes
and
criatkar, q.v.

crion, little,withered,
Br. krin, ^kreiio-s
Gr.

Fr.,

from

who

criom, nibble, criomag,

allies

look

0.

appeal

sense,

to

it is best

Lh.,

all

from

crys,

of yarn.
Ir. criss,fo-chridigedar,
M.

belt,

suggests

cridhe,

Br.

It

accingat, W.

crisaff,succingere,
with

comparison

skreiste,mantle.
of

crimp, crumple.

Eng.

on

has

been

Lit.

Br.

skritidys,

referred

also

heart.

Christian, Ir. Criosduighe, M.

Criosd, Ir. Criosda, Christ ; from
a

One.
the Anointed
X/oto-T09,
the Eng.
Ir
from
cricstal,a crystal,so
;
vessel
criot,an earthen
(Dialect,H.S.D.),
made
earthen
of clay (O'B.),criot,an

Ir.

Ir.

cristaige;

Lat.

from

Christus,

Gr.

criotamhail, earthen,

vessel

(O'R.) :

108

DlCTIONAtlY

ETYMOLOGICAT.

cniadaich.
criotaich, caress
; see
from
the Eng. cripple.
criplich, a cripple ;
E.
Ir. crith, W.
crith, shake, quiver, Ir.,
cryd, 0. W. crit^ "^krituSee
crath, to which
Ag. S. hri^a^ fever, Ger. ritten, fever.
crith has been
krot, kret).
suggested as cognate (root h%
critheann, critheach, the aspen
tree, Ir. crann-criiheach
; from

crith.

cro,

sheep cot,

W.

pig-stye,

Ir. cro,

pen,

hovel,

craw^

a
*kr"i'po-s.^
stye,

shed

(Stokes).

Ir.

M.

roof

Br.

pig-stye,

kraou,

/lto, small

Norse

stable,

Norse

Sc.

pen,

muice,

na

crou,

hrof.,Eng. roq/j

S.

Ag.

The

caerach, ovile, era

cro

lir6j\a
seem

croo.^

borrowed.
cro,

the

of

eye

Ir. cro,

needle, Ir., E.

W.

M.

crcm.,

crdo., Br.

Br.

kraouenn.

fcro, blood,

E.

Ir.

cro.,

cruor,

gore

; Lit.

Kpeas,

flesh

This

is the

the

Scoto-Celtic

croc,

beat, pound

croc,

branch

crocan,

of

croch, hang,

Ir.

crog

and

its

crodh,

the

deer's

horn

the

product
Ir.

Lat.

Lat.

flesh

raw

origin

same

of the

; Gr.

the

as

in

downwards,

king

gallows, E.

cross,

blood.

cro,

individuals

various

crook.

krokr, Eng.
krokr, Eng. crook.

crock, cross,

Ir.

crucis.

crux,

Lat.

; from

Gr.

from

crocus,

crocus,

KpoKos,

saffron.

crodh,

(cattle): *krodo-,

I, E.

(man),

herd

qordh,
Ch.

M.

cattle,

dowry,

Lit.

kerdzus,

kravis,

; cf. Norse

Norse

the

Ir. croch

cattle,

the

weregild

crochaim, croch,

; from

croch, saflron,

From

cro.

from
Kingdom,
(Dialectic,H.S.D.)
a

Skr.

^krovo-s

croiv^

rctiv.

cro,

crools: ; from

W.

Ir.

Sc.

Cor.

crau,

blood

kraujas,

Eng.

tcro, death, Ir., E.

W.

cru,

qerdh
SI.

Ir.

crod,

wealth

Ger.

hei^de

Eng. herd,

creda,

; Skr.

herd

cardhas^

troop,

crodha, valiant, Ir. crodha, E. Ir. croda, valiant, cruel, ^croudavo-s,

croud
of cniciidh,
hardy
; root
q.v.
Sec
crodhan, hoof, parted hoof, Ir. crohhdn, a little hoof or paw.
"

"

cruUi.

crog",

earthen

an

E.

Ir.

crocann,

vessel, crog'an,
a
pitcher, Ir. crogdn, pitcher,
olla, W.
crochan, "^krokko- ; Gr.
Kpwa-ao^,

pitcher ("^k^wkJos)
; to which
how% Eng. crock, Ag. S. crocca,
andW.

derives
vessel

phonetics (G. g
these

being

aged ewe
crog*,
beast, Fries,
an

words
the

Norse

0.

Ir.

borrowing

krukka,

ch.)are

W.

from

allied, by

are

Ger.

krug.

crocemi,

"
"

G.

Schrader

unsatisfactory.
skin

some-

skin

"

original,

; from

krakke,

the

Sc.

broken-down

crock

cf. Norw.

horse,

etc.

krake,

sickly

THE

OF

largo hand,

Crog;,

hand

Nvrist to

from

crog'aid,a

beast

in

(M'A.)

horns

crobJi, hand

Ir, c/yj6,fiand.

0.

hoof,

Ir.

; from

crubli.

Sec
/

crog

(Arg.) ; cf. crocaii.

(Arg), from crbg, W. crafcmc, claw.
crogan,
sea-weed
croic, foam
cast
on
:
spirits,rage, difficulty,
croich, gallows, Ir, croch, gallows, cross, E. Ir. crocJi,cross,
crog^an,

gnarled

small

"^crobhag,

form,

paw

fingers, paw,

with

10"

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

tree

thornbush

croghren, gallows

Lat.

from

crucis,

antx^

croid, a simiptiious present (Heb.) ; see

croidh, pen cattle, house
corn
; from
croidhleag",a basket, small creel : see
croilean, a little fold, a group
; from
a

Ir., E.

so

cross,

croistara, cranntara,
tara

Dialectic

cro.

latter

for

crilein.
cro.

Ir. cros.s, W.
also

As

to

Lat.

; from

ax"es

the

-tara, -tarra,

above.

crois

see

cnoid.

is crodhadh.

meaning

crois,

A\^

fiery

cf. the

tara,

crux.

cross

croin +

Norse

tara,

war

(Cam.).
croit, a hump, hillock, Ir. croit, W. crtuth,a hunch, harp, croi/i,a
krot, kurt,
protuberant part (as calf of leg), ^crotti- ; from
kur, round,

root

croit,a

croft

W.

croth,

the

G.

may

crolot, wound

Br.

0.

Br.

Eng.

be

simply
dangerously
Ir.

crum,

Stokes

sense

refers

to

metaphorical

cro

Ir.

borrowed

holds

that

Celtic
It

the

words

is

cromadli,

an

cron,

and

; from

fault, harm,

as

and

vice

The

coincidence,

is it does
of

the

Teutonic

happen

not

middle

the

Stokes

all in

at

is bound

which

been

Dr

versa.

connected

The

that

holding

some

kroiii,

have

krumm,

borrowers.
be

to

length

Ger.

l"r.

cruimt

and

reality.
happen

to

oftener.

finger, Ir.

cruma,

crom.

from

Ir.

is that

idea

the

wonder

the

cf.

; l)ut

harp

crivia,

root

same

Celts,

seem

the

kite, hawk,

The

are

not

measure

croinadli
croman,

Celts

do

accidental

sometimes,

the

from

vulva,"

croit, croft.

W.

cromm,

the

; from

Ag. S. crwnih, crooked, Eng. crumple,

borrowing
compared, and
alleged,
Teutons

emit,

of

use

"

of

-{-lot,q.v.

0.

crom,

"^kminho-

q.v.
the

In

croft.

which

courz,

bent, Ir., E.

crom,

ciidnn, emit,

in

as

the

; from

crom.

cronaim,
of

being

1 bewitch
"

; cf. M.

fore-spoken

"

Ir. croii,

by

rebidving.

witchcraft.

See

next.

cronaich, rebuke,
E.

Ir.

rbmr,
cronan,

croniiigliim,M.

(do.), *kmno-

shouting, Ag.

(Mann,
defines

Ir.

air-chron

dirge,

croon,

and

Cust.

it

as

the

S.

liream,

Ir.

cronaigim,

; cf.
a

murmuring

hru,

rebuking,

noise,

Norse

din.

purring, Ir., E,
III., 246) writes
low

Tent,

cron,

or

Ir.
the

O'Curry

crondn.

Ir.

chorus

as

to

crbndn,
each

verse

and
of

ilO

ETYMOLOGICAL

the

akWd

or

corresponds
Low

M.

in

kreunen^

related

are

Gadelic

O.

It

Uu.

Sc.

M.

other

L. G.

that

the

kroenen,

Low

Ger.

Gadelic

and

from

came

clear

each

kronen, lament,

chronan,

the

seems

(15th century),

croyn

M.

groan,
H. G.

thinks

to

(Suth.) ;

person

under

by borrowing

seemingly

kroppinn, deformed.

^ovae

from

cruO.

crosach, crossing, thwarting,

crostan), a peevish man
cross,

So. croon,

is borrowed.

deformed

See

Da.

to

(Murray,
Eng. period).

Teutonic

cropan,

singing.

who

M.

the

choral

kroutn, growl,

(j.

chatter

DICTIOKARV

Ir.
all

; also

crosanta

from

G.

basis

the

a^os,

(and

crosan

of

crois,

q.v.

crosanachd, from
crosda, perverse,

chorister.

poet,
irascible, so
crosan,

Ir. ; from

the

G.

base

of

cr-os

crois,

cross.

crotal, lichen, especially for

krot

from
Sc.

; cf. Gr.

crottle.

crotal

crotal

is from

the

Lat.

small

means

In

crotalum,

bell

pear-shaped
(Murray).
cruach, a pile,heap, Ir., E.

on

husk

"

above), "kernel, cymbal."

word

"^'crottal ;

excrescence

an

Kponovy],

Ir.

M.

cudbear

dyeing,

(which
last

the

rattle

"

or

cruach,

Ir.

Cor.

crug.

G.
the

used

Eng.
cruc,

crotal

0.

Br.

hrdya,
pile,kriivi,heap ; Norse
Others
the
Norse
hraukr, a small
heap.
compared
stack, Ag. S. hredc, Eng. 7'ick.
cruachan, cruachainn, liip,upper
part of the hip, E. Ir. craachait;
Stokes
translates
the
Ir. as
from
cruach, heap, hump.
considers
"chine," and
it, like the corresponding Ger. krniz,
*kroiikd

cruc,

krduti,

W.

be

senses

Irish
Ir.

the

Hence

may

two

; the

rattle, whence

*krot-to-,

tree.

; Lit.

to

have

derived

Lat.

from

distinctlyagainst
cruaidh,

Ir.

hard,

be

bloody,

cruaidh,

0.

Ir.

whence

raw,

The

cross.

Gaelic

meaning

is

*kroudi-s

cruaid,

c7-b,blood,

; root

{\.\. ; Lat.

kreva,

to

criidus, Eng.

cruailinn, hard, rocky.

Hence

crude.

criXcem,
this,

crub, squat, crouch, Ir. cruhadli, to bend, crook ; also G. crubach,

kneel
Norse
krjupa, to creep,
(Eng.
cripple, Ir. do. ; from
in
etc.),kroppinn, crippled, root kreup, krup^ as
Eng.
creep,
Cf.
W.
Sc.
bowed.
cripjple,
thegether,contracted,
cruppen
crwb, bent.

crub,

bed

the

cruban,

crubh,

hoof
and

crudha,

(Carm.)

recess

crab-fish, Ir. crdban,

horse's
; Zend
corn,

horse

hoof,
^rva,

q.A\

Ir.

W.

crivban.

crohh, paw,

";ruva,

nail,

hoof,

horn

From
E.

crw6

Ir.

; further

Gr.

above,

crii, "^kruvo-,
KC/oa?,

horn,

(Stokes).

shoe,

Ir, crudli

seemingly

from

the

above

word.

GAELIC

THE

OP

Ill

LANGUAGE.

:
cruidein, the king-fisher,Jr. cruidin
cridbhean.
cruidhean, paw
(Arm.)
0. Ir. cruim, W.,
Ir. cnuimh,
cruimh, a worm,
=

*qr7ni-

cruinn, round,

Lett,

kirmis,

; Lit.

Ir. C7'uind, W.

0.

L\,

so

hiro-, circle, tnrn,

root
Kvpros,

bent,

berger

cfs. the

; Skr.

seisms

in

as

crundi-

form

krimis.

krenn, "^krundi-s',

Br.
Cf.

q.v.

Lat.

Eng.

corona,

kur

from

pryf, Vtv.prenv,

krmis,

criun,

car,

ring',Lat.

Kopcovij,

Qov.

Gr.

Bezzen-

croivn.

Lat.

to

curvus

rotundus

from

7^ota..

cruisgein,
0.

Fr.

Ir.

jug,

lamp,

Tent.

from

creusequin,

cruisle, cruidse, mausoleum,

M.

Eng. cruskyn,
Eng. cruse.

kru!", whence

hollow

vault

of

church

from

from

cruddes, vault, crypt, crowd, b^^-form of Eng. crypt.

Lat.
harp, so Ir., 0. Ir. crot, W. crwtli, fidicula, Late
(600

Eng.

cruit, a
A.D.) chrotta,
G.

cruinn,

"^krotta

Gr.

q.v.,

Stokes

refers

Kporkoi,rattle, clap. Hence

cruithneachd, ciuineachd, wheat,

to

*krt-on-,

kertu,

; Gr.

cut

Eng.

compared

Lat.

Kecpco,

the

to

Ir.

Lat.

"the

"

curtns,

in

as

croivd.

It

Lat.

h-

cruit
"

is cut

(Rhys).

cereal^ and

Ir.

().

which

that

etc.

Ceres, Eng.

in

as

curved

krof, strike,

root

crnitJmeachd,

kerf, ker, cut,

root

the

kur,

root

(do.):

Kvpros

it

Gr.

necht

krot, kurt,

krot-ta-, from

round,

instrument."

as

M.

; from

crdugln

has

Lit.
been

crescn,

creo,

in cruth.

crulaist,

hill

rocky

from

(H.S.D.,

MSS.)

from

cruaidJi

Cf.

cruailinn.
the

plant skirret
(Cameron).
the
hip bone, Ir.
cruman,

crumag,

crun,

instrument

; from

crown,

Ir. cj^ihi ;

from

Lat.

crunnluadh,
crup,

crouch,
cruppeU

Skr.

quick

M.

from

Eng.

in

measure

Ir.

contract,

cripple,
See

; Lat.

crooked

cram

surgical

0.

from

crtine,

Fr.

coronne,

crupaim

root

*ku6,

cerus,

^.

g.

nuisic

pipe

cruinn

founded

luath.

the

on

in

appearing

crup,

M.

Sc.

Eng.

cruppeyi,

cruhach.

kar, make,

cvd.

bone,

Gaelic

crom.

krtas,

'^knnoa

cdnas.

Ir.

creator,

cruthach, placenta of mare

CU, a dog, Ir., 0. Ir. cu, g.
koun,

hip

crwncm,

crusbal, crucible
(Hend.).
cruscladh, wrinkling :
cruth, form, figure, Ir., 0.
Skr.

From

corona.

contracted.

make

crummock.

Sc.

cruth,

W.

Eng.

creo,

jyryd, ^qrtu-s,
create

Lit.

root

qer,

kuriii, build

made.
:

con,

W.

; Gr.

ci, pi. civn,

KVinv

Lat.

Cor.,
canis

Br.
;

ki, pi. Br

Eng.

hound

112

ETYMOLOGICAT.

cuach,

bowl, Ir. cuachog, 0. Ir. cuach

cup,
It is generally held that
koca.
; Skr.

KavKa

the

from

W.

The

cuach,
cuag",

DICTIONARY

cawg

curl,

Ir. ; from

so

awkward

an

phonetically they
certainly borrowed,
the

an

hue, bend.
cu'ag, cubhag,

Lit.

Ir.

poetic origin

0.

cuach^

the

from

"

Ir.

cuckoo's

refers

to

shelled

and

*koglenno-,

stem

Ir.

cuailhi, a bundle, faggot, suggests

used

; Skr.

cog, of onomato-

hiku,

whence

metaphorically

Eng.

kokilas, koka.

(Stokes).
Gr.

This

koxAos^,

shell-fish, K'oxAttts,spiral-shelled snail,

be
for xo\Xo^, the
derivation
may
was

; also

bend

that
for

is

similar

spiral-

cochlea.

uncertain.
derivation

bundle

"

Stokes

Lat.

Gr.

the

cwU

heel

qeuq,

of

cfs.

As

from

; root

cry

cuculus, Gr. kokkv^, Skr.

hair, a lock, curl, Ir. cuailen

the

the

on

ciiach, W.

cuckoo, Lat

cuailean,

cognate.

knil'u,liook

cuckoo,

be

may

excrescence

(Dialectic): "^kouggci,*kouk-gd

guag

is borrowed

above,

kink,

curve,

Gr.

caucus^

cuach

Lat., though
is

Lat.

cord

or

Of

hair."

Ir.,E.

cuaille, a club, bludgeon,

stalk

; Lat.

may,

however,

caiUis,
be

cuaille, *krtullio-

; Lit.

bone

kdula^, a
^coud-s-lio-,from
qoud,

for

CUairsg, roll,wreathe,
-sqS.
cuairt, circuit,

stalk

Ir.

Ir. ; from

so

; Gr.

(Stokes).

Lat.

cuairt, with

KaiAos,

cudo,

the

It

strike,

termination

'

kukrti-,

Ir., 0.

so

kw,

from

faggot, burden
root
kug., qeug

CUal,

Ir.

cuairt.

circle,

cuanal,
E.

Ir. cuan.,

cuannar,

cuanna,

Ir.

cattle

cuallaidheachd, society, cucdlaidhe,

kcmm-uavos,

cuaran,

brogue,

covering
ro-

; root

for

band

from

refer

sock,
the

foot

keu, ku,

hf/d {*kuti-).

as

Norse

'^copno-;

Fr.
and
in

kofn,

of

; also

cuanna

cuanta,

kau7i, skaun ; Ger. .schdn.

Ir. cicar, '^kukro-, root
kuc,

the

singers, flocks (Carm.),

kupa. heap, Eng. heaj^ iV).

paining, tormenting
Dictionaries

The

harbour,

aian,

tcuar, crooked, Ir. cua)\ E.

kucati, bend. Lit. kukTc, hook

cuaradh,

host, *koupii-, Lit.

handsome, fine,Ir.

''^

neat

as

hafen, Eng. haven.

cuantal, a company,

Ger.

stem

sticks, Ir. cual, M. Ir. cua.l,heap, *kuglo-,

Eng. hea}) ; Lat. cwimUus^
( cuh-lus ^) ; Lit.

Ir., M.

ocean,

the

in cruinn.

as

kugis, heap,
cuallach, herding or tending
cuallach, society,family, Ir
companion :
the

gives

of

cuan,

Stokes

robust,

bend

; Skr.

(Strachan). But cf. cuairt.

cf. W.
curio, beat.
cicr, pain, care,

word

to

ciLcirog,

M.

ciicrr,as
Ir.

]3ialectic

cuardn,

leg, *kourano-,
Lat.

"

W.

mocassin

cu-tis,skin, Eng.

form.

curan,
"

"^keu-

hide, Ag.

S.

OF

Cuartacll, a

(Arg.) ; from
ringworm
(Hciid.) :

cuartag,
;i

cuat,
cub,

sweetheart

cave

sec

cos.

(Carm.)
the

probably

box-cait

tumbril,

cuairt,

[ever

cuas,

113

LANGUAGE.

(JAELIC

TUB

same

So.

From

Eiig.

as

coo'p^

coo}^,

l)ox-cart, etc.,

am/j,

coba.

Dialectic

basket.

Lat.
on
cubo, lie.
cub, crouch, Ir. cdbami
; founded
Lat.
/"i6//)i^w7?i,
cubaid, pulpit ; ultimately from
a
speaking
bubaid.
whence
Dialectic
Eng. 2mlj)it,Sc. poojnt.
the Eng.
cubair, a cooper
; from
cuckoo
cu'ar/.
: see
cubhag,

cubhaidh,

Jr., 0.

fit,so

vedo-^ "suiting";

cubhraidh,
E.

roUtid, fit,cubaithiu,

Ir.

ved, bind,

root

Ir.

fragrant,

cumhra,

cumhixi,

M.

Ir.

cum.rae,

cumra,

Ir. cumrai

(i n-aballgort chumrai) ; "^com-rae

the
on
Eng.
cubhraig, cubhrainn, a coverlet
; foimdod
Dialectic
coverlet.
cuibhlig.
cuchailte, a residence
(Arm. ; not H.S.D.), Ir. cuclaidhe
clcidh-

cudaig,

fish

the

Cudainn,

cuddy,

haddock

Eng.

bushel

large

quiddie,

small

M.

tub.

probably from
a
deep vessel.
cudrom,
cudthrom,

Celt,

Sc.

Ir.

See

cuddy,

cuidin,

cudog, codog,
cudden,

coithm,

kotvX)],cup,

*con-trom-,

Ir.

"

may

coodi^,
is

catinus,
Lat.

co-heavy

catimtf^,

"

Ir.

0.

cuideam.

Dialectic

trom.

Sc.

hutr^ cask,

cf. Norse

/i-otmo-,Gr.

weight

similis.

cutriimme,

*con-

cudainn.

Also

tub;

or

coalfish,

the

of

young

origin (Murray).

of G.

cover,

cladJi,q.v.

*cod-do-

haddock,
be

from

*co}i-

feadhainn.

as

concinnior

form,
plat-

Lat.
coquina.
CUgainn, delicacy, kitchen," E. Ir. ciiicen ; from
food
(Carm.) :
CUgan,
mab, or wild cat (Carm.) :
CUgar,
CUgullach, precarious, unstable
(Carm.) :
cuibheas, sufficiency:
cuibheasach, tolerable, middling, Ir. cuihheasach, decent, pretty
good, fairlygood (in health), cuibheas, decency, cuibhe, decent.
"

See

cubhaidh

possible

to

for
derive

The

stem.

the

word

Ir.
from

cuihhe

shows

that

^con-vesii-, root

it

vesu

is
of

feabhas.

cuibhle, cuibhill, a
cuibhne, deer's horn

cuibhreach,
W.
bond

bond,

rhwym,
; Lat.

wheel

; from

ivheel.

Eng.

(Arm., M'L.), deer's

chain,

vinculum,

corrigia,

so

Ir.,0.

Br.

Ir.

(H.S.D.)

cuimrech,

vb.

conriug, ligo,

hevre, "^kom-rigo-n; rigo-, a

rum.,

shoe-lace

tibia

M.

H,

G.

ric, band,

string.
13

114

ETYMOLOGICAli

Stokes

(rightly)

cord,

racmi

rope,

gives

now

root

reJc,bind,

as

Skr.

racana,

(do.).

coverlet

cuibhrig, cover,
cuibhrionn, portion,
see

DICTIONARY

cubhraig.

see

Ir., E.

so

Ir.

W.

cuibrend,

cyfran

^com-rann

rami.

cuicheineach, coquetting, secretly hobnobbing (Arg ) co-ceann.

cuid, share, part, Ir. cuid, g. coda, 0. Ir. cuit, W. peth, res,
:

Cor.

peth,
root

pron.

c"sti, part

qe

Lat.

compares

suggested comparison with Lat

Ir, cuideachda,
cuideachd, company,
*con-techt

qen,

Hence

qed.

root

Cf.

(see co).
Bezzenberger

qo,

much.

how

'''qezdi-,
"^qozdi-;

Br. pez,

seemingly

qos,

the

quotidie, quota, Br. ped,

Lit.
kedeti, burst, SI.

Eng.

Some

piece.

costa, rib, Eng.

0. Ir.

pars.

from

have

coaat.

cotecht,coitio, conventus

teaclit.

see

cuideag, a spider (H.S.D.), Ir. cuideog (O'll.):

cuideal, pride (Arm.), cuidealas
(M'A.); from cuid ?
cuideam, weight ; see cudrom.
Norse
cuidh, cuith, inclosure
kvt, Orkney quoy,
(Barra) ; from
and
Slietland
enclosed
land.
Orkney
quey,
quay,
pen,
of snow
cuith.
cuidhe, wreath
; see
cuidhtich, quit, requite, Ir. cuitighim ; from
Eng. quit ?
cuidich, assist, Ir. cuidighim, M. Ir. cuitigim, share ; from cuid.
ment,
cuidridh, common
(Sh. ; not
H.S.D.), Ir. cuidri{dK), entertaincommons

"^con-treln-,
as

caid7eahh

in

cuifein, the wadding of a gun ; from Sc. colfiii.

cuigeal,
distaff, so Ir., M. Ir. cuigel,W. cogail.Corn,
cigel,Br.
M.
From
Lat.
cohn^.
kegel ; from
conucula, for colucida, from
a

Lat.

conucu/a

ciiil,corner,
cuilbheart,
cuilbheir,
cuilc, reed,
stalk,

cuile,

Ir.

recess,

Ir.

cane,

Gr.

apartment
vinaria, "^'kolid

cuilc, *kolki-

(Stokes)
cuileag",a fly,Ir.

; from

and

Ir.

cuilean,
W.

qel

as

in

kept,

0.

Ir.

Skr.

kulaya,

kol,

culmus,

Lat.

cnile

finda,

hut,

nest

of ceil.

cylion, flies,Cor.
Lat.

kelionen,

Br.

cidex.

feast

(in a corner) (Carm.).

whelp, Ir. cuiledn
(O'B.), cuileann

colwyn,
Gr.

*kun,

are

cuil, W.

quelyenen, "^kuli-s,kulidno-s

cuL

haulm.

KaXia, hut,

*kol-io-, root
E.

root

stores

Gr.

See

heart.

culverln.

Eng.

where

quenouille.

cuil, AV. cil,*kuli-.

cuil +

KaXafxos, reed, Eng.

an

cuileagan,

Ir.

; from

the

from

gun

Fr.

knnke/,

ciUl, O.

trick

wile,

Ger.

comes

coloin, catulus,

KvX\a=(TKvXa(,

dog.

D'Arbois.

Cor.

Ernault,

Rhys

says

(O'R.), E.

kolenn,

(Bez.).

whelp

^culenos
W.

Br.

root

borrowed.

of

kvos

young
It

may
; M.

of
be
Br.

Ir. culen,

peds;
quadrufrom

cu,

colen, so

THE

OF

GAELIC

115

LANGUAGE.

Cuilidh, cellar, secret place, treasury ; see cuile.

cuilionn, holly, so Jr., E. Ir. cuilenn, W.
cel^?t,Cor. celin, Br.
kelenn
(pi.),^koienno; Eng. holly, Ag. S. holegn.
for cuirm,
cuilm, a feast; Dialectic
q.v.
Lat.
cuimein, the plant cumin, Ir. cuiniin ; from
cuDiiaam, Eng.
cuimhne,

remembrance,

cqf, Cor.

memini,

so

see

root

Jr.,

so

E.

Ir.

Lat.

in

as

men,
etc.

*com-berro-

cumhair,

; for

E.

aim, moderation,

Ir.
Ir.

The

coimrig.

see

Cf.

i7ieas.

CO.

"^co-men

W.

memor,

bearr.

cuimrig", trouble
cuimse, a mark,
cuin, wheUj

couf,

ctUmnech,

Eng. mention, mind,

remember,
cuimir, brief, handsome,
herr, see

Ir. cunuin,

Br.

M.

cov,

Ir.,0,

Ir.

; from

cimnse

com

irieas

eirmis.

cuin, W.,

Br.

pan

(O'Cl.) is

can

nearly than cuin

cuing",a yoke, Ir., E.

Br.

W.,

to

Ir.

; Lat.

allied

to

quum

Lat.

when

Eng.

qiiando,

and

sec

more

pan.

root
'^con-jiuigi-,
jung, jug, as in
Stokes
next.
phonetics, see
jungo, Eng.
since gives the stem
as
ko-jungi-.
0. Ir. ciunce
cuing'e,narrowness,
cumhang.
; see
cuinn, coin ; from the Eng.
cuinneag, a pail, milk
pail, Ir. cuinneog, M. Ir. cuindeog, W.

cuing
joke.

Lat,

cunnog,

cuinnean,
cuinnlein,

; cf. Lat.

cynnog
nostril

stalk

of

connlach

; for

the

For

congiio^,a quart.
nostril

corn,

second,

the

; for

cuinnean

first

meaning,

sec

above.

the Eng.
Cuinnse, a quince ; from
cuinnsear, a dagger, sword ; from the Eng. whinger.
cuip, a whip ; from Eng. whi'p.
cuir, put, Ir., E. Ir. cuirim, 0 Ir. cuiriur, W. hebgor, put aside,
The
is likely ker, kor, of cruth, q.v.
root
"^korio, I put.
For
Gr.
cf. Lat.
riOrjixt. Bezzenberger
facia and
meaning
Skr.
it to
kaldyati, drive, bear, do, Lit. karta,
compares

position, lie.

cuircinn,
head,

particular

crest, comb

(pi.),a

covering
cuirce,bow, knot

kind

of

head-dress

(O'R.) ; from
for

; which

woman's
makes

for

currachd?

women,

Sc.

Ir.

cuircin,

courche,

curges

head, Eng. kerchief. E. Ir.

the Sc. and
Eng. comparison

doubtful.

cuireadh, an invitation, so Ir. ; from cuir, q.v.

cuireall,a kind of pack-saddle (H.S.D. from MSS.) :
cuireid, cuirein, turn, wile ; from car, q.v.
cuirinnein, the w^hite water-lily(H.S.D. which
quotes only O'll.),
,

Ir. cuiruihi

(Oil.)

Il6

E'TYMOLOGICAL

cuirm,

feast,

beer,

Cor.

Ir., E.

so

Ir.

Gaul.

core/,

cuirnean,

small

head

of

cervisia

Koupfxt,

KepdvvvfXL,mix

of

heap

W.

cwnvf,
; Lat.

; Skr.

era,

and

cremor,

cook

cr,

also

In

first

the

it is from

sense,

the

in

idea

the

other
two
possibly
senses,
being "cluster, heap."
cuirpidh, wicked, corrupt ; see coirbte, coirb.
the Eng.
Cllirt,court, Ir. ci'drt ; from
cuirtein, a curtain, cuirteir, plaiding (Dialectic); formed
earn,

cwriv,

dew-di-op, ringlet,Ir. cuiruedn,

stones,

pin; brooch, ringlet.

W.

"^kurnien

mix.

kera, kra,

I. E.

M.

coirm, cuirm,

; Gr.

(Eng. cream)

broth

DICTIONARY

Eng.

on

curtain.
Lat.
Cuis, cause,
Ir.,E. Ir. citis,0. Ir. cols ; from
causa.
matter,
the
little
Ir.
cuisdeag,
cuisdeocj (O'K.) :
finger (Sh., H.S.D.),
cuiseag, a stalk, kind of grass, Ir. coisin, a stem, stalk, little foot ;
from
But
di fetchoisig, "by piping."
next,
see
cas, foot.
cuisle, pulse, vein, pipe, Ir. cuisle,E. Ir. cuisli, g. pi. cuisleud, a
pipe for music, 0. Ir. cusle, g. cuslen, cuislemiach, a piper. It
has
connection
with
Lat.
is
its etymology
no
pulsus, and
obscure
(Stokes). Of. Eng. hose.
cuiste (O'B.); from
cuiste, a couch, Ir. ciiiste,
Eng. couch.
of snow,
cuith, a wreath
a
pit, Ir., E. Ir. cuithe, pit, W. pydcu) ;
from
Lat. putens,
Eng. p?'^.
cuithe, pen for sheep (Carm.) ; see cuidh.
cuitich, quit, requite ; see cuidktich.
cul, back, Ir., O. Ir, cdl, W.
ell, Cor. chil, Br. kil, *kulo- ; Lat.
'

cuius.

culadh,

Hence

condition

good

covered,"

cklaist, recess.
cul

from

culaidh

of

culaidh,

body, culach, fat, sleek

the

of

Ir.
aj^parel, so
Lat.
occulo.
covering,
culaidh, boat (Suth.)
culag", tiu'f for the back

qel, "[ol, cover

root

well-

"

See

Ger.

hidle,

ceil.

horseback,

collop ;

culan, tresses, hair ;

culaobh, behind, the
from

cid.

earth
and

cullach,

cid.

back

; E.

dat.

cucumber,

Ernault

compares

Gr.

fire, sitting

(and

Ir. cidaih

ace.) pi. of

Kapvov,

another

on

(dat.pL),
cid

used

(ace.pi.) ;
locatively for
cidu

"

beulaobh.

ciUa7-dn, W.
makes

behind

cul.

Compare

Ir.

nut.

the

all from

from

(and motion).

rest

cularan,

The

of

the

et/lor,earth
Celtic

word

nuts, Br.
to

be

coloreii,

*carul-an-,

nut.

boar, Ir., E. Ir. cullach, O. Ir. eallach, eullach, caullach,

kalloch, "entire," qellecq, epithet for stallions and boars,
^kallud/io-s,from
*kalljo-,testicle,W. calll,testiculus, M. Br.
Br.

OF

quell

/""/,hard,

root

Fr.

couillon, Eng.

Lat.

Norse

q.v.,

(Bezzenberger).

etc.

0.

clack

in

as

Cf.

117

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

Hat

hella,

stone,
whence

culleus, bag, scrotum,

cullion, testicles,

culls.

Sc.

Hence

cullbhoc, wether-goat, Ir. culbhoc.

call.
cullachas, impotence, cullach, eunuch
coll,call', see
; from
cid and
?
culraoinidh, goal-keeper (Suth.) ; from
raoii
cucumber
c^Uaran.
culuran, birth-wort,
; see
Ir.
inf.
congbhaighim,
congnnkail, 0. Ir. congahin \
keep, hold,
cum,
and
The
G. cibiri
from
is for congv
or
gahh, take.
con
conghh,
and

the

becomes

gv

in

as

ciomach,

im,

turn, etc.

shape, form, Ir. cunta, E. Ir, cumma,

cumail, keeping, Ir. cwnail, congmhail ; inf. to
gabhail.
Kvixf3o'^,
a
milking pail ; Gr. KVfifS}},
cuman,
cup
cumadh,

cuma,

cummaijn

vb.

i.e., cum-

cwm,

Ger.

humpen,

bowl.

cumanta,

cumha,

Ir.

common,

mourning,

Ir., E.

so

from

Ir.

cuma

stipulation, Ir. cumlta,

"^com-ajo-, "co-saying," 0.

cumha,

Cf.

cumhachd,

power,

to

the

root

been

is

megh

(Eng.

cumhang^,

narrow,

augo-s

; root

cumhlaidean,
cumhnant,

meg,

Lat.

may,
Ir.
ang

saying,

comanant,

W.

Lat.

carry,

root

ag

cungaidh,

Eng.

See

ajo?

etc.,

in

as

The

Eng.

ctyw,

is

cumhachd
has

'mag

has

been

Ir.

choke,

ayyta,

W.

cumaiig,

also

1. E.

or

'''hom-

cyjyng,
Lat.

near;

ayx^,

but

variously

(G. /xeyas, Eng. much),

niachina, machine).
0

referred

below,

cwmhang

word

act,

doubtless

lias been

aiig); it

riches,

power,

great

Gr.

Gr.

ago,

ango,

eng.

M.

from
0.

Fr,

Eng.,

convenant,

cyfammod.

Sc.

couajid, couenaiit,

Lat.

Dial,

convenire.

plurals

are

M.

Br.

Eng.
has

cumhlaichean

cumhlaidean.

the
Eng.
cumraich, cumber
; from
cunbhalach,
steady, Ir. cungbhailteach,
constant,
from

(fom

Lat.

cyfoeth,

potestas,

cuviang,

angere,

cumihang,

covenant;

covenant,

W.

cumachte,

stipulations (Hend.)
from

and

gem,

bribe, gift, condition

co-viag-tu-, where

as

; Ger.

angustus

the
Lat.

I. E.

to

di,

unsatisfactory.

analysed

referred

root

Ir. coma,

ir.

Ir.

O,

of

cmg,

meaning

drive,

ag,
The

form

the

Ir.

Jr., o.

so

(Stokes).

etc.

cooiunon.

cunnradli.

ko7)i-akto-,root

nasalised

I. E.

E.

adhan.

"^

Eng.

the

hwiimen.

Ger.

hum,

ciunann

cunghhail, keeping,
instrument,

giuomli,

deed.

See

Ir. inf. of

accoutrements
next.

cum,
:

firm,

miserly

q.v.

root
'''con-gen-,

gen

of

Il8

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

cungaisich,

Ir. cunghas^
co-operation, vb
co-operate,
helpful, E. Ir. cungnam,
help, cungantach,

help,
I

cungnaighim,
assistance

*con

gniom

cbmhnadli.

see

(M'V,),

danger, M. G. cunntabhart
0.
tabhairt, danger, doubt,

cunnart,

'^

tubart, doubt,

cunnradh,

Corni.

say.

cunnt,

count,
the

from

cunnuil,

an

cupa,

coup

cup,

"^con-radh

cuimil

(Lh.)

W.

cupdn,

cib ; from

Lat.

radii,

see

cuntaim,

count

tub, Eng.

cupa,

cup,

etc.

coop,

cupull, a couple, Ir. cupla, cupall, W. cwpl

cur, a placing, setting ; inf. to cuir, q.v.
curach, a boat, coracle, Ir., E. Ir. curach,
pi. (Adamnan),
Armen.

kur,

carina

has

Hence

Eng.

W.

boat,

been

0.

SI.

korici, a
but

compared,

M.

; from

Irish

kind

Lat.

of

couple.

curucis,

dat.

(Stokes)

vessel.

vowels

the

Eng.

*kuruko-

cwrwgl,

civrwg,

corwc,

The

Lat.

unsuitable.

are

coracle.

curadh, affliction, obstacle, curabh

of

con-

cub.

sec

cooiirey

rath, surety.
reckoning,
cuntas,

cunntas,

Ir.

cundubart,

from

Eng.
objection (Sh.), Ir.

box-cart,

cup,

derives

Ir.

Manx

cunnrath,

ciimtubart,

con-

root

bargain,

cundrad,

cuntabhaii%

ber, of beir. (\.\. (Cam.).

Ir. connradh,
cunnradh,
covenant,

con-to-bart,

cunradh,

Ir.

0.

Ir.

Ir.

(Lh.), obstacle.

In

the

sense

cuaradh.

affliction,cf.

curaideach, frisky, cunning ; see caireid.

curaidh, a champion, Ir. curadh, E. Ir. cur, g. curad, caur, W.
Cor. caur,
gigas, Gaul. Kai'apos (Polyb.), Cavarillus, etc.,
cawr.
*kavaro-s, a hero, mighty, root
keva, ku, be strong ; Skr.
lord, Kvpos,
might,
; Gr.
Kvpios,
c^avira, mighty, cftra,hero
curaing", curainn, a coverlet
on
(Dialectic, H.S.D.) ; founded
Eng.
M'A.
the
has
of
same
covering.
curainn, plaiding (felt);
origin,
curam,

Ir. cdram

care,

; from

sandpiper, M.
curcag,
See
(K. Meyer).
curcais, bulrush, so
0.

W.

cors,

*korokasto-,
E.

Ir.

A.

S.

curr,,

CUrracag",

marsh

W.

marsh,
pare

0.

curcas,

reed,

Br.

Ir.

curchas,

corsenn,

reed,

The
(Stokes, Ernault).
Gaul,
is allied, "^gr"iko-,
"^parriko-,
(St.), Lat. cursiis.
Perhaps Eng.

Lat.

coy^sen,

Ir.

cdrex

(St.).
pit,

corner,

W.

(O'B.,etc.), E.

Ir.

Fr.

pearroc,

currech,

; from

next,

cannulos,

cura.

cuirrcech, plover

korkasto

currech,

hurst

Ir.

Lat.

cior,
a

Ir. curr,

Keat.

c/i.rr,

pit,

corr,

well,

cistern

corner.

bubble

on

the

surface

of

li([uids; see

currachd.

; cf.

OF

119

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

M. Ir. curracach,
Jr. currach (O'R.),
currachd,hood, cap, night-cap,
Gl.
cuciilatus
Ir.
who
598,
(Stokes,
suggested connection
with W. pyrchivyu, crest of a hehiiet).Sc. curch,courchie^
to be the originof the G. word.
seem
Eng. kerchief,
currachdag,peat-heap(M'A.); cf. gurracag.
curradh,a crowding together(Macpherson'sOssian):
curraidh, exhausted
(H S.D.),currtha (Sh.,O'B ),Ir. airrtha \ cf.
ciurr.

curral,a carrot,root, radish,Ir. currdn, any kind of tapCf. Eng.

head, as in corri
plant(O'R.,Sh.) "^cors,
from
Gr. Ka/otorov, carrot, from
head,
carrot, ultimately
Kapa,
*cor^
and
kar
of
from
the
are
same
ultimately
top ;
Kapa

curran,

rooted

source.

for heavy
curral, horse-panniers

curran,

corrack

(do.),
Eng.

carrack,

loads ; cf. Sc.

crooks.

Sc, Eng. curr,

currucadh,cooing of pigeons,Ir. cumicadh
(O'R.),
The
w^ord
is
curring.
onomatopoetic.
currucag, the lapwing : see curcag
:
currusan, a milk-pail
Ir. ciirsa,
from the Eng. course.
cursa, course, manner,
bad
not
curtsa
(Sh.;
curta,
H.S.D.),
(O'R ) ; from Eng. curst,
cursed.

sufficiency,
overplus
wild
mustard
a
(Sh.,Arm.
cusag,
cus,

cusp,

kibe

H.S.D.) :

; not

CUSpair,an object,mark, Ir. cuspoir,M.

296). Dialectic cuspair,a customer
cuspunn,

cut, hank

Eng.

also
custom, tribute,
of yarn,

cusmunn

Ir. cuta, one-t\velfth

Oss.'^
cuspoir(Keat.,

Ir.

(seecuspunn).
; founded
of a hank

on

Eng.

of yarn

custom.
;

from

cut.

cut, to gut (fish)

Eng. giit.
; from
cutach,bobtailed,so Ir.,E. Ir. clo-chotta,
they cut short,W. civta.
The
if any, existing between
relationship,
cut, cutach, and
of borrowing ; the historyof Eng. cut is
Eng. ciU, is one
to
obscure, and the Celtic words mean
"short, shorten,"not
cut" with a knife.
E.
the
Ir.
a century and
Besides,
appears
half earlier than
the Eng. (1139 v. 1275). Stokes
has
a
suggested a borrowing from Fr. couteau ( cidtellus,
knife)for
"

the E. Ir. form.

Rhys

cuthach, caothach, rage,

KOTOS,

wrath.

See

W.

Eng. cutty,borrowed.
says
Ir. cuthach, "^koti-aca-; root
kot, Gr.

cath.

Stokes

is

says

Pict.

Skr.

kvdthati,

seethe,Got. hvapjan,foam*

-Jeof Med/ae,^;

\o

S^onto,00^^^

120

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOUICAL

da, two, Ir. cM, O. Ir. dci (m.), di (f.),da n- (i\.),W.

"^'dvd,^'dvdu
dwy{i.)^ Cor. dou, din, Br. daou, diou, (f.),
(dat.) ; Skr. dvau, dvd, dve (f.,n.) ; (rr.
(f.),dvahin
duo

dabhach,

tvai, Eng.

Got.

vat,

of

grave
hollow

topf.

Ger.

of

root

dhobh,

Eng.

tub,

Lat.

if allied

Cf.

out.

alliance

the

to

Ger.

Also

vessel.

four

or

plough-

G.

dabach
(Bk. of
OairTin,bury, rac^os,

; Gr.

suggests

two-eared''

"a

two,

one

0.

deepen, dig

Bezzenberger

out.

land),

"^dabdhd

vat,

dhabh,

; root

(either

land

locality and

gates, according
Deer), Ir. dabhach,

8vw

^?t'o.

measure

to

(m.),
(m.), dvei

dau

Lit.

dnbiu,

with

Eng.

top,

zuber, is
dabhoch,

from

the

and

in

Doch-.

place-names
dacha, more
likely ; see docha.
dachaidh, home
(adverb), a home,

Ir.

Ir. dia

and

E.

home,
is

and

prepositional
becomes

adverb

dadamh,

aught,

dalis, part,
dadmun,
a
mote,

Gaelic

it

dia

Ir. the
to

ceases

be

tig,

phrase
phrase

(in sunbeam), Ir.

dad, mote
jot, etc., "^da-z-dho-,root da, divide,

G.

Sacr/xos,division

Gr.
and

In

tigh.

Ir.

noun.

tittle, M.

Lit.

dag,

do

in

welded

dad, anything, aught,

dadadh,

; from

thaig

thigh, M.

do

dadum

See

f daii.

Hence

dad.

M.
Fr.
dague, a
pistol ; from
Eng. dag, a pistol, from
whence
Br.
The
of
from
change
dag.
meaning
dagger,
in
which
the
occurs
history of
"dagger" to "pistol" is one
Eng.
"dagger."
"pistol" itself, for it originally meant
a

dagger is
daibhir, poor,
and

allied.
Ir.

daidhbhir,

M.

adber, "^dd-bhero, Lat.

Ir.

daicheil, handsome,

Ir.

daidber

adfero.

See

d,6igheamhuil, well

*do-adberi-,

from

do-

saoibhir.

appointed,

decent

see

dacha, docha, doigh.

daidein, daddy,

Ir.

foster-mother,
tetytis,Ch.
the

Welsh

daid'm, daid,
W.

tad.

SI. teta

Skr.

Ir.

M.

Cor.

datdii, foster-father,datnait,

; Lat.

tat

Eng.

tatds.

tata

dad

is

Gr.

Terra

borrowed

Lit.
from

(Skeat).

well-built
Cf. daingean.
or
daigeil,
Arg.
(of a man)
collar for cattle
dcd, a hold, catch, Br. dcd,
dail, a wooden
; cf. W.
Cf.
Gr.
dhe, dho, set"?
9i)Kri,repository,
a
holding; root
But
ddil, delay.
Tidrjfxt,
see
place, Lat. facto, etc.
Norse
from
dail, a dale, meadow,
dalr, Eng. dale.
Ir.
'^ddli- ;
Ir.
M.
dad, gen.
ddil,
ddla, i-espite,
dail, delay, credit,
firm

from

dvol, dvel,

"

whence

Eng.

divell,Noxse

dvol, delay.

dail, a

meeting,

sermo,

set,
0.

as

SI.

0.

Ir.,

so

0.

Br.

in

dail

GAELIC

THE

OF

Ir.

121

LANGUAGE.

ddl,

dadlou, curiae,

0.

W.

Br.

W.

*datld,

dha^ dhe^

dael^

Stokes

(Ernault).

dutl, forum,

of

kingdom

and

Ir.

0.

Ir.

ddil^ ddl,

Ddl-riata, Dalriada, the

"^ddlo-,root da, divide,
:

later

part, Daireudini,

Argyle, etc
divide, 8aa-/xos,
division, Lit. dalis, a part,
verb
The
dalas, part.
dailich, distribute,
a

with

connection

suggests

c/e-,dicere.

fdail, fdal, portion, tribe,

as

root

dadl^

dialectic

; the

form

Ir.

ddilim.

is

Bede

dati,

off,

cut

H.S.D.

in

given

thinks

Zimmer

and

early Scotic
Gr. Sareo/xai,

Skr.
is

daal

dail,

the

same.
dail, part, are
meeting,
originally
See
dailgneachd, prophetic vision.
tairgneachd.
*dd7nd,
daimh, relationship, Ir. ddmli, tribe, family, E. Ir. ddm
:
Dor.
tribe, company
S^/xo',,
Sa/xo5,people, tribe, Eng.
; Gr.

deinocY'dcy. It is usual
daiv
(daw/), son-in-law,
words

be

may

dam,

root

allied

to

M.

to

0.

compare
Br

deujf]

W.

Br.

(do.);

den

and

Safiap,spouse,

Gr.

cliens, W.

dauu,

but

be

these
the

from

house.

dom,

daingean, strong, firm, so Jr.,0 Ir. daingen, W. dengyn, barbarous,

*dangeno-, firm, hard, verb
"^dengo, E. Ir. dingim, pi'css.
Norse
Bezzenberger
tengja, fasten, tie together,
compares
Ag. S. tengan, press, 0. H. G. gi-zengi, conjunctus. Thurneysen
W.

compares
is

possible

women's

to

connect

apartment,

Fr.

and

obstinate,

tengyn,

with

daingean
Ag. S. ding,

tangoner,
Norse

career.

dyngja,

Lit.

It

press.

heap,

dengiu,

cover

perhaps 0. H. G. tunc, earth-house, Eng. dung.

Ir. ddir, M.
Ir. dair, "^ddro, root
dair, inire vaccam,
dhP-, dhoro,
Gr.
Skr.
dhdra, stream,
Opioa-KOi,
viri,
spring, Oop6*i,semen
seed.

dairireach, rattling noise,

tumultuous

daredd,

dirge,

Skr.

Ir.

E.

noise,

dkran,

der-dretJi,ar,cries,
der, dher,

root

sound,

in

as

See

drone.

Eng.

W.

ddr, noise,

6p?]vo"^,

Gr.

diird

and

8tairirich.

dais,

of

heap

hay

das,

M.

tass

(whence

with

Br.

Norse

dais, dots,

(Arm).

or

dastum,

peats,
to

O.

mass,

Ir.

dai%,

"^dasti-

(for

W.

heap,
G.

and

c/as,0.

W.)

Ag.

W.
S.

Fr.

and
Stokes
correlate
it
tas), Bezzenberger
des, hay heap, Sc, dass.
blockhead
(H.S.D. ), daiseachan,
insipid rhymer

seemingly

dase, stupefy.

dais, a musical
daithead, a diet
of two
dala, one

For

borrowed

root,

instrument
; from
;

see

see

from

the

Sc.

Norse

ddsachd.

dawsie,
dasi, lazy

stupid,
fellow.

the
under

Eng.

See

dlot.

dara.
14

122

DICTIONARV

ETYMOLOGICAL

dall, blind, Ir., E.

dhvl-no-

{=dkaln6)
field

Ir.

Got.

6oX.ep6s,turbid.

fan

winnowing

Ir.

mole,

Ir.

Lat.

female;

has

been

G.

dalta

dam,

the

draughts,

bord

davis, damhrod,

Ger.

damais,
Lat.

damh,

alia, dallag,

usual

Eng.
damais,

dalta

refer

the

Fr.

from

stag,

o\,

the

remains

dam,

Cor.

Allied

stier.

domestic,

Eng.

Gr.

untamed

damya,

Lat.

draughts,

dame, dame,
M.

da, dama,

Br.

is

Eng.

Lat.

ddma,
Skr.

calf ;

Lat.

tame,

dauai,

domare,

and

dair

n-allaid

"

from

damnatio.

dan, fate, destiny,

talent, Lat.
poem,

das,

Ir.

dan,

(j!r.

wisdom

l)old, Ir. ddna,

ir.

do, Gr.

root
song,

gift,

g.

ddno,

gift,
da-, give,

W.

dawn,

Skr.

^l^mixl,give,

ir. ddn,

O.

dan,

^dds7m-,

ars^

ir.

"^'ddsnavo-s,from

ddne, ddna,

SI.

Ch.

S/jvea,plans, arts, Sayfjiov,skilful ;

miracle
damsdna,
(Stokes).
; Skr.
O.

root

the

root

above

dan

(Stokes).
(thou), dannsa,

dance

dawns

M.

cf.

dan;

donum,

Ir.

know

danhauh,

danns,

Sc.

etc.

"

of

the

from

damh
time
from
rutting
damh-dhaiv,
damhair,
; for
(H.S.D.).
damhair
(H.S.D.), damhair
(Sh., Arms.), earnest, keen
Ir.
O. Ir. daman
danikdn-alla,
damhan-allaidh,
spider,
allaidh.
damk
and
(g. pi.), wild little deer
; see
Ir. damnad
damnadh,
Ir., M.
cursing, condemnation,
so

dan,

of

rfe, the

of

at

root

sheep, detnm, roe, "^damo-s ;

Sa/xaA?;?,a stier, Sa/xaAt's,a

danvad,

deer

Ir.

ir., 0.

so

Br.

damvia,

See

domina.

sheep,

dan,

OrjXvs,

Gr.

to

board

draught

damhrett,

dalta,

Ir.

Deer),
suck

(Stokes, Strachan).

; etc.
to

in duiile.

did

root
of

dhe, dhel,

; from

dam

cheat,

faUo,

inter

(Bk.

as
being considered
prepositional prefix ('^de-altjo-s).

the

altrayn,

Hence

"vigorous'?"

felo, mic^, fevmia

It

deoghail.

Lat.

dall.

; from

"^daltaio-s, root

dalte,

dull

dallog.

dalma, bold, forward, obstinate

dalta, foster-son, god-son, 0.
O.

I. E.

dal, ^dvalno-,

Cor.

dall^

Br.

foolish, Eng.

dvals,

; Gr.

shrew,

dallanach,

dall^ W.,

; from

dao, obstinate,

the

O.

Ir.

damhsa,

dance,

Ir.

'^'dausio-s

damhsa,

W.

Eng.
doe,

foolish, ii^ng,dizzy,

O.

doi, tardus,

g.
H.

G.

imtc,

stultus,

Ger.

Ag.

S.

thor,

dysig,
foolish

(Stokes, VVindisch).
daobhaidh, wicked, perverse
(Hel).) ; see dao.
daoch, strong dislike, horror, daochan, anger
(Sh.) :
daoi, wicked,
opposite

of

wicked
saoi

man,

ir.

daoi,

wicked

(with do-, ^'du-),which

see

or

for

foolish
root.

person

OF

daoimean,

THE

diamond

daol, daolag", a beetle,

del, di,

in

as

Ir. daol,, E.

dian,

frightsomeness,

Eng.

the

from

Ir.

dail

dael, doel,

Stokes

q.v.

"^doilo-,root

with

connects

dvei, fright,

root

123

LANGUAGE.

rxABLIC

Seo?,

Gr.

M.

dael,

Ir.

Skr.

fright,

hate.

dvis,

niggard, Ir. daol, lazy (O'R.)

a
lazy man,
daonnan,
daondan, continually, always, *d^ aon-taii
(I), from one
Cf. greis.
time."
daor, enslaved, so Ir., 0. Ir doir ; opposite of saor
(with negative
for root.
see
do-, *du-), which
dear
daor, dear, Ir. daor, daoradli, making
(Four Masters) ; from
M.
Eng. deere, deore, dear (Stokes).
noise
at
daorach, intoxication
a
l)anquet,
; cf. Sc. deray, mirthful
M.
Fr.
from
disorder,
desroi, dis-arr"y.
Eng. derai,
iiair ; probably d^ uair
form
when
Northern
'n
for
(conj.),
dar,

daolair,

"

do-uair.

dara,

second,

*ind-araUe,
alius

dala,
is,

"the

the

where

darach,

di,

Ir.

0.

two,

n-ai,

the

dar, "^darik-

of

oak, S/)i)9
(do.), So/ov,spear
of

body
darcan,

the

darcan,
d^rna,

hollow

darnaig,

darn,

from

indala

n-ai,

his.

Ir.

dair,

darach, W., Cor.

gen.

Gr.

Eng. tree,

^dpvXXos,
darach,

(Maced.)
Hence

etc.

(Dialectic,H.S.D.)

hand

the

of

; cf. dedrna.

under

see

darning

dara.

Eng.

the

; from

which

darning,

is

itself

darn, piece, patch (root dera, split,Eng. tear).

madness, M. G. ddsacht
(M'V.), Ir. ddmclid, O.
rage,
W.

d^sachd,

ddsacht,

insania

Ag.
(Strachan).

senseless

S.

foolish, Sc.

dwdes,

dath, colour, Ir., E. Ir. dath, *datu- ;

place, as in dail, etc. %
E. Ir. dothim,
d^th, singe, Ir. doghaim,
burn,

deuiff, to

^davio,

dundti, burn, davas,

dathas,
de, of,

indarna,

Ir.

Ir.

an

aile, that

of two

one

Also

and
E.

),

Ir. araile,

boat.

teal

a,

E.

0.

arall.

ind

from

lari.ic,
Eng. larch]

Lat.

the,

{"dala),
(two), 0.

them

pi. of

dair, darach,
',

indala,

darna

one

is the

eorum,

ind=^an,

MS

Fernaig

and

eile, q.\., alali/jo.%Br.

Further,

Ir.

oak,

from

eile.

^ind-araile

(Oss. Ballad,

dark

other,"

of

one

and

an

G.

air +
"^?'/f,

ar

M.

Ir. ;

so

fallow
Ir.

"^di,
Gaelic

deer;

de,
*de

and

0.

Ir.

Lat.

Irish

de, di,
;

the

dlie,

(n.),Br.

doud, daif
Satoj, burn
;

inf.

Gr.

dwaa^i,

dha,

root

Ir.

Skr.

du,

brand.

damhasg,
de

burn

from

dawsie,

Du.

from

confuse

dabhasg
0.

W.

di,

dve,
this

prep,

from

VV. y,

dam/i-\-seasg(l).

Cor.

case-form
with

the, Br.

dvo,

from

do,

to

di, '^de,

two.

confusion

124

ETYMOLOGICAL

which

even

Hence

do

extends

rinn, did,

d6,

what

de,

and

(^z=*heu)
W.

de,

teine

form

(ande), 0.

Eng.
word

word

the

ciod

of

caide, Galway

the

heddyiv, dyw

ghjesi, heri,
:

x^^^
by

refers

chaidh, went,

for

from

to

the

; do

Ir.

W.

indhe,
and

an

it

din

Lat.

*gesi ;
G.

";

Br.
heri

forms

are

0.

dm,

an

"^divo, day,
c/z'w,
of

is

ddoe,

Celtic

The

"to-day,"

root

what

"

e,

gode.

yesterday.

i.e.,deach

etc.

art.
dech, *send,i-gesi,

influenced

fact

do,

Ir.
q.v.
yesterday, Ir. arte,

; Gr.

in

compounds.

de

pre-accentual

do

cm-tailed

e,

Br.

indiu,

de

de

deac'h, M.
all

tenses

do-g7iiu, I

gn

ciod

de,

an

Ir. in

0.

to

past

from

; also

from

the

of

DICTIONARY

Ir.

Zimmer

q.v.

(Zeit.'^'^
17).

"^jed,

(St.).

etc.

^I. Ir. tene

diait, lightning

(n.) (St.).
d^abh, drain, dry up, deabhadh

*deia,

shine

-anti

with

-aula

or

the

staves

run,

Eng.

of

wooden

^ew,

Gr.

dew,

deacaid, l)oddice, jacket

deacair,

difficult,

prep,

deach,

surly,
as

in

deachd,

dictate,

whence

I. E.

dhevo-,

flow,

run,

0.

deacair,

Ir.

deccaii'

di-acar

for

socair, q.v.
enclitic

form

of

do

chaidh,

q.v.,

Ir. dechnd.

0.

Ir., deachdadh

so

ded';

(as

Eng, jacket.

post-particle or

deachaidh,

dJmv,

Skr.

run,

from
Ir.

acar,

; the

went

Ir,

and

de

de-u), shrinking

(pronounced
vessel).Dialectic

(n.);

dicto, dictatio,

Lat.

from

dictation.

Eng.

the Eng.
deadhan, a
; from
deagh, good, Ir. deagh, 0. Ir. deg-, dag-, W. da, Cor. da, bonum
*dego-,
Dago-, '''dago-,
(gl.),Gaul.
good, acceptable ; Gr.
Further
allied to Gr. Se^to?,right, SeKOfiat,
Sexecrdat,receive.
dean

"

"

receive

deck,

; Lat.

doceo

dexte?',right, decus,

best

(superlative
living,diet, morals

deagh

to

; Gaelic

dhc, suck,

root

Ir.

(and G. in
dealaich, separate,
T. E.

dealan,

Ir.

Cf.

root

q.v.

E.

di,

now

^dei-vo-s,whence
"will

o' the

G.

(dei), deya
dia,

wisp";

I. E.

dele,

; also

Ir. del.

spark, flaming coal,

(Fick), shine ; Gr. SeeXos

(=5eJ-eAo9),conspicuous, SrjXos,clear
is

from
leech

(O'Ji.);
Lit.

Ir.

jdail, part,
lightning, Ir. dealdn,
dei

Ir.

deligim, deil, separation ;

dalitas, split,Gr. SeAro?, tablet. Lit.

dealnighim,

split,Skr.

dealanach,

^dilo-

deoghail,

Cf.

therefrom) deala, teat, E.

Diet,

delo-, to

da/is, part.

as

0.

niaith).

or

deaghad,
(Uist); see diot.
deidh.
deaghaidh
see
:
deal, friendly (H.S.D., M'E.) ; see dileas.
deal, deala, a leech, Ir. deal, a blood-sucker
in

deas,

etc.

M.

Ir.

Skr.

di,

shine

; further

tene-gelai7i,
"lightning,"

tene-gelan, fireflaught.

OF

125

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

dealan-de, butterfly, Ir. daldn-de, dealdn-de.

observed
the
by whirling
phenomenon
end.
the
is
the
meaning
Apparently
de,

The
a
"

also

G.

God's

means

lighted

stick

at

For

fire."

dia.

see

dealan-doruis, door-bolt
(Sh., O'R.) ; see deil.
the Eng. zeal, zealous.
dealas, zeal, dealasach, zealous
; from
dealbh, form, so Ir., 0. Ir. ddh, W. deliv, Br. -delu, "^delvo-,root
del ; Lat.
dolare^ hew, dolo, a pike ; Gr. 6ai8aAA.w, embellish,
work
cunningly ; 0, H. G, zol, log ; Ch. SI. dely, vat.
dealg",a pin, skewer, so Ir., 0. Ir. delg, M. W. dala, sting, fang,
W.

dal,

Cor.

catch.

virgultum,

dele, monile,

Du.

twig,

M.

telg,

H.

*delgos

G.

dalgis, scythe (?). Bezzenberger

ddlkr, a
pin ; cf. Ag. S. dale, buckle.
dealradh, brightness, so Ir., E. Ir. dellrad, jubar
prong

Ag.

S.

Norse

zelge,

Lit.

"

telgan,

tjdlgr,

Norse

compares

cloak

in

dealau,

; from

deal-, as

q.v.

dealt, dew, Ir. dealt, M. Br., Br. delf, moist, damp :

dealunn, loud barking (H.S.D.) ; see deileann.
Lat.
from
demon, so Ir., 0. Ir. demon
daemon,
deamhan,
a
; from
Gr. Satfjioiv,
Eng. demon.
deamhais, deimheis, shears, Ir. deimheas
(pronounced dios),E. Ir.
demess, '^'di-mess, two-edged ";
"

di

edge (Cormac's GL), "cutter,"

mess,
as

from

meath, meith, cut,

in

Ir.

Lat.

prune,

of

from

root

met,

Cf.

7aeto.

Ir.

and

da, two,

denim

E.

cut,

mow,

Gaul,

Ir.

mataris.

enclitic

or
d^an, do,
(imper.),
den,
:
post0.
I
do
form
of
Ir.
from
and
G,
dogniu,
of,
de,
particle
7ii,
;
Inf. deanamh
of gniomh, q.v.
{=de-gnwiu-).
gni
Corniac
haste, which
deann, haste, speed ; cf. E. Ir. denmne,
explains as di-ainmne, "non-patience," from ainmne, patience ;
wait
root
(Lat. maneo,
etc.).
men,
small
a
a
deannag,
grain, deannach, mill dust, Ir. deanog,
pinch,
a
pinch, grain :
In the sense
deann.
of
deannal, conflict,stir, so Ir. (O'R.) ; from

dean

0.

(H.S.D. ),

"flash"

deannal

seems

metathetical

form

of

dealan.

deanntag,

nettle,

*nenadi-,

Eng.
due

dearail,

for

nettle
to

the

form

; Lit.
same

Ir.

from

oil,abundance,
the

Ir.

M.

root

deardil,

E.

der-, privative
which

Windisch

pi, pel, full, as

dearbadan, dearbadan-de,

in

E.

nenntdg,

reduplicated form
The
t
nendre, pipe, tube.
phonetic law that gives teine

wretched,

poor,

of

neantog,

"^ne-nadi-^a

de7'dil,penuria,
and

Ir.

Ir.

Ir.

Ag.

of

G.

the

nenaid,

S.
and

netele,
Ir.

is

pi. teintean.

derdil, feeble,

0.

Ir.

prefix (see deargnaidh),

has

referred

to

tdn.

butterfly (M'D., H.S.D.)

"^pdli-,a

126

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY

dearbh, certain, so Ir., 0. Ir. derb, *dervo- ; I. E. drevo-, whence

Ag. S. treowe, Eng. true, Ger. to^eu.
dearc, dearcag", a berry, so Ir., 0. Ir. derc, "^derhes-,Skr. drdkshd,
vine
derl\ see, the idea being
(Stoli.es)
spicuous."
con; root
grape,
Cf. Gr. SpaKiov,dragon, So/jkccs,
the
gazelle, from
"

derk,

root

See

see.

dearc,

dercon, glans, is, like Ger.

the

of

root

dararh,

oak

dearc, dearc-luachrach,
M.

rashes,"

perch

7r"pK7],

speckled

'^erko-s,for

Ir.

^perko-

For

g.

from

one."

of G.

"

of the

earc

salmon,

W.

erch,

dark-blue,

TrcpKvos,

; Ger.

cf.

meaning,

the

earc,

; Gr.

prgnis, speckled

The

derucc,

eichel,glans (from eiche, oak),

speckled, red,

; Skr.

Ir.

(Zimmer),

forhana.

(t.

H.

0.

The

lizard, Ir. earduachra,

ere,

darkish,

fuscus,
0.

Ir.

behold.

forelle, a trout,
the
hreac, a trout,
"

dearc

belongs to the article.

fdearc, an eye, a cave, hole, Ir. dearc (do.),0. Ir. derc (do.); from
See
verb
the Yoot
dearc.
derJi,behold.
eye-pit gives the
cave."
has
deirc
Shaw
for "pit" in Engl, -Gael,
meaning
"

"

"

section.

behold,

dearc,

"^derlo, I
1. E. derk,

Ir.

dercaim, video, derc,

perfect ^dedorha
(cf. chunnairc
Gr.
ScpKo/xai,SeSopKa, have
seen
;

see,
see

zoraht, bright

0.

dearcaim,

Ir.

see,

; Skr.

dare,

; 0.

H.

Ir., 0.

so

G.

see.

derg, ^'dhergo-s; Eng. dark, Ag. S.

deargad, deargant, a flea,Ir. deargdn, drea?icuid, deargnuid,
dergnat : "^derg-iiat, reddener," from dearg, red?
red,

dearg,

eye,

con-dare) ;

"

Ir.

deorc.
E.

Ir.

"

(Arm.; M'A. says "Irish"),Ir. deargnaidh,

deargnaidh, unlearned
de and
der-, privative prefix {di-\-air,
see
"^der-gnadi-; from
air),and root gnd, gen, know, as in aithne.
*der-ldn
intensive
dedrlan, brimful
prefix der (=de + 7'o)
;
; from
and

dearmad,

I an,

full.

neglect, forgetfulness,

so

from

der-, priv. particle (see

mind

; root

7nind

; etc.

men,

think

dearmail, anxiety (M'D.),

de^rn,

do, Ir.

form

dedmaim,

of dea7i

with

0.

Lat.

anxious
Ir.

infixed

Ir., 0.

Ir.

dedrgnaidh)

77iens,

mentio,

dermet,
and

met,

commentum

^der-met

Eng.

(H.S.D.) :

der7iinn, facerem, *di-ro-gni-,a

ro.

^mento-,

See

side

dean.

palm of the hand, Ir. dearna, PI Ir. derna ; cf. Gr.

the
between
Sa^ot?,the distance
^ixipov,
palm, handbreadth,
little finger, a span
thumb
and
(Hes.), Sapdp, the distance
It is further
little
between
the
fingers (Hes.).
big and
referred
I. E.
the
root
to
der, split,open
(Fick, Prellwitz).
Hence
wheaten
or
cake, a hand,
de^rnagan, a small oaten
diarras.
dearras, keenness, obstinacy ; see
dearna,

the

6P

deirrsach,
de^rrsadh,

swig

THE

liquor (Wli.)

of

radiance,

M.

"^de-ro-sec-^root
allied

0.

to

I
deaisgaiin, dearsgnaim,
clear,
derscnaigiia, explain, make
Hence
dearrsgnuidh,
Eng. see ?

Ir.
see,

sec,

brilliant,

burnished,

li'.

effulgence,

polish, burnish,

127

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

fde^rsgnaidh,

word

The

dersigem, prDocellimus, dirosci, excels, doroscai,

Ir.

prsestet, ^di-roscag- (Thur.), ^roscag^^ro-od-sec-,root

as

deas,

seach

in

E.

Ir,
Ir.

right, south,
M.

Se^td?; Got.

taihsva

pass,

sec,

dersciagthech,splendid.
0.

deas,

dehou, *dekso-s,

Br.

is

excellent,

Ir.

dess,

"^del'sivo-s

; Lit.

W.

dyghow,

Gor.

deheu,

(Stokes) ; Lat. dexter \ Gr.

(n.),Ch. SI. desmu, right

deszine

da/csina-s.

Skr.

deasbair, a disputant, deasbaireachd, disputation, Ir. deaspoiri7ii

(O'R., Sh.) ; cf. cuspair.
the
deasbud, a dispute ; from
Eng. dis/mte, Lat. disputo.
deasgainn, rennet, barm, deasgadh, lees, yeast, Ir. deasgadh, lees,
0.

Ir.

*disc-atu-

cf.

dik-sl-o,then

deasgraich,
deasmaireas,

Lat.

Gaelic

(Z. 803)
whence

dik,

root

desc-.

heterogeneous

^aix.

for

faex,

*desc-dtu

leaven,

descad, faex, fermentum,

mass

dreavisgal, H.S.D.)

"

deasmas

deismireach, detsmis,
curiosity,
curious
(O'B., O'K.) :
deasoireach,
spicy (Sh., H.S.D.) :
unshorn
deat, an
year-old slieep or wedder, deathaid, *det-anti-,
See
det, de, suck.
"sucking one"; from
deoghail.
Foi" root, see
deatam, anxiety ; cf. 0. Ir. detJdtiu, dethideu, care.
M'A.

didean.

has

also

(Sh.), Ir.

deatamach,

which

necessary,

seems

allied,

deathach, deatach,
E.
1.

Ir.

dethach,

E.

smoke

is

Ovfudto,

Gr.

dhimids,

Ir. de

phonetically

form

deatach

(cf.Gr.
deibhleid,

is

Beo'i,for

is difficult

to

feeble
from

dele

dheu,

for

quod

biad,

For

for.

phonetics
M.

person,
weak

; the

the

Ir.

fuTnus,
Skr.

gen.

diad

(^hivoto-n).

The

being
t

cf.

(=tt)

dhve

from
of

deatacli

heatliach.

debUn,

opposite

alternate

From

(n.) ;

'^dett-acos,dett
The

diad,

g.

Lat.

; the

dhev

or

food

de,

vapour.

dymu

SI.

dheu

dhve-s-).

dedbid,
weakling,
Stokes
allows
(di-adbid).
Lat.
debilis ; see
being from
convenient
(cha deic),
; cf.
(lecet

dywy,

Gh.

nom.

6eir-6s,from
awkward

W.

Ir.

O.

air

from

diva,
the

deatach,

dhve, smoke,

smoke

probably

account
or

dhu,

to

is for
like

Ir.

smoky,

detfadach,

dheu,

root

Ir., M.

smoke,

of

E.

Ir.

dedblen,

adhbhal,

possibility

q.v.

of

its

diblidh.
O.

Ir. tecte,

becoming,

anas

tecte,

128

ETYMOLOGICAL

deich, ten,

Ir., 0.

so

dec, ^deka

decern

ddgan.

Cor.

degves,

0.

n-,

W.

dec,

Scku

Gr.

Deicheamh,

Skr.

Ir.

0.

tenth,

W.

Got.

deg,

deide, deideadh, toothache,

deideag, a pebble, toy ; cf. eiteag.
formed
from
deidh, desire ; a noun

See

Ir. deideadh.

Br.

extension

(by

deud.

adverbial

the

dek,

decimns.

-to-) of "^dekinmo-s, Lat.

suffix

Cor.

tavJtun, Eng. ten ;

W.
dechmad,
decvet,

(Brug.), an

decvet, *deJaiimeto-H

Br.

superlative

the

Ir. deicJi

Lat.

DICTIONARt

phrase

dcldh,

cm

after.

deidh,
i

deidh,

an

n-diaid,

0.

from

diuez,

Br.

after,

Ir.

Ir.

"^de-ved-on

the

also

the

now

an

deidhinn,
im

mu

form

bad

degaid

ved

aghaidh, against, adversus,

dheidhinn, concerning,

ddgin,

because

latter

because

(prep,

and

the

ved, lead,

root

in

as

feadkainii). Also
deidh,
The
0.
Ir.
had
form
etymologically.
(^^di-agaid), the opposite of i n-agid,

toiseach, q.v. (Stokes prefers

deigh,

; from

post, E. Ir.
deivetk,

finis,Cor.

diwedd,

dead, tinis,W.

(Stokes)

Ir. i n-dead,

0.

n-diaigh,

of, because,

conj.),0.

Ir.

of

of ; cf. E.

Ir.

deig,
deg, quia.
ddig,

ddgin, daigind,

for

the

sake

See

dbigh.

of,

deifir,haste, speed, Ir. deifir,deitJifir,M. Ir. deithbhireach

(O'Cl.),
and
Ernault
Stokes
W.
speedy, busy ; to which
compare
difrif,serious, M. Br. adevry, seriously.
deigh, ice, Ir. oighear, snow,
leac-oighir,ice, 0. Ir. nig, g. ega,
ia, Cor.
iey, glacies, Br. yen,
cold, *jagi-, ice ;
aigred, W.
Norse
jaki, piece of ice, jokull, iceberg, Ag. S. gicel,piece of
The
d of G.
ice, Eng. icicle (=:ls-gicel)
; Lit. izas, ice lump.
the art. : 0. Ir. ind-aig.
is prothetic, arising from
(Sh., O'B.), Ir. deighledn:
deighlean, a quire of paper
Ir.
deil, an axle, rod, turner's
lathe, 0. Ir. deil, rod,
deil, an axle,
Cor.

dele, antempna,
"^deli-,*deljo- ; I. E.
refers

tola,

it to
racemus,

the

root

Gr.

0.

Br.

See

del, split.

root

dhel,
ddXos,

deleiou, antemnarum,

whence
a

short

Ger.

twig

deala.ich.

doUe,
;

as

Br.

in

umbel,

delez,
Stokes

0.

duileag,

H.

G.

q.v.

from
deil, dil, keen, diligent (Arg.) ; formed
dealas, zealous.
leech
Dialectic
for
deal.
deil,
;
deilbh, a forming, warping (for weaving), so Ir. ; see dealbh.
deile, a plank, deal ; from the Eng. deal.
deileann, loud, sliarp barkings, E. Ir. deilvi, stem
delmen, noise,
alarm

dealai^.
deileas, a grvidging, eagerness
; see
Ir.
deilgneach, thorny, prickl}^,
deilgneach, thorns
; from
in a numbed
Cadal-deilg'neach, the prickly sensation
deilig, deal with, a dealing ; from Eng. dealing.
deillseag, a slap with the open
hand, deiseag :

dealg.
liml).

OP

deiltreadh, gilding, lacquering

del

root

deimheis,
deimhinn,

of dealaich

shears

fdeilt,

"^deilt-rad^from

tion,
separa-

deamhais.

see

129

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

certain, Ir. dehnhin,

"^demeni-, I. E. root
dhe,

0.

Ir.

demnithir,

demin,

certiiis,

fix, dheuieii-, setting,

set,

Gr.

de/ievac,set, defia,a pledge, theme, defiis,law,

something
down
deem
etc.
; Eng. doom^
\
dian.
deine, eagerness
see
;
deir, a deir, says (said),inquit, Ir. deiriin, 0. Ir. adbeir, dicit ; dei?'
is the
root-accented
form
{^ad-hero) of abair
(the prepositional
accented
abair.
The
of a
a
form, '^dd-bero). See
deirim
while
the
the
d
takes
the
of
it
ad-^
belongs to
place of
b in the root
{ber).
deirc, alms, so Ir., M. Ir. dearc, desheirc, 0. Ir. deayc^ deircc,
love.
desercc, (caritas),for de-shercc ; see
searc,
deireadh, end, so Ir., 0. Ir. dered, 0. G. derad
(Bk. of Deer) :
"

"

laid

*der-vedo-n,

ved

root

der

is the

air

Hence
{'*'2yare).

dels, an
them

basis, the

dels, after,

Ascoli

Ir., 0.

G.

instare

Ir.

Ir. di

0.

eis, retro,

?
in

gives
q.v. ;

eang,

the

"

right hand
(K. Meyer in
King
deisciobul, a disciple, Ir. deisciobal,
deise, a
Ir.

; from

suit

clothes

of

Lat.

deis, entourage

deiseag, a slap

Eochaid

"

diskibil

see

deiseil, southward,

daneis,

0.

Ir.

stem

Stokes

^pend-ti; root ped, as in eadh, Eng. foot.

deis-de, a sanctuary, halting place, halt (Wh.)

Br.

proposition

eis, footstep, track, *in-sti,

Strachan

that

suggests
the

footstep, as

eng,

q.v. 1

deidh,

opposite of er, front, from

deireas, injury.

0.
{*di-an-eis),

sta, stand, Lat.

from

so

in

as

root

as

takes

; dess

after

sto,

*encsi-,
it

de,

"

from

God's

").
descipiol,W.

dysyybl,

discipulus.

; from

Ir., M.

deas.
Cf.

of chief.

for

Ir.

robe

deise, a

meaning

Eng.

; E.

suit.

deillseag.
E.

sun-ward,

Ir.

dessel

from

W.
and
seal.
See
deas
(*svel),
chwyl, versio.
deasmaireas.
deismireach, curious
see
d^istinn, deisinn, disgust, Ir. ddistion, edge (set

deas

and

sel

',

the

teeth

on

Ir. deistiu, refuse

Cf.
M.
of
edge), disgust.
everything,
posterity, from deis ?
dian.
deithneas, deithneamhach,
etc. ; from
deine, from
'^dvesoE.
Ir.
I.
deo
in gu
deo, breath,
dhves, breathe
deo, ever,
;
;
W.
?
lluss.
Lit.
dvesti, breath, dvdse, spirit, breath,
dywy
dvochati
Gr.
Oeos,god ( Oea-S^); M. H. G. getwds, ghost.
;
deoch, a drink, Ir. deoch, g. dighe, 0. Ir. deug, g. dige, ^degii-.
To
W.
degu- Bezzenberger cfs. Lit. dazyti, dip, wet, tinge.
=

15

130

ETYMOLOGICAL

M.

diod,

diet^

Br.

DICTIONARY

referred

are

the
to
by Stokes
^de-patu (Lat. potus).

dhe^

root

deoghail, or
desire
deodhas, deothas, eagerness,
(deothas, M'F., O'K.) ; from
deathach.
See
Ov[jl6s,
dhevo-, Gr. ^ew, nm,
soul, etc.
deoghail, suck, Ir. diuilivi, deolaim, M. Ir. diul (n.,dat.), *delu-j
suck,

root

as

in

del

as

femina,

to

in

leech

deoidh, fa dheoidh,

See

felare, suck,

dionag.

last, finally,Ir. fd dheoidh, 0.

at

dat.

; Lat.

; Skr.

c/e7^a,suck.

postremo

suck

dhe,

BrjXvs,female, O-qX/],
"suck-giver";
teat,
The
Breton
show
forms
dhdyati (do.).

woman,

; Br.

I. E.

Gr.

suck
OrjXd^o),
n

deal,

of

case

0.

Ir.

See

end.

dead,

Ir.

fo

diud,

deidk

for

derivation,

dek, degh \ Gr.

deoin, assent, Ir., E. Ir. deoin, ^degni- ; I. E. root
hoKkm, seem,
Soja, opinion, ScSax^J, teaching, Lat.
doceo,
See
doctrina, etc.
deagh, good.
alien, Ir. deoraidh, a stranger, exile, M. Ir. deorad.
deoradh, an
Stokes

thinks

exul.

deoradh

borrowed
"

opposite

Brittonic

from

idi-brog-,see
urradh,

of

(Meyer).

air-rad

(Jub.).

urradh

is

dis-countrified

"

devroet, depayse,
diures,

word

the

Hence

Br.

"

Cor.

brugh),

guarantor,

the

di-

Deivar.

name

heated

being on
boring iron : ^de-tlieine,the accent
For
the second
de, see dealan-de.
portion teine, fire.
detheoda, henbane
(M'D.) :
the
detiach, deteigheach,
(M'D., Sh., etc.):
gullet, weasand
det-iack
accented
on
it-ioch,
iach, properly
peculiar as
; Dial,

detheine,

epiglottis(Arg.).
deabh.
deubh, shrink
; see
deubhann, a fetter for a horse :
deuchainn, diachainn, a trial, attempt,
deud,

Ir.

tooth,

diitd

W.

derig,

deich

is

difficult

rule,

with

make

10,

as

ten
to

13
Ger.

Br.

dacr,

lacrima,

Di-, -day
0.

; the

Ir.

for

M.

; Skr.

dantis

coig-deug,

(^).

fheachain,

to

see.

The

Cor.

dSoi!s

dans,

Br.

dant,

(g. oSoVtos); Eug.

dant-.

fif-teen, Ir. deag,

0.

Ir.

dec,

detcg to
relationship
I. E.
languages, as
numeral
19
the
unit
to
by combining
tridecim.
drei-zehn, Ag. S. (Sritene, Lat.

^dvei-penge (St.).
deur, diar, a tear, drop,
0.

dant.

Gr.
(dentis)',

dens

e.g.,

deac,

Ir. det, W.

; Lit.

tun])us

diag;, -teen,

0.

dead,

(Stokes); Lat.

tooth. Got.

deug,

Ir. d^

feuch, feuchainn.

See

Br.

dacrima

decide.

Ir.

in

exact

The

0,

Ir,

der, W., Cor, dagr,

tears, "^dakru

Eng. tea7\

the

other

dear, debr,

dazrou,
;

of

names
prefix
dia, die (0. Ir.),W. dydd,

Got.
of

the

Cor.

; Gr.

SaKpv

Lat.

tagr.

days of the week, Ir.,

det (for dedh), Br. dez.

OP

*dijas (^dejes-?) ;
Ato9,

Allied

Jove.

Do77ih7iach, E.

day

Ir.

W.

luan,
moon

from

Tuesday,

ceud, first,and

cetain

Thursday,
"between

two

fasts"

second

the

"

Friday
Ir.

E.

Dia-haoine,

fast) :
day
Di-sathuirn, Saturday,

planets
Venus,

the

diomal).
dia, a god, so

Ir., 0.

deivos),deified

Ir.

one,

Skr.

diade,

diabhol, devil,
Lat.

from

W.

dia,

Moon,

; Gr.

of

Tiw,"

devd.

Hence

clothes,

0.

diamair,

Ir.

0.

diahhal,

diabolus,

W.

dillad,

dimair.

dian, keen, hasty,

so

SUiiai,hasten

di, div,

Sios, divine

days

the

after

seven

Jove,

Mercury,

; Lat.

; Norse

the

Br.

duy,

(for

divus

tivar, gods,

devas, Pruss.
war-god;
diadhaidh, pious, Ir. diadha,

Ir.

whence

Lit.

M.

diahid,

also

Br.

Eng.

Root

Ir.,0.

Br.

diaoul

devil.

Ir.

diallait, cloak,

remain

mar,

Ir.

; Skr.

diawl,

W.

0.

Ir.

dillat,

dillat.

dian,

E.
;

^deino-s

Ir.

0.

diamair,

Ir.

di-mar, disappear 1
dei, di,

; root

di, diyati, hurry,

allied

to

hasten

the

root

shine.

two-year-old sheep ;
See deoghail.
dhe, suck.
a

The

ditiu. Cor.

W.

^deivo-s

dialtag, a bat, Ir. ialtog. See ialtag.

rather.
diamhain, idle ; see diomhain
Ir.
M.
diamhair, secret,
diamhair,
Ir.,

dianag,

q.v. ;
dia

divinus.

diachadaich, especially (Heb.)

diallaid, a saddle, so Ir., M.

Gr.

(day

satharn,

Saturn.

Mars,

of

Dia-aoine,

didine

Ir.

(in Egypt)

duw,

deus

Eng. Tues-day, "day

Ir.

Ir.

aoin, fast,

M.

of

oin,

fasts

two

oine

from

Dia-sathuirn,

devo-, A"iovova=Divona,

doe, Gaul,

0.

Ir. dia

fast,"

Sun,

"

the

Friday,

Saturni, day

ancients

dd

dardden=etar

prefix, Ir. di-, dio-, 0. Ir. di-, W. di, *de ; Lat. de,
Also
de.
dim-, diom-(dlmeas, dimhrigh, diombuaidh,

See

deiwas

0.

Ir.

0.

Saturn.

di-, negative
of.

Ir.

originally named

were

of

the

Ir.

dies

Lat.

from

week

and

dine,

Di-

Mars";

"

day
Di-haoine,

of

"

Ir.

E.

W.

mdirt,

Dia-ceadaoine,

between

dia

dine,

last

of the

E.

of

"day

Ir.
the

die),dia cetdine, from

dine :
day of the first
chief
day ; Diardaoin,

dia^hsit.

Dia-dhardaoin,

and

Wednesday

the

being

Ir.

(de

Ir.

E.

Dia-mairt^
Ir.

M.
of

"day

Lunce,

Martis,

aoine, fast, q.v.,

fast," Friday

sathairn,

dies

Lat.

from

cetdin, cetoiri,de

the

Ir.

Lord's

Dia-luain^

Ir.

dies

Di-ciadaoin, Wednesday,

ciaduinn,

of

Lat.

Ir.

Sunday,

(dies) dominica,

Lat.

from

Di-luain, Monday,

Llun,

mawrth,

Dydd

Di-domhnuich,

Zevs,

; Gr.

dydiU^ day, sky

dia, god.

Di-mairt,

Skr.

domnach^

Dydd

"

dies

to

lord

dominus,

"

Lat.

131

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

cf. 0.
But

Ir.
Sc.

dinu, lamb,
dinmont

from

the

root

132

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY

Diardaoin, Thursday ; see Di-.

Ir. diaix/ain, E. Ir. diartain
dl-, intensive
diardan, anger,
; from
de, and
prefix (E. Ir. di-^ as in dimSr, excessively great), from
ardan, pride. Cf. aiidiaraid, wrathful.
Ir. diorruisg, fierceness,
diarras, diorras, stubbornness,
vehemence,
rashness

dias,

of

ear

an

and

geug

stiff, Lat.

dibheach,

W.

Ir., 0.

so

corn,

steip^

root

di-reidh

Ir.

W.

dias,

tivys

(pi.): '^'steipsa,
stiff?

stipes, stake, stipula, Eng.

for

ysgainc,

phonetics.
(H.S.D. quotes only O'R., while Arms,
has
?
it),Ir. dibheach
: "^de-^- beach
; M'A.
Ir.
dibhfhearg,
indignation,
vengeance,
cang,

makes

ant

an

obsolete

dibhfhearg,
(Keat.),

Ir.

E.

diberg

and

dim

from

Cf.

fearg

it

dibhfearg
di-

see

of

diardan.
C.
which
refers
to
S., but
diligent (Sh. ; H.S.D.
neither
in M'A.
nor
M'E.), Ir. dibhirceach, diligent, violent
(O'B., etc.) :
diobair.
dibir, forsake
; see
dibith, dimbith, luckless, lifeless (Carm) :
diblidh, abject, vile, Ir. dibligh, 0. Ir. diblide, senium
; seemingly

dibhirceach,

Lat.

from

(Zeit. 2'*)has
i.e.

adhbhal,

suggested
q.v.

dibrigh, dimbrigh,

from

Ir.

contempt,

brigh, q.v.
dichioll, diligence, Ir.
Or

(Eng. debilitate, etc.). Zim.

*di-adbul, "un-great," from
adbul,

feeble

debilis, weak,

dithchioll

ciall, sense

"

dimbrigli

"^di-cell- ; for

attention

to

Di-ciadaoin, Wednesday
; see
did, a peep ; an onomatopoetic word,
didean, protection, a fort, Ir. didean,

"

dim-, di-, and

from

cell, see

timchioll.

Di-.

(Stokes) ;

jemtioncover

makes

roof.

the

Di-d6mhnuich,

root

The
em,

jem,

root

0.
as

in

cover,

Ir.
Lat.

verb
emo,

0.

Ir.

ditiu,

g.

diten, "^di-

protect, Lett, ju'mju, ju'mt,

Ascoli
is do-einim, tueor.

buy.

Cf.

eiridinn.

Sunday ; see Di-.

Lat.
difir,difference, Ir. difir,dithfir,M. Ir. dethbir
differo,
; from
Eng. differ.
Sc. dike, Eng. dike.
the
dig, a wall of loose stones, a dike ; from
keen.
See
deil.
dil, eager,
dil, dile, dilinn, a flood, Ir. dile, pi. dileanna, E. Ir. dili, g. dilenn,
diluvium
Lat.
diluvium
Eng. deluge.
(Stokes),whence
; from
the
dile, dill (M'D.) ; from
Eng.
dileab, a legacy, Ir. dilb (O'R.) :
dileag, a small drop ; from
d\le, flood,

OP

GAELIC

THE

dileas, dear, faithful,Ir. dileas,0.

del, I.

E.

Zeuss

has

dhelj dhe, suck,

133

LANGUAGE.

Ir.

diles,proprius, own,

Jllius,fe7ni7ia,etc.

hat.

"^delesto-,

deoghal.

Sec

les,from

leas^advantage.
suggested di +
dilei^h, digest, dileaghadh,
digesting, Ir. dileaghadh,
of leagh, melt,
di-leagh, root
dileum

(accent on

dilinn, leac
ground

leum),

dhilinn,

"natural,"

dilleachdan,

"derelict,"

from

dimbrigh, contempt
dimeas, contempt,

in

from

d\l-

di- and
;

Ir.

; di-{-

stone

Ir.

orphan,

an

shackle

situ,
as

ieum,

q.v.

rock

from

appearing

above

in dileas.

dilleachda,

0.

Ir.

dilechtu,

let
(di-lec-,

leig,let go

orfani

go).

dlbrigh.

see

dimheas,

0.

Ir. dimess

di-, dim-,

; from

and

meas.

dinn,

dingim, ding, a wedge, E. Ir.

dingim, perf. dedaig, ^dengo ; Ag. S. tengan, press, Norse
(Bezzenberger). See d.aingean. Brugmann
tengja, fasten
refers
it to ^dhingho, Lat. Jingo, mould,
feign, I. E. dheigh,
Eng. dough.
dinnein, a small heap, Ir. dinn, a hill, fortified hill,E. Ir. dinn
dind
tindr, spike, peak, Ger.
zinnc,
(do.), *dindu-; Norse
tine.
d
iv6"i
But
Gr.
cf.
a
6i"s,
(i long),
heap,
pinnacle, Eng.
press,

Skr.

force

down,

squeeze,

Ir.

dhanvan.

the Eng.
dinneir, a dinner, Ir. dinnear
; from
Ir.
M.
dinnsear, ginger,
gingsear, M. Ir. sin^isar ; from
Eng.
Lat.
ginger,
zingiber.
di-ud-her
diobair, forsake, Ir. dihirim; for di + whair, q.v.
(St).
and
didiobhail, loss, Ir. dioghahhail, 0. Ir. digbail, deminutio
;

gabhail,

q.v.

diobhargadh, persecution, diobhargach,

gach,

vindictive

diobhuir, vomit
di + ad-cal

Lat.

diminish

; from

defero

(H.S.D.,

cail

diochain, forgetfulness ;

dibhear-

dibhfhearg.

see

^de^beir,

diocail, lower,

fierce,keen, Ir.

; from

which

de

and

quotes

beir.
MSS.

only)

Dialectic

for

dichuimhne,

that

is di- and

cuimhne.

diod, diodag",a drop ; from the Eng. jet ? jot ?

diog, a syllable,Ir. digim, diugam, cluck as a hen : G. diug, the
call to hens.
Onomatopoetic.
diogail,tickle, Ir. giglim, 0. Ir. fogitled (for fogicled ?). The G.
borrowed
the Eng. tickle,kittle ; and
from
seems
possibly all
Cf. Eng.
are
onomatopoetic, and reshaped in later times.
giggle, Lat.

diogair, eager,
diogan, revenge,
M'A.

; M'E.

cachinnus.
Ir.

diogar (O'R.),E. Ir. digar C?):

Ir. diogan (O'B., etc.); the word
it doubtful) :
marks

is Irish

(not

in

184

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY

Ir, diogludaivi^ diolaim, 0. Ir. dif/al

diOghail, diol, avenge,
pay,
W., Cor. dial, "^de-gald. See gal, valour, etc.
(ii.),
diog^hluim, glean, dioghluim, a gleaning, Ir. dioghluim
(n.) :
; for

*de-glumi
Ir.

gluiiii,yee

diolaiot,M.

foghlum.

Ir. dilaim

diogliail.
diol, pay,
; see
M.
G.
diolain
diolan, illegitimate,
(M'V,), Ir. diolanlas, fornication
Idnain.
See
(O'B.) : "^dt-ldnamnas, "non
conjngium "?
diumach.
diomadh, discontent, pain, Ir. diomadh, diomdha
; see
clover
seed
:
diomarag,
Ir.
diomasach, proud,
diomus, pride, M. Ir. diumus, pride, "too
"

great

measure

diombach,
;

di-od-mess,

diombuidheach,
diom-,

from

Confused

with

root

of

mess

office-less"

dim-,

diumach,

see

(Zimmer).
ful
unthank-

displeased,Ir. diomhuidheach,
un-,

and

huidheach,

thankful,

q.v.

q.v.

diombuaidh,
unsuccessfulness,
diombuan,
buaidh
and
of
compounds
buan, q.v.
diomhain, idle, Ir, dtomhaoin, 0. Ir. dimdin
"

coinus

transitory :
;

from

di- and

negative
maoin,

maoi?i.

diomhair, secret ; see diamhair.

dion, protection, Ir. dio7i, E. Ir, din,

g.

dina,

*denu-

; root

dhe,

set?
E.
Ir. dinghain, ward
off, dinghdla,
diong, match, equal, pay,
worthy : '^din-gah, ofF-give." See gabh.
See
diongmhalta,
diong
perfect, Ir. diongmhalta, perfect, sure.
"

above,

dionnal, a shot, fight ; see deannal.

*der.
diorachd, ability(H.S.D.) : Cf. Ir. dir, proper,
diarras.
diorras, vehemence, vehement
; see
anger
the
heels
diosd, a jump, kick with
(Dialectic); from

Sc.

jisk,

caper.

giving milk, Ir. diosc,

For
deirc.
its composition, see
diosg : dl-sesc- ; see seasg.
diskr, Ag. S. disc, Eng. dish.
diosg",a dish ; from Lat. discus, Norse
diosgan, a creaking or gnashing noise, Ir. diosgdn. See giosgan.
diot, a meal, diot mhor, dinner, M. Ir. diet, diit, E. Ir. dithait ;
Lat.
from
diaeta, Eng. diet ; dithit, feast during day (Meyer),
dithait
(i)(Tain).
of a net ; from
measure
dipin, a deepening (in a net), a certain
Sc. deepin, a net, Eng. deep.
curtailed
from
dirich.
dir, ascend
Ir.
0.
Ir. direch, "^de-reg,
root
direach, strait,
direach,
;
reg, stretch
found
also
The
is
Lat.
etc.
root
directus, Eng. direct,
rego,
Hence
in eirigh,rach, etc.
dirich, straighten, ascend.
dis, susceptible to cold, Ir. dis, poor, miserable, E. Ir. diss, dis,
diOSg, barren,

diosgadh,

barrenness,

-,

weak,

"^de-sti- ?

Root

sta.

not

disleach, stormy, uncouth,

di-slighe,slighe, path,
derivation

135

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

OF

In

q.v.

disligheach, deviating

Ir.

straggling,

"5

the

"

of

sense

the

stormy,"

is doubtful.

M.
disne, a die, dice, Ir. disle ; from
Eng. dys, dice.
indictment
Ir. diotach, condemnatory,
dit, condemn,
diotdil, an
from
the
M.
parallel form
a
Eng. dtten^ indict, Sc. dite

;
to

"

indict^ endite,
Further

from

dico,

indicto, dicto, dictate,

Lat.

say.

Sc.

dittay.
dith, press together, dithimh, a heap (Sh.) :
de
dith, want, defeat, Ir. dith, 0. Ir. dith, destruction, "^deto-,from
(as in de, of, d/t-,un-) ; Lat. letum
(Stokes).
[=^detum), death
Manx
Ir.
dithean, daisy, darnel, blossom, M.
dithen, darnel,
jean
dithis,

Ir.

pair, two,

Ir.

0.

dis,

dias,

g.

(also dias, diis), duitas, ^'dveistd, from

di,

See

two.

dithreabll,

Ir.

desert,

"^dveiassa

dias,

"^dvei, 0.

feni.

hes, bessis,

cf. Lat.

Ir.

diu, diug'h (to)-day,

W.
heddyw, M.
;

Ir. dithrub

0.

dithreabh,

di-

from

and

treahh, aitreahh.

see

dlvd

Ir.

the

diis

ace.

*bejes8 (St.).

from

treb

0.

da.

and

desse, dat.

Lat.

diu, to-day,

an

hiziu,

Br.

diu.

See

Ir.

"^divo-

hirio,

Br.

The

Di-, day.

0.

aniu,

andiu,

(Stokes)

(0.

an

indiu,

Ir.

in)

Ir.

Skr.

is

the

article.

diu, worth
diubhaidh,

while

*do-fiit; see
diu^ha,
refuse,

Jiii.

the

worst,

See
diogha ; opposite of rogha.
diubhail, mischief, loss ; see diobhoAl.

diubhrarj,difference,
Lat.

diuc,
diuc,

the
a

differo.

pip,

dulvc,

Ir,

water

diuchaidh,

of fowls
diuic

diubhce,
a

bladder

; from

addled

dijf'erof

(Keat.)

the

; from

keeping
Eng. ducker.

See

(Arm.)
call

at

nets

Eng.
the

dttke.

depth

proper

diug'h, to-day ; see diu.

diuid, tender-hearted,

hens,

cluck,

Ir.

cluck

diugam,

diog.

(H.S.D.,

mischance

which

marks

spiritless person,

it

as

Ir.

Dialectic):
diuid,

0.

Ir.

diuit,

diulanas, bravery,
mercenarius

"^divr, "^difr,from

onomatopoetic.

simplex

Ir.

roghainn.

for

the

diudan, giddiness, diudan

diug, an
interjection to

diugan,

(Arm.)

M'E.),

(M'F.,

difir.

See

sickness

diucair, a ducker,
under

diubhar

diu

Ir.

; from

diohcntas,
dtol,

pay.

earlier

diohihaineach,

soldier,

136

ETYMOLOGICAL

ditllt,refuse,

E.

diultaim,

Ir.

DICTIONARY

and

hesitates

Ascoli

*di-shlond.

and

diltud,

diumach,

of

n.

V.

Possibly

form

diomdhach,

Ir.

Ir.

M.

; Got.

or

(do.),

dligheadh.

see

(do.).
(M'L., M'E.),
dlaoigh, a lock of
dlai, a wisp ; cf. W. dylwf, wisp, and

E.

SI.

dlugu

dlo

of corn,

anything,

jloccus

Ch.

dulgs, debt;

handful

Ir. dlestanas

law, right, Ir. dligheadh, 0. Ir. dliged, W. dyled, died,

Cor.
dylly, debere, Br. die, debt, "^dlgo, I
'''dligeto-n,

debt,

dlo,

root

"^dlixo-,"^dig-so-,
right

owe

dimmdach

dUndach,

med, mind, as in meas.

dleas, dleasnas, duty, Ir. dUsdeanas, legality,E.

dligheadh,

till, return.

of

do-sluindi.

displeased,

^dim-med-,

("Celt. Dec"),
(la,throw, Gv. eXavvw)

active

an

the

suggests

"^de-laudi

gives

"^di-la-

between

diltuch, refusing,

Zimmer

(Thu.).

Stokes

lateo, lurk,

of Lat.

Ir.

0.

diultaim,

*di-Ut

doriltiset, negaverunt,
root

Ir.

Ir.

Ir.

hair
Lat.

.?

dluigheil, handy, active

dluigh, service, E.
dligheadh
dlilth, close, Ir. dluth,

(Dial.),Ir. dluigh,
Ir.

(O'B.),M.

active

dluig, service, *dlogi- ;

Ir.

root

same

as

E.

"^dlilti-.

adhaerendi,

Ir.

dluith,

0.

^Aaw,

Cf. Gr.

Ir.

dlutai, (pL), dluthe,

crush,

dru

W.
of a
web, Ir., 0. Ir. dluth, stamen,
dluth, the warp
dylif
above
from
the
root
{*dlu-mi- ?) ;
(dlu).
Ir.
0.
Ir.
Cor.
0.
Br. do, Br. da ; Eng. to,
do, to,
do,
do, du,
dhe,
Ag. S. to, Ger. zu ; Lat. -do (endo, indu) ; Gr. -8e. Stokes
from
the verbal
derives
the prep,
do
See
the
particle do, to.
next

do,

word.

verbal

particle denoting

to-, when

it

the

carries

"

to, ad," Ir. do, 0.

tabair, give, ^to-bere);

prefix,for "^Jyu?
prep, and
do, thy, Ir. do, 0. Ir. do, du, W.
but

"^tovo ; Lat.

tuus

do-, du-, prefix

*dus-

; Skr.

; Skr.

of

(e.g.dobiur,

accent

W.

tdva,

du-, dy-,

dy,
etc.

negative quality,
Svor- ; Got.

; Gr.

dus-

W.

E.

y.

also

do-, du-,

give, *do-berd,

Cf.

teu. Cor.

See
Ir.

Ir.

Got.

du,

dhe,

Br.

to

da,

tu.

do-, dd-,

taz-, Ger.

0.

Ir.

do-, du-,

Its

opposite
the
of
it
the
Following
analogy
aspirates
so,
q.v.
consonants
in s.
though originally it ended
Ir.
W.
dwbiwr
M. Eng.
dobair, a plasterer (M'D.),
ddbadoir,
; from
daub.
dauber, Eng.
dobhaidh, boisterous
: "^du-vati-,root
vet, as in (mfhadh, q.v.
fdobhar, water, Ir. dobhar, E. Ir. dobur, W. divfr. Cor. dofer, Br.
zer-.

is so,

dour, Gaul,
domhain,
duburys,

q.v.
a

*dubro-n, ^dub-ro-,

dubrum,
Cf.

place

Lit.

with

dumblas,

mire,

springs, dumburf/s

root

Lett,

dub, deep,
dubli

; Ger.

as

(do.);

tumpel,

in

Lit.

deep

OF

GAELIC

THE

137

LANGUAGE.

Hence
dobharchu
standing water.
place in flowing or
(" water-dog ") and dobhran, the otter.
docair, grievous, hard, trouble, E. Ir. doccair, uneasiness, trouble.
See

socair.

docha, preferable,is docha, prefer ; see toigh.

d6cha, more
likely,Ir. docha, 0. Ir. dochu ; comparative of doigh,
0.
Ir. d6ig, likely, "^dougi-, *douhiGr.
SevKet, thinks,
;
allied is Lat.
aSevK-i^s,
unseemly ; Ger. zeuge, witness ; further
So/cea" has
Connection
Gr.
with
been
dUco.
suggested, and
Zimmer
has
analysed it into *do-ech, *do-sech, root sec, say
in
(as
by-form toich (G. toigh),
casg, etc. : Cam.), citing the
which
word.
Hence
is a different
doclias,doigh.
dochair, dochar, hurt, damage, so Ir.,E. Ir. docJior ; from do- and
cor-,

i.e.,cor,

Hence

dochartach,
injury, hurt,

dochann,

dochar,

state:

"bad

state."

See

cor,

sochair.

Ir.

conaichi,

sick.
M.

Ir.

dochond, ill-fortune,0.
hu

*cuno-, high,
(as
ddchas, hope, Ir. dochas, M. Ir. d6chus ; see
docran, anguish (Sh., Arm. ; not H.S.D.) ;
felicior,from

root

in

curaidh)

docha.
cf.

from

docrach, hard,

docair.

dod,

tantrum,

fret,

Ir.

(n.), sdodach

sdoid
Cf.

(adj.), d6iddeach,

quarrelsome (Con.).
dodum, a teetotum
(Dialectic); from the Eng.
dog, a bit ; from the Eng. dock.
dogadh, mischief
(Str.).
(Sh.),0. Ir. dodcad
dogail, cynical,doganta, fierce ; from the Eng. dog.
dogan, a sort of oath (Dialectic,
M'L.); Sc. daggand, Eng. doggonit,
Amer.

doggond.
burdock, Ir.

dogha, a
meacan
doibhear, rude, uncivil, so
etc.):

"

ill-bearing";

Sc.

dod.

dogha ; Eng. dock, Ag. S. docce.

H.S.D.
Ir. (Lh., which
quotes, O'B.,

from

do-

heir ?

and

doibheas, vice, Ir. ddibheus ; from do- and

doicheall, churlishness, Ir. doicheall, g.
grudging, inhospitality: opposed
"kindness,"

soichlech.

Root

is

betes.
doichle
E.

to

that

Ir.
of

E.

Ir.

dochell,

sochell, meaning

timchioU.

Gaul.

Sucellos,a god's name.

ddid

the

Ir. doit, 0.
Ir. inna
Ir. ddid, E.
n-doat,
grasp,
dos
lacertorum, ^dousenti{"^daus),doshan, fore-arm,
; Skr.
Zend
shoulder.
cites
the
daoska,
Strachan, who
meanings

hand,

'hand, wrist," suggests

"^doventi-,from

stem

(move violently),comparing Gr.

Hence
doideach, muscular.
farm
"a
d6id, a small
:
holding
ddideach, firmly grasping.

Kapiros,

"

from

wrist,

from

I. E.

dheva

qrp,

ddid, hand,

turn.

Cf,

16

138

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY

d6ideach, frizzled up, shrunk

(of hair) ; from dd^th,singe.
dbcha.
For
doig^h, manner,
trust, Ir. doigh.
root, see
doilbh, difficult (H.S.D.), dark (Sh.,O'B.),Ir. doilhh, dark, gloomy

of. suilbh.

doileas, injury ;
doilgheas, sorrow,
duilich,

from

and

do-

Ir. ;

so

leas.
Ir.

the

doiligh, sorry,

from

of

form

q.v.

doilleir,dark, Ir. doileir ; see soilleir.

doimeag, a slattern ; of. Ir. doim, poor, and for root, see soimeach.
doimh, bulky, gross ; see dbmhail.
doimh, doimheadach,
vexing, galling : '''do-ment-, ill-minded."
doimheal, stormy (Sh. ; not H.S.D.) :
doineach
with
short
has
ddineach, sorrowful, baneful
(Arm., who
"

o), 0.

Ir.

doinionn,
doirbeag,

a
a

doinmech,
Ir.

tempest,
minnow,

caterpillar,E.
wind, bend,

doinrdidh.

darbh, wind,

doirbh, hard, difficult,so Ir., 0.

Ir. doire, daire, 0.
doire, grove,
deri,

oak

grove

doireagan, peewit

doireann,

doirionn

See

Ir. doinenn.

M.

marsh

G.

Ir. doirb

soirbh.

(Adamnan),

Ir. daire

derbho-,

whirl,

zirben,
see

murrain

I. E.

soineann.

worm,

"^dorbi-

H.

dan

W.

Derry,

darach.

see

Dialectic

0.

doineann,

fateful."

"

M'L.

N.

tadpole, Ir. dairb,

duirh
(ace), worm,

Ir.

Skr.

Dr

of adharcan.

form

(Arg.), tempestuous

weather

doinionn.

see

For

phonetics, cf. boirionn.

doirionta, sullen, so Ir. ; cf. the above
doirling, doirlinn, isthmus,
beach,
"*"
beach
do-air-ling- (for ling, see
:

word,
Ir.

doirling, promontory,
leum) % For
meaning, see

tairbeart.

doirt,

pour,

Ir.

dofortad,
vor,

Gr.

ver,

dortadh

(inf.),E.

effunderet, dorortad,
pour,

Ir.

E.

; Norse

ovpov

water.

doirtirn,

To

this

feraim,

ur,

Stokes

*lud6,

doirtim,

poured

was

I pour,

out,

; Lat.

give

drizzling rain, Ag.

refers
braon
(for vroen-,

S. vdr,

doit, foul, dark (H.S.D. only) :

doit, a small coin less than a farthing
dol, going, Ir. dul, 0. Ir. dul, inf. to
luid, went,

Ir.

I. E.

from

the

from

urine

veroend

go,

Gr.

vdri,

; Skr.

sea

?).

doit.

dohiid, dolluid, ivit,

leudho,

Ir.

^fort-, root

urina,

Sc.

0.

from

will
eAciJcro/xai,

and
luid
Stokes
refer
to
rjXvOov, came.
Brugmann
*{p)lud6, root plu, plou of luath, q.v.
fdol, grief, Sc. dool, from
dolach, destructive
grievous "; from
:
come,

"

Lat.

dolor.

dolaidh, harm,
V

so

Ir., E.

Ir.

dolaid, burden,
charge
*do-lud,
mis-go "; from
"

dolod,

; its

lud

0.

Ir.

opposite
of

luid,

dolud, damnum,
is

go

E.

Ir.

0.

G.

solod, profit:

(Ascoli).

OP

ddlas, grief,

Ir.

THE

ddlas

formed

189

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

solas, consolation,

from

See
analogy of other do- and so- words.
ddlum, mean,
surly, wretchedness, poverty.
dom, the gall,gall-bladder ; see domhlas.
Lat.
on
domail, damage ; apparently founded
Ir.
M.
Ir.
domhlas
domblas, gall,bile,
domhlas,
the

of
See

liver

savage

bulky

meall

deep,

^dubno-s
hole

M.

Ir.

damnum.

i.e.,"bitterness

ae,

ill-taste

domblas,

do-mlas.

; from

many

Cf.

domain,

Got.

diups

filled

Eng. deep

Domhnach,

"

Dumnorix,
W.

World-

Dyfnual),
form

D'Arbois

dom,hain

of
de

Celtic

Jubainville

"

deep," Duvinorix,
similarly to explain

as

has

he

"world

all

king":

which

little forced.

Sunday,
Lord's."

the

SI.

Dumno-

Dubno-,

another

"sea."

Gaulish
of
names
explains Dubno"deep king," "high king"; and
Biturix
as
"king for aye," not
seems

Gaul.

Dumno-valo-s,

the

Ch.

ravine,

dobhar.

domun,

"deep";

for

dauba,

Duhnotalus,

as
"^

the

world,

Ir.

dubus, deep, diimburys,

water,
also

don, ^duhni-s,

Br.

divfn,

; Lit.

See

Ir.,0.

names,

W.

with

dheub.

Domhnall,

the

dubno-,

above.

Ir.

so

proper
Gaelic

king,"

I. E.

Universe,

of

root

Eng. deep,
ground
:

"^domail,

from

derg-domla, pi.,

Ir., 0.

so

ravine

the

(in

"

dolach.

Cf.

doimh.

see

the

in

dubri,

domhan,

*do-fo-mell

domhain,

"^

Ir,

solas.

bias.

domhach,
domhail,

M.

from

";

the

on

so

See

Ir., E.
under

Ir. domnach

; from

Lat.

dominica,

Di-.

don, evil, defect, Ir. don ; see next word.

dona, bad, so Ir., E. Ir. donae, dona, wretched, bad ; opposite to
See sona.
happy.
sona,
son,
the Sc. donk, Eng. dank.
dongaidh, moist, humid
; from
0.
Ir.
Donnodonn, W.
donn, brown, Ir.,
dwn, Gaul.
Donnus,
;
*dus-noLat.
dust.
dun
*donno-s,
fuscus ; Eng. dusk,
Eng.
;
"

be

may

donnal,
is

howl, complaint

Skr.

hence.

dhvana,

sound.

*don-no-,

Meyer

I. E.

whence

dhven,

"Better

says:

donal,

Eng. din,
fem."

G.

masc.

dorbh, dorgh, a hand-line, Ir. dorubha

; also drogha, q.v.
dorc, a piece (Dialectic)
: ^dorco-, xootder, split,
Eng. tear; N. dorg.
dorch, dark, Ir. dorcJia, 0. Ir. dorche ; opposed to sorcha, bright,
Lit.
See
root
The
regiu, I see.
"^do-reg-io-,
reg, see.
rosg.
root
Erebus, Norse
rokr,
reg, colour, Gr. /oejw,colour, e/se^os,
darkness, Ragna-rokr, twilight
and

Zimmer

richis, coal,

refer
Bret,

it
regez,

to

the

of

the

Gadelic

gods,
root

glowing embers,

is allied.

Ascoli

rich, shine,

Skr.

ric, re,

0.

shine.

Ir.

140

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY

dorlach, a handful, quantity : "^dorn-lach, from dorn, a fist.

d6rn, a fist,Ir. dorn, 0. Ir. dorn, W. dwrn, Cor. dorn, 0. Br. dorn,
Gaul.
Br. dourn, hand,
Durnacos, "^durno- ; Gr. So)pov,palm,
dure, fist ; I. E. root
Sapetp,Sdpiv, a span ; Lettic
de7% split.
*dver, *dur, strong.
difficult, Ir.
dorra, more
^dorso-

dorran,

; Czech

dorrach,

drsen, rough

vexation,

Ir.

anger,

dorr,

rough,

(Stokes, Strachan).
M.

dorrdn,

doruinn, pain, anguish, Ir. doghruing.

lamenting, anguish, dogar, sad, from
dorus, a door, Ir., 0. Ir. dorus, W. drws,
Br.

dor,

dury8

^dvorestu-

d,orr, "^dorso-

Ir.

see

Lat.

fores

Cf.

E.

do-

and

Cor.

Ir.
gar,

q.v.
0.

daras,

Qvpa

Gr.

dogra, dogra,

Cor.

door

Eng.

dor^
; Lit.

dvdr.

Skr.

bush, tuft,

Ir.

word,

above

dos,

M.

harsh,

Ir.

dos,

0.

Ir.

doss, *dosto-, root

dus

; Lat.

dumus

( dus-mus), thicket
; Eng. tease, teasel.
dosdan, a kind of food given to horses ; from
Eng. dust.
Ir.
misfortune
cf.
dosgadh, dosg'ainn,
dosgathach, improvident.
;
From
and
Ir.
dosgath, q.v.
dosguidhtheach, morose,
=

extravagant,

dotarra, sulky ; see dad.

doth, a doating on one
Eng. doten.
; cf. Sc. daut, dote, M.
drabach, dirty, slovenly, Ir. drahaire, drabog, slut, drah, a stain ;
drahh.
from
Hence
See
drabasda, obscene.
Eng. drah.
drabh, dissolve, drabhag, dregs, drabhas, filth,E. Ir. drabar-slog,
rabble
draf.
treher, Norse
Eng. draff, allied to Ger.
; from
Stokes

thinks

The
Eng.
drabh, scatter,

drac, a
dragh,

is allied

G.

the

word

Eng.

is allied

drab

to,
to

derived

not

draff, and

from,
so

is

the

dregs.

(M'A., Arg.), not drabh

(H.S.D., which,
drabhach, rifted), drabhach, wide-sutured,

dissolve
has

however,
rifted

that

(Arg.) :

drake

trouble,

dregho-,

from
0.

Ag.

the
Ir.
S.

See
rac.
Eng.
g. mor-draige, roughness

trega,

slovenly, trega, grieve ;

rpdx^'^ (St.).
dragh, pull, draw, Ir. dragdil

^drago-, I. E.
vexation, Norse
tregr, dragging,
Skr.
"^'rapaxq,
drdgli, pain ; Gr.

from

the

Eng. drag, draw,

Norse

draga.

dragon,

dragon, Ir. dragun, E. Ir, drac, g.

dracoin),Eng, dragon,
draichd, a slattern
(Arm.) :
draighlichd, a trollop,draggle-tail (Arg.) ; from
Cf. draghlainn under
draoluinn.
draillsein,a sparkling light (Sh., H.S.D.) ; see
a

dracon

; from

Lat.

Eng. draggle-tail?
drillsean.

OF

draimheas,
I

foul

mouth

The

G.

grin.

dram, dram,

dramaig",

foul

; cf. Ir.

dram,

drabhas,
drabh

from

mouth,

wry

dramhaim^

above.

dranndan.

see

141

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

seems

draing*,a snarl, grin

a

THE

Ir. dram

; from

the

mixture,

Eng.

(Sh., H.S.D.)

crowdie

the

from

So.

dramock.

drannd, dranndan,
drantaigim,
sound,

from

'^dran,

dhreno-,

1. E.

Oprjvos,dirge

Gr.

Skr.

Ir.

M.

draint, dranntdn,

Celtic

drone

Eng.

Jr.

snarl,

dhran,

murmur.

drann, dranna,
draoch, a fretful

(M'A., Arg.)

word

ghastly look,

or

fretfulness,
For

snarl

drone

sound,

hum,

look

angry

meaning,

draoi, draoidh,

cf.

snuadh,

druidh,

druadh,

E.

druid).

Its

Ir.

same

hair

root

standing
dhrigk ; Gr.

hue,

hair.

druid,

magician,

drannd.

as

drai, drui,

Ir.

driuck,

hair.
9pi^, '^P^X^'^i

Ir.

pi.
(Eng.

draoi,

Gaul,

druad^

g.

end,

on

gen.

druides

Stokes
ship
etymology is obscure.
suggests relationwith
Eng. true, G. dearbh, q.v., or with Gr. Op^ofiaL,cry
in
(as
drannd,
durd), or Gr. aOpkui,look sharp, Pruss. dereu,
see.
as
dru, high, strong,
Thurneysen
analyses the word
tiuaill.
and
Windisch
have
also
see
suggested
Brugmann
the
Druids'
of the
root
dvu, oak, as
Pliny did too, because
for

reverence

from

the

oak

Celtic.

the

(Carm.)

S.

Ag.

tree.

dry,

dixioineach, druineach,
draoneach,

artisan,

"any
person
art"
dndnneadi,
(Grant), agriculturist;
needlework
druine, art
Opova, flowers
;
person

is borrowed

magus,

that

"eident"

practices

(Lh).

artist
in

an

Ir.

embroidery,

drugs.

draoluinn, delay, tediousness, drawling

Sc.

drawl,

Dialectic

to

be

slow

in

drag'hlainn,

slovenly person,
Eng. drape.
Cf. Eng. dross.

Ir.

dried, ^drkko-,

dr^achd, dreuchd,

from

dr^ag",

the

mess.

Ir. trasta,

M.

for

an

trdth

sa,

root

duty,
root

meteor

Eng.
Ir.

E.

dreach,

portio, *drempto-,

dreag,

Eng. drawling,
and
slovenly.

time.

drathais, drawers
dreach, aspect,
^

slow

action, drawlie,

drapuinn, tape ; from the

draos, trash, filth,Ir. draos.
Ir. drdsda,
drasda, an drasda, now,
this

the

; from

derk

as

drech,

in

dearc,

office, Ir.
drep,
or

Gr.

W.

drycli,

song,

8p"7ro),
pluck,
;

Br.

derch,

0.

Ir.

drecht,

q.v.

dreaclit,

portent

M,

from

the

cull

Ag.

(Strachan).
S.

dreag,

Also
driug.
draugr, ghost.
apparition, Norse
dreall, dreoll, door-bar, dreallag, a swingle-tree : drs-lo-,root
split,Eng. tree ? Cf. W. dryll, ^dhruslo, Opavo).

der,

142

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

dreallaire,
dreallsach,

idler

an

blazing

see

drollaire.

fire

drillsean.

see

Ir. dremm
E.
dream,
tribe, people, Ir. dream,
; from
bundle, handful, manipulas, Br. dramyn, a sheaf, "^dregamo- ;

dream,

Spdyixa,a

Gr.
grasps

dreamsgal,
Cf.

dark,

Skr.

Spdcro-oixai,
grasp

handful,
make

fast,

heterogeneous

1. E.

Ch.

dergho-,
dreg

mass.

SI.

drazhaiti,

fasten.

Hence

dreng,

tramp

drong.

peevish, dream,

dreamach,

drem7ie, fierceness,

Ir.

E.

snarl

rush,

drom,

drem,

Gr.

cf.

from

Ir.

dreamhnach,

Spofxos,a

perverse,

surly, "^dremo-,

dreamh,

G.

race.

dreainach

dreangan.
^dregsmo-, root dreg as
Ir.
drainceanta, snarling, drainc,
dreangan, a snarler,
draint, W.
drengyn, a surly chap, dreng, morose,

from
be

may

in

for

dhre

from

dreg,

root

snarl,

also

"^drengo-,

of dranndan.

Ir. dreas
dris.
dreas, bramble, bramble-bush,
; see
dreasair, a dresser
(house-furniture).
Ir. dreadn, drean, W.
dryw, *drivo-, "^dr-vo-,
dreathan-donn,
wren,
*?
Cf.
Gr. T/aox^A-os.
See
dair.
for
root
der, dher, jump
sense
%
G. drannd,
Or from
dhrevo, cry, Gr. Opeojjiai,
q.v.
root
dreigeas, a grin, peevish face, E. Ir. dric, wrathful
; "^dreggo-,

dreg

in

as

dreangan.

dreimire, a ladder, Ir. dreiiaire, E. Ir, dreimm, ascent, vb. dringim,

W.
the
dringo, scandere, "^drengo.
Bezzenberger compares
Norse
drangr, an up-standing rock (cf.clif and
climb). The
has
also been
root
dreg of dreimire
compared to Ger. treppe,
See
Ir. ag
dream,
staircase, Eng. tramp.
people, "goers."
dreim, advancing.

drein, a grin : *dreg-7ii-,root dreg of dreangan.

dhrevo, dhre,
dreochdam, the crying of the deer ; from
"^drivoloIr.
dreathan.
dreoldn
see
dreolan, a wren,
:
;
Ir. dreoldn, W.
dreolan, a silly person,
drel, a clown
;
droll

.?

Thurneysen

prefers

Eng. thrall, Norse

dreallaire, drollaire.

from

dreos,

the

from

are
a

blaze

dreugan,

driachan,
Eng.

Norse

l"rcd.
In

the

The
sense

these

word
of

from

words

borrowed
as

appears

"loiterer,"

Eng.

dreolan,

these

words

droil.

drive,

*reimmen-

consider

drolla, loiter, Eng.

dragon (Dialectic)
;
plodding, obstinacy,

driamlach,

to

cry.

from

see

Ir.

dragon.
driachaireachd

"^dreiqo-;

cf.

dhreip.

fishing
;

see

line,

Manx

reim.

driceachan, tricks (M'D.).

drifeag, hurry (Heb.) ; see drip.

rimlagh,

E.

Ir.

riamnach

OF

dril,

dril, drithle, pi. drithleanna, M. Ir.

(for -renn-,
drithlinn, also drithre, * drith-re7in-

spark, sparkle,

drithle, dat.

reannag),

see

143

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

Ir.

*drith.

drithlis, a spark.

Drillsean.

from

drillsean, sparkles,

Hence

rushlight,

rush

used

wick.

as

driodar, dregs, lees, Ir. driodai\ gore, dregs : *driddo-, ^drd-do-^

root
Cf. Sc. driddle.
der^ Eng. tear.
driog, a drop, Ir. driog (driog,Con.), driogaire, a distiller ; seemingly
borrowed
from
M.
Norse
dregg,
Eng. dreg, dregs.
driong'an, slowness, Ir. driongdn, a plaything, worthless
pastime :
*dhrihh,
drip, hurry, confusion, Ir. drip, bustle, snare
'''drippi-,
:
Eng. drive ? N. drepa, hit.
dris, a bramble,
brier, Ir. dris, 0. Ir. driss, 0. W.
drissi, W.
Cor.

dryssien,
suggests

dreis,

Eng. drauk
kept separate
drg, though G.
in

ch,

drithlean, a
drithleann,

driuhhlach,
driucan,

not

d\

rivet

a
a

incision

from
dris
See

be

might

trefs,Ger.

for

Bezzenberger
trespe,
It

zizanium.
Ir.

draigen,

^drg-si-, for

the

darnel,

must

Celtic
W.

be
root

would

droighionn.

cowl,

Ir.

(O'R.)

Ir. driuch.
one

G.

Du.),
droighionn, 0.

Ir. drithlinn

under

H.

of

sparkle,

beak,

{=^dravick

so

*dressi-.

drezen,

"^drepso-,M.

stem

M.

be

Br.

of the

oblique

;
; Sh.

has

M'A.

gives

toes."

See

form

of dril.

dribhlach.
also

the

meaning,

"an

draoch.

driuch, activity (M'A.) :

driuchan, a stripe, as in cloth (M'A.) :
driu^, a meteor, portent ; see dreag.
drobh, a drove ; from the Eng.
drobhlas, profusion, so Ir. :
droch, evil, bad, Ir. droch, 0. Ir. droch, drog, W. drwg, Cor. drog,
M.
Br.
Skr.
to
malum,
drouc, *drul'o-.
Usually compared
Stokes
has
Ger.
druh, injure,
suggested
trug, deception.
and
whence
Norse
dhruk,
Bezzenberger
Eng. dry,
compares
trega, grieve, tregr, unwilling (see dragh).
drochaid, a bridge, Ir. droichiod, 0. Ir. drochet :
rock
at its impact
drog",a sea-swell
on
a
(Arg.) :
drogaid, drugget, Ir. drogdid (O'R.) ; from the Eng.
drogha, a hand
dorg'h, dorbh, Ir. doruhha,
fishing line ; also
druhha

droich,

; Norse

dwarf,

zwerg,

droigheann,

Norse

dorg,
Ir.

an

angler's

droich, *drogi-,

tackle.
allied

to

Teut.

dwergo-,

Ger.

dvergr, Eng. dwarf.

droigheann, 0. Ir. draigen, W.

cf. Gr. rpa\v"i,
draen, Cor. drain, drein, Br. drean, '^'dragino:
rough, Opdcrard),
confuse, Eng. dregs. Bezzenberger compares
Lit. drignes, black
a
henbane, Gr. 8pdf3rj,
plant. Ebel referred
bramble,

thorn,

Ir.

144

ETYMOLOGICAL

the

it to

origin

same

DICTIONARY

Gr.

as

(1) thorn, (2) lumber,

twig. Also

repxvos,

droighneach,

"entanglement."

tackle

:
droinip,
drola, a pot-hook,

Ir.

E.

last

the

drol, droltha,

knocker,

drolam,

alder

the

handle,

drol, drolam,

stick

bar, unwieldy

tree

fellow

cf.

dreallag

for

troman.

see

Gaul,

factio,

dreblan.

see

drong, droing, people, tribe,

droq,

Ir.

M.

meanings.

two

droll, drollaire, a lazy

droman,

ring

door

tail, a

animal's

droll, an

Ir.

Ir.

E.

drong,

Ir.

whence

drungus,

drong,

Lat.

0.

Br.

drungus,

drogn,
a

troop
soldier,

as
a
driugan, serve
(4th century), "^drungo- ;
S.
Norse
dryht, people,
droit, household, people,
Ag.
from
the
drongair, a drunkard
Eng.
;
dronn, the back, Ir. dronnog : ^dros-no-, root dros of druim, q.v.
the Eng.
dronng, a trunk
; from
breeze
drothan, a
(M'D.) :
small
water, druaip, dregs,
druabag, a
drop, druablas, muddy
The
first is from
M.
lees.
druablas
is from
drop
Eng.
Eng.
;
is
from
Norse
drubli, turbid, Sc. droubly ; and
druaip
and
druigean (Wh.).
d7jupa, drip, drubhag
Norse
of sleep, a mouthful
of liquid ; from
drjupa,
drub, a wink
See
the
above
words.
drip.
E.
Ir, drucht, "^drilb-tu-,root
dhreub
druchd, dew, Ir. druchd,
;
Norse
S.
dreapian,
trickle,
drip,
drop,
drjupa,
Ag.
Eng.
drip,

Got.

triefen.

Ger.

drudh, penetrate, pierce, druidh

driidhadh, oozing, soaking ; cf.
a

Strathspey).
drudge, Ir. drugaire

Ir.

Br.

"^druzdi-

W.

to

starling,Ir.
dred,

E.

druidim,

"^druzdo-, *drus,
refers

druid,

next,

dru, drdva,

Gaul.

melt,

Druentia

run.

Got.

(Gaelic Druie,

; from

M.

Eng. druggar,

dragger,

drudge.

druid, close,

the

in

river

Eng.

see

Skr.

Cf.

ufar-trusian, besprinkle.

drugair,

dret

Ir.

drws,

the

same

druid,
^struzdi

druit, close, firm, trustworthy

door.

See

source

E.

Ir.
;

as

truid,

Lat.

dorus.

Eng.

Manx

turdus,

Stokes

now

trust.

truitlag, W.
thrush

; Lit.

drudwy,
strdzdas

(Bohemian drazd), thrush, Eng. throstle.

druidh, a magician ; see draoi.
Cf. Ir. treidhim
druidh, penetrate ; see driidh.
; treaghaim (Sh.).
Ir.
W.
0.
back,
so
ridge,
Ir.,
druimm,
druim,
pi. dromand,
trum,
*drosmen-

; Lat.

dorsum.

drills,lust, driiiseach, druth, lecherous,

druth,

lewd,

harlot,

"^druto-.

Cf.

Ir.
M.

druis, adultery, E.

Eng.

Ir.

dril^, darling,

OF

0.

Fr.

illicit

0.

H.

Ger.

G.

love.

whence

refers
Mayhew
(also trut^ drud)

driit^ dear

traut, beloved

145

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

(do.),druerie, love,

drud

drouery^

THE

M.
the
:

Eng. druerie,
Fr.
and
Eng.

Teut.

dreud'

But

badness

8i's-; Got.

Gr.

duaichnidh,

see

dual.

du-, do-, prefix denoting

',

Of.

borrowed

'^dus

to

(Kluge).

the Eng.
druma, a drum, Ir., M. Ir. druma
; from
druman, elder; see homan.
in back, wrists, etc. (M'D.) :
drumlag^an, a cramp
This
Stokes
dii,meet, proper,
Ir.,E. Ir. du.
regards as
from
0.
Fr.
du
debntus), whence
(
Eng. due.

duthaich,

Sc.

of

tuz-, Norse

gloomy, ugly,

Ir.

Ir.

quality, Ir., 0.
tor-

; Skr.

dus-.

duaichniughadh,

to

du-, do-,

See

do-.

disfigure.

See

suaicheantas.

duaidh, a horrid scene, a fight,Ir. duaidh, evil (O'B.): "^du-vid?

duairc, uncivil, Ir.,E. Ir. duairc : opposite of suairc, q.v.
See eireachdail.
duaireachas, a squabble, slander
: du-aireachas.
from
the
duairidh, dubharaidh, a dowry ;
Eng.
E.
Ir.
"^dovestd
duals, a reward, so Ir.,
duass, gift :
; Gr. Sovvai, to
give (
dovenai) : Lit, duti (do.),dovana, a gift ; Lat. duint
(
dent). Root do, give.
dual, a lock of hair, Ir., E. Ir. dual, ^dohlo- ; Got.
tagl, hair,
tail.
Ag. S. taegl, Eng. tail,Norse
tagl, horse's
duthaich.
M.
Ir. dual, *duilo- ; see
dual, hereditary right, so Ir.,
Ir. dual, just,
does
Stokes
refers it to Fr. du, as he
du, q.v.
from
might come
*duglo-, root
dhugh, fashion, Gr.
proper,
Got.
duga.n, Eng. do.
Tevxeiv,
Ir., E. Ir. duan, ^dugno- ; Lettic
dugdt,
duan, a poem,
so
song,
Stokes
derives
from
it
as
crane
a
dhugh above
(Bez.)
cry
=

under

dual.

duarman, a murmur
dubailte, double,
Lat.

dubh,
Br.

; cf. torman

Ir. duhdilte

toirm.

from

; from

M.

Eng.

W.

du,

duhle, 0.

Fr.

dohle,

duplex.

black,
du,

deaf,

Ger.

Dubis,

Ir.

"^dubo-

now

dubh,
;

0.

Gr.

taub, Eng.

Ir.

dub,
tv(/)Ao?(
=

deaf,

also

0.

W.

dub, Cor. duv,

blind
Ov"fi-X6q),
dumb.

Cf.

Gaul,

Got.
river

daubs,
name

Doubs.

subhach,
dubhach, sad, Ir. dubhach, 0. Ir. dubach
; see
subhailc.
dubhailc, wickedness, Ir. dubhailce
; see
founded
tZw"A.
on
dubhailteach, sorrowful
;
thubhairt.
said
dubhairt,
; see
dubhaith, a pudding :
dubhan, a hook, Ir. dubhdn, M. Ir. dubdn
:
dubhchl^in, the flank (H.S.D. from MSS.) :

17

146

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

dubhdan,

smoke,

duhhaddn,

dubhlaidh,

soot

from

duhh.

Ir.

Cf.

inkstand.

an

dubhla,

; cf.

wintry

gloomy,

From

cinders,

straw

dark

of

trial.

Ir.

ddn^

day, day

duhh.

dtlbhlan,

duhhshldn

challenge, Ir.

from

duhh

and

dan

defiance,

dubhliath,

the

spleen,

lleithon, milt

dubhogha,

the

really

ducan

due,

Ir. lue
Cf.

of fish.

add

to

(Perth),

Cf.

soul

duil,

Lit.

element,

an

duileasg,
drifted

for

dulse,
on

shore

Lis.),

Ir.

root

duk,

Hence

dudog

fuligo,

also.

stands
Ir.

^duli-

Hence

poor

creatures

duileag,

W.

dylusg,

what

dulse.

Sc.

Ir.

(Diet.)
engender

also

uisge,

doiligh, E.

dhUli-,

Skr.

zeugen,

duil,

duilesc,

duiW

^v/x6s

Gr.

Stokes

Ger.
;

Hence

for

cock.

soot.

Na

Ir.

old

My

Gr.)

for

dialectic

du, strive,

duil, dul,

girl,
duileasg, M.
by floods.

suggests that the G.

duilich, difficult, sorry,

docked

root

fashion

"

(Perth)

stature

(Stokes

creature"

Ir.

(D.

duil, ^duli-,

(do.);

duco.

of affection

word,

next

of

Dutchraam,

Lat.

*dukli-,

means

low

of

duil,

it to

Ir. duil

duma,

Ir.

refers

"

Ir.

E.

toot.

0.

dust;

See

doytichy

thought

dulkes

Lat.

G.

Ir.

Lit.

further

Ir. dud.

ear,

(Arm.).

hope,
Ir.

Jionnogha.

"^dumhacdn,

is

tudan.

see

woman

dumas,

See

here

duthaich.

see

Eng.

winter

duitseach

diiil,expectation,

white.

ogha

of dun.

mound,
heap.
duchas, hereditary right ;
dud, a small lump (M'A) ;
dud, a tingling in the ear,
M.
dudach,
a
trumpet,

Dutch;"

lien.

(Arm.)

heap

lewilloit, W.

Hath, Cor.

lua

duhh
and
grandson ; from
to fionnogha, though jionn

jionn,

not

Root

onomatopoetic.
dudlachd, depth of
duidseag,
a
plump

Lat.

step

and

prep.,

Had,

grandson's

great

is used

duhh

0.

term

is

Jamieson

water-leaf."

"

dolig

cf.

Lat.

dolor,

grief.

duille,

Ir.

leaf, Ir., M.

leaves, OdXXm,

duille,

bloom

W.

; Ger.

dalen,
dolde,

Gaul.

M.
umbel

Br.

del
:

root

bloom, sprout.
Trefnre-SovXa,
leaved,"
taxes
duillinnean, customs,
(M'D.) :
duin, shut, Ir. d^naim,
barricading ;" from
dim, q.v.
duine, a man,
Ir., 0. Ir. duine, pi. doini
(= *dvdnji),
"

five

Gr.

OvkXa,

dhl, dhale,
is allied,

"

dyneddon,

Cor.,

OdvaTo"^,death,
to

pieces.

Br.

den, dunjd-s

mortal
6vr)T6"s,

"

Eng.

mortal
dwine

;"

Gr.

; Skr.

W.

dyn, pi.

Oavitv, die,
dhvan,

fall

OF

duircein,

seeds

the

dove.

0.
of

root

duiseal,

fir, etc., duirc-daraich,

is

referred

by

See

acorns.

Windisch

to

the

q.v.
M.

; from

whip
origin, now
duiseal, dusal,

147

LANGUAGE.

derucCy glans,

darach,

GAELIC

the

of

Ir.

duisleannan,

THE

duschen^ strike,

Eng.

Scandinavian

of

dowse.
slumber

Norse

; from

doze.

dusa^ doze, Eng.

(Dialectic, H.S.D.),
(M'E.)
:
"dreaming?"
Ir. duisgim, duisighim, 0. Ir. diusgea, expergefaciat,
ill-natured

duisealan

pretences,

; from

duisg, awake,

*de-ud-sec-, root

freaks

in

as

sec

duiseal

caisg, q.v.

dul, dula, a noose,

loop, Ir. dul, dol, snare,
loop,
loop, doll, form a ring or loop ; Gr. SoXos, snare

W.

dol,

noose,

; Lat.

dolus^

etc.

dula, a pin, peg, Ir. dula ; cf. Lat. dolo, a pike, M.H.G.
zol, a log.
duldachd, a misty gloom ; see dudlachd.
dbmhail.
in bulk
dumhlaich, increase
; see
dun, a heap, a fortress, Ir., 0. Ir. dun, W.
din, Gaul,
dunum,
-80VVOV, ^duno-n, ^dunos- ; Ag. S. ttl7i,Eng. town, Ger. zaun,
Root
tun
deva, dH, to
hedge, Norse
(do.); Gr, Smaa-Oat, can.
be

strong, hard,

whence

also

diir.

dona
?
dunach, dunaidh, woe
; from
dur, dull, stubborn, Ir., E. Ir. dilr,

Gaul,

durum,

connections

durachd,
0.

fortress,

*duro-

dir, force,

further

For

durus.

Lat.

dir, steel,

Br.

dun.

see

duthrachd,
Ir.

W.

wish, wish, diligence, Ir. duthrachd,

*devo-traktu-s-, "^trakko, press ; Ag. S.

good

duthracht,

forward, Eng. throng (Stokes).

dringen, press
Windisch
be
the
has
Skr.
tark, think, which
compared
may
Verb
tark of tarkus, spindle, Lat. torqueo.
same
as
duraig.
the
Ir. durddn
root
ddradan, durradan, an
mote,
atom,
; from
Ger.

thringan^

dur

d^^

diir

in

^^^OYe

bit 1"

"hard

dure, a lumpish person

:
durcaisd, turcais, pincers, nippers,
Fr.

from

turquoise,

tricoises,

now

pincers.
durd, a syllable,sound, humming,
W.

dwrdd,

Lettic

to

seems

Norse

durlus, water-cress
durraidh, pork,

durrag,

worm

from

a
:

dher

Ir.

drone

; root

dur^dohhar

pig, durradh

duranta,

dhre.

morose.

durga, sulky fellow, Eng. dwarf.

Norse

; from

Cf.

durganta.

mugio,

I.E.

dprjvos, dirge, rovSpvs,

Gr.

drynr, roaring, Eng.

Ir.

sour,

be

Further

rattle.

dardet,

surly,

der, sound,

turkas,
farrier's

or

d6rd, dordaim,

root
sonitus, tordd, '^'dordo-s,

muttering,

durga,

Turkish"

"

Ir.

Ir.,E.

Sc.

; from

tweezers

and

grumphy

lus, q.v.
!

Cf.

dorra.

G.

148

ETYMOLOGICAL

durrghail,

of

cooing

DICTIONARY

Ir. durdail

dove,

Onomatopoetic.
durrasgach, nimble
(Dial.,H.S.D.) :
dursann, an unlucky accident, Ir. dursan,
from

the

currucadh,

also

(O'R.) ;

hard

sorrowful,

q.v.

of dorra.

stem

dus, dust, duslach

Eng. dust.
; from
See
the Eng. doze.
duiseal.
dusal, a slumber
; from
duslainn, a gloomy, retired place :
dllth, hereditary ; see dii.
duthaich,
a
coun^try, district, Ir. duthaigh, 0. Ir. duthoig,
hereditary (M. Ir. ditthaig), G. duthchas, hereditary right :
du

root

in

as

dun

Cf.

dii.

duthaich, great gut (M'Lagan) :

duthuil, fiuxus alvi
dubh-ghalar

duhh

; from

tuil.

and

e, accented

is, he, that),

Ir. e,

6, he, it,
The

ayam.

0.

0.

she

ea,

Ir. e, ^ei-s : root

e^, i ; 0.
is, Ger,
( eja); Got.
er,
=

Ir. neuter

ed,

was

eadh

now

(as

in

h'dt. eis
es

Skr.

seadh, ni

h-eadh).
6a-, privative prefix ; see eu-.
eabar, mud, puddle, Ir. abar, marshy
ea-,

Aporicum,
^ad-hor,

the

"^elcvo-s ; Lat.

ebur.

S.
for

pen

Eng. ebony.

ehenum,

ech, W.

Ag.

;
a

^ex-hor,

ebol, colt, Br.

eoh.

ebetd,

aihva-

Got.

strayed sheep

; Skr.
see

Gaul.

Epo-,

ac^va-s.
eachdranach

root.

eachdraidh,

E.

Ir.

echtra,

without, *ekstero,
(see

Lat.

W.

his"tory, eachdaire,

eachdaireackd,

adventures

E.

; from

eithr, extra

; Lat.

extra,

Ir. prep,
extemus

ecktar,
; from

as).

a,

eachdranach,

Ir.

history,

historifm,

ex

Ir.

equus

eachdra,

Lat.

stagnum

(see Innear),

cann-ebor

q.v.

Lat.

Ir. ; from

Ir.,0.

Ir.

tobar,

Ir. ; from

ebony, so
eabur, ivory, so
each, a horse, so

for

of

bor

eabon,

eachdaran,

E.

Loch-aber,

Adamnan's

land,

foreigner,

extraneus,

Ir.

eachdrannach,
From

Eng. strange.

0.

Ir. echtrann,

echtar,

as

in

exter

eachdraidh.

eachrais, confusion, mess

fair, E. Ir. echtress,
; cf. Ir. eachrais, a
horse-fight. See each and treas.
6ad, jealousy ; see eud.
eadar, between, Ir, eidir, 0. Ir. eter, iter,etar, W. ithr, Cor. yntr,
Br.
Skr.

entre, Gaul, inter, *enter, i.e.,en-ter, prep,

antdr,

feadh, it, seadh,

inside.
yes,

0.

Ir. ed

see

e.

en

; Lat.

inter

OF

eadh,

pidum,

eadha,
eadhal,
eadhon,

to
"

here

verb

eadradh,

ex-gal

eagar,

; from

Ir.

order,

eibheall.
this

"^id-souno-,

"

^m

*sou,
id

from

regards

in

as

so.

it, is, goes,

id

of

part

as

milking

noon,

; from

time

feag,

valour.

aithne.

In

0.

Gr.

palumba,

and

cuir.

eglivys, Br.

His

the

are

eagna

aith-

see

and

gen

of

elements

same

dith-gen-).
{^aith-gen-,

eairlin,keel, bottom, end

eairneis, furniture
; see
eala, a swan,
so
Ir., M.
falcon

eclais,W.

"^aith-gen;

and

aithne

eairlig",
w^ant, poverty, airleig ;

*elerko-'S

Ir.

aith-

ecclesiastic.

Ir. ^ne,

differentlyaccented

'^'dith-cor ; from

Ir. ecor,

eagluis.

Ir., 0.
fact

theagamh.

for

Ir.,E.
Ir.

so

eadargdn,

Manx

ecclesia,Eng.

wisdom,

Ir.

interposition,

?
agg, W.
ag, cleft,"^eggd- : peg
Ir. eaguil, eagla, E. Ir. ecla, 0. Ir. ecal (adj.),

so

row,

Lat.

eAeto?,

takes

; he

eifii, etc,

:
see

is from

eadarthra,

Ir.

; Dialectic

eag^lais,a church,
eag^na,

Eng.

eadar.

gal,

see

perhaps

from

op-

in

as

go,

trath.

nick, notch,

eagan,

Lat.

substantive.

eagal, feagal, fear,

*

pedo,

Ir. idon,

{Celt.DecL)

eo, Gr.

Lat.

of

separation
eag,

Root

plain

etc.

eadraig", interpose, eadragainn,

a

TreStov,a

tread.

pad,

Stokes

milking time,

eadar

Gr.

an

ov-Tos.

i, go,

the

ped

wit, namely, viz.,so Ir., 0.

id, see
eadh, and souno; for

Of. Gr.
root

SI.

149

LANGUAGE.

tree, Ir. eadhadh

aspen
burning coal (Bibl. Gloss.) ;
e,

brand,

GAELIC

root

pedis,

pes,

letter

the

fd^

; Ch.

town

Lat.

foot,

Ir.

E.

space,

THE

cf.

airleag, lend, borrow,

"^air-lann

lann,

see

land,

airneis.

elerhc,*elaio,
alarch, Corn,
eUt, W.
eAea, reedwarbler, ekacras, grosbeak, I Aeas, owl,
Gr. TreAeta,wild
dove, Lat.
olor, swan.
; Lat.

dove,

0.

Ir.

poalis (do.),have

Prus.

been

suggested.

to
ealach, ealachainn, a peg
hang
things on, E. Ir. alchuing,
elchuing, dat. alchaing, pi. alchningi.
ealadh, learning, skill, ealaidh, knack, Ir. ealadh, E. Ir. elatha,
el, intelligence: root el : : at (of eilcan)?
gen. elathan, W.
6aladh, euladh, a creeping along (as to catch game), Ir. euloighim

flee,0. Ir. elud, evasio ; Ger. eilen,

Hence
hasten, speed; root ei,i,go, Lat. i-re,etc.
ealaidhneach,
derives
Strachan
it from
"^ex-ldjo,root Id, ela,
creeping cold.
steal

go,

away,

E.

Ir.

claim,

(as in eilid, etc.). Stokes

ealach.
block, hacking-stock ; see

Gr.

eXavvo

"^ass-luim.

now

ealag, a
ealadh.
ealaidh, an ode, song, music
; see
ealamh, eathlamh,
quick, expert, Ir. athlamh,
athlam, "^aith-lam
the

idea).

See

Ham

ullamh

is allied
for

to

discussion

Idmh,
of the

E.

hand
root

Ir.

athlom,

("handy"
lam.

is

150

ETYMOLOGICAL

ealbh,

DICTIONARY

bit, tittle,Ir. ealbha,

profit, *elvo-

multitude,

Gaul.

cf.

W.

drove,

Elvetios, Elvio,

etc.

elw^ goods,

root
'^'pel-vo-,

full '?

pel,

ealbhar,

fellow

good for nothing

sillyperson.

vacant,

(Suth.)

Norse

; from

dlfr, elf,a

ealbhuidh, St John's
wort, Ir. eala bhuidh
(O'R.) :
Innis
E.
Ir.
Ireland.
elg :
^a/^a
fealg",noble, so Ir.,

Cf.

Elgin,

with

him.):

Q\Qn-elg.
have
ealla, nothing ado ("Gabh ealla ris"
nothing
eallach, a burden, so Ir., M. Ir. ellach, trappings

ado

"

eallach,

drove,

sluagh.

from

eallach,

0.

Ir.

(Arran),

cattle

; cf. Ir.

ellach, conjunctio, *ati-slogos(Zimmer),

uallach

See

load

or

and

Ir.

so

ealt.

cf. 0.

Ir.

ellach, conjunction,

*ati-

slogos (Zimmer).

eallsg, a scold, shrew

ealt, ealta, a covey,
from

peslo-, a brute,

fdsl, proles (Stokes

Cor.

ehal,

for

Cor.).

Ir.

and

ellach, union,

Ir.

flock,

drove,

eallach,

Ir. elta

E.

ealta,

; 0.

pecus
See

H.

S.

G., fasal, Ag.

Ascoli

al.

"^ell-tavo-,

drove, cattle,

0.

joins

with

ealt.

Ir.
See

eallach.

ealltuinn,

Br.

0.

altin, Br.

tail ;

eanach,
"

ealtin,

aotenn,

split ; Old.

pat,
eaman,

Ir.

razor,

SI.

'^{p)altani;

W.

Ger.
in

ellyn,

spalten,

elinn,

cleave

Skr.

q.v.

Ir. enech, honour,

praise,
(Ascoli) : *aneqo-, W. enep ; root

"

Cor.

0.

two.

also

E.

honour,

regard

Ir. altan,

vd^^-platiti,cut

feaman,

see

0.

face
Lat.

of

oq

hence

oc-ulus,

etc.

eanach, dandriff, scurf, down

:
Ir.
eanach-garraidh
eanach-garraidh,
endive,
of Lat.
endiva
(Cameron).
eanchaill, eanchainn,
brains, Ir. inchinn,
Cor.
impinion
{ in+pen-),
ymmenydd.
=

foot, footstep, track, bound,

eang",

root

eang,

ong

given

gusset,

eangach,

Ir.

E.
in +

ruption
cor-

W.

inchind,
"what

ceann,

is

corner

Ir. eang,

E.

Ir.

eng,

track

; cf.

theagamh.

for
;

fetter, net,

eang,

cf. Lat.
Ir.

angulus,

eangach,

Eng. angle.
chain

net,

of

nets.

From

foot.

cross-tempered (H.S.D.) : "having

Ir., engach,
eangbhaidh,
high-mettled, M.

angles";

eangarra,

evidently

head."

the

in

valiant

from
from

eang.
eang,

step.

eangladh,
likely

entanglement
founded

on

possibly

eangach.

from

the

Eng.

tangle

not

OP

THE

eanghlas, gruel, milk

and
a
stem), milk
M.

Ir.

Lat.

Ir.

water,

water,

eanghlais, E.

in and
(Corm.),
yXdyos, yaAa(KT09), milk,
from

green

^'glagsa; Gr.
it
'^glak-t). Cormac
says
e?i
water, "^pino (St.).

grey.

englas (fern.

Ir.

water

glas, milk,

lac

glas,

and

151

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

from

is

water,

en,

and

eanntag",
deanntag.
; see
eanraich, eanbhruith, soup, juice
nettles

E.

Ir.

have
of
it

ear,

enhruthe,
obsolete

an

flesh."
"

water,

en,

chicken-soup,"

an

ear,

the
prep,

The
is

opposite

of

desire.

oriente

anoir,

from

iar, from

iar, behind,

Ir.

erdil, irdil,

0.

exhortation,

an

observer

iar, an

make

before," the
really "from
aii^ (
nail
(see a, from), and
*ari),
the
The
is supposed
to
face
sun.

ab

an-air,

(*apona)

an

before.

earail,

Ir.

water

as

dialects

east, Ir. soir, eastern,

the

"

it

explain
Most

O'Cl.

and

bruith.

eun

Corm.

boil.

eanghlas.

see

from

as

east, from

east, 0.

bruith,

broth, bruithe, flesh,and

For

the

and

in

from

flesh, Ir. eanbhruithe,

boiled

of

q.v.
"^air-ail

dill,

from

earal, provision,
Ir. oirthior, eastern,
an
day after to-morrow,
earar,
earar,
0.
Ir. airther, eastern,
day following, day after to-morrow,
^aritero^, "^pareiteros (Gr. Trapocrepos),comparative of air,
Hence

caution.

the

before.

eararadh,

and

for

roe,

Ir., E.

worn

brooch,

shoulders

the

over

shawl

tartan

grinding: *air-aradh,

before

pot

arid

Ir. erb.

erbe, heir,
orphan.

(n.), Ir. earbaim,

tail, so

ball, q.v.

Got.

arbja,

leave

heir

; M.

Ir.

erball, "^ air-ball

urball

in

Arran

and

Cf.

to

epL(f)o"?.
erbaim,

erbe, bequeath,
Lat.

; from

orbus, Eng.
air

cow

from

airleas.
in

cattle

"^ari)

from

(Corm.)

call, q.v.

and

see.

air

and

gon

Also

root.

as

"^ari-lanti-,root

flux

air

old

adj. erkmi,

ullamh.

earlaid, expectation, trust

earlas, earnest, arles ; see
earnach, murrain, bloody

nom-

West,

the

heifer

See

Ir.
G.

H.

Ir., E.

feargnaich, which
suggests fearg
earlachadh,
preparing food (Suth.) ;

0.

all allied

(Carm.), cow, Ir. earc, E. Ir. ere,

earchall, earachall, misfortune
: *air-cdll
;
arable
land
air
which
earghalt,
+ geadhail,
;
eargnaich, inflame, enrage
:
"^dir-gon-; from

earc,

females

by

*air-asaid

Ir. heirp, ^erbi-s, Gr.

0.

confido, ^erbio, let,

Ger.

and

tartan

(vb.), earbsa

erpimm,

aridus,

of

by

in

corn

root.

so

trust

earball,

of

Lat.

square

fastened

asair
a

in

as

ar,

earasaid,

earb,
earb,

parching

root

lam

of lamh.

ready.

152

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

end, tail,Ir.

earr,

(Lewis) ;

scar

^ersd

Ir. err,

6ppo"s,rump

Gr.

S,

Ag.

Eng.

ears,

earr,

E.

earr,

Norse

(do.).

arr

orr,

is
errech, *persdko-, irom. pers, which
ek ; per,
from
before, Lat. per, proe,
as
eks, ( ex) is from
per,
idea is the
"first of
Eng. /or, /ore, ; as in air, ( ari). The
Such
the
year." Of. Ger. frilhling, spring, of like descent.

Ir., 0.

earrach, spring, so

Ir.

is Stokes'

(cf. for

end

earr,

Another

derivation.
form

the
extremity) meaning
May, "first of summer,"
allied

Not

earradh, clothes,
reid

from

Lat.

to

equivalent
earradh, wares.
earradhubh, the wane,

Eng.

the

Eng.

moon

ceitein.
the

year.

earr

Gaul.

the

allied.

Hence

+ duhh

MSS.)

from

Lat.

is

ready

shift,refuge, attempt (H.S.D.,

earraghloir, vain glory : "^er-gldir; the er
earrag,

lower

*ari-reido-n

from

comes

array

of the

wane

(a blow, Arms.)

taunt

of

errad, eirred, *dir-red,

(^ad-redare^,and

earrag,

the

year,"
beginning

the

is from

earrach,

the

of

being

Ir.

reidh.

of

toiseach,

end

"

earrach

and

ver.

Ir., E.

so

and

tos

is that

view

is the

intensive

particle;

per.

tearraid, tarraid
(Dial.): from Eng. herald f
earraid, a tip-staff,
earraigh, a captain (H.S.D.) ; see urra.
M.
Ir. errand, "^dir-rann ; from
a
portion, Ir. earrumi,
earrann,
portion.

rann,

wealth

earras,

earrlait, ground
earr-thalmhuinn,
eas,

manured

waterfall,

earradh.

see

yarrow
Ir.

eas,

eas-,

see

d-patti, mishap
pest ; Slav, na-pasti,

privative, prefix,Ir.
See

E.

earn.,

g.

Ir.

ess, g.

("mis-fall"); Lat.

Skr.
a

and
productive next
year
aihair-thalmhuinn.

one

as,

a,

esw,

(Oarm)

'^esti-

'^'peMi;

down, pestis,

pessum,

(Bez.).

casus

eas-,

Ir.

0.

es-,

W.

eh-,

Gaul,

ex-,

^'eks.

out,

water-gruel ; from eas.

a
pheasant, a squirrel (M'D.), Ir. easog, pheasant (Fob),
easag,
the
weasel, squirrel. For
squirrel-weasel force, see
neas,
founded
As
be
the
M.
nios.
on
pheasant," it may
Eng.

easach,

thin

"

"

"

fesaunt, 0. Fr. faisan.

easaraich, boiling of a pool, ebullition,
easar,

cataract, from

easbhuidh,
out

"

want,

defect,

of it ; from

roots

Ir.,E.

so

of

G.

and

Ir.

cf. aisir.

fellow
trifling,handsome
easbaloid, absolution, Ir. eashaloid
;

easbalair,

; from

"^ess-rad- %

eas.

easar-chasain, thorough-fare

bustle

as

and

(M'A.)
from
Ir.

bu,

Lat.

absolutio.
"

eshuid, '^'ece-buti-s,
being
q.v.

OP

easbuig", a
eshop

feasg,

bishop,
; from

Ir.

Lat.

GAELIC

THE

Ir.

0.

eashog,

153

LANGUAGE.

espoc,

episcopus, whence

esgoh,Br.

W.

epscop,

Eng. bishop.

ditch, fen,
easgaidh, quagmire, ease, water, E. Ir. esc,
'lo-Ka, the Exe, [Scotch Esks\
water, fen-water, 0. British
^isltd, water, *(p)idskd ; Gr. TrcSa^,well, ttlSvo),
gush. The
a

W.
easg,

Ir.

stream,

w7/sg,

W.

0.

uisc

requires, *eiskd, from peid, pid.

feng. eascuinne, 0. Ir. escung,
"

eel, Ir. eascu,

i.e.,esc, fen, and

easgann,

snake,"

ung,

snake,

for

it

Lat.

See

anguis.

easg,

ditch,

feasga,

the

(a

moon

century),

0.

name

Ir. esca,

surviving

in

*eid-skio- ; from

e'sce,cesca,

last

Braemar

eid, id,

root

in Lat.

full moon
idiis,the ides, "full light,"i.e.,
(Stokes):
Gr.
Skr.
^encscaio-,
light (Strachan).
"f"eyyo"s,
pnjas, light,
better
easgaid, hough ;
iosgaid, q.v.
as

Easgaidh,

ready, willing,

escuit

; from

easgraich,
easp,

door

eu-

torrent,

latch

and

easguidh,

Ir.

E.

escid, W.

esgud, Br.

sgith, q.v.
mixture

coarse

see

easg.

(Lewis); Norse, hespa (do.).

easradh, ferns collected

root
"^ex-sratu-,
ster,
under

Ir.

to

litter

strew,

cattle,

Lat.

E.

Ir,

sternere, etc.

esrad, strewing,
See
casair, bed,

caisil-chrb.

easraich, boiling of a pool, bustle ; see easaraich.

eathar, a boat, Ir. eathar, ship, boat, 0. Ir. ethar, a boat, *itro-,
"journeyer"; from
ethaim, I go, "^itdo,go, root ei, i ; Lat.
Gr.
e77ii.
Lit.
eimi
It/x6
eo
;
; Skr.
;
Ir., 0. Ir. etarro, *etr-so, *enter-sds.
eatorra, between
them,
so
For

s6%

see

sa.

6ibh, cry ; see eigh.

eibheadh, the aspen, letter e, Ir. eadha ; also eadhadh, q.v.
eibheall, eibhleag", a live coal, spark, Ir. eihhleog,E. Ir. oihell,
spark, fire,W. ufel, fire,^oibelos,fire,spark (Stokes).
aoihhinn.
eibhinn, joyous ; see
Sc. aiver
eibhrionnach, eirionnach, a young
gelded goat ; from
of jirionnach, etc.
Aiver
is also
(do.),with G. termination
worthless
old
horse, any
property, Eng. aver, property,
aver,
from

Lat.

habere.

eideadh, eididh, clothing, a

eidheann, ivy, Ir. eidkean,
"^(pjedenno-,

root

suit
E.

see

Ir.

ped, fasten,

For
Eng. fetter,etc.
sense,
catch, proehendo, Eng. get.

aodach.

edenn,
hold

cf.

Lat

on

W.

eiddcvj, Cor.

; Lat.

pedica,

hedera, ivy,

form
of eideadh.
eididh, a web ; apparently a shortened
Lat.
ejfectus.
^ifeachd, effect,so Ir. ; from
of
eididh
eididh), *veggid, root
a
web,
eige,
(on analogy

idhio,
fetter

from

ghed,

oifigh.
18

154

ETYMOLOGICAL

eigh,

ice ;

aigred,

W.

eiry,

eigh,

file,Ir. oighe

6igh,

cry,

Cf.

Ir.

also

"^agid ;

0.

dvdyKT] (

root

of

ag

Ir. egem,

Eng.

Got.

axe,

Celtic

igt.

; Lettic

eig

root

aqizi.

oighreag.
0.

W.

Ir. ecen,

dv-dyK7]).

Ir.

E.

oidhir,

(Stokes, Zim.).

aeger

eighreag, a cloudberry ; see

6iginn, necessity, Ir. eigin,
Gr.

Ir.

snow.

eiglieamh,

Lat.

eighre, oighre,

Hence

deigh.

see

DICTIONARY

Allied

by

(Stokes) ;

*enknd

angen,

{a7ik enk)

root

thig,

to

etc.

eildeir, an

elder

from

the

eile, other, another,

Gaul,

alio-, *aljo-,

eileach,
"

Ir.

mill-race,

Ir.

eile, 0.

*aUo-

elder.

Eng.

Scotch,

alius

; Lat.

W.

aile,

aill, all,

embankment

mill-dam,

aAAos

; Gr.

eil,all,
else.

Eng.

ail, stone,

from

Br.

stone-work."

eilean,

Ir.

Island,

an

oilean,

E.

Ir. alien

from

eyland, Eng.

Norse

island.

eilean, training
eileir, the notch
fixed.

eileir,a

deer's

them.
in

oilean.

see

the

on

of

staves

(In Arg. earrach) :

walk, eileirig, where

Hence

the

cask

deer

eileir,sequestered region, etc.

eilgheadh, levelling of a field

Basque elge, field.

eilid, a hind, so Ir.,
eAAds,
eXn

eilitrum

Deer

of

for

elit,W.

Ir.

e'Aa^os (

fawn,

bier
;

0.

first

sowing,

cfs.

ploughing

Umbrian

Maclean

elain,

Gr.

pelsatu,

the

compared

"^elinti-s,
"*e/an^,

cerva,

eAv"^os),stag

cf. Ir.

; Lit.

elnis, stag

etc.

eilig, w411ow-herb,
eilitriom,

Bk.

Elrick.

eilthir.

see

Stokes
eillgheadh, burial, to which
H.
OdTTTeLv,pelsans, sepeliundus.

Gr.

battue

to

"?

d-elerc

Arm.

is

bottom

driven

were

place-name

common

the

where

from

Lat.
helix.
epilobium ; from
(H.S.D. for Heb.), Ir. eletrom, eleathrain,
Lat.

feretrum

(Stokes).

eilthir, a foreign land, eilthireach,

ailithre, pilgrimage

from

Ir.

M.

pilgrim,

eile and

Ir.

oilithreach, 0.

Ir.

tir, q.v.

eiltich, rejoice :
eineach,

Ir.

bounty,

nak, attain,

as

in

oineach.
tiodhlac.

protection (from Ir.).

eirbhe, dyke or wall between
eirbheirt, moving,
stirring
fruor

air

and

Cf.

0.

Ir.

Hence

the

crop-land
;

E.

ainech, protectio,

Ir.

and

H.S.D.

hill-land

airbcrt,

use,

air

heir

eineachlann,

(M'F.). :
airbiur,

heir, q.v.

eirbhir, asking indirectly :

"

side-say

"

root

; cf.

ahair.

dego,

THE

O^

eirbleach, slack-jointedor
should

crippled person
possibilityof

The

hirple.

creature,

Lat.

eireachd,

air-ahlach

kirjdock,

lame

(cf.conahlach)

0.

Ir. aire

^pario,

air.

of

root

porto.
Ir.

assembly,

an

^air-echt, echt being

the

; cf. Sc.

be

kept in view.
eirc-chomhla, portcullis(M'D.) :
eire, a burden, Ir. eire,E. Ir. ere,
Cf.

155

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

origin

same

from
W.

as

oireachdus, E.
the

of

root

Ir. air

thig.

araeth, speech,

root

Ir.

edit, 0.
Stokes
req,

aired,
it to

refers
in 0.

as

Slav.

reka, speak,
raccare,
cry as a
0.
Ir. airegde, prsestans, from
eireachdail, handsome,
aireich),
primas. See airidh.
eireag",a pullet,young
hen, Ir. eireog (Fol.,O'R.), M. Ir. eirin, W.
Cor.
iaren.
gallina, Br. iarik, *jari-, hen ; Lit. jeruhe,
^ar,
N.
Slav,
heathcock,
(Bez.).
^er^^^, nuthatch
old
carle
(Dial., H.S.D) ; from
eireallach, a monster,
clumsy
Lat.

lion,

eire.

eiriceachd, heresy,
the

from

0.

Ir., E.

so

Ir.

form

Ir.

0.

eres,

Ir.

which

somehow,

heretic, hereticus
itself

is

from

Lat.

hoereticus.

eirich, rise, eirigh, rising, Ir. eirighim, eirghe, E. Ir. erigim,

eirgim, inf. 0. Ir. eirge, erge, *ehs-reg6; Lat. erigo, erect, Eng.
I govern
opkym, extend ; Eng. right ; I. E.
erect, rego,
; Gr.
root

See

reg.

rach.

eiridinn, attendance, patience, 0. Ir. airitiu, g. airiten, reception,

Lat. emo,
airema, suscipiat,*ari-em-tin-, root em, grasp, take
buy ; Lit. imu, hold.
Ir. eiric, E. Ir. eric, eiricc : *es-recc, buying or
eirig, ransom,
reic.
Vb.
as-renim, reddo, enclitic ernim,
selling out," from
impendo.
eirmis, hit, find out, 0. Ir. ermaissiu, attaining, irmadatar, intelli*air-mess-, "^air-med- ; root, med,
gunt, irmissid, intelligatis,
in meas,
as
judgment, q.v.
deis ?
eis, delay, impediment ; founded
on
Ascoli
eisd, listen, hear, Ir. eisdim, 0. Ir. etsim.
analyses it into
',

"

^etiss, *aith-do-iss,
as

means

air-issim,
hheal

from
1

the

instare

reduplicated

stand),

hush

animum

Root

an-tus-,

form

the

iss

of the

root

silence

great

doubtless

he
sta

Cf.

(cf.0.
Ir.

Ir.

eist

do

E.

Ir.

of tosd.

"

eisg, eisgear, satirist, Ir. eigeas, pi. eigse,a learned

man,
?
See eagna.
ecess
"^dd-gen-s-to
:
eisimeil, dependence, obligation, M. Ir. esimol, an esimul,
mo-lo,

root

em

of eiidail.

eisiomplair,example,
exemplar.

Ir.

Cf.

Lat.

eidompldir,

exemplum.
Ir. esimplair

M.

*ex-em-

; from

Lat.

156

ETYMOLOGICAL

eisir, eisiridh, oyster,

Lat.

Ir.

DICTIONARY

oisre

eidr,

; from

M.

Eng. oistre,from

to

the

ostrea.

eisleach,

the

crupper

withe

that

ties

the

tail-beam

pack-saddle,

eislean, grief:
^ex-slan

'^an-slan

; cf.

Ir,

eislmn, weak,

Ir. eslinn

E.

(do.):

slan.

see

which
the corpse
is laid, a shroud
eislinn, boards
on
(H.S.D., from
MSS.
; M'E.) :
unhusked
of corn
eite,
ear
(M'E.)
eite,eiteadh, stretching, extending :
of heath
roots
eiteach, burnt
:
eiteag*, white
pebble, precious stone ; from
Eng. hectic, lapis
hectic
hecticus, the white
as
a
stone, used
remedy against
and
diarrhoea
dysentery
(Martin, West. Isles,134). See eitig.
Tr.
eitean, a kernel, grain,
eitne,eithne,E. Ir. eitne (n.).
eithich, false, perjured, Ir. eitheach, a lie, perjury, 0. Ir. ethech,
Cf. Ir. di-thech, denial
on
oath,
perjurium ; root pet, fall ?
on
oath, di-tongar i. sentar, fortoing,
for-tach, admission
See freiteach for root,
*tong6, swear.
proved by oath
Ir.
For
wn"QV
eitich, refuse,
freiteach.
eitigJmn.
root, etc., see
0.
Ir.
eitigh, fierce, dismal,
etig, turpe, adetche, abomination.
un-Ao?^se-like
"un-wonted,
(Zim.), for G.
Scarcely "^an-teg-,
would
be eidigh. This
Stokes
"^an-tehi-s,
(Bez. Beit ^^) makes
not
child, Eng.
fair, W. teg, fair, Gr. tlkto), produce, tgkvov,
be eidigh.
thitig. Still G. should
dh'
Ir. eathaim, E. Ir.
eithinn, would
eith, go (Sutherland),
go,
:

"

ethaivi, ^itdo

ei, i

; root

eitig, consumption

Sc.

; from

; Lat.

ire, ituin

etick,from

Fr.

Gr.

et/xt, etc.

eticpie,hectique, Eng.

hectic.
?
See
eitreach, storm, sorrow
: "^aith-terof eblas.
eoisle,a charm
; a metathesis
Ir.
edl, eolas, E.
eol, eolas, knowledge,

d-eulus

*ivo-lest%L

tuirse.

Ir.

eolas,

Ir.

0.

heuLas,

E. Ir. eorna,
"^'jevo-rnio-,
*jevo- \ Gr. ^eta,
barley, Ir. eorna,
spelt ; Skr. ydva, corn, barley ; Lit. jaivai, corn,
eothanachadh, languishing (II,S.D. gives it as Dial. ; M'E.); see

eorna,

feodhaich.
eu-,

negative prefix,Ir.
c, t, p,

and

s.

See

ea-, eu-,

0.

Ir.

e-.

It stands

for

an-

before

an-.

eucail,
cdil,q.v.
:
euchd, a feat, exploit,Ir. eachd, feat, covenant, condition
; E. Ir.
echt, murder, slaughter, from ec (St.).
euchdag, a fair maid, a charmer
one," from euchd.
: "featsome
addiant
eud, jealousy, zeal, Ir. ead, 0. Ir. et, W.
i^ add-iant),
in
Gaul,
iaiitu*jantulantumarus,
longing, regret,
; Skr.
disease

an

THE

OF

zeal

yatnd,

; Gr.

157

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

seek, (rjXos,zeal, Eng.

^rjreo),

zeal ; root

jd,

jat, strive.

eudail, treasure, cattle, Ir. eaddil, euddil, profit,prey, E. Ir. Hail,

treasure, booty, E. Ir. et, herds, riches : *em-tdli-, root
em,
dirneis
ed
hold, as in Lat. emo
(see eiridinn).Also feudail.
=

spreidh, O'Cl.
death, Ir. eug, 0.
eug,
*enku-s, "^enkevo- ;

Lat.

perish.
na^,
eugail, disease ; see
eugais, eu^mhais,

eugais, without,

no

E.

negative

eug-,

Ir.

ec, W.

Cor.

angeu,
death
;

nex,

0.

and

Gr.

Br.

ancou,

corpse

vckvs,

Skr.

eucail.
as

Ir. ecmais

prefix,

"^an-comas,

pensation,
dis-

eagmhuis, want,
"

non-power
an-con-samuil
eugsamhuil

in

as

Ir.
"

see

cosmhail.
ealadh.
euladh, creeping away
; see
eumhann,
a
MSS.), 0. Ir. nem,
pearl (H.S.D. from
g.
sheen, niamda,
nwyf,
pearl, niam,
bright, W.
Cf. neamhnuid.
nwyjiant, brightness, vigour : "^neim.

eun,

bird, Ir. eun, 0. Ir. en,

^etno-s, *petno-, root
ezn,
a

fowls

Hence

eur,

refuse,

Ir.

rd, give,

eura,

rd.

edn.

Cor.

fly ; Gr. Trero/xai,

Eng. feather ; Skr.

vigour,

hethen,

Br.

fly, 7reT7pa,
pdtati, fly.

Ir. ejilaith.
Ir. era,

refusal, E.
Cor.

W.

give, Zend

etn, W.

pet,

Lat.

wing
penna,
eunlaith, birds, E.

W.

0.

nemann,

eraim, "^ex-rajo(n.),root
Br.

rhoi, give.
ry,
See rath, luck, favour.

reiff,give

Skr.

rati,

fa, under,
form

ffa, was
M.

Ir.
of

fa,

/o,

(past
Ir.

E.

Ir.

q.v., used
of is),M.

fa h-,

E.

Ir.

fa

(as

in

distributive

in adverbial
G.
ha

side

expressions.

fa (D. of Lis.),Ir. fa, fa h- (Keat.),

h-, *bdt, *{e)hhv-d-t; Lat. -bat, -hamus,

rege-bam, etc.; root hheu, to be.

fabhairt, fadhairt, forging, moulding
of

numbers)

See

bu,

the

form

now

(better faghairt,

"

used.
pering
"tem-

the
suits
pronunciation
(Wh.), which
best); Ir.
Lat. faber, smith,
on
faghairt, tempering (Keat.) ; founded
whence, through Fr., Eng. forge.
Lat. favor.
fabhar, favour, Ir. fdbhar, W. ffafr ; from
fabhd, a fault ; from Sc. faut, from Fr. faute.
fabhra, fabhrad, abhra, eyelid,eyebrow, Ir, abhra, fabhra, eyelid,
E. Ir. abra, n. pi. abrait. Cor.
abrans, Br. abrant, eyebrow,
Mac.
Gr. dfSpovres; further
There
is
brow, Eng. broiv.
o"^/ov?,
Ir.
E.
dual
*hruvat-.
The
an
bruad,
bra, pi. brdi,
phonetics
clear.
Lat.
Stokes
has
not
are
frons, frontis, as
suggested
allied,*bhront- with the prep. a{p)o ( E. Ir. -a-),ab.
=

158

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY

fabhradh, swirl, eddy (Carm.). Cf. 0. Iv. fobar (St.).

Lat.
facal, focal, word, Ir. focal, 0. Ir, focul, from
Stokes
and
Wind,
(through *focvul, Giiterbock).

take

it

vocula.

Lat.

from

vocahulum

fowl
puffin a water
(Sh.) ; root va, blow 1 Ono1
call
of
bird
matopoetic : f-ah-ah,
marks
it Dialectic); cf. Ir. fachain,
fachail, strife (Sh. ; H.S.D.

fachach,

the

"

striving.

(H.S.D. for N.
fachant, puny
fachaint, ridicule, scoffing ;
W.

satire,

gogan,

Ir.

fad, fada, long,

vaz-dho-,

or

erium, Keat.
fadadh, fadadh,
Ir.

Mid.

Br.

of

{soud

delay,"

dtud,

cuttle-fish

fadhbhag,

breeze

sing,

say.
*vad-dho-

fadal, delay,
/ac?

fadaghadh,

and

desid-

ddil.

(Keat.),

fadogh

Zimmer

analyses
unsatisfactorily ; E.
Cf. fod.
(Meyer).

but
kindled

trifling,paltry, fag^harsach

fadharsach,

Cf.

sub-speaking."

can,

from

which

iompaidh),

tenid, kindles, adsuithe,

adsui

"

Hence

fadadh,

Ir.

E.

vast

Ir.

kindling,

fo-cainnt,

fota, longus, fot, length,

/ao?o?ai/,"long

fatod,

*ad-soud

Ir.

vastus,

"^vo-can, root

gogc,
0.

fada,

Lat.

High.)
from

fafan,
f^g, leave, Ir. fdgaim, 0. Ir. foachaim, fdchaim, *fo-ad-gah- ;
gab of gabh, q.v.
Ir. fogus, E.
Ir. focus, ecus,
0. Ir. accus,
fagus, faisg, near,
a

agos,

faic, see, Ir. faic, 0.

prothetic.
faich, faiche, a green
the

Ir.

(by
E.

house

the

house), Ir., E.

Ir.

chi.

Ascoli

refers

ciall, sense

from

faidh,

area

prophet,

6"r,

sense,

rage.

faidhbhile,

W.
a

fdidh, 0. Ir. fdith, *vdti-s ;

M.
Eng. wood, Sc. wud
(
song,
gwawd,

beech,

hile, a tree,

Br.

Ir.

fao

which

is

it to

allies

0.

Ir.

it with

*dd-ciall

dichioll.

Ir.

has

ffawydden,

Cf.

The

Ir.

(an imaginary word), and Jubainville

for W.).
W.
plain, Ger. weide (see bhdn
gwaen,
aice :
(M'A.) ; see
faiche, a crab, or lobster's, burrow
burrow
aice.
faichd, hiding place, den, mole's
; see
faicheil, stately, showy ; cf. Ir. faicheallach, luminous
faicill,caution, guard, E. Ir. accill,preparation, watch
aith,

W.

faithche, the field

faidche^ ^ad-cdio-, "by the house,"
ceardacli.

see

root

agus.

im-aci, vides-ne, *dd-ci-, see

house,

kaio-n,

Celtic

See

hogoz, "^aggostu-.

Br.

nearest

as

Ir.

carmen

feagha,
from

is the

vates

mad),

Norse

wuth,

^vdto-.

fagus.
in

Ger.

fagh-vile (Lh., Comp.

Lat.
same

Lat.

origin

G.
as

adds

the

bile, leaf.

Voc),
old

W.

word

OF

faidhir, a

Ir.

fair,

Lat.

GAELIC

THE

faidhrin

159

LANGUAGE.

founded

Eng. fair, faire (from

on

paidhir

from

faidseach, lumpish (Sh.) ; faidse, lump

of bread

(M'A.) :

from

faigh, get,

Ir.

phonetics,

stair.

Ir.

E.

faghaim,

invenis, homfo-gabim,

E.

oi

gab

root

Ir. imnia

iarfacht,

0.

fagbaim,

Ir.

gabh,

faighe, begging, etc. ; see faoighe.

faighnich, foighnich, ask : "^vo-gen-,root
Cf.

and

pair,

cf.

For

feria).

staidhir

foacht,
iarmifoacht,
asked,
177).

gen,

root

fogbai,

non

q.v.

Windisch

asked.

ni

know,

as

refers

to

say.

ag,

in

aithne.

iar-faigim,

iarmi-fo-siag

(St. R.C.19
fail,foil, corrupt, putrefy, parboil ; root vel, bubble, boil ; Norse
vella,boil, Eng. well, Ger. wallen, bubble.
fail,foil, a stye, Ir. fail, 0. Ir. foil, muccfoil, hara, iretfhoil, W.
encircle
elXvoy,
gwdl, couch, *vali-, root
vel, cover,
; Gr.
vali, proenvelop {^velu-),elXap, shelter ; Skr. vald, cave,
jecting
thatched
In the
of
roof.
sense
encircling,rolling,"
add
Further
Lat. volvo, volurnen, Eng. volume, wallow, etc.
allied is G. olann, wool, Eng. wool, Lat.
Idna, etc.
fail, fail, a ring, Ir. fail,0. Ir. foil, g. falach, ^valex; Gr. eA,t^,
in fail.
a
twist, spire,vine-tendril; root vel, "circle," as above
"

Cf.

for

Also

vowel

Jdl, dike; Br. givalen, "bague

failbhe, Ir. failge, for failghe ; from the

to falgh,
falagh condensed
failc,bathe, lave, Ii*.folcadh, 0.

*volk6

wash,

swampish
here

Lettic

ivaUJcs, damp,

Further

place.

place Volcae, the

named

the

Celts

allied

Rhine

or

W.

is G.

Gauls,

falach

stem

golchi, Br. goalc^hi,

waHka,
flowing water,

folcaim,

Ir.

chaton."

sans

flinch,

after

whom

q.v.
the

Possibly
Teutons

whence

Wales, Welsh, etc.

failcin,pot-lid (Arran), failceann
(Rob.) ; from/a*7,
dile.
faile,smell, savour
; see
;

faileag,dog-brier berry ( mucag) :

faileagan, little lawns (Carm.) : cf. dilean.
faileas, shadow, aileas
(Dial.); from fo-leus ?

ring (Rob.).

mark

failleagan,ailleagan, faillean, root

sucker

or

allied

to

ail,

of

tree

root
"^al-nio-,

or

hole

of

the

faillean,

ear,

al, nourish

faillig, failnich, fail, faillinn, failing, Ir. faillighim, E.

failure,

W.

Borrowing
possible

in

goall, ^valniEng. fail, from

modern
languages.

gwall,
from
the

Br.

; root

Lat.

val

of

Ir.

faill,

feall,

q.v.

fallo, is, however,

failm, a helm ; from the Norse

hjdlm, Eng. helm.
failmean, kneepan (M'A.) ; horn fail, ring (Rob.). Seefalman.
failt,failte,welcome, hail ! Ir.,0. Ir. fdilte,^vdletid, root vdl, vel,
sun's heat
glow ; W. gwawl, lumen
; Got.
; Gr. dAea, warmth,

160

ETYMOLOGICAL

be

vulan,

H.

G.

^^

28).

(Zeit.

heat

walm,
Lat.

from

Borrowing

Valetiacus.
view

0.

hot,

DICTIONARY.

Rhys

gwell

Csesar's

Zimmer's

be

to

seems

W.

suggests

Of.

(Bez.).

valete

Hend.,

Eng.

wealth.

fa

"Thoir

fainear

fixed fa

d' aire

observe, consider.
=fa-deara, with n from

referred

usually

Ir.

ring,

Br,

giiennol,
It.

lapwing,

vanneau,

Ir.

swallow,

Cor.

gwennol,

The

to

Lat.

vannus,

fdinne,

dinne,

0.

Ir.

be
may
their.
an,

Med.

Lat.

fan.

*vat-n-allo-s

Ir. dnne,

Fr.

Cf.

vannellus,

W.

fannall,

*vannello-.

gwenneli,

vannello,

plural
0.

"observe."

above

the

dinleog,

fe ndedr, f6

d^ aire

fa

"

ainleag,

fainleag,

dedra, remark,
tabhair

(Munster). Foley gives

ndeara

fainne,

Ir.

consideration,

fainear, under

which

is

(Holden).

"^dnnid

Lat,

anus,

annular.

Eng,
fair, fair, far, fetch, bring
thabkair

curtailed

Cf.

{tha)bhair ?

or

E.

fair,dawn,

Ir.

fdir,

W.

Br.

spring (Stokes).
fair, faire, ridge, sky-line ;

vasard,

fair,

from

fairedg, hillock, und fair eag,

fairc, bathe ; see fatliraig.

tabhair

through

morning, gwereleuen,

gouere-,

Skr.

summer,

(adj.),Lat.

morning

of

thoir.

gwawr,
^vdsri-, Lit.

morning-star,
early shining,

form

spring,

ver,

dawn

vdsard,
Gr.

eap,

Cf., however,

Ir.

below.

covered
sometimes
by the sea (M'A., who
fairc, links, lands
hole
from
it
in Islay
that
means
") ;
Eng. park ?
(M'D.), a mallet, Ir. far cha, farcha, farca,
fairce, fairche

says

"

farca,

E.

Ir.

forcha

tened, thunderbolt

ark

; root

as

M.

Ir.

in adharc

root
eel,cover.
faircill,a cask or pot lid, E. Ir. farcle : "^vor-cel-,
faire, watching, Ir., E. Ir. /az-Ve; see aire.
gland, Ir. fdiredg (Fob, O'R.) ; cf. W.
faireag, a gland, swollen
chwaren,
gland, blotch, root sver, hurt, Ger. schwer, difficult.
W.
The
precludes comparison with Lat. varus, pimple, varlx,

dilated

fairge,
the

the

vein, Eng.

varicose.

Ir.

fairrge,

ocean,

Irish

Atlantic

the

/a^V(/^ means
as

W.

ii fairce.

; from

0.

the

"ocean

Mor

Ir.

fairgge, Ptolemy's Vergivios,

same

root

in

storm."

the

Werydd,

as

fearg.

In

land
Suther-

Usually pronounced

Atlantic.

fairgneadh, hacking, sacking :

fairich, perceive, feel, Ir. airighim, 0. Ir. airigur, sentio ; same
^
root
di,^ faire (Stokes, Beit.
341).
the
sky-line (H.S.D. from
MSS.) ; "^f-airfairleas, an
object on
leus ; from

light.
leics,

fairmeil, noisy : allied

fairsing, wide, Ir., 0.
*f-ar-ex-ang

"

to

Ir.

seirm.

See

foirm

fair sing, W.

un-narrow,"

root

ang,

eang
narrow

"^ex-ang, ehang),

(Stokes

for

W.)

OP

GAELIC

THE

161

LANGUAGE.

fairtlich,fairslich,baffle ; *vor-tl-,"over-bear," root

(Lat. tolero, Eng. tolerate)%
for root
see
faisg, pick off' vermin
:
caisg
faisg",near
: see
fagus.
Ir. faiscim,
faisg", squeeze,
wring, Jr. fdisg, E.
premere,

0.

vdhate,

press

Br.

guescim,

Eng.

Br.

; further

Lat.

W.

givasgu,

*uakshd

goascaff, stringere,

wedge

tel,tol, bear

; 8kr.

*fo-ad-sech

vejco.

(Asc).
faisne, a pimple, weal (H.S.D., Dial.) :
faisneachd, faistine, prophecy, omen,
0. Ir.
irom

fditsine

; for

fdit/i,with

fditk-sin

',

Ir.

where

tiie termination

fdkdineachd,
is

deaspirated before
Zeuss^
777.
(sti/ie/)

tk

-sine

faisneis, speaking, whispering, Iv./disneis,rehearsal,

E.

Ir.

ais7ieis,vb.

ir. faisneis,

innis.

see

M.

^as-in-feid-,infiadim^

ais?iedlm, narrate,

root, vtid, vid, know

fdisdine,

faite, a

smile, Ir. faitbe (O'R.), laugh,

^fo-aitk-tibim,tibiu, I laugh, "^stebio

0.

Ir. faitbim,

laugh,

stebius,astonish,

; Lit

faiteach, faiteach, timorous, shy,

fdittach, faiicheas, fear
:
*f-ad-tech, "home-keeping"'?
(Keat,), 0. Ir. faitech, cautus
See
faitlieain,a hem, Ir. fdithini, fathfhiiaim ; fo and faaim.
Ir.

fuaigh.

fal, turf, sods, dike,

gwawl,

Ir. fdl,
Pictisli

rampart,

ivall.

further

See

hedge, fold,
jdhel^

0.

Ir.
*vdlo-

murus,

fdl,

W.

saepes,

; Lat.

vallum,

under

/'a^/,stye.
Eng.
Lat.
faayl, W. pdl, Cor. pal ; from
fal, a spade, peat spade, Manx
Also
pdla.
"scytlie" (Wli.).
fdlacJl,a hiding, covering, Ir.,E. Ir. folach, W., Br. golo, *vo-lug6^
liuyan, tell a lie,Eng. lie (Stokes).
*lug6, hide, lie ; Got.
Ernault
it to tlie root
refers
legk, logh, lie,as in G. laighe :
"

under-lie,"

in

causative

sense.

falachd, spite,malice, treachery,

Ir.

See

fala.

fdillig,Jeall

for

root,

faladair, orts (M'D.) :

works
the scythe," a turfer,
who
faladair, a scythe, really man
from
/a/ : "scythe
properly is iarunn faladair
faladair, bare pasture (H.S.D. for Heb.) : "turf-land," from /a/.
fala-dha, a jest, irony, fun ; ^qq fealla-dhd.
falair, an interment, funeral entertainment
(Stew.) "far air ?
Ir. fahitre, ambling
horse
falaire, an
ambler, mare,
; seemingly
"

"

founded
sense

Eng.

on

of

leaning

"

brood-mare"

upon

from

fo

The

Ir.
and

for

alaire

form

(M'Dougall's

dl, brood,

falaisg",heath-burning,
slightly;

palfr^"y.

Folk

meaning.
folosg (do.),E.

Ir.

and

exists,
Hero

falaradk,

Ir.

in

the

Tales),
to

foloiscim,

amble,
I

loisg,q.v.
39

burn

162

etyMologfcal

falamh, empty,
cf.

0.

riv^es

W.

Br.

to

G.

from

makes
the

M.

folanih,
M

guollung,

the

folamh

Ir.

dictionary.

folum, E. Ir. folom, folomm ;

degoUo, Br. goullo. Windisch

Br.

but

lom, bare,
derivation

this

of Lat.

root

Ir.

modern

the

doubtful.

of

aspiration

Ernault

refers

the

langueo.

falbh, go, falbhan, moving about, walking, waving, Ir. foluamhain,

E. Ir. foluamain,
bustling, running away,
flying ; see fo and
Luaineck.

0.

wallow,
in

Ir

would
later

the

Hennessey

fulaniain, volubilis,allied

dialects.
referred

fahiiaigim, empty,

falbhair,
the

the

the

suit

The

is made

verb

G.

the

falbk
Jalamh^

to

volvo, Eng.

it does

phonetics best,

quit (Zim.).
live stock, a follower
foal, Eng. follower.

of

young

Sc. follower,

Lat.

to

but

not

hom.

calf

or

falbhan.
Ir.

Cf.

E.

foal

; from

empty.
as

appear

Norse
falcag",common
auk, falc (Heb.) ; from
dlka, Eng. auk.
fallaid, dry meal put on cakes
fallain, healthy, Ir. ftlldm, E. Iv. folldn ; for fo + sldn, q.v.
fallsa, false (M'D.), Ir., M. Ir. fallsa ; from the Lat. falsus.
:

falluing,a mantle, so Ir., M.

((Jeraldus),dat. pL, W.
Cf.

pallium.
of

sort

0.

fallus, sweat,

Ir.

falmadair,
Norse

pludingis

iorva

(Hend.).
0.

f alius, alius,

tiller

Latinised
Lat.

seethe, yeast, W.
jas,
leaven
; Eng. yeast, zeal
the

fallaing,

palla, mantle,
ffaling ; from
M..^. f aiding,
M.
pallion,
Yiwg.pallioun.

Fr.

cloth

coarse

Iv.

lijdlm, helm.

alias

^jasl, root

goi'll(

Br.

pervades,

what

^eco,boil.
worker," from

jas, jes,

vo-jes-l),

; Gr.

helm-

"

Ir,

See

falm,

from

helm,

fail m.

falmair, a kind of fish (H.S.D. for Heb.), falmaire, herring hake :

falman, kneepan
fait,hair, Ir. folt, 0. Ir. folt, W. gwallt. Cor gols,caesaries, 0. Br.
vellus, fleece,
guolt, "^valto-s (Stokes), root
vel, cover
; Lat.
Idna, wool, Gr.
Xacrios, hairy ( vlatAos); Eng. ivooL ; Lit.
Stokes
volotl,
velti, hairs, threads.
only Russ.
compares
:

"

Lit.

thread.

Gr.

waltis, yarn,

Same

Aao-tos.

root

olann,

as

wool, *vel, ^vol, *ul.

faltan, a tendon,
famhair, a giant,
a
"

to

snood
Ir.

Fomorian,

a
"

sub-magnus
the

Rhys
mor

from

the

(dtan, from

root

of

Stokes

of

the

refers

famhsgal,

is

rarely so

-morach,

"

the

mui}

marked)

fannsgal, hurry,

-mor,

nightjar*?, Ger. mahr,

sub-marini,"
name
as

sea.

The

6 of

(for it

fomor, fomorack,
; *fo-m6r,

Ireland

of

mare

interprets

Ir.

E.

invaders

of

mythic race
(Zimmer).
as

alt.

pirate, giant,

fmihor,

origin

same

; for

is

confusion

against

these

(Arg.) :

mor,

last

nightmare.
taking

if it is
two

long

ations
deriv-

OF

fath,

famh-thalmhainn,

Br. goz ; M.
stay, Ir. fanaim,

fan,

anail

anam,
an

0.

Ir. anaim

gabhail anail
remain, Lat.
men,
=

change
yet proved
fanaid, mockery, Ir. foiwmhad,
which

connected

have

Fannan-fedir,

weak

fannadh, fishing with

excrescence,
faob, an
W.

Ir.

suggests

phonetic
delay.

\\i\ho\it

*vo-nom-anto-,

O'R.),Ir.,fanaigse (O'R.) :

Lat.

Cor.

gwan,

debilis,

guan,

; Got.

affliction,
wunns,
arrj, infatuation, etc.
and
with Eng. ivant.

; Gr
vanus

(M'D.).
hook

piece, Ir.

knob,

(H.S.D. for Heb.)

fadhh (Lh.f), 0.

Ir.

odb,

"^ud-hhv-o-, out-growth," root hhu,

(see
Celtic
from
a
'^odbo-s,
gives
e^go-i",ozgo-s
(I),
Lat. ober; or to Lit. ildega^ tail.
oVx^/, twig 1

oddf,

to

Liden

equates, Lat.

Gr.

be

"

allied

The

it with

feathered

bu).

Stokes
now
ojfa,a ball.
ocrcfiV'^.
0.
I
exuvias
fadhbhaim,
: "^vodvo-,
despoil, Ir.fodb,
thrust
Skr.
(jlr.
w^eoo,
vedh, slay,
vadk, slay ;
push.
;

\y.

I. E.

from

fonomat

in

namhad.

see

breeze

Stokes

faobh, booty,

as

pansy

obex,

/xej/w,

di-anod
,

E.

fanas, a void space ; from Lat. vanus.

fang, a sheep-pen, fank ; from Sc. fank.
fang, a vulture, Ir. fang, raven
Ir. fann,
W., Br.
fann, faint, Ir. E
"^vanno-s, root vd, ver:, spoil, wound
winnan, to sufter, Eng. ivound, wan
Others

Gr.

W.

(H.S.D. quoting

violet

fanaigse, dog
from

for

take,

nemfi,

Stokes

rest.

maneo,

for Gaelic.

breathe, exist,

an,

taking

Corn.

gimdd,

ath-thalmhain.

Dialectic

; root
"

not

root

(Lh.),W.

talpa.

wont,

"

riin, root

mole, fadhbh

Eng.

god,

163

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

root

may

be

vedh, pledge,

Gr.

aeOXov,

war

prize,Eng.

luager.

faobhag, the common

faobhar, edge, so
sword,

cuttle-fish
E.

Ir.,
*vaibro-s, Lat.

(Heb.).

Ir.

faebur, 0. Ir., faibur, machera,

vibro, vibrate, brandish. Lit. wyburti,

lance.
a
(Stokes). Cf. farther W. gwaew,
pi. gweywyr,
Ir.
Ir.
M.
faoch, faochag, a periwinkle,
faechog ; cf. W.
faochog,
gwichiad.
faoch, curve
(Carm.) :
crisis in sickness, relief ; see
faochadh, a favourable
faothaich.
faochnadh
inf.
entreat
faochainn,
(M'A., Arg.) :
earnestly,strive,
:
faochaire, knave
(Carm.)
I can,
E.
Ir. feadaim,
Ir. fetaim, can,
faod, feud, may,
setar,
seitir,potest, *svent6 ; Got. swmjys, strong, Ag. S. swi:^ (do.),
Norse, svinnr, clever, Ger. geschwind, swift (Stokes).
or
faodail, goods found
lost, waif :
by chance
foundling," E. Ir.
wag

"

etaim,

faodhail, a
in
a

the

find, "^pento,Eng. find. See

channel
fordable
ford, a narrow

sand

place

where

retaining
straits

tide
can

water

be

from

crossed,

eudail.
at

N.
Shet.

low

water,

vatSill,a

hollow

shallow,
vaadle, Eng. wade.

164

ETYMOLOGTCAl.

DICTIONARY

faoghaid, faghaid, faodhailt, starting of game,

TAt\\QV foghar.
faog'har, a sound
; see
faoighe, faighdhe, begging, asking of aid in
faigde,

Ir.

O.

guidlie^ beg,

mendicatio,

foigde,

faoilte, welcome,
faoileag", faoileann,
Br.

the

month

of

concha,

Fr.

goeland

month

Carnival.
from

rejoicing ;

tAa/)o",gayl
0.

from

Gr.

t faol, faolchu,

Ir.

feill.

wild

of

(do.),

"Carnival"

is

referred

Usually
February

in

Ir.

0.

Ir.

to
m^

faen,

Lat.

weak

unhusked

nut,

"?

aesculus

desc,

Cf.

(Stokes).

W.

husk,
Ir.
:

fo

fdisitiu,
and

"^vo-

seasamh,

wolf,

Ir.,

so

E.

dog "), *vailo-s

Ir.

fdel, fael-chu,

Arm.

"

W.

gweilgi, the

gail.

the

beach,"

vad'linn.

falling (Lewis) ;

excitement,

or

aomadh.

wandering,
air-ind-reth-); G.
For

q.v.

ind,

faotainn, getting,
Lat.

after

recovery
upon,

far

an

from

rel.,not

far

far, with,

freight
;

airndretkach,
root

ret, run,

errantia
of

ruith,

receive,

Iv.

root

grasp,

em,

hold,

"^vo-em-tin-.

with

with

fair.

from

fever,

crisis, alleviation

rium,

:
see

Ir.

fo-ind-reth-,

foemaim,

(amj, where,
/or.

far, freight (a ship),

far, bring

is for

relieved

be
a

of,"

company

Ir.

is for

relieve,

0.

exposure,

ioiin-.

see

E.

G.

emo.

faothaich,
far,

middle

submit.
i'"^io-Tr;/xt,

faondradh,
=

For

faoiUidh

idea

faoilidh.

filbert,

faolainn, a stony beach

(Heb.) :
faolum, learning ; see foghlum.
closeness
faomadh,
fainting from

the

Ir.

The

Gi.

classendix,

aesc,

Cf.

from

W.

foilenn^

Eng. gull.

0.
Ir. faoisidin,
faoisid, faosaid, confession,
sestamtion(Stokes), furoissestar, confessus

("

Ir.

and

extending
February,

of

giveisgion, husks, giveisgioni, to

sea

and

fo

wail.

middle

faoin, vain, void, Ir. faon, M.

faoisg, unhusk, faoisgeag, a

q.v.

from

Ir.

Brig/ide.

Feile

na

faoiledn,

"wolf-month."

wolf:

faol^

Ir.

Eng.

faoilleach (do.),holidays,

Gr.

*vil,

whence

faoilleach, faoillteach, the

or

"^fo-guide ;

Root,

sea-gull,

compares

to

to

delight.

gwelan,

Stokes

January

etc., M.

corn,

faoilidh, joyful, 0. Ir. fdilidh,

fdilt, welcome
(Stokes). Hence

Ir.

allied

blithe, *vdleti-s,

root,

q.v.

faoilidh, liberal, hospitable,

givylan,

hunting

me,

gen.).
far aim,

Ir.

Ir.
See

'^fo-thdmh

mar

n-,

where

and

faothamh,

1
; from

bhfarradh,

farradh

Ir.

etc.,

mar

faraighim, farthadh

with

and

mar

(lit.

"

in

ri.
ov

faradh,

OF

GAELIC

THE

far-, over
/ar, upon,
; see
far-cluais,listening ;

farachan,

death

beetle:

farachan,

air

nick-name

(b). Far-ainm,

etc.

watch

Iv

hammer,

and

16

LANGUAGE.

fairche,
The
(also Gaelic, Wh.).

hammer

from

"hammerer";

be overlooked.
not
faire must
being
faradh, a roost, Ir. faradh (do.),E. Ir. forud, a bench, seat, shelf :
Of.
W.
^for-sud, root, sed, seat, as in suidke, q.v.
gor-sedd,a
E
Ir. forad, platform, *ver-podo-.
seat.

possibilityof its

from

faraich, a cooper's wedge ;

farail,a visit, inquiry for
go, root, el,
under
tadhal.

faraire

in

as

fairce.

see

health

Lat.

; from

far
Gr.

amb-ulare,

for

or

and

kXddv.

-ell-,
-eln-,
further

See

seeforair.

faraire,lykewake
fardsda, easy,
gentle, [r. farasda, forasda, solid, reasonable,
"staid"
is confused
:
"^for-asda;for ai^da,see fasdad/i. Farasda
:

with

furasda,

q.v.

farbhail, a lid ; from far-hheul, super-os,"from beul, mouth,

farbhalach, a stranger ; for falbhalach, from falbh ?
Of. eirmis.
farbhas, a surmise
Tneas, judge.
; ^far-meas, from
"

farbhas, noise :
fardach, a mansion, hearth,
fardadh,

home

; cf. dachaidh.

(H.S.D., Dial.),lye, or any

dyeing black
colour
in liquid (M'A.) ; from
far and dath ?
M.
Ir.
fardal,delay,
fordall, staying, E. Ir. fordul :
fardan, a farthing, Ir. fardin ; from the Eng.
fardorus, lintel,Ir. fdrdorus, E. Iwfordorus, porch, W. gwarddrws,
alder

bark

for

lintel ; from

doru^.
for, far and
farfonadh, a warning (H.S.D.) ; see root in fathunn
fargradh, a report : *vor-gar, root gar as in goir.
farlus, chimney or roof-light,E. Ir. forles ; from for

*vor-svon.

and

leus,q.v.

Cf. arias.

farmachan,
farmad,
for

envy,

sand

lark

Ir.

formad,

0.

Ir.

format

i^ver-mento-,Stokes),

mento-

mind.

(H.S.D., Dial.):

See

"^for-mad, the

root

raen,

Lat.

mad
me.ns,

dear mad.

farmail, a large pitcher (Heb.) :

farpas, refuse of straw
or
hay (H.S.D., M'E.) ; cf. rapas.
farpuis, strife,co-fharpuis :
mrr, off! be off!
farrach, violence, Ir. farrach, forrach ; see farran.
G.
warri
ffarradh, company,
na
(D. of
vicinity, M.
E.

farradh,

Ir.

fharrad, near,
ar-sod-, by-seat,"root sod, sed, sit,as
compound, prep, a bhfarradh ; and
farrad,

"

comes

the

being
Eng.

G.

mar

ri, q.v.

0. Ir. in arrad
in

from

suidhe.
the

L.),
',

from

Hence
same

Ir.

Ir.
source

166

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

farradh,

litter

farragan,

boat

ask, inquire

farral, farran,

dh

vers,

Hence

peeling,

Ir.

fo-gar-t,

suggests

a,

root

q.

great,
to

seems

Ir.

fuvranadt^

Ir.

stout,

farrdnta

"superiority ;"

mean

v.

Ir. forrusc ; from

; M.

forrdn,

anger,

E.

destruction,

The

rind

inner

which

farrdii, vexation,

far rant

G.

vnfedrr^

as

vors^

(Perth),

forrdn,

farrach.

Also

(O'B.).

Ir.

hardened.

iarr.

force,

M.

destructive.

Cf.

anger,

oppression,

farrusg",

faghairt

speak

root, gar,

root

ledge (Arran), =faradh,

farraid,

in

and

for

rhsg^

q.v.

farruinn,

; from

pinnacle

and

far

rinn.

wide

fair sing, q.v.

farsaing,
; better
a
farspach, farspag, arspag.
seagull

farum,

Tr.

noise,

fothrum,

tumultuous

noise

suggests

fo-thrond,

either

E.

; iov

(Hend.)
from

fo-thoinn,

augeo,

refer

fds

Gr.
to

roots

Lat.

desert

Ger.

*vdsto-s,

from

the

Ir. fds,
a

aux,

0.

fastaim,

sed,

fasan,

is neuter,

see

"^ex-sod-ijo.

"

stand,
it

It

sto

sub-umbra

the

Ir.

";

fosgadh,

sgdth,

see
or

-asda

0.

of

Ir.

M'A.

of

pref.

grain

VIII.

foisteadh.
fast,

astaim,

vb.

eistedd, sitting, is for

astaim
to
*ad-std-, root
farasda,

"staid,"

seems

fasgaag,

off

as^nag",

purge.

(Carm.)

foscad,

ambra

^fo-scdth,

shade.

cleansing

faspan, difficulty,embarrassment
fath, a mole ; see famh.
vista

vastare

vastus,

refuse

(cf. tairis).

shelter,

fasgaidh, a picking
fasynadh ^
fasgnadh, winnowing,

fath,

/"is,fdas,

adsaitis, residentes, ^ad-sod-,

moratur,

(Thur.). W.
possible to refer

is

Lat.

Ir.

asair.

see

suidhe

of

Trarco/xat,

Eng.

Ir. asstai,

sod

Strachan

Gr.

fdsacli,0.

fasdadh, hiring, binding, \r.fastogh, hiring^ see

fasdail, astail, a dwelling, E. Ir. fasiud, holding

fasgadh,

in

increase,

aug,

and

; Lat.

waste

Hence

ivihtf".

fasair, harness, girth-saddle ;

sta,

allied

pastiim.

pasco,

desert,

fdsacli, desert,

fashion

root

av^u), Eng. eke, luax.

pdt, pat, eat, feed,
{p)dt-to-,

fasach,

waste,

"waste."

dsaim, fdsaim,

stem

fdsich,

Eng.

from

Stokes

are

Stokes

waste,

vanus,

Ir.

feed, food.

eat, Eng.

fas, empty,

0.

fdsaim,

Lat.

root,

godornn,

toirin.

from

The

torann.

W.

fothrond,

fothrom,

case

Ir.

fas, grow,

fasan,

Ir.

of

See

vermin

corn-fan,

Ir.

faisg,

fasgnaim,

Ot'

fath, a

cause,

The

Ir,

reason,

107

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

fatli,fdth,E. \r.fdth, :

mfdidh / See next.

fathamas, a degree of fear,

"^'vdt-u- ; root

vdt

as

"^

root
fo-ted-niess-^

awe,

of meas,

tomhas,

warning

fothamas

also

etc.

fathamas, occasion, opportunity

see
amas.
"^fo-tad-mess-,
fathan, athan, coltsfoot, Ir. fathdn (O'R.)
fathanach, trifling,silly
Ir. fothrugaiw,, 0.
Ir. fothraicim,
fathraig", fothraig, bathe,
fothaircthe, balnearuni, fothrucud^ a bath, "^vo-tronkatu(Stokes), W. trocld, mergere,
balneare, Br. go-zronquet ; Lit.
:

trinkti,wash,

bathe

fathast, yet, M. Ir.,E.

and
being otiose

(Bez.).
Ix.

fodesta,fodechUa, iov fo-fecht-sathe d

caused
by analogy (Zim., Zeit.-^^ 21)
Atkinson
root
a
f(ind( f h)(:'cht-sa.The
suggests with
query
word
"under
this
hoc
\^
time, sub
fecht, time:
tempus."
i fecht-sa).
Hence
also feasd
See/eackd, time.
[
fabhunn
fathunn, news,
floating rumour,
(Dial ) ^vo-svon, root
sound
I'oot
or
bon, ban, Eng. ban, 0. Ir.
(see tabhann),
sven,
atboind, proclaims 1
f6,f^ath, (f^th, fiath),a calm, M. \v. feith, E. \i\ feth, 0. Ir. feth,
Gadelic
root
vei,*ve-jo-,root ve, ve, blow, (Jr. di]p,air,(whence
Eng. air),Ger. wehen, to blow, Eng. wind, especially weather
(root vet) for the G. sense.
feabhas, feobhas, goodness, betterness," Ir. feabkus, 0. Ir. febas,
,

"

(Thur., Zeit.^^
superiority,feib, distinction, '^vi"Acs,
g. vesv-ids
in Jiu,
Stokes
or
as
149, and Brug.), from vesuvesv-,
q.v.
Lat. vigeo, Eng. vigour (Bez. Beit.^'' 75).
doubtfully compares
host, expedition, Ii\ fear hd, an expedition,E. Ir.
This
gwaith, action, work.
fecht {ar fecht 7 sluagad), W.
Zimmer
refers to 0. Ir. fichim, I tight (Lat.vinco. Got. veihan,

feachd,

an

army,

viq), as well as fieachd, time, Ir. feachd, E. Ir. fecht,

W.
Stokes
givaUh, turn, vicem,
oenfhecht, once,
separates
E.
Ir.
latter
the
(feachd, time,
fecht, journey), giving as
root
stem
vegh (Lat veho, Eng, waggon) ; for fecht,
vektd,
campaign, hosting, he gives the Celtic viktd, root vicq,as
root

Zimmer

roots, but

does.

The

words

seem,

as

Stokes

has

it,from

mixed.

two

Osthofl:"

they are
indistinguishably
allied
to Lat.
as
vices; aeejiach.
regards yeac/i^,time,
fead, a whistle, Ir. fead, M. Ir. fet-,fetdn, a flute,a whistle, W.
chwythell, a whistle, chivyth, a blast, breath, *sviddo-, "^avtzdo-,
See
further
under
seid.
Lat. sibilus, Eng. sibilant.
now

feadh, length, extent,

feadhainn, people, some
cobeden
company,
E.
I.
vedh, Eng.

shoulder-yoke.

so

Ir. ;

see

eadh.

people, troop, Ir. feadhainn, E. Ir. fedain^

conjugatio, W. gwedd, team, yoke, root ved,

wed,

Lat.

vas,

vadis, surety,

Skr.

vi-vad/id.,

168

ETYMOLOGICAL

fealan

DICTIONARY

feallan), itch,

(M'A.

hives

; it

Jiolan), M. Ir. filun, glandular

malignant struma, all which
strum

also

takes

(see

worm

disease, fiolun
Stokes

"

"

means

saith, anthrax,

from

L.

Lat.

fello,

ae.

W.
feall,treachery, Ir. feaU, E. Ir, fell {"^velno-),
gwall, defect, Br.
Br. gwall (do.),
root
vel,
goall (do.),Cor. gal, malus, malum,
; Lit.

cheat

ap-vilti, vilioti, cheat,

Norse

vel,

Stokes

hesitates

deceit, wile, Eng.

between

the

Lett,

wile

above

and

deceitful

wildt,

; Zend

vd

vareta,

error.

u{p)el, Got.

from

evil.

ubils, Eng.

fealla-dha, joking, irony: */eall + dhd, "double-dealing."

feallsanach, philosopher, Ir. feallsamhnach, feallsamh, philosopher,
0.

Ir.

feamach,
feamainn,

from

the

gives
root

vemmdni-

as

in

as

veg,

tail, Ir.

stem

W.

Fr.

gwymon,

in

{vembani- ?),which

vein

feith,

suggests

feur.

M.

Ir.

feam,
*engvo-,

G.

in feaman,

feam, tail,as

sea-weed, Ir. feamuin, E. Ir. femnach,

"^vit-s-mdni-,root, vi, vei, wind, as

*vegvo-,
also

philosophus.

dirty (Sh., D'R.)

gross,

goemon,
Stokes

feaman,

Lat.

from

felsicb;

Manx

mentula,

feam,

famman

inguen, groin.
eaman,
feann, flay :
cold ; see
The
fionnadh.
feannadh, skinning, excessive
"cold"
E. \v. fennaim,
I skin, is
is metaphorical.
Stokes
the
of Eng. wound
to
root
: he
gives the
by

Lat.

idea

of

referred
stem

as

*venvo-.
hooded

feannag,
root

feannog, fionnog

piled crow" 1
lazy-bed ; older fennoc,

feannag, a
fear, a man,

Ir.

/ear,

^viro-s

gour,

gwr
mi"

Ir.

crow,

fionna, pile,for

cf.

"

Ag.

Ir.

(Khys

fer,

W.

thinks

from

0.

gwr,

VV. gur,

Celtic

the

feoMn, flay.

start

Corn,
was

Br.

gur,
cf
:

ver

W.
.

and

super,
S. ivei\

ver,

0.

trench

Norse

0.

eadh,

G.

Eng.

I'err,

Ir. ec/

Lat.

werwolf

id, etc.):Lat.

Lit.

; Skr.

wyras

vira.

fearann, land,
root

Ir., E.

so

enclose,

vera,

enclose

cover,

claudere

fearg, wrath,
root

op-yr]\

look

E.

Ir.

ftrg,

swell,

vergo,

Skr.

ferenn,
varand,

epva-dai, draw, keep

Eng. ivare.
vereor,

Lat.

Ir.,

also

fevand,
after

Gr.

further
so

Ir.

be

Ir.

0.

puffed

girdle, garter,
well, dam, vrnoti,
a

Ch.

SI.

vreti,

fere, ferg, *vergd

up.

Hence

Gr.

feargnadh,

provocation,

fearna,

alder

Corn,

tree, Ir. feam,

gwernen,

Gaul,

figs (IBez.).
fearr, better, Ir. fedrr,
in

-is from

the

0.

prep,

fearnog,

verno-,

Ir.
ver

Fr.

E.

Ir.

verne,

fern, fernog, W.
*verno-

; Gr.

gwern.

epvia,

wild

ferr, "^vera,*ver(i)s,a comparative

com( G. far, for, super) ; now
=

OF

parative
Lat.

for

Celtic

of

evidently

(cf.-no-

supernus

-ro-

but

math,

of

and

in major,

disappearing

/err to vers,
steep place. Lit.

refers

Stokes

mo).

G.

fern, good, *verno-s,

iov

once

magnns

in

mdros

169

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

top ; Lat.
verruca,
Cf.
wirzm,
top, Skr. varshma,n-, height, vdrshtyas, higher.
best
W. goreu,
( Lat. supremus).
Ir
fearrsaid, M. Ir. fersaid, '^'versatti- "^verttati-,
fe^rsaid, a spindle,
W.
gwerthyd, Cor. giirthit, 0. Br. guirtilon, fusis, M. Br.
iverden,to be,
guerzit, root ^wY, turn
vtrto, vortex
; Ger.
; Lat.
raise, ^uersos-, height,

Eng.

turn, roll,vartidd, spindle

fearsaideag,

thrift

sand-bank,
Fersit,
feart.

and

passage
Ireland

across

Ger.

notice

; Br.

extension

root

see

feart.

attend,

to

gortos,

obs.

from

; for

from

attend, Eng. ward,

of I'oot ver, watch,

warten,

An

fearsad, estuary,
ebb-tide, whence
place-name

at

Belfast

in

attention,

ball.

gilly-flower;

sea

or

vdrtate,

Skr.

wirtel, spindle ring.

M.H.G.

worth, be,

ware,

Lat.

root

vert,

vort

varfSa, ward.

Nor.
etc.

vereor,

firt, pi. ferta, W.

deed,
feart,
virtue, efficiency,
Lat. virtus (Windisch, Stokes).
gwyrth ; from
ffeart, a grave, Ir. feart, 0. Ir. fert, tumulus, *verto- ; root
ver,
0.

Ir.

feart, a

enclose,

cover,

which

Cf.

fearann.

under

see

Ir.

vrti.

Skr.

enclosure, hedge,

fearthuinn, rain,

drizzle, Ag.

ur,

rain

See

rain.

Ir.

E.

fearthuinn,

give, ^verao,

I pour,
Norse
vara,

Ir.

ferthain,

inf.

feraim,
(do.) :

to

urina, urine, Gr. ovpov

vari, water, Zend,
ivdr, sea
; Skr,

Lat.

S.

doirt.

feascradh, shrivelling,so Ir. (O'R.) :

E. Ir. festa,
feasd, am
feasd, for ever, Ir. feasda, henceforward,
ifesta,now, from this point forward, i fecht-sa. ; from feachd by
of the

metathesis

feasgar, evening,
*uksero-

for

Ir.

See

.s\

0.

feascar,
Lat.

*usqero- ;

feathachan, slight

fathast.
fescor, ^vesqero-,

Ir.

; Gr.

vesper

W.

ucher,

ea-Trepo^.

feothachan.
;
f6ile,generosity, hospitality,Ir.feile,E. Ir. fele ; from fial,q.v.
Norse
fhele ; from
tf^ile,charm, incantation, E. Ir. el^, hele, mo
Ir.
0.
to
eel,
heill, auspice, omen,
Eng. hale, etc. ; allied
'^-^
coil (Zim., Zeit.
W.
0.
147).
W.
coel, omen,
augurium,
For

G.

Zimmer's

see

derivation

see

Inv.

Gaelic

from

Ir. amor,
as
weep,
Ger.
heulen, howl.

wail,
=:

feile,

breeze

N.

Ir., 0.

cfs. W.
Ir.

f6ile,f^ileadh, a kilt, E.
Lat.
he might clothe
us
; from
veil.
In Islay, .Jura, etc., it

velum,
an

compares

wylo,
G.

ceol

eli,oil,ointment.

fial, velum

is

regards
W.

and
afar, J2frief,

W.

Stokes

243.

failure,and

music

Rhys

7V.^^

iSoc.

0.

Ir.

ronfeladar,

covering, velare, Eng.

t-sibhleadh.

McL.

and
20

D.

17')

DICTIONARY.

KTYMOJ.OGICAL

also

in Fled.
a
ftiill,

68.

Br.

sveil

Root

fair, feast, Ir.

Lat.

(questionsif
in

as

Lat.

vigilia,

Ir.

Fr.

uanfehli

See
1

fill,spaoil, etc.

Jeil, festival,holiday, 0.

goel, ^veg/i- ;

Br.

festnm,

Heiid.

eibhlearlh.

gives

giv^l,

/eil,W.

veille,a

watch,

The
Celtic
words
borrowed
from
are
vigil,Eng. vigil,wake.
Lat.
(Windisch, Stokes). Hence
Jeillire,an almanack.
"self
0
Ir.
/ein, "^sve-j-.sm,
there," *sve-j,*sve, Pruss.
fein, self,Ir.,

sivais, Ch.

fein

SI. svojt ; Lat.

due

explanatioT.is
"

sit

be-shin, "quod

as

self, selves"

divers

fe'siiie{

*veinnd,
Lat.

Ir.

the

which

he

word

fian,

Skr.

venari, hunt;

takes

the

E.

the

Zeuss

os.

verb

being
forms

of the

explains

Ir. word

0.

Ir.

E.

hero, *veino-.% root, vein,

Irish

(Eng.
enemy
themselves
called

an

troops

fiann,
strive

jiend),
after

Norsemen.

feirm, a farm, Ir. feibn ;

f^isd, feis, feast ; better
feith, wait, Iv. feitldm, ^.
a

"^veto,root

; Lat.

vH

M.

from

feusd,
Ir.

Eng. ferme, Eng. farm.

q.v.

fethim,

iui.

fethem

vetus, old, Eng.

G.

feitheamh),

; Gr.

eVo?, year

veteran

Eng. ivether ("yearling").

feith, a sinew, a vein, Ir.,0. Ir. feith, fibra, *veiti-s,root
wind,
willow

bend
;

torta

res

Zimmer

desire.

move,

go,

for

hoc), /^esin,Jadesin

id

fjdndi,

This

be.

to

Feinne, Fiann,

vcnati,

Norse

from

supposes

Ir.

e,

the

be-."iin-c\ sit

(= had-e-sin),/oden, etc.
F^inn, g. Feinne, the Fingalians,
also

Gr.

be

hoc,"

the

to

se

suus,

; Lat.

vine

; Gr.

vtmen, withe, vUis, a

vytis, willow-wand,
; Lit.

7mthe

Eng.
; Skr.

vayati,
W.

"^vittd,vein,

flecto.

weave,

The

W.

tVea
Ch.

shows

vei, vi,

(long i),
SI.
a

viti,
stem

Br.

Cor.
guid- ; cf. Lat.
gwazen,
(Ir. feth, a marsh,
bog channel

gwythen,

feith, a
feithleag, honeysuckle, M. Ir. feithlend,
bog-stream), and
W.
woodbine,
gwyddfld (do.).
bird
beast
of prey
or
feitheid, a
(M'A.), Ir. feithide, a beast :
(Arm., H.S.D.), Ir. feockadan
feochadan, corn-thistle, thistle
Ci. fohhannan.
(O'li.),
fedthcK/dn (O'B.),smd fed than.
feocullan, the pole-cat,1y. feochullan (FoL, O'R. \i2^,'"
feocidlan like
Sh.). Cf. Sc. fethoh, jithoive,pole-cat, M. Eng. Hcheu, now
vitta,

fillet.

Hence

fitchew.

feobiiaran,
pith,puf!"(feo'ran)
"

Dial.

feobhas, goodness ; seefeabhas.

fe6dar, pewter, Ir. peatar, W. ffeutar

feodhaich,

decay,
"

"

senesco

Ir.

feugud,

vapd,

Ir.

W.

givyiv,

fenil,

E.

vet,

Lat.
Ir.

fat, vdpu.% body,

as

vielus

feoil,

form

; from

M.

feodhaim,

*vetu-, root

fe6il, flesh,

Ir.

feodharan,

in

root, *vet, vetuA

the

Ir.

Eng. pewter.
feodaigim, wither

Lat.

vetus,

G.

feith ?

0.

; '^vivagatu?

0.

Tr.

Skr.
fenil, '''vepoli-s;

OP

17 1

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

feoirlig",
a
farthing land, fedirling';

S.

Ag.

from

feorjyling^Eng.

farthing.

febirne, chess, \y. feoime (Sh., O'K., Fol.) :

Br.
gwiwer,
fedrag, a squirrel, Ir. feorog (Sh., O'R.., Fol.), W.
Lat.
Pruss.
Lettic
weware
wdweris,
giviber; Lit. vovere,
;
viverra, ferret (Pliny).
feoraich, inquire, fiafraigh (Kintyre Dial.), Ir. Jiafruighim^ 0. Ir.
and
iar
*iar-fac/i, prep,
fach, E. Ir. faig, dixit,
iarfaigim
:

; Lat.

*vakC).,
say
G.

of

modern

and

prothetic /'is
feorlan,

tirlot

Ir. has

shifted

Skr.

behind

to

The

say.

vac,

t\ while

the

feoirli ig.

feothan

feothachan,

voice

added.

hqq

call, vox.,

voco^

(Arran),

little

breeze

; root

vet,

as

in

onfhadh.

feuch, fiach, behold, see, try, Ir. feuch. feadi, Vj. Ir. fcckaiin,
image
(Eng. iconoclnstic).,
fegai'm, *veiko ; (xr. ei/"oSv,
eo/jca,
I seem,
arrive.
etKa^w, conjecture ; Skr. vig, appear,
can
feud, may,
faod.
; see
usual
feudail, cattle ;
spelling of ewlail, q.v.
M.
Ir. is eidir, it is possible,
feudar, 's fheudar, it is necessary,
for
is possible. Feudar
ed fhetir, it is what
is the pres.
IS
In
of feud, may.
G. the
must."
may" has become
pass,
in E. Ir. as
The
ni fhetir,
negative, cha 'n fheudar, is connnon
"

?ii

faum,

service

of

;"

steward
a

vassal,

root

ved,

root

ivain
Iv.

in

need,

duty,

use,

need-

effort, "^vedes-j/ien-, need-

feidm,

"

feumannach,

Hence

feadhainn.

Ir. fen, W.

Skr.

feur,

and

wet, moist,
Norse

moist

; but

would
vebro-,which
feursa, a canker, feursann,

feusag, fiasag, a beard,

0.

Ir.

o;)(05, chariot

Cor.

gwair,

refer

Lat.

S.

quicken,
nasci, Eng.

vegeo,

ivacan,

the

it to

"^vegro-,

gwyr,

root

veg,

ug,

be

Gr.

moist, Eng. lumiour,

judged by the Latin, the

not

carry.

W.

be

Stokes

; Gr.

uvidus,

be

hair, *vanso,

vehicle

strong
vegetation ; Ag.

Eng.

Strachan
Lat.

cyivain, vehere, '^veguo-,root

vahati,
Iv.fer,

0.

increase,

veg,

vokr,

Ir.

veho, vehiculum,

; Lat.

vigor, vigour,
ivaken.

E.

as

0.

wain,

carry

pi.feldkmeanna,

servitor."

"a

Eng. waggon,
feur, liar,grass,
I.E.

f"4dkm,

waggon,

vegh,

Ir.

need,

service

feun,

l)e.

etir,cannot
use,

"

give
worm

AV.
in

wet,
vypos,
Celtic
should

givair.
tlie hide

feusdg, feasdg,
first
Pruss., wauso,

E.

of

cattle

Ir.

fesdc, beard, fe.^,

SI.
beard, Ch.
vasu

beard.

feusd, feusda, (feisd,feis),a feast, Ir. feis,feusda,

Lat. festia, Eng. feast.
from

E.

Ir. feiss ;

172

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY

feusgan, fiasgan, a mussel

:
fhuair, found, invenit, Ir. fuair,
est, *vovora,

root

Prellwitz).
Lat.

see,

; Gr.

ver

The

root

vereor,

Ir. fdar, inYeniyfrith, inventus

is

vices, change,

fiadh,

Br.

givydd,
a

guez,

Ir.

This

Ir.

goez,

right

febris.
E.

an

Ir.

Ir.

for

fee

fee, a

fiadhaich, invite, welcome

fallow
fiadhair, lay or

Skr.

land

weide, pasture.

wild,

uncultivated.

fiadach,

venatio,

; O.

G.

H.

fiadhaich,

W.

weide,

further
;

wild.

; from

Also

vishti, changing,

vei"r, hunting

Hence

Lat.

derivation.
Ir.

Norse

wood.

(Skye)

Ger.

jiach, *veico-,

"^veido-s,wild

savage,

Eng.

0.

fiad,

weide, pasturage,

fiodh, wood,

is

0.

fiack,

is the

E.

faJh,

Ger.

hunt,

is G.

Ir.

Lat.

; from

There

ivechsel,exchange,

(Osthoff).

deer,

Ger.

Gr.

in

fiach, value, worth

next.
; see
fiach, fiachan, debt, value,
in turn

(Strachan,
6pd(o,I

evprjKa

found

ware.

*veikkd

stem

found,

likely that

fiabhras, a fever, Ir., M. Ir. fiabhrus

fiacaill,a tooth, Ir.,0. Ir. fiacail.
tooth,

(vpov,

ver

Eng.

0.

above

the

of fiadh.

root

fiadhain, wild,

G.

Ir.

Cf.

fiadhdin,

Bez. suggests
Ir. fial, E. Ir. fial, modest, W. gwyl.
fial,generous,
Cf. Ir. fialus,
Teutonic
'''veiplo-,
viba-, Ger. weib, Eng. wife.
ship."
kindness, relationrelationship. The
underlying idea is
"

fiamh,

awe,

E.

Ir.

fiamh,

Ir.flamh, fear,

reverence,

horrible

Jiam,

aspect,

trace,

appearance,

(O'Cl.) =lorg,

fiamh
wind,

in

as

feith.

slight smile,
smile,

E.

Ir.

is

in

ugly, horrible,

reverence,

E.

Ir.

Fiamh
Ir.

Ir.

fiam,

fiamh, track, trace,

a

chain, *veimo-,

gh^ire, f^ath

fdetheadh

an

ghaire

chain,

root

vei,

(Arg.), a

ghdire, appearace

of

feth, aspect.

fianaidh, peat
(Ross) ; see feun.
; cam-fianaidh
the
Feinn.
This
is the real nom.
case.
Fiann,
Fingalians ; see
word.
fiantag, the black heath-berry ; root vein as in the above
fianuis, witness, a witness, Ir. Jiadhnuise,fiadhan, a witness, 0. Ir.
fiadnisse, testimony, fiadn, ace. fiadain, testem, *veid6n-, I. E.
root
veid, vid, know, see, as in fios, q.v. ; Ag. S. witta, a
cart

witness, Eng, witness, root, wit,

flar,crooked, Ir. fiar, E. Ir. fiar, W.
root

vei, wind

fiat,fiata, wild
so

in

Ir.

fiatach, quiet
fiathail, calm

and
;

sly (Skye)
see

gwyr,

Br.

gear, gwar,
S. wir, wire.

f^ith ; Eng. wire, Ag.

horn fiadh.
participialformation

as
a

know.

fe.

Also

*veiro-;

fiadhta,

THE

OF

fich, an

Cha

("

fuidh

bhi

ach

Eng. fie^ Norse

!"

interjection denoting "nasty

Also
Dial,
fuich, fuidh,
pfui.
rottenness

173

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

leans

which

far

on

/)/, Ger.
Norse
fiii,

bi f^ile

am

Ir.

0.

").
fiche, g. fichet, W.

fichead, twenty,
fiche, ar fhichid,
Cor.
Br. ugent, "^mkns, *vikntos
ugeint^ ugain,
;
ugans,
ugens,
Lat, viginti; Gr. clkoo-l
Zend
vi^aiti.
;
fideadh, a suggestion (H.S.D.) : "^vid-dho-,root vid, wit.
fead.
fideag, a small
pipe, reed, flute, Ir. fidedg ; for root, see
worm."
M'L.
has
small
Shaw
also
the
gives
meaning
fideag^.
islet or
at
fidean, a green
high tide, web of seaspit uncovered
Ir.

"

(Isles)
;

clam

meadow

land

the

from
the

on

N.

banks

Jit,

webbed

firths

of

foot

of

waterfowl,

rivers,fitja, to

or

web,

Eng.j^^.
f idhleir,

fiddler

directly borrowed.
fiddling about.
fidir,know, consider,

from

fiodhull.
G.

Hence

Ir.

fidileir is Eng. jiddler

fidleireachd, restlessness
;

"

"

*mddefor,
vid,

1y.

fidir, knows,

"^vid-dho-

0.

as

\y.

in

in

fetar, acio,Jitir,novit,

creid,

Windisch) ; root
explains it as ^videsar

flos.
Thurneysen
vides-) becoming vid-skar,

as

see,

(the

-dho-

d-sk
but
(aorist
before
it.
an
n
produce t or d without
fige,figis,a fig,Ir. fige ; from Lat. ficus, Eng. Jig.
Ir. Jighim, E. Ir.Jigim, 0. W.
gueig, testrix,
figh, weave,
stem

to

wecca

M.

W.

not

given,

Br.

gweajf, *vegid\
guiat, tela,
gwea,
wick, Ag. S.
wick,
wieche,
Eng.
wickein, roll, wind, curl,
to the
root
vei, vi, wind.
(Stokes). Usually referred
Cor.

weave.

Ger.

Br.

does

file,filidh, a

poet, Ir. Jile, g. Jilidh, 0. Ir. Jili,g. Jiled, "^velet-,

seer"
gwelet, to see, Br. guelet,sight, '''velo. Cf. Norse
; W.
Veleda, a prophetess
vdlva, prophetess, sibyl. Old Germanic
"

(Tacitus).
fill,fold,

Jillim,fold, return, 0. Ir. Jillim, flecto,*velv6

eiAt^w,envelop
volvo, roll, volumen, Eng. volume
; Gr.
Ir.

af-valvjan,

(Stokes).
to

Norse

waltz.

roll away,
Windisch

Eng.

(Curt. Et.) suggests

velta, roll, Got.

See

wallow.

Cf.

valtjan, Eng.

W.
vald

olwyn,
as

welter, Ger.

; Lat.
; Got.

wheel

root, allied

walze, roll,

especiallytill.
"

roll
fillein,a coUop : a
Jill.
; from
fine, a tribe, kindred, Ir., 0. Ir.,Jine, 0. Br. coguenou,
indigena,
Norse
S.
*venjd, kinship ;
vinr, a friend, Ag.
ivine,0. H. G.
wmi
Venus, veneror,
(do.); I. E. root ven, love, Lat.
Eng.
"

venerate,

Skr.

van,

love

f inealta,

fine, elegant, Ir. finealta \ cf. M. Ir. fin- in Finscothach,

fair-flowered, Fin-shnechta, bright-snow, root
sven
; Gr, rjvoxp,

bright (Stokes for

M.

Ir.).

174

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY

finiche, jet (M'D., M'A.), finichd, black as jet (M'E.)

Lat.
finid, end ; from
jinit, the colophon of so many

tales

when

written.

finideach, wise,
authority) :

Ir.

so

(Lh., Sh., H.S.D.,

(Arm., M'A.,
fionn (^vindid).

finne,

maiden

linnean,

buzzard

veikmi,

C.

gives

S.

"fairness, beauty";

as

from

Iy.

tfioch, wrath,

M'M)

which

E.

fboch,
0.

strive,

Lr. fich, feud, 1. K.

H.

G.

fight

vngan,

*veiqo-,fight ;

; Lat.

vinco.

Got.

Hence

fiochdha, angry.
fiodh, wood, so Ir., 0. li\ fid, W. guid, gwydd, gwydde,n (sing.),
Corn,
gulden, Br. giuezenii, tree, gwez, trees, Gaul, vidu-, "^vidu-;
Hence
ffiodhcheall,
Eng. ivoo'l,Ag. S. ivudiL, 0. H. G. witu.
E.
\y.
Yf
chess
fidchell,
gwyddbivyU,, "wood-sense," from
play,
Also
fiodha{2^,wild fig,fiodhan, cheese-vat.
fiodli and ciall.
rush
forward
(Heb ) :
fiodhradh, an impetuous
E.
Ir.
Low
Lat.
Fr.
fidil,from
vitula, whence
fiodhull, a fiddle,
violin.
Cf.
from
Med.
Lat.
Eng. fiddle,
viola, Eng. viol,
Lat.
fidis.
fidula,
fioghuir, a figure, Ir. fiogliair, M. Ir. figur ; from Lat. ftgura.
(Arran) :
fiolagan, a field-mouse
.

fiolan, fiolar,
Cf.

clioml

Br.

maggot,

nesscock,

earwig,

an

Gr.

W.

chivil, beetle, chwiler,

(TiXcf^y),
cockroach,

Eng,

sylph.

feallayi.

fiomhalach,
fion, wine,

giant (Sh.) ;

Ir.

fion,

Ir.

0.

ivoui

fiavih.

fin, W.,

Cor.,

Br.

gwin

Lat.

from

vinum.

fionag,

insect,

mite,

Ir.

fionn, white,

0.

fi/mn,

Ir,

Ir.

fiwog,

Cf.

mite

find, W.

vindo-, "^'vindo-,
a

Gaul,

gwenn,

miser,

Servian

as

cheese,

Corn,

gwyn.

nasalised

form

vidny,
fios.
Ir.
0. Ir. inda'4'ainst,
ionn-,
fionn-,
fionn-, to,
see,

in

in

etc.

Br.

guyn,

vid, veid,

of root

clear.

ionn-.

see

fionna, fionnadh,

hair, pile, Ir. fionnadh, E. Ir. finda, Undfad, 0.

Ir. fimKte, pilorum, ^vei^-nid,root
vestis,Eng.
fe-s, clothe, Lat.
Stokes
has
it to Lat.
villus, hair, which
vestment.
compared
he
root

takes

from

vel of
W.

"^vin-lus,but

vellus, lana,
guedd,

aspect,
fioanachd, refreshment

root
:

which
The

etc.

vid,

is

-fad

referred

usually
of

Ir. is for

to

the

*vida,

see.

"coolness,"

"^ionii-

fhuaclid

ci.

fi.onnar.

fionnan-feoir, grasshopper, Ir. finyiinfeoir (O'R.)

fionnairidh,
*i7id-faire; "^qq fionn-, to, iuidfaire.
watching:
Ir.
fioimfkuar, M. Ir. indfhuar ; irom fionn- and/wa7'.
fionnar, cool,
fionnas-garraidh, parsley (M'L.)
:

OF

THE

175

i.AX(;uAnE.

gaei.k;

fionndairneach, rank grass, downy beard

(H.S.D.) :
bronze
tfionndruinne, (white) bronze, K. Ir. fi,n"Iruirie^white
*fi7yd{b)ruine
(Hend.) F'ng. hronie.
fionnogha, grandson's grandson, \v. fionrnm ; h".m\ Jionn-, ad-, and

ogka.

fionns^eul,

Tr.

romance,

; from

finnsgeul

and

jionn-

"geul \

ande-

aqetlon.

fior, trne,
Lat.

Ir.

righteous

fios,knowledge,
Lat.

Ir.

video,

Root

Before

2rard.

the

wit

vitan, watch, Eng

guir,

vor,

the

"^vero-;
Eng.

gvnr,

see,

var,

word

is

in

as

fir.

Hence

gwirioii, "^veridno-s.

W.

firian,

Br,

Ir.

vid, veid,
Jiss,^^id-tu-, root
etSov, ISdv, saw,
oTSa, know,

Gr.

W.

ver^

noun

Ir.

0.

man,

Jio.% 0.

see

givir,0.

W.

ftr,

wahr.

; Gei'.

vervs

hev^are,
f irean,

Ir.

fior,

; Skr.

fiosrach, knowing.
fir-chlis,the northern
lights ;
men
fir-chneatain, backgammon
fire faire, interjection
what

vid, know, vetti,to

fear and

see

Got.

know.

Hence

Sc.

iiery-fary^

clis.

pother ;" from

"

"

know

the

bustle.
cf. fearann, root
"^ver.
fireach, hill ground, mountain
:
firead, a ferret, Ir. firead ; from the Eng.
true-bird
fireun, an eagle, Ir. fir-en :
;" from fior and

So

"

in

E.

Ir. fir-iasc is the

firionn, male, so
false, interjection

Ir. ; E.

fise

"

fitheach,a
the
or

firend
of

phonetics being
^veivako-s.

fithreach,dulse,

So

noise

Ir., 0.

raven,

salmon.

Ir.

Ir.

(Rob.^.

Reay Country

in

from

eun.

fear.

things breaking, talking secretly,

fiach ; this is a dissylable,"^vivo-ko-;

those

It is still

biadh.

of

Stokes

distantly allied

to

gives "^veijako-s
weihe.

Ger.

Ir.

(Lh., O'B., etc.) :

fiu, worthy,
Uu, W.
giviw, Cor. guiu, 0. Br. uuiu,
Gaul,
*vesu-, vesu-, good ; Skr. vdsu, good ; root ves, be,
vesu-,
Gr.
Some
the
io-os,
give ^visu {^visu-)as
Eng. 7vas.
stem,
like (
Hence
fiuhhaidh, a prince,
visvo-s),Skr. vishu, eeque.
valiant
chief, Ir. Uubhas, dignity ; also fiughanta, generous,
It. flughantach, fiuntach
(Keat.), worthy,
E.
Ir.
Lat. figtira.
fiug'hair,expectation,
fiugrad, praedicere ; from
Ir. hsiiifioghair, figure,fashion, sign,
fiuran, a sapling, Ir.fiurdn (Sh., O'R., Fol.) :
Ir.

so

fid, 0.

Ir.

fiuihaidh

(fiubhaidh),an

arrow

see

iuihaidh.

flaiche,a sudden
(Sh.,
):
gust
flaitheanas, heaven, glory, flaitheas, sovereignty,
of

eamhrtus,
flaitheman

0.

Ir.

wind

flaithemnas,

flath.
;
tflann, red, blood-red, so Ir., E,

O'R

gloria

; from

Ir.

jiaith-

ffxiithem, lord,

g.

see

root, vol of f nil, q.v.

Ir, fiand,

blood,

red;

vi-ando-^

167

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY

the Eng.
flasg, a flask, W. fflasg; from
Ir.
flath, a chief, prince,
flaitK 0. Ir. flaith^ chief, dominion,
{*vlatimon-), W,
fiaithem{an), chief
givlad, region, M. W.

riulatic,rex,

Corn,

gulat, patria,

*vlafo-s, *vlati-s,root
valid
Ch.

Got.

SI.

Russ.

*valo-s

Also

names

Ger.

valdan,

vlada, rule,

king.

as
"^

Domhnall,

"

vala, via,

Br.

gloat, reahii, Gaul,

be

strong

vlatos,

; Lat.

valere, Eng.
walten, rule, Eng. weild, Walter
;
vladiete, rule, 0. Pruss.
waldnika-,

the

final

element

Dumno-valo-a

of certain

(see

personal

doynhan),

Conall,

Kuno-valo-s

ku, as in curaidh, "\.\.,

{*kuno-s, high, root
Hun-, Humbold,
Hunwald,
Humphrey,
etc.),Cathal,
*Katu-valo-s
etc,
(see cath),
Lat.
fleachdail, flowing in ringlets (H.S.D., from
MSS.); from
plecto, plait.
fleadh, a feast, Ir. fleadh, 0. Ir. fled, W. gwledd, 0. W. guled,
*vldd, root
vel, wish ; Gr. ctAaTrtvt;,
feast, eXSofxai,
pompae,
wish, eXTTts,hope ; Lat. voluptas ; Eng. zW//, i^^"//,
fleadhadh, brandishing ; Eng. wield; ^ee flath.
fleasg, a rod, wreath, Ir. fleasg, garland, wand, sheaf, 0. Ir. flesc,
Teutonic

rod, linea, *vleska,

Eng.

wold

Celtic

Gr.

arrow-maker.

fleasgach,

Fr.

See
man,

young

^vledska,

aAcrog, grove

the

comes

from

bearer."

From

itinerant

medicine

; Ch.

fleche,

vld

root

SI.

Ger.

vladi,
whence

arrow,

z^'a/t/,
wood,

hair.

From

Kng.

the

Fletcher,

fleisdear.
bachelor,

so

The

fleasg, above.
men,

Ir., M.

carried

Ir.

Ir.

fleasgan

fle""gach:

fleasgaigh
to

denote

"

wand-

ealadhna,
their

fession.
pro-

fleasg.
fleasgairt, a barge or boat hung with festoons
; from
M.
arrow-maker
Sc.
from
fledgear,
Eng. flecchere, now
fleisdear,
;
further.
0.
Fr.
See
from
fleasg
flechier.
fletcher,
^orsefljdta,
fleodradh, floating (Heb), fleodruinn, a buoy; from
to float, Eng. float.
flat fish (Arms.), fleoidhte,
a
untidy, flabby person,
fleogan, an
flaccid
(Sh.) :
W.
Ir. ffiodh, fligh, chickweed,
gwlydd,
fliodh, chickweed, a wen,
*vldu-.
Same
in fleasg.
of plants,
root
as
chickweed, soft stems
Corn,
0.
W.
W.
0.
gulip,
gwlyh,
ylibor,
Ir.,fliuch,
fliuch, wet, Ir.,
Lat.
Br.
wet
liquidus
(
humor,
vliquidus) ;
gloeb, wet, *vlqii-s,
;
Lit. wa'lks, wet, wa'lka, swampy
place. See failc.
(H.S.D. for N.H.) :
fl6,hallucination
ffoti,a raft.
flod,a state of floating ; from Eng. float,Norse
plodadh.
fiodach, lukewarm
; see
the M.
Eng. flour,
flilr,
pltir,flower, Ir. plur, M. Ir. pldr ; from
=

0. Fr.

flour, Lat. florem,

G.

fltir is from

the

Scotch,

OF

fo, vinder, Ir.,0.

Ganl.
gou-,
s-ub ; Got.

Ir. /o, W.
vo-

W.

vtto,

Bret.

; Lat.

hither,

upa,

(Carni.) :
foijhannan (fothannan), a

Cor.,

Cor. go-,
guo-,
'^u{p)o; I. E. upo ; Gr,
0.

go-^

"^vo, for

Skr.

?(/"
;

177

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

fo, brink

*omo-tanno-,

omthann,

focal,word

twig'"?

rough
(Arran).
or

Ir.

am/i

See

and

facal.

see

"raw

fonntan

Dial,

caorrunn.

E.

thistle, Ir. fdbhthdn. fothanndn,

fochaid, scoffing, Ir. fochmhuid, fochiddbheadh, M. Ir. fochmaid,

Ir. fochuitbiud, ^fo-con-tib-,
E.
root
teb, smile, 0. Ir. tibiu,
; Lit.

laugh

stebius,be

fochair, presence,
being

car

fochann,

the

in

corn

young

Iv.

Ir., M.

coram,

fochair

^fo-char,

put.

cor,

"^vo-kuno^

astonished.

fochar,

am

Root

kun,

Ir.

blade,

M.

fochan,

ku, increase,

Gaul,

Ir.

fochon

high,

cuno-,

etc.

curaidh.

See

fdd, a peat, turf, Ir. fod, 0. Ir. fot : "^vonto- 1

fodar, fodder, Ir. fodar ; from the Eng. fodder.
fogair, expel, banish, Ir. fogair, command,
proclaim, 0. Ir.
f6cairir)i(do.),focre, monitio
:
*fo-od-gar-; root gar of goir.
ffogh, quiet, careless (Stew.) :
foghail, a hostile incursion, Ir. foghait, E. Ir. fogal ; *fo-gal : root
gal, valour,

See

war.

gal.

foghail, fog^hail, noise, bustle,

second,

for

foghair,

foghainteach,

see

Ir.

valorous,

merriment

foghainteach,
from

good, fit, serviceable,

See
foghainn, suffice.

Joghaint, ability:
capable" ;
Ir. foghaintidhe, a servant.
fbghnadk.
foghair, a sound, tone, so Ir.,0. Ir. fogur,
gar
to

goir.
fuaim, q.v.

fog'har, harvest,

the

Ir.

being

idea

makes

M.
foghmhar,
last
month
fogomur,

fogamur,
gamur

Strachan

is

"

kynnhaeaf

from

sub
from

foghlum,

the

see

sense,

othail.

"

of

first

; for

of

Cf.

before,
foghluim,

cyn,

"^fo-gar-;

part fog,

fogamur,
autumn

and

autumn,
:

W.

and

E.

"^fo-gawMr,

winter, q.v.
cynauaf, harvest, 0.

gauaf,

root

refers

geamhradh,

of

root

hiemem."

Ir.

root

sonus

it

Ir.
the
The

W.

winter,

0.
Ir. foglaim, vb. fogliunn :
learning, Ir.
make
clear
"^vo-glendo, "^glendo,
Eng. glance, Ger. glanz,
;
splendour ; Ch. SI. gl"dati, show.
fdghnadh, sufficiency,
service, \x. foghnamh, 0. It. fognam, service ;
from

fo

and

griioinh,deed.

foichein,a

wrapper,

foichlean,

infant's

clout

sprout, young
foichnin ; see fochann.

corn

(Arm.), faichean

(Arg.), Ir.
21

178

ETYMOLOGICAL

f6id, a peat

DICTIONARY.

fod.

see

foidheach, a beggar ; see faoighe.

foidhearach, naked
(H.S.D., Dial.) :
foidhidinn, patience, Ir. foighid^ 0. Ir. foditiu, toleratio {"^vo-damda7n ; Lat.
I tame,
tin-),vb. fodamim,
domo,
patior, root
subdue
Safxaoi(do.); Eng. tame
ddmyatl, tame.
; Gr.
; Skr.
foighnich, ask ; see faighnich.
Also, more
Dialectic, foinich.
foil,macerate, broil ; see fail. Hence
foileag, a cake
suddenly
and

imperfectly toasted.
foil,pig-stye ; see fail.
Ir. foil^ foill, softly ! a while,
foil,slow, stately,foill, composure,
M.
Ir. CO foill,slowly, for a while, E. Ir. co foill, slowly :
foileadh, slow development :
G.
for
is
foill, treachery, 0. Ir. foile, astutia.
*volni-, Ir.
for '^'volid,
both
side-forms
to feall, treachery, q.v.
0.
Ir.
foillsich,
reveal,
foillsigim, svolnestiJcio ; see follus.
foinich, ask ; see faighnich.
*

foinne,

Ir.

wart,

gwennhaenn,

Cor.

faine, faithne, W.,

wart

Eng.

foinneamh, foinnidh, handsome,

S.

Ag.

wen,

genteel

blister, Br.

gwennn,

(Ern.).

wenn

; cf. next

also

word,

Lat.

vinnulus, delightful,root ven, as in G. fine, etc.

foinnich, temper, Ir. foinnim, temper, knead, foinnighte,tempered,
kneaded.

Cf.

above

word.

foir-,prefix meaning
super," same
Ir.
foir,help,
foir (vb. and
n.),E.
"^vo-retto
f6ir,
help us :
; root

for-

"

cf.

The

furtachd.

elements.

W.

Similarly

is irova

foir-

as

Ir.

foirbheart

and

can,

forcital, doctrina,

say,

See

sing.
0.

are

force,
of

like

ance,
really),assist-

Ir. word

; from

vb.

bail, good %
catechism, Ir. foircheadal,
and

/or

doceo

forchun,

crew,

Ir,

fuirionn,

E.

^for-can-

Ir.

W.

caterva

Ir. don-

For

goret,

guerin, W.
giverin, people,
*vorend, ^vorlnni-, multitude, root
ver, enclose

multitudo,

0.

; root

can.

foireann, foirionn, a band,

foirinn,

help,

riiith,run.

release, Br.

(an

foirceadal, foircheadal, instruction,

Ir.

beir.

foirbhillidh,
acceptable (M'D.)
0.

of

far, air{b).

"ee

foriuth,

ret

givared,

; Lit.

word,

long

row

in

fairenn,
Br.

M.
;

Indian

0.

Ir.

gueryn,

S. vorn,
file ; Skr.

Ag.

See fearann.
vrd, troop, company
Ir. foirhthe, perfectus,
foirfe,perfect, Ir. foirfe, complete, old, 0
forbe, perfectio, vb. forbanar, perficitur,forfenar, consummatus
:
"^for-benben, ba, go (Lat. venio, Gr. ^atvw,
; root
be"
"to
"p7]v, etc.), practically a verb
(Stokes JSfeo-Celtic
Verb

Subst.).

fdirin,assistance, E.

foirinn,border

land

Ir. inf.

(Cam.)

dat.,foirithin
:

; see

foir,

OF

THE

GAELIC

179

LANGUAGE.

foirm, noise ; side form of toirm 1

fdirmeil, brisk, lively(Sh., etc.): from Eng. /brma/ (Rob.).
foirmeilich, formalists.
fdirne, a band, dwellers, Ir. foirne (O'B.) ; an oblique form
foireann,

g.

of

foirne.

foirneadh, intruding ; see

teirinn, tearnadh.
foirneis,a furnace
fiiirneis.
; see
foirneata, conspicuously brave ; see niati.
fois,rest, Ir. fois, 0. Ir. foss, residence, remaining, rest, W. ar-os
;
^vosso- ; root
Skr.
Gr.
rest
vdstu,
ves, be,
;
aa-rv, city (^vastu) ;
Vesta
Got.
Lat.
Ger.
visa,
be.
place ;
; Eng.
was,
wesen,
So
all etymologists till Windiscli
remain.
(1892) suggested
the root
Stokes
still holds
std, that is ^vo-sto-.
by old (1903).
Hence
Ir.
foisdin, taciturnity,
foisdine.
Ir.
foisteadh, wages,
hire,
foisticiJdm, I hire ; M. Ir. foss, servant,
W.

(Eng. vassal);

givas

from

the

root

same

Also

as/o2's.

fasdadh.

folach, covering, hiding

folach,
of

rank

growing

grass

falach.

see

dunghills

on

"^vog-lo-,
root,

vog,

veg

feur.

fuil.
folachd, a feud, bloodiness
; see
folachdain, water-parsnip (H.S.D. quotes only O'B ),h\ folachiain :
follas, publicity, follaiseach, public, Ir. fo/lus, public, manifest,
0.

Ir.

foilus, clear, shining, manifest,

Lat
fonn, land, Ir. fonn, E. Ir. fond ; from
is connected

fonn,

See

G.

bonn,

Ir. fonn,

tune,

strain

with

fundus,

see

which,

solus.

again,

q.v.

tune,

"^svonno-, root

^'svolnestu-s

sven,

desire, delight, M.
sound, Lat. sonus,

Ir.

adbonn,

Eng.

sound.

seinn.

fonnsair, a trooper (M'A.) :

see
for-,super-, Ir., 0. Ir. for- ; prep, for, for which
far, air (/").
forach, forch, projection into the sea (Carm.) :
and
Ir. fordilim.
See ear ail for formation
root,
forail,command,
forair, watch, Ir. foraire ; from for and aire.
staid."
of
forasda, sedate, so Ir. ; aee farasda, in the sense
which
forbhas, ambush
(Sh., H.S.D.
C.S.), Ir.
quotes Lh. and
"

forbkas,

fore,a fork,

E.

Ir.

forbas, siege

Ir. /ore,

E.

Ir. fore

{=gobul);

for

Lat.

furca, Eng.

fork.
if legs
fore,'
push (especially

fore,

are

forked), pitch

with

fork

; from

fork,

forf

hais, foras, information, inqviiry,Ir. fo7as, E. Ir. foras, fonts,

true
knowledge : *forfiss, from fiss or fios, knowledge, q.v.
Basis
of knowledge."
Foras
feasa,
of fearg ?
forgan, keenness, anger ; from a side-form
forg (f'vorg)
"

180

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

forlach, a furlough ;
forluinn, spite, hatred

from

the

Eng.
(H.S.D.), Ir.,

forman, a mould, Ir formdn ; from

forradh, gam
(H.S.D.), excrescence,
rath

See

fortail, brave, stout,

Lat. fortis.
Ir.

fortune,

/or

and

/or

and

; from

has

Ir.

an

still,Ir.

makes

it

Lat.

forma.

(M'E.)

shift

; from

of

Ir.

clearly), Ir. foirteamhail^

fortail, predominant, strong ; from

cattle's

Lat.

fortuna.

food,

orts

the

from

Eng.

oris.

straw.

Ir.

M.

fos, heos,
in

comparative

word

; from

fortas,

fos,

English.
Ir.

E.

fortun

fortas, litter, refuse

fos, yet,

forlonn

rath.

forsair, a forester ; from the

fortail, strong, hardy, (an

Lh.

\\\

fierce.

lonn^

fortan,

M.

form

0.

Ir.

hens,

heo-,

Stokes

beius.

allied

to

Lat.

bed,

gladden, be-xiQ,well,

fosg, fosgag,
fosgail, open,
leic

lark

the

Ir., E.

so

leig,let.

or

(Carm.)
See

Ir.

oslaicim

leig and

cf.

fosg'arach, open, frank :

fosglan, porch (Carm.) :
fosradh, pounded bark (or anything)
^vaster-,

from

scattering,

root

*f-od-as-leig
;
tuasgail.
:

to

leaks

stop

Gaelic

; cf. Ir.

root

fosradh,

ster, strew.

fosradh, hand
feeding of cattle (Heb.) :
the
fothach,
glanders in horses, Ir. fothach, fdthach :
f6tus, a flaw, refuse (M'A. says "rotten
pus," and gives fot, rotten
earth)

from

Sc.

faut,

in

as

fabhd.

frabhas, refuse, small potatoes (Arg.):

frachd, freight ; from Sc. fraught, Eng. freight.
fradharc, vision, sight, Ir. rddharc, E. Ir. 9 odarc
derk,

as

see,

in

dearc,

*ro-darc

France.

Fining,

Ir. lus

tansy (St.).
fraoch, heather, Iv. fraoch,
"^vroiko-

groegon,

fraoch,

E.

Ir.

0.

bhfhrancach

froech,

kpeUr^.

; Gr.

fraech,

\v.

na

; M.

Hence

W.

grug,
G.

of shoe

Ir.

Cor.

; Skr.

herb

''

grig, M.

fraoch, wrath,
fraoch

frangcan,

furor,

fraochan,
heather-protector,"from
;
fraoidhnidh, flourishing :
fraoidhneis, froinis, a fringe ; from the Eng.
fraoileadh, a flusteringby liquor ; Dial, sraoileadh
toe-bit

root

q.v.

fellow
fraigein, a brisk, warlike
frogan.
; nee
fraigh, wattled
partition, E. Ir. fraig : "^vragi-,root
verg
Gr.
shut
in.
elpyo),
vraja, hurdle
;
fraileach, sea-weed
(Sh., O'R.) :
lus
na
frang-alus, tansy ;
Fraing" (Cameron), the French
from

Br.
Ir.

OF

fraon,

place of shelter
(D. Ban.) :
fras, a shower, Ir. fras, E.
freag'air,answer,
of

frass,

and

root

tal, which

freiceadan,
a

vow,

in

see

the

0.

freasdail,
Dr

Ir.

frestal,fresdel :

referred it

Cameron

to

tuarastal.

^frith-coi7nhead-a?L;

interdictory resolution,

final

is allied

root

Tr.

Ir.

E.

coimhead,

from

tongeo,

think,

freteck,fristoing,
renuntiaverimus

frisiossam,

tag, take,

as

W.

to

0,

Lat.

tong, tog, swear,

swear,

root

q.v.

repudiation, renunciation,
gives

Ir.

fritheil.

see

watch

guard,

guard, look,

root

frith-gar-^

goir.

"^fris-do-el; for

freiteach,

freagairirn,E. Iv.frecraim:

Iy.

freasdal, serving, attending,

fris

; Skr.

dew
e'/oa-?;,

; Gr.

"^vrastd

rain,

vamham,

gar

Ir.

(Sh., O'R.), fraoinihh

mountains

the

in

181

LANGUAGE.'

GAELIC

THE

Eng.

Lat.

Ir.

tangere.

Stokes

think.

tong,

tyngu.

freoine, fury, rage :

freothainn, bent-grass (Arg.):
E.
Ir. /rem,
W.
freumh, friamh, a root, Ir. freamh,
givraidd,
Cor.
gwreiddyn,
grueiten, Br. grisienn, "^vrd-md, ^vrdjo-,
*vrdnuradix, root ; Gr. pl^a ; Got. vaurts, Eng. ivort,
: Lat
root.

fride, a tetter, ring-worm,

W.

givraint,

M.

Br.

M.

frigde, flesh-worm, E. Ir. frigit,

"^vrgntid,root verg ; Eng. tvriggle.

Ir.

grwch,

frideam, support, attention

:
frighig",fry ; from the Eng. frying.
friochd, a second
dram, a nip :
friochdan, a frying pan, Ir. friochtdn
From

fry

; cf. Ir.

I fry.
f'riochtaiaini,

of the

Eng.
friodhan, a bristle, pig's bristle ;
Cf
in fraigh %
as
guairecli muc
; root
vrg

frioghan,

M.

Ir.

W.

givrych, hedge,

bristles,"^vrg-ko-.

frioghail, sharp,

Hence

bristliness
frionas, fretfulness
"^friogKn-as,
;" from
:
look,
fretful
friotach,
(Stew.) ; ^qq frith, sour
if far-away persons
incantation
to discover
ffrith, an
Norse
fate (Sh., O'R.) ; from
the
frett, enquiry
the

future,

is the

noun,

frioghan.
live
of

(Heb.),
gods

the

Sc.

fret,fteit.
frith,frioth, small, trifling (Sh. O'R.), which
the

i.

keen.

"

about

frighan

prep,
look

frith

or

M'A.

says

antecedes

ri.

(A. M'D.), frithearachd, peevishness,

of 7'i
frithir, peevish :
against" ^
; root
frith, a forest, deer forest, Ir. frith, wild, mountainous
place, W.
M. Eng. fri", deer
ffridd, forest ; from
park, Ag. S. fri".
ri by force
and
derivation
frith-, fre-, freas-, prefix
;
prep,
frith, a

sour

or

angry

*vrti-

Ir.

which

see.

"

182

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

fritheil,attend, Ir. friotholaim (Con.friothdlaim), E. Ir. frithailim,

-al- (Ascoli),go ; root
root
al, el, eln of tadhal, q.v.
frithir, earnest, eager
(Stew.), Ir. frithir, earnest, peevish ; cf.
frith,

look.

sour

frog, a hole, fen, den, rog (Suth.) :

frogan, liveliness,a slight degree of drunkenness
froighnighe, a dampness
oozing through the
and

wall

fraigh

; from

snighe.

froineadh, a sudden
tugging, rushing at (M'D.) :
froinis, a fringe ; see fraoidhneis.
fromhaidh, hoarse, rough :
fruan, acclivity(Carm.) :
fuachd, cold, so Ir., 0. Ir. uacht, ocht, *aukto-; Lettic
auksts,
cold (adj.),Lit. duszti, cold, be cold.
Ir. fuadaighim, drive
snatch
fuadaich, drive away,
away,
away,
E. Ir. fuataigm
teich.
Hence
fuadan,
:
*fo-od-tech(?) ; see
wandering.
and
fuadarach, hasty, in a hurry (Stew.,Arm.
H.S.D.), Jr. fuadar,
Cf
1
haste
from
of
Sc.
fuadaich
fuadf outre, activity.
;
fuagarthach, exiled ; see fbgair.
Cf. 0. Ir. fuat.
fuaidne, loose pins of warping stakes.
fuaigh, stitch, fuaig'heal, sewing, so Ir.,E. Ir. fuagaim, uagaim,
0.
Ir. uaimm
root
(n.):
stitch,
oug-s-men;
pug,
poug,
Ijnt.
Zimmer
referred
stick;
Eng. pzmc^.
(in 1882),
pungo,
the
idea
it to
of high, the
root
being
integrate," from
integer." 0. Ir. oigthidi,sartores.
6g, uag,
Neither
fuaim, noise, so Ir., E. Ir. f uaimm
(pi. fuamand).
of Skr.
sound, Got.
^vog-s-m.en (Strachan ; root
vog
vagnu,
*voc-s-men
(Stokes ; root voq,
vopjan, cry, Eng. whoop) nor
Lat.
6
or
voice,
give ua, only
a.
voco) can
loom
Ir.
uaithne,
fualthne,
pillar,post, E. Ir. uatne,
posts (Uist),
a
post (bed post). So Henderson
; fiiidne (Wh.) :
fual, urine, so Ir., 0. Ir. fual : *voglo- or *voblo- ; root vog, veg, ug,
be wet, ; Gr.
wet, Eng. hygrometer ; Lat. humidus, uveo,
vypos,
be
vokva, moisture.
moist, Eng. humour
(for ugveo),
; Norse
fuar, cold, Ir. fuar, E. Ir. uar, W. oer, Cor. oir : *ogro-,root ug^
.

'^

"

"

aug

oi

would

give

q.v.

under

fual^
be

rather
W.

windward

Gr.

vob

wall
at

suggests

the

it to

Gr.

vypos,

root

wet

(cf.Lat.), and
either

Ch.

veg,
a

ug,

this

cussed
dis-

which

root

would

SI. ogni,

not

fire

(Lat.
fuaradh,

(root pctg, fix, fit).

well, fuarraidh, damp, fuarralanach
side
outchill),cold feeling,etc. ; fuar bhalla, an

Trayos,

ends

Hence

frost

fuar-shlat,

the

Celtic

in

side, fuaran,

(Ir. fuardlach,

refers

especially

Strachan

oer.

ignis) or

staves

Stokes

fuachd,

the

of casks

rough

strong hoop

(Wh.).

used

to

bend

in

OF

fuasgail, loose, untie,

fuath, hatred, so
terrible,and
fuath, a spectre,

Ir., M.
uath

see

\r

Ir., E.

so

183

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

Ir.

fuath

for

root,

fuaslaicim
; cf. E.

tuasgail.

see

Ir.

uath,

terror,

awe,

:
Ir., 0. Ir. fuath, figura, forma
Ir.
of
G.
owlcH
M.
ncaire,
L.),
fucadh, fulling cloth,
(D.
pile.
fudag, a shoe-strap (H.S.D. says Dial.) :
so

fuller

; cf.

Sc. footy, fouty.

vile ; from
fudaidh, mean,
fudar, powder, Ir. pudar ; from the Eng.
fudraic, smart, in good condition
:
fuidh ! an
interjection. Seejich.
fuidheall, remainder, Ir. fuigheall, 0. Ir. ftddell, W. gweddili ;
Ir. fuidlech : ^voddo-, dU
fuidh leach, remains,
also
E.
G.
allied to Eng. deal, dole, Ger.
teil (St. with
query).
fool
fuidir, a
(Carm.) :
Dial,
fuidreadh, commixing,
fudradh,
pulverising; iYom fudar.
to dry it.
turning hay in the sunshine
Sc. fugie, one
who
flies from
the fight.
fuidsidh, craven
; from
of root
form
fuigheag, a thrum, Ir. fughog ; from a short vowel
of fuaigh.
full,blood, Ir., 0. Ir. fuil, gen. fola, folo : "^voli-,root
vol, vel,
well

ivell.

Eng.

fuilear, cha

Stokes

agrees

'n fhuilear

I need, must
dhomh,
; for furail, 0. Ir.
ail.
root
fordil, excessive
as
ear
injunction, infliction,same
Ir.
E.
suffer
Ir.
fuilig, fulling, fulaing",
(thou),
fulangaim,
fulangim, 0. Ir. fuloing, sustinet, mi. fulang : "under-go",
from
fo and
^long, going, root
lenq, spring, go, as in leuni.,
q.v.

Further

allied

loiigus.
fuin, bake, Ir. fuinim,
cook.
the

Zimmer
Norse

a-roasting
von,

Lat.

is Ger.

takes

knead,
the

word

to

boil,

; but

mean

Ir.

man,

also

bake,
from

"

fuirbearnach

compounds

of

bi

and

super.

fuirset (s future) : "^vo-reg\

see

eararadh.

Ir. fuirigim,
root

reg,

noun

stretch, go

fuirech,
; Lat.

0.

Ir.

porrigo,

rack.

fuirm, stools, a form, Ir. fitirm, W. ffiirf; from

fuirneis,foirneis,a furnace, Ir. fumeis ; from
fuithein,fuifein,a galling,taking off the skin
fo-bian

fuinim,

fire,bake,"

"to

unlikely.
Venus, Eng. venerate.

beir,with/o?*,

Ir.

E.

Lat.

long,

vi^ funa,
oc-fune Norse
Possibly "^voni-, dress," root ven,

fuirearadh, a parching of corn

;
fuirich,stay, Ir. fuirighirti,E.
See

bake,

funi, flame, fire, E.

fuirbidh, a strong

rego.

verlangen, desire, Eng.

fulaing (vb.),fulang (n.); seefuUig.

Eng. form.
the

Eng.

by riding (M'D.)

184

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY

fulaisg, rock ; from fo + luaisg, q.v.

suilbh.
fulbh, gloom (Arg.) ; see
Sc, Eng, fulmar.
fulmair, a species of petrel, fulmar
; from
fulpanachd, articulation, jointing (Sh.,O'R., H.S D.) ; cf. alp.
Sc. fundy.
funntainn, benumbment
by cold ; see punntuinn.
See fuireajxidh.
furadh, parching corn
(Carm.), also fur ar ad h.
Ir. furdil, E. Ir. urdil, furdil, 0.
furail, incitement, command,
irdil

furan,

same

as

Ir.

welcome,

E.

the

Ir.

earail, q.v,
fur-dn, foran

fdilti, I

feraim

(Connaught)

welcome.

The

; root

root

means

in

as

ver,

E.

in

Ir.

The
of fhuair
root
seems
give
(see fearthuinn).
mixed
that
with
ol fearthuinn.
't^eefearthuinn.
furas, patience : "^f-air-asta,asta
(standing, staying) being

Ir.

rain"

"

ad-sta-, ad
furasda

and

(furas),

from
"^'"air-usa,

furbaidh,

wrath

easier, Ir. furas, furasda,

easy,

easier, q.v.
nsa,
(Sh., O'R.), furban

fuirbid/i.
furbhailt, furailt, courtesy,
For

the

may

be

from

f"r-fdilte.

latter
from

Armstrong
Eng.

(H.S.D.,

kindly
"

gives

formality.

E.

from

also

reception;
ceremony"

The

words,

as

fusgan,

; for

Gaelic

heather

brush

the

; cf. Sc.

whisker,

urusa:

MSS.)

see

furmailt.

force, which
seem

-a,n): *for-

tighinn.
a

bunch

of

feathers

for

whisk.

Eng.
dog-days

sweeping,

futhar,

tiagh, tigh, see

root

Ir.

otherwise,

furm, a stool ; see fuirm.

furlaich, hate, detest (Arms.), revolt against (Rob.) :
furtachd, relief, help, so Ir., 0. Ir. fortacht (gen. in
tiacht

for

sta, stand.

Sc.

; from

/v^re-days.

gab,

tattling

mouth

chatter, mock,

g'abairt, a

Norse

from

Sc.

gab

(do.),M.

gahh, mockery,

0.

Fris.

Eng. gahhen,
gahbia,

to

accuse.

lighter,
(Heb.)
gabert,
transport
Fr. gabarre, storeship, lighter.
from
gabh, take, Ir. gahhairn, 0. Ir. gabaim, gaib, capit, inf. gabdil, W.
capio,
gafa.el,prehensio (Eng. gavelkindi),Cor. gavel : "^^'gabo,
Got.
Ger.
do, *gabagli ;
giban, give,
geben, Eng. give ; Lit.
vessel

; from

Sc.

gabenti, bring.
gabhadh, danger, peril, Ir. gdbha{dh), E. Ir. gdba, gdbud :
Ir. gdd, danger, Gr. x^C^? I'etire,
xi^^'^-"
want, X^P'-'^^ hsit.
gabhagan, a titlark (Sh., O'R., H.S.D.) :
gabhal, fork ; see best G, form in gobhal.

cf. E.
he-res.

OF

gabhann,
"

O'R.), gossip (Perth);

from

gabh

in" 1

goat ; see best

crafty trick

185

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

flattery (Kirk, etc.

take

gabhar,
gabhd,

THE

G.

form
Sc.

from

gohhar.

in

gaud,

Cf.

trick.

M.

E.

gaude,

gaudium,
(Chaucer),
Eng. gaud.
specious
makes
devoid
of
care
gabhlan, a wandering, a man
(H.S.D., which
it Dial. ; M'E.) :
gach, each, every, Ir. gach, 0. Ir. each, cech, omnis, quivis, W.
trick

0.

poh.
of

gad,

from

Cor.

W.,

interrogative

co

Ir.

0.

goad,
1/ard

G.

g^d, gat, an
wedge

bar

iron

steel,

of

quisque

spear

"^qo-qa,'^qe-qa,root

Skr.

kag-ca

Ir. gat

"^gazdo-;

Sc.

Eng.

gad,

bar

qo,

Got.

gazds,

sting, Eng.

metal, Eng. gad,

gaddr, as

of

spike, bar, Norse,

gad,

gad.

gadaiche, thief, Ir. gaduigh, E. Ir. gataige ; see gold.

gadair, tie the fore feet of a horse, etc. (H.S.D., Dial) ; from
gadhar, gaothar, lurcher
dog, Ir. gadhar, mastiff, hunting
Ir.

M.

'?

wild-goose ;
howl,

gadluinne,

Ir.

gadar, mastiff, E.

(K. Meyer)
gag,

The

this

and

Norse
to

seems

is

slender,

likely the
feeble

gagar

has

gagg,

from

Norse

the

fox's

that

prove

the

salmon

gag,

cleft,chink,

gho, gha
chaos

; Lat.

Eng.

Ir. gag
gap,

fauces,

gape

after

throat.

W.

gag.

dog,
dog

gagarr,
cry,
has

spawning

Cor.

^gdggd, gds-g, I. E.
x^^^^^y yawn,
; Gr.
Cf.

gad,

gagl,
a

root

of gagar.

original source

fellow, a

Norse

hair insect, nit (H.S.D., M'A.) :

gadmunn,
gadraisg, tumult, confusion
(H.S.D., Dial.) ;
gafann, henbane
(Sh., O'B., H.S.D.), Ir. gafann.
a

qe^

etc.

sting, rod, Norse, gaddr,

(from ghaz-dhd 1)

; from

M.

E.

gad,

gart,

hasta,

Lat.

under

pob

pep,

Lat.

withe, switch,

Br.

pop^

Lat.

root

(Sh.):

gahen-.
ghdg,

further

x^^^* abyss, Eng.

Skeat

takes

hence

Eng. jag.

gagach, stuttering (Sh., O'R.), Br.

Cf.
gagan,

Eng.
a

gag,
cluster
:

which

Skeat

gak

queries

an

if from

word.

onomatopoetic
G.

in want, craver
gaibhteach, a person
gabh.
; from
gailbheach, stormy, prodigious, E. Ir. gailbech, blustering ; cf.
Eng. gale, of Scandinavian
origin, Dan.
gal, furious, Norse
at
of
storm
gailbhinn, a storm
galinn (do.). Also
a
sea,
snow,

gailbhinn, a great rough hill (Sh., gailebhein," H.S.D.)

gaile, excitement
(M'D.) :
gaill,surly look, etc, ; see goill,
"

22

186

ETYMOLOGICAL

gailleach, gailleach,
of shoe

seam

the

gailleag,

blow

or

; cf

(in cattle),

gum

and

of

barks

outer

(O'B.):
the

on

sgailleag.
gaillionn, a storm

the

swelling of
junction of inner
a

gum,

uppers,

trees, Jr. gailleach

DICTIONARY

Ir.

cheek,

gailleog

galinn,

Norse

galen, wind-storm,

Norwegian

Cf.

gaill.

from

furious, Eng. gale.

gaillseach, an
gaillseach,

earwig,

mouthful

sand,

Stokes

E.

Jr., E.

so

the

gives
But

Ir

overcharged so
flesh.
See goill.

of

sand.

mouth

gaineamh,

Ir.

so

Ir. ganem

stem

gasn-

the

; root

gd

gasnimd,

as

should

give

G.

swell

cheeks

that

Gr

of

harena^

gainmheach,

Also

gann.

earth

yaia,
Lat

ghas,

root

out,

ganmech,

and
gainisff, gainisgeag, sedge, a small
divinity in marshes
for deaths
to come
sedges by water, moaning
(Carm.) :
^ainne, a dart, arrow
head
(Sh., O'B., H.S.D.,
M'E), gainne, arrow(Arg.), Ir. gainne : gasnid ; root gas of gad, q.v.
gainntir, a prison, Ir. gaintir (Fol.) :
gair, near
; see
gar.
gair, call, crow
goir.
; see
Gr.
clamor
gair, a shout, outcry, Ir., E. \v.gdir, W. gawr,
: ^gdri-;

yrjpvs (Dor. yapv^),

g^ir, laugh, g^ire,

from

root

gar,

voice

laugh,

a
as

in

; root

Ir.

the

gar,

ger,

in

as

gdirim,

gdire,

foregoing

word.

E.

goir, q.v.
Ir.

gdire

Stokes

(n.) :

gives

the

"^gdsrid,and cfs. Skr. hasrd, laughing, has, laugh.

gairbh, a greedy stomach, deer's paunch :
gairbheil, gaireal, freestone, gravel, Ir. gairbheal, pron. grahheal
from
Eng. gravel.
stem

as

gairbhtheann,
g^irdeachas,

species

of wild

rejoicing,Ir.

; from
*

shortening

urgartiugud,

while

time,

Cf. W.
laugh.
difyru,
gairdean, gaoirdean, an arm
same

as

gdirdechad, delighting
this
older
from
as
regards

Meyer
whiling

or

amuse

amuse,
; from

Ir.

M.

gdirdeachas,

gdir, laugh.

gartiugud,

(H.S.D.) :

grass

K.

with

divert,
Sc.

from

time,
from

gardy,

goirid,

leaning
byr,
arm,

on

E.

Ir.

gdir,

short.

gardis, yards,

yard.

gairgean, garlic ; from Eng, garlic and G. garg, bitter, by popular

etymology.
gairgein, stale wine, Ir. gairgin, dung ; from garg.
gaireas, ^oireas, convenience
goireas.
; see
Ir.
gairisinn, disgust,
gairseamhuil, obscene, wanton
:
0.
Ir.
Ir.
gairm, a call,office,
gairm, W., Br.
gairm, pi. garmanna,
shout
a
:
*garsmen- ; root gar of goir, q.v.
garm,

OF

gairneal,

meal

from

So.

from

Lat.

THE

GAELIC

Ir.

chest,

187

LANGUAGE.

gaimeal,

meal

garnelL, girneU, Eng.

granarium, granary.

magazine,
0.

from

garntr,

garner

Fr.

gairneilear, a gardener ; from the English.

gais, a torrent
(H.S.D. and Ir.),surfeit ; from Eng. gush ?
gals, wisdom, lance, plenty (Carm ) :
gais, shrivel up ; from gas^ twig % For sense, cf. crannadh.
gaisde, a trap (Sh., O'B,, H.S.D.), Ir. gaisde, 0. I. goiste,noose
from

horse

gaoisd,

gernier,

"?

hair

gaisde, a wisp of straw

(H.S.D.) ; cf. gaoisd.
gaise, a daunting (M'A.) ; cf. gais, shrivel.
Ir. gaisced, gasced, bravery,
gaisge, valour, Ir. gaisge, bravery, E
feats

of arms,

and

the

armour,

the

root

gal, weeping,

Ir.

Br.

posse,

Lit

Ir.

E.

gasda,

gol, I. E.
gelti,to

gal,

0.

Ch.

idea

; Ger.

gel, pain

galan,
galar,

gallon, Ir. galun

disease,

Ir

0.

as

allied

zulu, bad,

sore.

But

Ir. gall, foreigner ; from

the

first

the

Roman

strangers

and

valour.

Roman

Stokes

takes

Gall,

or

be

visited

different

For

view

Gaul,

galla,

named

so

bitch

has

Pott

Cf.

branch,

W.

galluran,
galuban,

band

foe

bitch.

G.

Gallicus.

gang,

basis

gal,
for

^ghaslo- ? root
Gallus, a

derives

See

is

for

gasradh

(fig.): *gas-lo-,root

youth

angelica, so.
put

Ger.

he

as

see

Pre-

dialect.

upon

Ir.
the

root.

gas

of

gas,

q.v.

the

foal

gal +jiii'^an.

dugs

of

sucking (H.S.D., Dial.) :

a
stride, Ir. gdmus, proud gait
gamag,
Sc.

gives

in

shoot.

gelin, a
wood

some

gast,

Canis

on

Celtic

Irish

possibly for ^gas-lid.

Spanish galgo, greyhound, which, however,

; cf. W.
adduced

is founded

gallan,

from

gal, weep.
ivaidk.

derivation

; lie

gal, enemy,
*gallo-s, W.
Hence
hos-tis,Eng. guest.

Lat

qalli, flaw,

the

by

gall, stranger,
glias,

cf.

stranger. Englishman,
Gaul, the Gauls
being

(Zimmer).

times

Gall).
encouraging-

in

Norse

Eng. walk,

Gallus,

visit

to

name

galar, grief, Br. glar, glachar

suggests

cloth, fulling; from

Lowlander,
stranger, Ir.

E.

national

Eng.

W.

thicken

Gall,

qual, pain,

gal {*galnat),brave.

the

galar,

Bez.
SI.

is

; from

Ir.

(do.) ; *galro-n.
Umbr.
holtu, Ch.

gale,

Root

feats"

galar.
W.
gal, puissance, '''gald,
gallu,
gallon, might : *galno- ; Lit.

Br.

SI.

ghalad.

*'

Cf.

Hence
the
golemu, great.
also
Gaul
Galatae, Galatian,
Gallus, a
(but see
galad, good girl,brave girl,fem. for laochan, used
address

be

to

seems

q.v.

smart.

galloet (do.),Cor.

I can,

galiu,

Ir.

the

in

as

same

E.

gul,

qudlen, torment
tgal, valour, war,

weapons

gang,

gait.

Cf.

mares

to

carriage
gbmag.
or

prevent
:

"^gang-mo- (\);

188

DICTIONARY.

ETYMOLOGICAL

gamhainn,

year-old calf, a stirk, Ir. gamhuin,

year-old calf ; from
pi. g. gamiia,

gamuin,

For

"winter-old."

proverb
"

Hallowe'en

On

the

from

root

G-r.

geamhradh.

^qq

theirear

Shamhna,
the

same

gimmer,

root,

Oidhche

"

calves
Norse

are

gamhnach,
gamhlas, malice,
ganail, rail,fold
gangaid, deceit
(Sh.),Ir., M.

gymhr,

yearling

xLiiapo"^,

farrow

called

are

calf, E.

Tr.

winter

gam,

Confirmed

by the
gamhnaris nalaoigh"
stirks.
Similarly and
lamb, Sc.
year-old ewe
Hence

(Dor.).

goat

cow.

gannlas, ganndas (Dial.); from gann ?

(Sh., O'B., H.S.D.), Ir. ganail : cf. gunwale.
(Sh., O'B., etc.), bustle, light-headed creature
Ir.,gangaid, deceit, falsehood
:
0.
Ir.
Ir.
gand : "^gando-s; Skr.
scarce,
gann,
gann,
gann,
gandhdyate, hurt ; Lit. gendu, be injured (Stokes).
ganradh, a gander, Ir. gaytdal ; from the Eng.

ganraich, roaring
gaog,

lump

gaoid,

as

noise

blemish,

"^gaizdo-;

cloth

or

[r.

Lit.

of billows

as

in yarn

gaoid,

zaizda,

birds

or

; cf.

stain

goigean.
E.

; cf.

Ir.

gdet, a

wound

wound.

thrill of pain
or
gaoir, a noise, a cry of pain or alarm, sensation
shout?
from
gair,
(Perth.) ;
horse
gaoisid,
hair, M. Ir. goisideach,crinitus, 0. Ir. goiste,
gaoisd,
x^^'^^)
suspendium,
laqueus : *gaissinti-,^gait-tinti; Gr.
hair.

flowing

mane,

gaoistean, a crafty fellow

(H.S.D. from
MSS.), Ir. gaistin \ cf.
gaisde, a trap.
gaoithean, a fop, empty-headed fellow ; from gaoth, wind.
gaol, love, Ir. gaol, kin, family, E. Ir. gdel, relationship: *gaUo- ;
Lit. ga.iliis,
compassionate ; Got. gailjan, gladden, Ger. ge.il,
and
wanton
Strachan
(filXos,
friendly. Stokes
; Gr.
agree.
ordure
in
the
Ir.
fseces,
intestines,
gaorr,
; probably
garr
gore,
from
Hence
Eng. gore, Ag S. gov, dirt.
gaorr an, big belly,
In
sound
with
Northern
a
ao
Arg. pronounced
glutton.
; in
skar
broad
Consider
with
in Arg.
as
ao
North, pronounced
in sham
or
(Sc.); cf. caoirnean
gaoirnean.
and
the
;" from
gaorsach, a bawd, slut :
dirty wench
gaorr
"

female

termination

gaort, giort, a

gaoth, wind,

saddle

-sach

girth

Cf.

'I

; from

siursach.
the

Eng.

gaeth, goeth, 0. Ir. gdith : ^gaito-,from

root
gai, I. E. ghai, ghei, ghi, drive, storm, as in G. geamhStokes
radh, q.v.
Eng. ghost (I. E. ghoizdo-s)is allied.

refers

gar,

it to
Ir.

warm,

heat

Eng.

so

Ir., E.

the

Ir.

of

root

0.

goraim,

*gor6,

Ir.

; Gr.

warm

tliermo-meter

gath solely,which

Lat.

gorim,

Br.

gov,

ghai

above.

as

W.

burning,

gwres,

heat, depi^os,
warm,

Oepos,summer
furnus,

is

oven,

furnace

Ch.

SI.

THE

OF

further

goreti, burn;

189

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

Eng.

'^gh^'^ormo-,Teut.

E.

(L

warm

gwarm.

gar,

proximity, Ir. gar,

shortly, W. ger, gar. near.
(Dial.) : "^ga-ro. For ga, see

gair, gaire,
M.

Ir. gar,

although
particle.
garadh, garradh,

gar,

Norse

garadh,

gar^r,

garaidh,

den,

stand

garbh, rough, so
''"garvn; I.
Lat.
See
this

is

E.

root

verbal

garrda

See

Ir.

wood,
under-

gardn,

Ir.

x^P^i"

Gr.

rough, I. E.
stake, x^P^^P^^^

to

Lat.

horreo

garb,

W.

garw,

Some

join it
(6apv";,
heavy,

Gr.

fork

garb/i.
Br.

garu,
tearing ; Gr.

(do.),hirsutus, hirsute,

farther.

the

from

bristle, be

gar,

gher, scratchy, rough,

her

allied

barbh.

Ir.

adv.),
root,

the

is

ro

ge ;

thicket,

garan,

grove,

etc.

Ir., 0.

garadh

goirid

for

hir-sutus, hirsute, her, hedge-hog, furca,

zeriii,scrape,

Lit.

and

Eng. gard, garjj, Eng. yard, garden.

stiff,tear, scratch

; Lat.

ravine

See

M.

gardhadh,

copse,

thicket, garrdn,

gher,

Ir.

garden,
yard, M.

(adj.

near

near

with

G.

the

stiff.

be

gravis, but

Lat.

would

xhP-"hedgehog,

hdrshati,

Skr.

cruel

hard,

rather

as

be

In
the
Sc. garvie.
Arran,
garbhag, sprat, garvie (Dial ) ; from
G. garbh.
is the sea-bream, but
this
is from
garbhanach
garbhan, the gills of a fish (N. H.). See giitran.
hen's
See grdchdan.
a
complaint ; onomatopoetic.
garcan,
Ir.
Ir.
0.
fierce,angry,
*gorgo-s ;
bitter,
:
garg,
garg,
gargg
garg,
Gr.

yop-^o'i,

screaming

from

gar,

garluch,

gar

garmainn,
gen.

infant,

with

cry,

mole

and

There

frightsome.

is

obsolete

an

M.

Ir.

^gergo-s.

gearg,

garlach,

rough,

the

little

villian, vagabond,
-lach

termination

(Sh., O'B., H.S.D.),

Ir.

Ir.

garlach

(see bglach).

garlach

"^gar-luch ;

luch

(*?).

garman,

W.

garTime,

weaver's

carfan

beam,
; from

Ir., E.

the

Ir.
of

root

0.

garmain,
cuir, put

Ir.

*ger,

*gher, spear?
garrach, a glutton, gorbelly, dirty creature, Ir. garrfhiach, a
glutton (O'B.) ; allied to Eng. gorbelly, gore, by borrowing (1).
garradh, a garden ; better spelling than garadh, q.v.
root
a
crow
garrag,
; cf. Eng. gorcroiv,
young
gor of Eng. gore, as
in

garrag,

garrach.
a

sudden

yell, Ir. gartha, clamour,

roaring

; from

gar

of

goir.
gart, surly aspect, gloom
Ir.
gart, standing corn,
XopTos,

gartan,

fodder.

garter

; from

See

cf,

goirt, sore,

gort,

cornfield,

goirtean
the

Eng.

further,

sour.

0.

Ir.

gort,

seges

Gr.

190

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

twig,

^as,

Ir.

stalk,

hasta

; Lat.

*gastd

gas

(see gad).

Bez.

queries if not from "^gahsd,Lit. zagarai, brushwood.

gjisaid,fray (Dial.):
gasda, excellent, Ir. gasda, clever, ingenious, E. Ir. gasta (do.):
"^gassavo-s,^gas-tavo, root gad (gads) ; Gr. dyadds, Eng. goody
habilis

Lat.

gasg,

tail

?
Zend

^gad-sko- ;

zadhanh,

step, stride : *gad-sko-,root

Eng. gait, Ger. gasse, way.

gasgag,

gad,

gasradh, salacity in
M.

dogs,

gasraidh, rabble,
troops,
W.

gwas,

iron

bar

gast,

go,

from

whence

goiiine, 0.

military

gas,

Eng.

vassal.

ge,

whoever,
see

ge,

Ir.

the

co,

Ir.

interrogative

gidh,

gaid,

; root

goithimm,
band

goes

gas, gat-s,
futuo.

of domestic

; borrowed

servant

See

cacare.

from

fasdadh.
Gaul,
Gr.

gaiso-n

Norse

shepherd's

x^^^%

missile.

b' 6, whatever,

ge

though,

ge,

heshas,

; Skr.

Ir.

bitch

gad.
gat, an
; see
Ir.
(jath,E. Ir. gai, gae,
a
dart,
sting,
gath,
geirr, spear, Ag. S. gar, Eng. ^ar-lic ;
crook

M.

soldiers,Ir. gasradh,

mercenary

youths,"

"

W.

Fr.

gadales, meretrix,

Br.

the

female

xH^)

Gr.

podex,

0.

Ir. ce,

whoever,
pronoun
cia ;

ci,

Ir.

gibe, E. Ir. ce be ;
be is the subj. of bl.

root

same

above.

as

for

See

also

ged.
geacach, sententious, pert ; from Sc. geek, to sport,
gecken, hoax.
gead, a spot of arable land, a garden bed, a spot in
Ir. qead
lock

gead, a
geadas,

deride,

Ger.

horse's

head,
fore-

(H.S.D.)

of hair

pike,

to

Ir.

geadus

; also

"

clip

to

Norse

; from

"

Sc.

gedda,

ged,

allied

to

Eng. goad.

g^adh,

Cor.
goose

Ir.

goose,

goydh,
; Norse

geadh,

E.

Ir.

ged, W.

Br.

goose,

g^gl,

goaz, gwaz
wild
goose,

M.

gwydd,

0. Cor.

*gegdo-, root
H.

G.

gage,

sound
gigze, produce inarticulate
goose,
gagula, a water-fowl, Russ.
goose-like,Servian
a

diver

(Stokes).

It

cannot

be

referred

to

the

guit,auca,

geg,

like

cry
cry

Lit.

gagonas,

gagara,
roots

like

gige,

silverof

Eng.

ghandro-).
(glians-,
field,
earghalt,
park (Arg., M'A.) ; hence
geadhail, a ploughed
land
arable
root
as
gead, viz.,ged, hold, Eng. get.
: same
gel. Cor. ghel, Br. gelaonen ; Gr.
geal, a leech, E. Ir. gel, W.
leeches
fSSeXXa, /^Aerves,
(Hes.) : Skr. jaluka, blood-leech
;
Lat.
I. E. root
etc.
gula, throat, Eng. gidlet,
gel, devour,
Ir.
E.
Ir.
"^gelo-,I. E. root ghel, clear, shine,
:
gel
geal, white,
geal,
glow ; Lit. geltas, pale-yellow ; Eng. gleam, glow ; Gr. xkiia,
Stokes
wine
connects
it with
be warm,
x^^''^^unmixed
; etc.
usual
derivation
with
Lat.
the
it
Lit.
zila-s, grey ;
joins
goose

'

and

gander

OF

THE

helvus, light bay, Eng.

zelenu,

zelti,grow

Lit.

yellow,

gealach,

Hence

green.

191

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

the

SI.

gealan,

Ir. ;

so

moon,

Ch.

green,

linnet.

gealbhan,

fire

fire, little

Gr.

glea'tn;

g'ealbhonn,

golvan

I. E. ghel, glow
"^gelvo-,
See geal.

be warm.
-)(\.'nsi,

; from

Ir., M.

so

sparrow,

geal,

white.

geall,

0.

Ir.

W.

gelhund,

Cor.,

golfan,

x^Xi^i^v, swallow,

Gr.

Cf.

Eng. glow,

Br.

Norse

gal (do.).

geall,

Ir.

pledge,

giall, hostage,

of

^geldo-n, now
Eng.
money,

Ir.

gell,pignus

derives

Stokes

q.v.

gis, geisy
^geldo-s,

^gis-lo-,root

thus

it

^gelno-n, gislo-n-,Got. gild, tribute, Ger. geld,

reA^o?
yield, guild ; Gr. 6"f"e\kii),
(Hes.),
owe,

debt,

^eall, desire, longing, Ir. geall : in the

Keating's i ngeall, in need of ; from
gealtach, cowardly, Ir. gealtach, fearful
geamhradh,
winter, Ir. geimhreadh, E.
W.

0.

W.

Cor.

phrase,

geall

geilt.

see

Ir.

Ir.

0.

aemred,

Br.

gaimred,

Br.

M.

"^gimo-(for Gadelic), *gaiamo-, "^gaimo- (for Brittonic, Stokes)

1. E.

ghim, gheim, ghiem

Ch.

SI.
has

gem,

its

samhradh
Gaul.

; Gr.

zima

Skr.

hiems.

influenced

(Thur.).

Thur.

goam,

himd, cold,

; Lat.

xeifxMv

vowel

goyf,

geall air,

an

above.

gouaff

gaem,

gauaf.

G.

Celt.

winter

Ir. gam,
samh
of

0.

analogy

suggests

now

zima,

The

the

by

Zend

*giamo

for
of
cf.

Giamillus.

geamhta,

geamhd,

cake

bread

of

giota, a piece.
geamnaidh,
chaste,
castitas

; from

anything
(O'R.) ;
Ir.

for

root

gen,

E.

Ir.

geamhddg, a little
geimheal. Cf. Ir. giohhta,

thick,

cf.

root,

geanmnuidh,

the

and

short

Ir.

geninnaid, 0. Ir. genas,

birth, Eng. genteel, gentle. See

gin.
mood,

gean,

humour,

affection
E.

; cf. Lat.

Ir.

humour,

good

favour,

gean,

geniui", ingenium,

root

approval,

Eng. kin, kind.

gen,

Ir. gen,

be
to Gr.
laugh, may
compared
joy (Bez.);
yavos,
Stokes
Skr.
has, laugh.
suggests "^gesno-,
and
short
geangach, crooked, thick
gingein.
; see
Ir.
knit
geanm-chnd,
chesnut,
:
chastity tree ;" a mistaken
geanrnc
"

translation

geannair,
gearan,
0.
care

a
a

H.

of Lat.

hammer,

wedge,

complaint,
G.,

queran,

; further

castanea,

Ir.

Ir.

chesnut,

geannaire

geardn,

sigh, chara,
allied

,is root
and

Gr.

M.

Ir.

gerdn,

root

S. cearu,

sound,

as

in

Svpofiac,lament.

gerain, cry, squeak,

gearasdan, a garrison, Ir. gairision ;
gearnal, girnell ; see gairneal.

from

castus, chaste,

geinne.

see

Ag.

weep,
gar,

if from

as

the

Eng.

ger,
sorrow,

goir.

cry

Eng.
Cf.

W.

192

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY

(vb.),Ir. gedrr, gedrraim, E.

ge^rr, short, cut
cfs. Gr.
^gerso-s. Stokes
\ep".L"j}v, x^t/owv,
short.

ge^rr,

Cf.

M.

hare,

Eng.

Ir.

0.

gash,

garsen,

geirrfhiadh

Fr.

gerraim

Skr.

worse,

hrasva^

garser.

deer

short

"

Ir. gerr^

"

from

and

gea,rr

in G.
being omitted
fiadh, the latter word
gearrach, diarrhoea, bloody flux :
the shore-land
and
the
gearraidh, the pasture-land between
N.
fenced
ger^i,
field, garth.
(Heb.) ; from

land
moor-

Shet.

G air die.

gelding, Ir., M. Ir. gearrdn

15th
Gearran, the 4 weeks
dating from

gearran,

This

forms

periods

several
as

to

Woman,

the
and

week's

animal
:

root
'*'ged-to,

gesso,

March

cut.

onwards

(H.S.D.).

nomenclature
first the

given to the
Faoilleach, explained

ged

of

412-414.

pp.
Ir.

guidhe,

Ir. geta ; from

Ir., M.

gedrr,

the

See
Nich.
Oisgean, or ewes.
Ir., E.
spell, taboo, charm,
geas,
"^

from

Feadag, or Plover, a week's

Gearran, or Gelding, variously estimated
time
the
came
Cailleach, or Old
; then
time
perhaps the three days of the
; then
then

length

the

Spring-time
"

; then

length
as

of

Wolf-month

"

of

part

geis, taboo, gessim (vb.) :

q.v.

S. geat, Eng. gate.

geata, gate,
ciod.
as
ged, although : "^ge-ta; same
geil, a bubble, well (Carm.) ; also boil :
g^ill, yield, submit, Ir, geillim, E. Ir, giallainij0. Ir. geillfit,
so

dedentur

; from

Ag.

giall, hostage.

Ir.
wild, M.
geilt, terror, fear, Ir. geilt, a distracted
person,
ver^a
at
by fear ; Norse
geltacht, flying, E. Ir. geilt, mad
mad
with
terror
gjalti,to turn
(borrowed from Celtic, Stokes,
Stokes
refers
into
Celtic, Zimmer).
Thurneysen ; borrowed
Gr.
swallow.
it to a root
ghel, fly,suggested by
x^AtSwv, a
Ir.
E.
Ir. geimel, gemel :
geimhiol,
geimheal, a fetter, chain,
Gr.
fasten ;
*gemelo-, root
ykvTo, grasped [^yk^-ro),
gem,
ydfxos,marriage ; Lat. gemini, twins ; Ch. SI. zima, com

primere.

g^imhleag

geimhleag,
lock, a

early
geinn,

M.

Ch.

SI.

lever

Sc.

; from

gate-

from

an

that

in

fork.

wedge,

wedged

crow-bar,

javelin, Ag.
gafeloc, spear, possibly
of W.
gajiach, a dart, the root
being

form

Br.

S.

spear,

gohhal,

(Wh.),

Ir.,E.

so

guenn

into

Ir,

geind,

*genni-, root
the

z"lo (do.).

fork
N.

of

gand,

W.

gaing,

Br.

genn,

in Lettic

0.

Br.

the

gen,
wood

dfenis,
ploughshare, dfenulis, sting,
a
stick, Lat. offendo,
peg,
gann,

gen,

as

the

^fendo, Eng. offend (Stokes and Liden). Cf. Ir. ding.

geintleach, a heathen, Ir. geinteach,M. Ir. genntlige (adj.),gennti^

gentiles ;

from

the

Lat.

gens

(gentis),
gentilis.

OF

geir, tallow, Ir., E.

geir, W.

193

LANGUAGE.

gired,

gwer,

xP^'^j

Cf. Gr.

grease.

gharsati (do.),*ghrsj6.

Scr.

anoint,

Ir.

GAELIC

THE

geis, gestation, gestators

g^isg",creaking noise ; see
mouth
ge6b, a wrv
; from
neck
ge6c, geoic, a wry

; milk

(Carm.)

giosgan.

the

Eng.

; formed

geapian.

cock

Eng.

on

S.

Ag.

gape,

Sc.

Cf.

gekk^

grimace.

geocaire,

glutton,

geocack,
N.

Scotch

creek

geolach,

jocosus (Stokes).
Norse

the

gjd,

Dan.

juUe,

wooden

; from

the

Scandinavian

Sc.

joUe,

bier, the

Norse

yawl, jolly-hosit.

yolle,Eng.

shoulder-bands

Mod.

"

dead

of the

; for

root,

giiilan?

see

of idle talk ; cf. gebh above,

geopraich, a torrent
geolan, a fan, geulran (Sh.), Ir. gedilrean ;

gedtan,

of arable

spot

(M'A.) :
geuban, giaban,
a

2/sgainc;
a
low,
geum,
:

the

Skr.

or

craw

geag,

cankii, twig,

bird

Ir. gee :
stake
; Ch.

Ir.

gei77i,a lowing, roar, E.

^gengmen- ; Lit. zvengiu, neigh

giall,a jaw

of

root

borrowed

seems

the

from

or

triflingsum

gebb.

see

kukd,

*gukd,

W.

cainc,

sakil,surculus.

SI.

geim, shout, gessim, I

; Ch.

gangnati,

Ir. ger

SI.

zvega,

sound.

murmur,

root-accented

form

oi

faigh, q.v.

Ir.

giall,faucibus
; the G. form
Ag. S. ceafl,Eng. jowl ; perhaps

cheek, jowl, Ir., M.

or

ciobhall

SI.

driblet

Ir.

Eng. squeak. Cf. Ch.

0.
geur, giar, sharp, Ir. geu?;
gheibh, will get, Ir. gheibhim
giaban, gizzard ; see geuban.

are

of

crop
E.

Cf.

all

(H.S.D.),

ground

[r. gnig,

branch,

low

the

from

giulan

geug,

whence

chasm,

geo.

Swedish

Lat.

on

from

gedla, ship's boat, yawl

jula,

Ir.

geocaire, a glutton, stroller,parasite,M.

; formed

mimus

geodh, geodha,

Ir.

from

Eng.

t giall, a hostage, pledge, Ir. giall,0. Ir. giall,W.

Cor.

guistel, obses,

"^geistlo; 0.

H.

G.

Br.

goestl,

gisal,Ger.

giamb, giomh, a fault, blemish

gibeach. hairy, gibeag, a rag,
giob, tail, rag,

gibeach,

neat

; for

0.

Ir.

sgibeach

geisel,Norse

gibbne,
1

Gaul.

gwystl, hostage,
Co-gestlos, *geislo-,
gisl, Ag. S. gisel.

See

bundle,
cirrus

Ir.

giobach, giobog, and

sgiobalt.
gib of giblion.

(M'E.)
gibein, a piece
giblean, April :
of a goose,
gibean (St Kilda), grease
giblion, entrails
solan
:
goose's stomach
turbot"?
*gebbi-; Ger. quappe,
gibneach, cuttle-fish:
of flesh

; from

from

23

the

194

ETYMO]X)GTCAT"

gidheadh,
"

Ir.

nevertheless,

though

"

; Lat.

(is)

it

DICTIONARY

gidheadh
id.

quid

for

See

older

an

and

co

cid-hed

ead/i.

gigean, geigean,
(Carm.) :
diminutive
little
native
form
of ceig, q.v.
gigean,
mass
man,
;
Ir. ; from
Sc.
so
gighis, a masquerade,
gpis, a mask, gi/sar, a
that
New
at
disguises himself
Year, gps, to
harlequin, one
M.
0.
Fr.
from
disguise,
Eng. gisen, dress, prepare,
{de)gviser
Eng. "h-guise.
But
cf. W.
gilb, a chisel : "^glbicarve.
yXd(j"(D,
gylyf,
; cf. Gr.
death

at

master

revels

Cor.

sickle,

gille, lad, servant,

cild.

Ir.

Zimmer

E.

giolla,

thinks

worth,

(see gealt), gilda, fellow,

luinn,

to

sea-grass

Ir.

gilla

guilbneach,

from

in

the
of

q.v.

Eng. child, Ag.

; cf.

the

Eng. guild, Ag.

used

instead

Christianity
(Wh.).

(1.

to

is borrowed

it

of full

stout, brawny,
converted

allied

gilh, foratorium,

S.

Norse

gildi%

gild, payment
of

names

Norsemen

slave.

inaol,

S.

Gille-fo-

gilm, a buzzard
:
gilmean, a fop, flatterer ; see giolam,
gimleid, a gimlet, Ir. gimlead ; from the English.
gin, beget, Ir. gcimm, M, Ir. genar,
w^as
born, 0. Ir. cid-gainemmar,
gein, birth,

renascimur,

*gen6,

nascor

become,

Lat.

y"vo"s,

Br.

geni, nasci,
genui,

gigtio,

Eng.

race;

W.

kin

; Skr.

begat
j ana,

root

in

as

gen

Gr.

ycyvofiaL,

stock, jdndtni,

race,

gin, anyone.
beget. Hence
gineal, offspring, W.
genill ; Ir. ginealach,
ginealach, M. Ir. genelach, genealogy, from

born,

ganet,

generation,
Lat.

G.

genealogia,

gin.

gingein, a cask, barrel, thick set person

(not H.S.D.) :
See gibeach.
giobag, gibeag, fringe, rag, Ir. giobog.
Ir.
global ; see gibeach.
gioball, vesture, cast clothes,
fellow
odd
fellow
bad
gioball, a chap,
(Perth) ; a metaphoric
; a
use

of

gioball

above.

giodaman,
a
perky
giodar, dung, ordure

fellow

C.S.), Ir. giodar (do.),geada.n,

buttock
xoSavo?,
xK'^^ cacare,
ghed, cacare
: "^geddo-, root
; Gr.
Zd.
the breech
Skr.
zadhanh, podex.
had, cacare,
;
Ir.
barnacle
giodhrdn, 0. Ir. giugrann, W.
giodhran, a
(bird),
gwyrain

compared
Arran,
giOgan,

'^gegurannd
Lat.

; also

thistle

for

; root

gingrum,

giuraing,

giog, cringe

(H.S.D.

shell

as

geg

that

peep" (M'A.) :
(Sh., O'R. giogim)

geadh, q.v.

giuran.

Also

goose.
fish

in

bores

holes

"

solicit
giolmhaim,
giolam, gileim,
tgiolc, reed, Ir. giolcach, E. Ir. gilco-cJi
:

tattle, Ir.

in

Fick
In

has
Is.

wreckage.

of

(iAICLiC

THE

OF

195

LANGUAGE.

giolc, stoop, aim at (M'A.)

giolcair, tlippaut fellow
animalcule
giolcam-daobhram,
(H.S.D.) :
Ir.
:
giomach, a lobster,
giomach, gliomach (?),W. ceiinwach
the
from
giomaiiach, a hunter;
ICng game,
g^ionach, greed, M. Ir. ginach, craving ; from
tgin, mouth, 0. Ir.
cheek
Cor.
Br. guen,
:
gin, W. gen, gena,
mentum,
os,
genau,
cheek
chin.
chin ; Lat
^genu- ; Gr. yew?,
gena,
; Eng.
Ir.
noise
giorag, panic, apprehension, noise,
giorac,
{gtorac, Con.) :
Ir.
from
the
g^iort,a girth,
giorta ";
Eng.
g'iOSgan, creaking, gnashing, Ir. giosgdn ; also Ir. dkjscdu.
giseag", a fret or bit of superstition,a charm
; see
gea.'".
of motion,
gith, a shower, series (H.S.D.) ; cf. E. Ir. git/i, way
Skr.
in
hi, set
motion, impel, hiti, impelling,
and
fro
to
githeilis, running
on
trifling errands, trifling,E. Ir.
:

gith,

See

motion.

way,

above

word.

githir, giY, corn-reapers' wrist pain :

wile :
giud,
giug^as, refuse of fish left on siiore
giuig", a drooping of the head, languor :
Lat.
root
giulan, a carrying
"^gesu-lo-,
qes, carry,
giulla, giullan, a lad, boy, Ir. giolla, servant,
a

the

same

source

"

serving ;"

well

manage

cf. Ir.

giiimsgal, flattery
giuram, complaining,

From

footman.

gille.

as

g'iullaich, prepare,

gestmu.

gero,

giulla,

from

and

giolla above,

Ir.

idea

the

being

giollas, service.

as

in

guth,

mournful

noise

(H.S.D.)

cf. I. "j. gevo-,

(\.\.

giuran, gills of a fish, garbhan, : *goher-, root of goh %

giuran, loarnacle goose ; see giodhran.
E.
Ir. gius : ^gis-usto, root
giuthas, fir, Ir. giumhas,
kien,

wood,

resinous

pine, Ag.

S.

Ir. gae.

glace, hand,

glag,

noise

of

sing,

noise

anything
;

mill

Eng.

klaka, chatter
of onomato-poesy

"^'kiz-n

gis

; Ger.

fir,Jciefer{kien-fohre),

(Schriider).

Cf.

gi$

root

of

Ag. S. gyr, abies.

M.
Ir. glacahn,
glaccad,

handful

babbler, glagan,

Scotch

Iden-haum,

fir-wood,

cew,

gaison,
glac, take, seize, Ir.,
0.

cry,

grasping, E. Ir.
"^glapko- (*?),
Eng. clasp. See glas.
falling, noise, horse-laugh, Ir. glagaire, a
clapper *glag-k")-; {h\ yAa^\o (^c^lagjo),
:

clack.,M.

bird-like
about

; also

these

Eng.

clacke,

mill

Eng. clap.

There

Cf.

clag.

words

gl^ib, dirty water, puddle, Ir. gldib ; cf. Idib.

glaim, complaint, howling, Ir. gldiiri,M. Ir. gldimm
Ger.
klagcR, weep
(Strachan, Stokes).

clack,

Norse

is

degree

"^glag-^-md-;

196

ETYMOLOGICAL

glainne, ^laine,
a

gem,

is pure

glaiseach, foam
glaisleun,
leun

Ir.

lesser

glaistig,water

glaiss, same
spear-wort

lean,

or

; from

E.

Ir.

gloine, glaine,

swamp

imp

; from

root

W.

obs.

from

smith's

Ger.

vice

(Sh.),
(Cameron).

Ir.

; from

glaishun
SoCarm.

water.
,7/a.s,

klemmem,

glamhsa,

as

snap
which

; from

idea

of

glas

M.diUX

as

Glana

in

open
Ir.

klombr,

of

vice,

glamhsan,

glamhus,

has

open

(Wh.).

chasm

glaii,W.

glain,

Br.

^glano-s, root, gle, gel, gla,

shows, yXy]V7],
eyeball,yeXdv,

glutton

The
glaim, howling.
possibly a leaning on

H.S.D.

glaim.

and

glashtyn,

smith's

Ir.

compare

w4th

gldm, devour,

noise

chops. Glomhas,
glan, clean, pure, Ir., 0
name

Norse

pinch, jam.
by a dog ; for form,
is an
aspirated form

murmur,
G
is similarly from
the

the

giais,

glas.

as

kelpie, etc.
gl^m, devour, Ir. gldmaim,
devour, gobble, gldmaire,
Ch.
SI.
Sc. glam.
^glad-s-mo-;
gladu, hunger.

glamair,

glain,

clean.

glan,

(M'A), glais-sheile, water-brash,

E,

stream,

glass, Tr. glome,

what

DICTIONARY.

gfnn,

; Gr.

shine

(Hes.), and

shine

Gaul,

river

yA."/v"a,

yXaivol,bright

root
glai, from
(Hes.), from
Eng. clean
comes
(thus : gle, gla : glei,glai).
glang, a ringing noise ; see gliong.
glaodh, a cry, call, Ir. glaodh, M. Ir. gloed, a shout ; cf. 0. Ir.
hrddate, sound, Gr. yAwo-o-a,tongue
adglddur, appello, Skr.
and
0. Ir. *gldid,
G. would
then
be from
(*ykiD9ia 1), Ir.
an
from
*glddi-. Hence
glaodhar, glaoran, a noise, prating
0. Ir. gloidim, ringo.
from
glaodh, glue, Ir. glaodh, M. Ir. glded, E. Ir. glded ; "^gloi-do-,
1. E
gloi, glei,be sticky ; Gr. yXotd, yXta, yXivrj,
glue : Lat.
SI. glenu, mucus
gluten ; Ch.
kle.i,slime.
day, Ger.
; Eng.

ornamentation

W.

glud

which

and

glaodhan, pith
gluey

glaomar,

M.

of wood

Br. ghd
; from

from

are

glaodh,

the

the

Lat.

idea

being

"

resinous

or

stuff."
foolish

(Dial.):
person
of wood-sorrel:

;" from glaodh.

noisy one
"^gloiro-,
"bright," root glei
"

of
glaoran, blossom
glei.
glas, a lock, Ir., 0. Ir. glas : '^glapsd; Eng. clasp.
glas, grey, Ir. glas, green,
pale, E. Ir. glass, W., 0. W., Br. glas,
^^^Zas^o-,
glast, sheen (Bez.),root glas, to
green
; Ger.
green
which
Ger. glass, Eng. glass,are
probably allied.
Ir.
0. Ir. gle, bright, W.
gl^, very,
gl^, very, pure,
gloew, bright,
0.
W.
I.
E.
ghlei-,shine ; Eng.
gloiif, liquidum : ^gleivo-,
Ger.
Gr.
gleam, glimmer,
glimmen
x^'^^^ x\iap6"i,warm
;
(Kluge). Bez. refers it to the root of Eng. clean (see glan).
:

THE

OP

gleac,

wrestle, fight, Ir.,

E.

197

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

Ir.

gleic : *glekki-,*uleg-ko-^I.

E.

S.
'pLtyeu, Eiig. pledge^ play ; Skr. glah,
gLeyho, wager
; Ag.
in
wappenshaw.
play at dice, cast
deed
gleadh, an
onset,
(H.S.D.) ; cf. Ir. gleo, g. gliadk^ tumult,

E.

Ir.

gliad,

battle

(Sh., O'B. gleddh, H.S.D.) ; Ir gleadh (O'R.) ; for

gleagh, gleg, root of gleac ?
Ir. gleaghgleadhraich, gleadhair, noise, rattling,clang of arms,

gleadh,

tricks

rach, shout,

noise

; cf. Norse

gleMr,

Christmas

gletJr,

games,

Ir.
gliadrach, loquacious.
Eng. glad.
also
is glegar, which
stem
glechrach means
"noisy," the
edited
{^Mart. Gorman,
by Stokes).
appears
gleann, a glen, so Ir., E. Ir. glenn, glend, W. glan, brink, shore,
Br.
M.
Br.
glenn, country,
glann, river bank
"^glennos (a
:
Stokes
M.
H.
G.
neuter
klinnen, Swiss
s-stem).
compares
Norse
klunna, cling to.
Mdnen, to climb, Norse
gil %
gl^idh, preserve,
keep, Ir. gleithim, keep, clear up, cleanse, E. Ir.
See
clear, put in order, lay by.
gle for root,
gUim, make
and
also gleus.
gleithir, a gadfly (M'D., Sh., O'K.) : *glegh- ; cf. Sc. cleg,Norse
kleggi,gadfly.
about
the eyes
gleb, dazzling haziness
:
gleog, a drooping, sillylook ; cf. sgleogair.
g'le6id,a sloven, Ir. gleoid. See sgleoid.
Ir. gleosg. See next
word.
gleoisg, ^leosg, a vain, sillywoman,
gleoman, a silly,stupid fellow, Ir. gleodkmdn
:
wild
gleorann, cresses,
angelica, Ir. gleorann, wild angelica ; cf
E. Ir. glebir, sheen,
Ir. gleordha, bright ; root
M.
is likely
that
of gle {^glivo-ro-).
gleus, order, trim, tune, Ir. gleus, E. Ir. gles ; for root, see
gleidh
adduces
E.
and
and
Strachan
Ir.
takes
glese, brightness,
gle.
allied
it from
to Ger.
glanz, splendour, Eng. glance,
"^glent-t-,
Cf. W.
gleusda, diligent,
glwys, fair, pleasant. Hence
of hair, Ir. glib : *glh-bi; cf. Eng.
t glib, a lock
cli}). Hence
Eng. glib.
glib, sleet, glibshleamhuinn,
slippery with sleet (Sh., who
gives
Sc. glib,slippery, Eng. glib.
glib, slippery) ; from
Gr.
glic, wise, Ir. glic, 0. Ir. glicc : ^glkki-. Stokes
compares
G. the Sc. gleg.
from
KaAxatvo), ponder, and takes
stir
glidich, move,
:
Dialects
for grinn), Ir.
glinn, pretty, (Strathspey and Lochbroom
Ir.

merriment,

glinn, bright

gliog, gliogar,

onomatopoetic

Eng.

glint, gleam, glance.

tinkling, clink,
root.

If E.

Ir.

gliogar

Eng. click, clack

an

198

ETYMOLOGICAL

gliogram,

staggering

a
"

making

Ir.

Cf.

DICTIONARY

from

idea

the

gliogar^

(jlingin^drunkenness.

noisebeing
G.
gliogach,
"

Also

unstable.

clumsy,

gliomach, slovenly, long-limbed

fellow

; cf.

Ir.

yliomach,

lobster,

gliong, ringing noise, Ir. glionc (O'R.) ; allied to, or from, the
Eng. clink, Teut. kling.
gliostair,a clyster ; from the Eng.
glitichd,a blubbering, crying :
note
dock, cluck,
gloc, the clucking of a hen, noise, loud
; Eng.
W.
clwc ; Lat. glocire ; etc.
Onomatopoetic.
the
Sc.
tliroat ; from
gloc, swallow
greedily, glochdan, a wide
glock, gulp, glog, swallow
hastily,E. Eng. gluccheii, gulchen,
swallow
greedily, Ger. glucken, gidken, klucken.
glochar, a wheezing, difficult respiration, Ir. ylocharnach ; cf. Sc.
make

glag, glagger,
glugger,

make

to

noise

noise

in

in

throat

the

the

thi'oat

if

as

choking,
Allied

swallowing.

to

gloc, etc.
taken
in bed
gloc-nid, a morning dram
gloc and iiead.
; from
in
chasm
Lewis
N. gljufr.
names
glodhar, ravine,
(Kintyre) ;
one"
unstable
glog, a soft lump, glogair, a stupid fellow :
; from
"

glug, gluig.
glog, a sudden, hazy calm,

dozing (M'A.) :

gloic, having hanging cheeks, as in hens :

idiot ; from
gloichd, gloidhc, gloibhc (Wh.), a senseless woman,
an
the Sc. glaik.
gloin, gloine, glass ; see glain.
Lat.
gl6ir, glory, Ir., E. Ir. gloir, Br. gloar ; from
gloria, whence,
Eng. glory.
gloir, speech, Ir. glor, E. Ir. glorach. noisy ; same
as
glbir, glory,
the
in
face
drab-coloured
gloirionn, spotted
(H S.D.),
(M'A.) :
glomadh, glomainn, the gloaming ; from the Eng.
kid's
mouth
glomhar, a muzzle, an instrument
or
put into a lamb
to
sucking, E. Ir. glomar, bridle ; root, glom, gleiii.
prevent
Ger.
H.
G.
Lat
klemmen,
klammer,
tenaculum,
jam, M.
glomus,

clew.

glomhas, a rock, cleft,chink :

glong, a slimy substance
; root
snot, 0.

glonn,

root

H.

deed
of

G.

of

gal

klenan.

valour,

cleave.

Ir.

glonn,

be

See
E.

gel,

fikkwa, slime,

sglongaid.

Ir.

use

of the

Ir.

glonn,

above

E.

Ir.

glond,

deed

*gl-onno-,

Lat.

volo-,fly, Gr.

glonn,

crime

"

facinus"

word.

glothagach, frog'sspawn
(Sh., O'li.):
E.
Ir.
gluais, move,
Ir.,
gluaisim, 0.
root

Gr.

slimy,

glonn, loathing, qualm,

extended

glen,

/iaAAw

Ir.

glua^-

So

Dr

from
"^gl-eutiso-,

Cameron.

OF

199

LANGUAGE.

TtAELTC

THE

glue, socket of the eye :

glugal.
glug, noise of liquid iu a vessel when
moved, Ir. glug (do.),
See
All are
onamatopoetic.
clucking of a hen ; Eng. cluck.
Sc.
Cf.
g-lugach, stammering:
gloc. Also
"clucking."
throat
noise
in the
a
glugge)\ to make
by swallowing any
liquid.
word.
Cf. W.
the
above
clwc,
gluig, addled
egg) ; from
(of an
soft, addled
(of an
egg).
of liquid,glumag,
glumadh, a great mouthful
a
deep pool ; allied
to

above.

glug

glumraidh, hungriness, devouring (as sea waves) (Hend.) :

glun, the knee, Ir., 0. Ir. ghm^ W., Br. glin : "^glunoi^. Stokes
similation
Albanian
Possibly by disgii {guri, givni),knee.
compares
of
the
"^gnu, *gneu,
liquids for "^gnunos, from
allied to Eng. kriee,Gr. yvv^, on
the knee.
glupad, dropsy in throat of cattle and sheep (Carm.) :
from
glut, voracity, g'lutair,a glutton, W. glioth(do.),Br. glont
Lat. gbUire, swallow, Eng. glutton ; M. Ir. glota, belly,
gn^ithseich, arable land under
(M'A.) :
crop
gnamhan,
periwinkle (Sh., O'B., H.S.D.), Ir. gnamhan:
gn^th, custom, usual, Ir. gndth, 0. Ir. gndth, solitus, W. gnawd^
Gr.
custom:
(do.);
^gndto- ; Lat. {g)n6tus, known;
yvcoros
Skr. jW.?!a (do.) ; root
gnd, gen, know, Eng. knov), etc.
gno^
gn6, nature, kind, Ir. gne, 0. Ir, gne, gen. gnee, pi. gnethi (neuter
Gr.
s-stem) : '^gneses-; root gen,
beget, Lat.
genufi,
yevem?
genesis, yevos, Eng. kind.
gniomh, a deed, Ir. gniomh, 0.
from

beget,

gen,

as

in

gnodh, gruff (Arm.)

gno,

gnob,
gnog,

bunch,

knock

tumour

; from

Ir.

gin.

gnim

the

from

"^gnemu-

d^an, ni,

Hence

Ir., E.

; cf.

do,

gne,

rinn.

g7Ld, derision.

Ir.

Eng.

; root

knob.

knock.

Eng.

gnogach,

(H.S.D.) ;
sulky (Sh., O'Pv., etc.),gnoig, a surly frown
cf. gnu,
griiig.
gnoigean, ball of rosin put on horns of vicious cattle (Skye) :
gnoimh, visage, grin (Arm., M'D., M'A.) ; giioimh (Rob.) ; cf.
gnitis.

gnoin,
gnomh,

shake

scold

and
of

grunt

'

"

swine's

gndmhan,
of

gnos,

word,

allied

to

Lat.

ypv7ro";,

grossachd

grunnirc, grunt,

Gr.

an

ypv,

gndsd.
;

long-vowel

form

(especiallyof

snout

large

Ir.

gromh,

See
Eng. grunt, grumph.
groaning (of an
animal), grunting

grunt,

gnomh
a

(MA.)
(M'A.), for

person

pig

onomatopoetic
"

snout

bent,

^grupsoGer.

; Gr.

krumm.

having a
pig), Ir. gros, grosmch,
hook-nosed,"
yp^x/y,a grifhn,
"

200

ETYMOLOGICAL

gnosd, g^nosad, gnusd,

low

(jnomh, grunt,

and

see

DICTIONARY

of

noise

Ir.

cow,

gnbmhaii.

gnmachd
Ir.

Aran

*grum-so

gnosacht^

grunt

of

pig.
business,
gnothach^
gnothaidhe)
See

gnuis,

and

root

goii,

gnou

gen,

Ir. go,

Ir.

etc.

Bezzenberger
Persian

alternatives

liar
Lit.

xa^^i'o?,
spongy,

Gr.

false, or

ziir,

Br.

gau,

a
yavcrdSa'i,

crooked,
several

gives

W.

gdo, gdu,

go,

(Ir. yavtros,

beak, bill, Ir. gob, bill,mouth,

gobh, gebh
zabuj tooth, zobati,

*gobbo,
SI.

(fern,^-declension

abyss.

X^os,
a

gnuis,

griiig.

and

gnb

gnu.

Cf.

or

See

surly.

know,

Eng.

lie, fraud, 0.

pri-gduti, deceive,

/nwtv.

active, Eng.

gnavus,

ir.

Ir., 0.

see

'^'gavo-.

(Ernault).

gob,

Lat.

(pi.

root.

know,

look

frowning

lie,fault,

for

face, countenance,

"^gnusti- :

go,

gnatk^

gnathuigh), gnb

(pron.

i^urly,parsimonious, gnugach,

the

gnuth,

gnofhuig

^'gnavo-, active,

gniomh

giiOj

gnu^

Ir.

it

compares

; Skr.

eat

{*gobh-n6-)

Zend

to

Ir.

gop-choel, lean-jawed

yaix^rjXai,ya/x^at, jaws

; Gr.

root

E.

jambhas,
zafan,

mouth

Ch.

Stokes

tooth.

ship
relation-

The

Eng. gobbet, gobble, Fr. gobet, 0. Fr. gober, devour, is

clear.
But
cf. also Eng. gab, gabble, G. gab.
not
gobha, gobhainn, a smith, Ir. gobha, g. gobhann, 0. Ir. goba, g.
gobann, 0. W, gob, W. gof, pi. gojion. Cor. gof, Br. go, Gaul.
to

Gobann-

^gobdn-

(Windisch),

comb

allied,

be
ousel

gobhal,

and

; also

gaol

for which

the

gob.

see

then

root

be

yo/x"^os, a bolt, Eng.

Gr.

in

as

L'dt.faberniny, however,
Gohha-uisge,

gkob.

water

gobha-dubh.
Ir.

fork,

gobh,

; root

gabhal,

^gabalu-

Eng.

0.

fork, gable,
Ger.

gable,

Ir.

gabel,

W.

gabul,
fork

gaji, Br.

K^^aXy],

; Gr.

head.

gobhar,

goat, Ir. gabhar, 0.

gabr, gaffr, Gaul,
gabroLat.

as

I. E.

gamhuinn,
Gaul,

goc,

ab

gocaman,

in

an

g6dach,
ceann,

gafr.

Corn,

gauar,

Br.

; but

the

of

^m

Eng.

usher, attendant,

root, cf

cuckoo

ghim

; from

{^Western Isles,p.
gok-man, look-out
For

W,

could

ghim

change

not

to

gabro-.

cock

tap,

gabor,

"^gabro-; root gab of gabh, take, as

is allied
to
capio, take (Loth) '? Stokes
gives the
of
'^gam-ro, root
winter, and
geamhradh,
gam

caper

stem

Ir.

Ger.
.

man.

10

sentinel, or

man

(Arms.

gucken,

Norse

of one's

peep.

gaukr,

look-out

c")ckinan;

.5)gockmin,

giddy, coquettish
tossing

cock.

Mackinnon

from
says

Norse, gauksman

cuckoo

(Sh., etc.) ;
head
(Wh.).

; Sc.
cf.

; Martin's

man

Scandinavian
it is
\

Danish).

gauk ma"r,

gowk.

gabhd.

Godadh

nan

OF

godsag,
gog,

titbit

THE

201

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

nod, tossing of

the

head,

Ir. goc/ ; from

godadh

cock,

Eng.

(Arg.).
gogaid, a giddy female, Ir. gog aide ; from Eng., Fr. coquette.
gOgail, cackling, noise of liqnor issuing from a cask, Ir. gogallach
Also
The
words
Eng. cackle.
goglais.
are
onomatopoetic.
gog'an,

wooden

milk-pail,

also

; from

cogan

Sc.

cogue,

cog,

apparently allied to M. Eng. cog, ship, Norse

kuggi, a small
kuggon-, ship.
ship, Teutonic
the
head
of
in disdain, a scoff,Ir. goic ; founded
on
goic, a tossing
the

Eng. cock, like gog,

gold, steal, Ir. goidira, E.

q.v.
Ir. gataiin

^gad-do

\ root

gad, ghad,

x^^^^^^-) e'xaSov,hold, contain

; Lat.
preThur.
has
hendo, seize, praeda, booty, hedera, ivy ; Eng. get.
'^ghazdho-.
compared the Lat. hasta, spear, giving a stem
goigean, a bit of fat meat, cluster, thread
tangle or kink ; cf.
knot," Eng.
:
*gaggo- ; cf. Gr. yayyAtov, ganglion, a
gagan
ghed,

seize

; Gr.

"

kink.

goil, boil, Ir. gailim, seethe, boil : '''galigel, well, Ger.

; I. E.
See
next.
quellen, gush.
goile, a stomach,
appetite,
appetite, Ir. goile, gaile, stomach,
Lat.
throat, M. Ir. gaile ; also 0. Ir. gelim, I consume
gula,
;
throat
(Eng. gidlet),glutire, swallow
(Eng. glutton); Skr.
of goil.
gilati,swallow
; I. E. gel, allied to root
cole
the
Sc.
from
g6ileag, a haycock,
cole,Eng. coll.
;
goileam, tattle,chattering, also gothlam {I le); see gothlam.
goileam, fire (kindling) (Carm.) :
goill,distorted face, angry
lip ; cf. Ir. gailleog,
face, grin, blubber
Gr.
blow
the cheek, G. gailleag. Cf. for root
a
x^^'-^os,
on
lip,
=

"^X^crAos
=

goillir, a
land

goimh,
Lat.

Skr.

bird

Lewis
in

ghas, eat,
of

the

swallow.
size

(Arms.) :
anguish, pain, Ir. goimh

of

the

swallow,

which

comes

to

winter

gemo,

groan,

Ch.

SI.

^gorni-, root

gom,

press,

gem,

zimu,, compress.

goin, gointe ; see gon.

Ir. adgaur,
Ir. gairim, 0.
Ir. goirim, E.
goir, call, cry, crow,
convenio
^garo, speak, I. E. ger, cry ; Gr. yepavo"s, crane,
:
Lat. garrio,
Seipiav,abuse ; Skr. jdrate, cry, crackle ; further
chatter
(^gajs-); Eng. garrulous. Lit. garsas, noise ; also root
in Gaelic
as
gair, Gr, yyjpvs,voice, etc.
gar,
goireas, convenience, apparatus ; from gar, near, and goirid.
goirid, short, Ir. gairid, 0. Ir. garit. For root, see gearr
(Skr.
the comparative giorra.
which
hrasva, short, etc.),from
comes
Also

gar,

near,

q.v.
24

202

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

goirt,

I. E.

gher,

goirtean,

Ir.

sour,

sore,

0.

field

Ir,

in

hortus

goirt, bitter

^gorti-,

Ir.

field,
goirtin, gort, garden, corngarth, enclosure, Br. garz
(do.) :

croft,
W.

x^P'^^'^')
straw-yard

Gr.

Ir.

garbh.

corn,

seges,

E.

salt,

sore,

as

of

gort,

Lat.

*goTto- ;
garth,

rough,

be

little

yoi7%

Eng.

garden,

etc.

Christmas,
(pi. -an), guisers, waits, singers about
(Carm.) :
Ir. gaisde, 0. Ir. goiste, suspendium.
gdisinn, goisne, a snare,
g^oisear

etc.

Cf.

gaoisid.

g'oisridh, company,
g'Oisdidh, gossip,
M.

Eng.

gasraidh.

people ; see
godfather,

godsibhe,

Ir.

M.

goistibe,

godfather

from

gossip.

now

golag, a budget : ^g^do- ; Gr. yi'Ato?,wallet, 0. H. G. Jciulla.

(H.S.D.) : "forked," from gohhlan?
golanach, two-headed
large bite (Skye)
a
nip, pinch (M'L., gomag),
gamag,
gomag,
wound,

gon,

bewitch,
I. E.

wound,

battle,

gunnr,

gonan,

roots

grass

root

root

; Gr.

toss

famine,

the

head

colour"),

warm

Ir.

gorta,

0.

from

Eng. grab.

abhorrence

Cf.

Ir.

skittish, haughty

G.

gar

dusky : gorsmo-,
(Stokes).

gorget.

or
:

gart, goirtean.

see

gorte

I.

wish

Eng.

gher,

E.

desire,

yearn.

giddily (M'A.); g6th, airyCf.

Eng. go.
possibly from

crow's

greas,

crap,

Ir.

Ir.
of

See

grad,

from

guth.

grabadh

apparently

Romance

prehensio,

graffo.

grabhdil
hens,

Ir.

from

Eng.

grave,

gragoill, clucking

engrave.
of

hen,

grdg.
grod

"^groddo-,

root

grod,

gred,

as

q.v.

grada, ugly ; usual

gradan, snufF, corn
from

Ir.

crowing.

sudden,

gothach, noisy

hindrance,
W.

grabh, grabhail, engrave,

grachdan, querulous noise
grad,

Norse,

pride.
got/i,,
prating noise, M.
interrupt, grabadh,

grabh,

*gond,

han, strike, slay.

gwrm,

in

as

Ir.

contemptuously
Sh., O'R.)

gothlam,
grab,

W.

blue,

gait (Arm., gothadh,

W.

hit

Eng. joy.

gaudium,
Ir. gorm,

Xpko^, necessity, xpvK^^

Gr.

Skr.

exulting,

yavpos,

Eng.
cuirass, gorget ; from
Ir. gort
field, standing corn,

gonim

cona.

Ir., E.

("

(do.) ;

Ir.

Oclvm,

cfiovos,
slaughter,

gundea

Lat.

free,

E.

wounding,

want

goth,

G.

H.
cf.

warm

goirt,

gort,

ghen
0.
;

green,

gor,

gorsaid,
t gort,

be

gnu,

blue,

gorm,

Gr.
;

silly, Ir. gorach

gorach,

gonadh,

Ir.

the

foresaid

form

of

kilned
corn,

granda,

q.v.

by burning
Ir.

gradan.

its straw,
Cf.

the

greadan.

meal

derived

in

THE

OF

gradh, love,
Lat.

Ir.

E.

grddh,

Ir.

grdd

grdtus, Eng. grateful

203

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

*grddo-,

Skr.

*grd-dho-,

gurdhdya,

root

; Gr.

praise

grd

yepas,

honour,

gradran,

of

croaking

grag,

M.

cry,

H.

Ir.

crows,

Cf.

words.
G.

See grdg.
onomatopoetic.
poetic
Onomatogrdg ; Eng. croak, crake.
grdq, Lat. graculus, gracillare, hen's

of hens

noise

complaining

I. E.

kragelen, cackle.
(Sh., O'B., etc.), Ir. gragaire

(O'B.),grdgaire
glutton
(Con.) :
graigh, stud, flock of horses ; see greigh.
g'rain,abhorrence, disgust, Ir. grdiu, E. Ir. grdin, W. graen, grief,
horrible,
rough : '^gragni- (Strachan, Stokes). Ch. SI. groga,
Ir.
the
"horrent
from
one";
grailieag, a hedgehog,
grdineog :
grag'air,

above.

grdin,

Ir.

graing, disdain, a frown,

grainne, a grain, small
granulum, grdn,
(pi.): *grdno- ;
hold

Some

W.

granum,

grdiiitie, 0.
Cor.

graivu.

is borrowed

Ir.

Latin.

Ir. grdinseack ; from

the Eng.
grainnseach, a grange,
grainnseag, a cracknel
(M'F.), bear berry (H.S.D. for N.H.)
grais, prosperity, blessing (N.H.) ; from /yms.
graisg, a rabble, Ir. grdug, gi-amhaisg, grainaisg :
gramaich, hold, keep fast, Jr. gramuighmi
greim.
; see
refuse

gramur,

kiln-dried

gran,

granda,
a

grain (H.S.D.)
Ir.

gy-dn, corn,

ugly,

Ir.

granda,

; from

grdin,
fork,

graip, dung
Ir., M.

Ir.

0.

Ir.

grdn
E.

granna,

Ir.

see

grdinne.

grdnde,

grdnna,

q.v.

grdpa

W.

Ir.

grain,

grada,

teter, dirus
grapa,

of

greun,

(Stokes).

corn

the

from

grdinne,

Br.

gronen,

{^gPno-) ; Eng.

grdnum
Celtic

the

sgraing.

Ir.

quantity,

Lat.

that

Cf.

grainc.

; from
; from

Sc.

grai'p.

Lat.

grds,
gratia.
grace,
gra"
grath, terror
:
(Dial.,H.S.D.)
grathuinn, a while ; for '*'trdthain,from
trdth, influenced
hj greis'i
gread, wound,
whip, burn, Ir. greadaim ; cf. W. greidio, scorch :
*grtiddo- ; root ghredh ; cf. Eng. grind, Lat. frendo, "^ghrendho
gras,

(St.).

also

Eng.

grist,

Lat.

hordeum.

Swedish

grddda,

be

bake,

greadan,

Cf.

compared.
may
considerable
time

(M'A.)

; from

with

one's

all

might

at

anything

gread.

from
Cf. gradan.
Ir. greadog
gread.
parched corn
;
^
allied.
Cf.
greidell, are
means
"griddle." ^ng. griddle,
grist, hordeum, Kptdq.
Ir.
gread|iuinn, a convivial
greadhan,
party, liappy band.
greadhanach, drolling, G. greadlinach, joyful ; root gred, go,

greadan,

as

in greas,

q.v.

M.

Ir.

gredan, exulting

shouts.

Root

X'^P^-

204

DICTIONARY.

ETYMOLOGICAL

grealach, greallach, entrails : "^gre-lach,root gr, I. E. ghr^ gut ;

Gr. x^P^Ij g^tj Eng. cord; Lat. haru-spex, diviner, "entrailsHence
Shaw
has
greathlach.
inspector," hernia, rupture.
greallach, dirty, Ir. greallach, day, dirty. Cf. Eng. gore.
greallag", a swingle-tree :
cloth,"
hair, bristling of hair, surly look, also
rough
greann,
Ir.
grend,
beard, fair hair, E.
piled clothing," Ir. greanfi,
"

"

beard, W.,
beard

of

tangled

Br.
corn

Fr.

Prov.

Albanian

lip ;

Norse

cat,

or

hair,

eyelid, cilium

grann,

grd)i, moustache,
0.

gren,

Fr.

granne,

Span. *^rma,
of cheek

beard

grenon,

greanndag,

krmide.

; Ger.

*grendd

Hence

tatter.

rag,

and

greannar.

hasten,

greas,

Ir.

urge,

greasuighim,

M.

Ir.

gressim

"^gred-to-;

gradior, gradus, step ; Got.

step out, go
grids, a step ; Ch. SI. gr"da, stride, come
; Skr. grdhyati, step
The
E. Ir. grisaim, I incite, is a different
out.
word, coming
I. E.

ghredh,

from

gris,

greidil,

; Lat.

lire.

gridiron, Ir. greidil, greideal, M.

Mor.
gretel, W.
greidel, gradell,

t-slissin

Ir. in

gretli,

gratell ; from
Late
Lat.
Eng. crate,
graticida, from
cratis, wicker-work,
the
hurdle.
M.
are
grill,
gredel,
Eng. griddle,
Eng
grate,
the Celtic
words.
Skeat
has
same
as
suggested gread above
the origin of the
Celtic
forms
as
griddle.
; cf. Ir. greaddg, a
bannocks
Hence
the
for turning
on
greidlean, an instrument
the griddle.
dress, Ir. greasaim ; see greis. Greidhear, gre'ar,
greidh, prepare,
grieve (N. Gael.).
greigh, a stud of horses, Ir., M. Ir. groigh, E. Ir. graig, W. gre :
flock ; Gr.
^gragi- ; Lat.
heaps ; 0. H. G.
grex,
yapyapa,
Sean.

hold,

strength,
hold,

morsel,

W.

x^^P^ hand,

Gr.

refers

eat, Norse

greis,

while,

I. E.

M.

ghredh
Norse

greis, greus,
E.

Ir.

haras,

dainty.
onset, slaughter,

; from

semper,

Skr.

greim, greimm, a
^gredsmen- ; root
grip.

Stokes

from

krds,

prowess,

Ir.

Greim,
greim, hold, strength.
^gresmen, a bite, Skr. grdsati, devour,

to

attack

0.

Ir.,

so

force, strength

grym,

greim, morsel,

greis,

W.

herd.

quarter,

greim,

0.

Ir.
as

root

of greas

champion,
above

Gr.

ypdo),

E.

Ir.

gress,

gress,

(Stokes).

do
glireas, always, 0. Ir. do gres,
gress,
do-gres : ^gr end-to-, going on, root grend, gred,
in

greas.

kriiigr,round,

any

separates
morsel, he

do

work

of art

gives ^grencs-,

Strachan
Ger.

kring.

embroidery, needle-work,

gress,

gher,

the
Ir.

hold,

or

Ir.

trade

See

and

pares
com-

treis.

ohair-ghreis,from
greusaich.
; see

greas,

OP

greod,

crowd

(Arg.) ;

GAELIC

THE

from

205

LANGUAGE.

crowd.

Eng.

the
of
thighs, greosgach, grinning (H.S.D.) :
expansion
*grencs- ; Norse
kringr, round, Ger. kring.

gre6s,

greusaich,

griasaich, shoemaker,

any
shoemaker

Ir.

furniture,

greasaidhe,
greid^ dress, broider, I. E. ghrei,

worker

rub

embroidery or
GadeUc
"^greid-to:
;
Gr. XP^^^i XP^I^^j hide,
in

skin, colour, xp^^j anoint

(Christus).
grian, sun, Ir.,0. Ir. grian : '^greind, ghr-eind, root gher,
in gar.
Cf. Skr.
as
ghrnis, sunshine, ghramsa, heat
greian,

what

grianan,

gives heat,

See

sun.

place, summer

sunny

under

further

solarium

house,

warm,
; W.

Hence
grios.
of Lat., from

sol, sun.
"

cobbler
fish ; from
fish :
griasaich, a species of aculeated
griasaich,shoemaker,
grid, substance, quality ; from Sc. grit,grain of stones, grit, grain,
Hence
grideil, industrious
Eng. grit
(M'A.).
the
Charles'
constellation
of
a
grigirean,
wain, grigleachan,
constellation
grioglackan.
; see
matter
root
grileag, a grain of salt, any small
greis,
:
*gris-il-,
gravel, as in grinneal.
grimeach, grim, surly ; from Eng. grim, Norse
grimmr.
warlike
Ir.
grimeil,
(H.S.D.),
grimeamhuil (Lh., O'B.),grim, war
;
"

from

the

Norse

grinn, pretty,
gher,

grinneal,
a

as

in

grimmr,

Ir.

grinn,
grian, grws.

bottom

river, sand

of

the

of the

E.

fierce,wroth
Ir.
Cf.

sea,
sea,

giind: *grnni-, "bright";

glinn.

root

Ir.

grimiioll, channel, bed of

bottom, M. Ir. grinnell : *gris-ni-,

gravel,
sea

W.
grian, gravel (*greisano-),
grain of gravel.
Rhys (Hib. Lect.,

root, greis, gris, gravel, E.

Ir.

graian, gravel, greienyn, a

of grian, sun,
the particle of
to the root
571) refers these words
be
a
shining thing." This view is
gravel being supposed to
supported by grioglachan and griogag, q.v.
nibble.
griob, nibble (Heb.) ; from Sc. gni]}, gnaw,
eat, Eng. ni][",
griobh, a pimple (M'A.) :
griobhag, hurry :
grioch, a decaying or lean young
deer, griochan, consumption
(Dial, H.S.D.) :
root
griogag, griogag
(Glen-Urquhart), a pebble, bead : "^grizgit-,
gris, greis,gravel, as in griymeal.
grioglachan, Pleiades, grigleachan, a constellation, Ir. griogchdn,
"

constellation.

griomacach,
grioman, a

root, see griogag.

shrivelled
thin-haired, griomagach,

certain

species

of

lichen,

malt

Ir. griosaim, encourage,

pray,
in
earlier gri'"s,
see
heat, which

grios, entreat,
from

For

bud

grass

(H.S.D.)
incite, rake

griosach.

(H.S.D.)

up

fire ;

^06

ETYMOLOGICAL

griosach,

burning
M.

embers,
heat
root

Ir.

embers,
Ir.

of

gar,

heat

griosach,

E.

giissach,

"^grens,*grns,

ghe7-

DICTIONARY

ghram.sa,

Hence

q.v.

of

fire, burning
qris, fire, embers, Br. groez,

Ir.

; Skr.

coals

sun,

heat, sunshine

inflammation

gTis,

Ir.

gris,

pimple.
; from

horror

Sc.

griae, to shudder,
horrible, Eng. grisly/.

M.

Eng. gris~f horror,

griseful,grise,
grisionn, brindled, gris-fhionn, "gray-white," gris (Sh. grk)^
M. Eng. gris, gray
fur.
; from
gray
the
measles,
griuthach
griurach,
(do.), griobhach
(M'A.),
small
skin ;
the
on
griuragan, indefinitely
particle,pustules
root
ghru, as in grothlach ; grulach (Skye)
griobhiach.
gr6b, join by indentation, serrate ; cf. M. Eng. gropin, to groove,
gris,

also

and

groupe

grave.

borrowed

shrivelled

woman
grobag, a poor
of
or
a
point
rock,
groban, top
:
(N.H.)
mugwort
groban,

croak,

groc,

frown

grod, rotten,
whey \ a

groganach,

E.

; from

on

Ir.

grot,

metathesis

wrinkled

of

G.

; from

hillock

groh.
:

Eng. croak.
gruiten, stale
goirt

word,

butter,

small

curds

in

*?

(as heather),

Ir

wrinkle

gruig.
awkward
man
groigean,
groig, awkwardness,
; see
perverseness,
gritig.
the
Sc. groset, from
Fr.
0.
"^grosey
groiseid, a gooseberry ; from
whence
for
Eng. gooseberry
grooseherry.
grosele,goose-berry,
the
same
as
gromhan, a groaning, growling ;
gnbmhan.
of
snout
correct
spelling
;
gnos,
q.v.
gros,
the Eng.
grot a, a groat ; from
grt'thlach, a gravel pit,abounding in gravel (O'B., Sh., etc.),Ir.
gravel, Br. grouan.
grotlUach, W. gro, pebbles. Cor. grow,
From

these

Eng.

come

S.

grug,

gravel,

0.

Fr.

; cf.

Cf.

gravele.

Norse

Eng. grit, root grut, Lit. grusti,

pound, bray, Gr. xp^^^-os gold ( x/o^^S-o-os).
grotonach, corpulent (O'B., Sh., etc.),so Ir. : "heavy-breeched"
(Arms. ) "^grod-tonach.
of the
hair
head, a wig, Ir. gruag
:
^griinkd, root gru,
gruag,
Hence
gruagach, a maiden, brownie.
Eng. crumple ?
gruaidh, cheek, brow, Ir. gruaidli, cheek, E. Ir. gruad, W. grudd^
grjot, stones,

x\g.

greot,

"

Cor.

grud,

maxilla

"^groudos.

Bez.

suggests the
idea
being

root

ghrud,

pounding,
ghreud, as in grotJdach, above, the
and
the
original force
mashing" (Lit. grusti, bray, pound),
Stokes
maxilla
and
macerate.
"jaw" : cf. Lat.
macero,
the root
of Eng. great.
Eng. proud ?
queries if it is from
(H S.D. for Heb.), birses (M'A.) ;
gruaigean, a species of sea-weed
one"
Miorcan
in Lewis.
little hairy
(Carm.), from gruag.
"

"

OF

gruaim,

"jrut^

Lat.

Stokes

grudair,

only

brewer,

Ch.

Ir.

^grousmeiL- ;

malt

grm/aire, grdid,
Ger.

meal,

grtlt,coarse

gruaim

root

greui^

brute, Lettic
dull, Eng.
(/ruts, heavy,
SI. sil-gruatiti
s", grieve over,

brutus,

cfs.

Tr.

surly look,

gloom,

207

LANGUAGE,

GAELIC

THE

^gritddi-; Aug.

grod

Dan.

griltze,groats,

gruid,

Hence

allied

Lit.

Sax.

grudas,

lees.

Eng. grit, groats

a
churlish, Ir. grug,
grtlig, a drooping attitude, churlishness,
sulky (O'Cl.);
grudge, anger, gruig, churlishness
(O'B.),gruc^
cf. Eng. grudge, M. Eng. grucdien, 0. Fr. grouchier, groucier.
Also
grugach, wrinkled.
gruilleamacll, prancing, leaping suddenly (H.S.D.) :
grunnd.
grunnaich, sound, fathom
; see
a
handful, lot, crowd
(Dial, grainnean), 0. Ir.
grunn,
grunnan,
a
grinne, fascis, fasciculum, Br, gronii,
heap : "^grendio-,
corn.

are

Gr.

"^grondo- ;

ypovOo'^,closed

0.

Ir.). Cf.
groundsel ; formed

(Stokes for
grunnasg,

grunnd,

bottom,

for

fist, Skr.

root

the

on

thrift

ground,

Eng.
Sc.

channel

in water,

ground.

grunndail, steadfast,
"^"grunn,grunt,
grunting ; from

griinsgul,

Norse

bottom

grunnr,

bottom

grund,
of

Hence

etc.

breid.

from

bind,

grantha,

sea

or

river, Eng.

or

solid, sensible.
grunnire, Eng.

Lat.

grunt.

gruth, curds,
crud,

Sc.

Ir.

Ir., M.

croivdie,croods

frippery ; I.E. gru,

Hence
gruitheam,
grilthan, gruan,
"^gruso-:
gu,

(Bez.).
Kai,

Skr.

; Gr.

curds

and

aev.

Eng.

curds,

will melt,
y/oiVet,
Ger.

butter

gruth

(Lh. Comp.

gruan

ypvrt^

kraue,n, Gr.
+

ypv,

M.

Eng.
{v long),
morsel.

im.

Voc.

sub

"jecur"):

ghru, gritty, of grothlach.

go,

gu,

"^qos;

Ch.

Used

*grutu-

Eng. crumb,

liver,Ir.

root

to, ad, Ir.

fellow

gruth

0.
SI,

Ir. co, cu,

ku,

adverbially

to

in

W.
; cf.

gu

bw

in

Lat.

math,

bwy

usque
gu

h-olc.

gilydd, to its
for "^quos-que ?
Cf.

Gr.

K-a?,

-cas.

fellow, Ir. giiag, guaigin, folly,sillyone

giddy, whimsical
guag,
;
M. Eng. goivke, goki, a fool, Sc. gowk, Eng. gawky.
from
a
splay-foot; see cuag.
guag,
bend,
guaigean, thick, little and round
:
*goug-go-,root g%
guailisg, false, falsity(Carm.) :
Cf. caoirean, a peat, cinder,
guaillean, a coal of fire ; see gual.
a

ember.
in hand
shoulder
shoulder
to
guaillich, go hand
;" see guala.
:
guaimeas, quietness ; see guamach.
guaineas, briskness, liveliness ; see guanach.
cuairt
?
guairdean, vertigo ; cf. Ir. guairdedn, whirlwind
; from
of the
head
guairsgeach
curled, crinitus, Ir, guaire, hair
; from
"

I.E.

gu,

bend,

as

in

guala.

208

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY

tguais, danger, guaiseach, dangerous,

Take
no
guait e"
guait, leave (" Gabh

Ir.

Ir.

gual

*g(Mlo-, '''geulo;

glaou, *gl6vo- (Stokes),

is allied

shoulder, Ir. guala^

guala, gualanD,
"^gualand : "^goulon-, root geii, gu,
yvaXov, a hollow, ymjs, ploughtree
Zend,

bend,

hand.

gdo,

Strachan

bent, stooping
neat,

Lettic

snug,

(O'Cl.) ;

gucag,

bubble,

root

solan

guga,

guanach,
of

guam

for

of

See

gualu,

g.

limb,

yvtov,
Old
Bactrian
;
the

give
Gr.

Br.

gub,

root

kvcJ^os(v long),

"

plentiful
M.

guamnach,

"

(Sh., O'R.),

Ir.

guamnacha,

above.

*gukko-,

Ger.

kugel, ball,
Eng. gudgeon, M. Eng. gojon.
leap (Arg.) :

:
on

wild

Ir. guga.

See

word

next

Ag. S. biddan,
Ir., E.
guil, weep,
Ir.

Ir.

gulban,
Cor.

*godio-,

word.

onomatopoetic

an

Ir.

guidhim,

ged, god,

root

for

I.E.

ghedh,

Got.

0.

guidhe,
bidjan,

Ir.

ask

ask,

bid.

guilim
"

beak,

wish,

Oea-aaa-dai, pray

Eng.

curlew

the

gylfant,

gngail.

fledgling :
guidhe, a prayer,

TTo^ew, desire,

guilbneach,

also

gugailim

guidh, pray,
guidiu, gude, guide
Gr.

Ir.

poultry,

chuck.

Eng.

gugairneach,

0.

Stokes

fat, silly fellow,

glo^

root.

gugail, clucking
Cf.

Eng.

Teutonic

; Gr.

(Lat. bura)

guamnach

bud

bell, globule,

goose,

gu,

also

the

bend

Ir.

E.

gualann,

g.

gheitbh, bend,

gudgeon, Ir. guda ; formed

bound,
a
gudaleum, gudarleum,
guda,

gubt, stoop.

Ir.

light, giddy,

active

from

root

and

smirking
(Arran) :

careful, managing

guanach,

I.E.

*gubl6n-,

stem

guamach,

it) ;

geul^ gut ;
W.
kohie, Eng. coal.
the
to
Eng. gloiv.

Ger.

kol, coals,

Norse

*kola-,

guassacht

g-uait

quit
glial, coal,

leave

or

"

Ir.

guais, 0.

0.

gal.

see

beaked
W.

one,"

E.

Ir.

gilbin, acumine,

gilb, foratorium,

geluin,

gulbnech,
W.

rostrum

beaked,

gplf, bill,beak,
:

"^gulbano- ;

Bez.
only
piston, knob, gun-stock.
compares
Cf.
Lit.
N.
gulbe, swan.
golbati, gnaw.
has
swan's
the
guillag, chattering of
guileag,
note, warbling (Sh.
guilleog) ; root gal, cry, call, Lat. gallus, cock,
birds, O'R.

kolben,

Ger.

Slovenic

Eng.

call

guileagan,

custom

guileagan

of

boiling eggs

(M'D.)

outside

Easter

on

Sunday

latha

guim,
conspiracy (Carm.) :
"^goni-; see
:
guin, a wound, 0. Ir. gum
guir, hatch, lie on eggs, gur, hatching,
cuim,

from

the

root

gor,

gar,

warm.

See

gon.
Ir.

gur^

gar.

W.

gori, to

brood

THE

OF

guirean,
E.
"

pimple,

Ir. gur,
"

heat

gur,

; root

gor,
gar,

gor,

209

LANGUAGE.

festering, Ir., M. Ir. guirin, pustule,

pustula : *goru-, fester,
pus,
gori/n,

W.

pus,

GAELIC

in gar.

as

warm,

ffuisead, a gusset ; from the Eng.

guit, a corn-fan, unperforated sieve : gottid :
guitear, a gutter, kennel
Eng. gutter.
; from
gulm, a gloom, forbidding look ; from the Eng.
g^ulmag, sea-lark (H.S.D.) :
Ir. gan,

without,

gun,

So

O.H.G.

it

the

as

gun,

that,

gur,

cruaidh
that

is

first

; from

Ir. co,
and

co,

The

view

syllable

the

*vo-ouno-,

*co-ro

co-ro-bi

Kevo-.

Windisch

con.

latter

supported
by the

and

siders
con-

and

; Zim.

to

Thur.

explains the n
by the verbal
occasional

form

W.

from

gown,
Lat.

{*gwun).

gwn

doff, ind-uo, don,

ex-uo,

duti.
; from

M.

rruaid

verb

"to

Eng.

for

gu'n

see

c"rroi"

{ba,

in

root

shoes,

Ir.

0.

Eng.

Ir. gunna

gur
=

root,

chcCn.

aunii, put on
Ir., M.
gun,
Ir.

*co-sn,

0.

(see gu).

co, to

empty

/ceveog,

S. hin-.

with,

con^

the

on

See

Celtic

from

gunna,

prep,

Ir. guna

gown,

; Gr.

cen

Ir. go,

on,

from

as

relative

(?)

Lit.

the

being

conn

Gr.

that,

this

accent

Ir.

hina, hinweg, Ag,

gu'n, gu'm,
regard

0.

gunne,
Uses

co.

is

corrop

be").

Gur

Eng.
are

Ir. gurab,

now

gunro,

gun.
Gur
:

ro-

con

(St.).
guraiceach,
guraiceach,
gurpan,

blockhead

(Sh.,H.S.D.)

unfeathered

bird, lump
Sc.

; from

crupper
blot
a

curpon,

(Arg.), from
Eng., 0. Fr.

giir.
croupon,

(Arg.) :
the hunkers
gurrach, gurraban, crouching, crouching on
: '^'gurOf.
in
Sc.
to
tha-,iYomgur^ brooding as
"hunker,"
guirl
curr,
The
Perthshire
curraidh,
a
cower.
currie,
stool, Eng.
hunkering, is from Scotch.
gurrach, fledgling,gurach (Arg.):
of look ; also gart, q.v.
gurt, fierceness, sternness

gurracag,

gus,

to, Ir.

gus,

the

article

the

consonant

or

0.

Ir.

cossin, to the,
The

relative,
of

co

anything (Arg.) :
gusair, sharp, keen, strong,

to

of the

which

; prep,

article

is

gu,

and

co,

preserved

after

qos).

gus,

gus7nhar, strong ; from

gus,
choose.
root
smartness
^gustu-, "choice,"
:
gu, Eng.
a
hearty draught :
gusgan,
gusgul, refuse, dirt, idle words, roaring :
guth, voice, Ir., 0. Ir. guth : *gutu- ; I.E. gu ; Gr. yoos,
Skr.

Ir.

hu, call, cry, havate,

calls ; Ch.

SI. zova,

to

call.

force,

groan
This
25

is

210

ETYMOLOGICAI;

different

I.E.

from

DICTIONARY

/?o?i,shout,

Gr.

gu,

Lat.

bovare,

cry

(Prellwitz,Osthoff).

i, she,

Tr.

si, 0. Ir.

^,

sie,they

iach,

yell, cry,

from

ezp^ of

t iach,

iad, they,

Ir.

Ir. eh, g.

E.

; Lat.

E.

tad,

esox

Ir.

E.

iat, siat, Brugmann

the

confusion

0.

iat,

of roots

iar

Lat. facio.
Skr.

Ger.

ea,

sin.

so.

sa,

*eicto-,*eig-to-,

root

; and

It has

ptdayti,

only

nt

These

have

the
were

Stokes

Of

nt.

of

ending

detached,

similarly says
pi. added.

verbal

of the

they, W.

plur. in

iat, siat

on

Celtic).

from
say

Cor.

3rd

end.

api-ddnd, a

Skr.
ddmo

also

is

lock

dho, dhe,

from

correlated

been

to

{"^pisdd),from

press

3rd

the

existence."
the

ehaivc.

(borrowed

with

:
says
; later

W.

eog,

join, shut, surround, E.

ei, go *? Stokes
analyses

*epi-ddm6,

under

"7rt

with

*ei-dho-^
for

ddmo,

si,

See

in olseat-som,

"

hwy
they are se
Ir.
ead ; see
iadach, jealousy,
Ir. iadhaim,
iadh, encompass,
*eidd6,

izokin

"

plur. of the verb

began an independent
and

Ir.

ei, sjo

3rd

and

Br.

?ac^, W.,

Basque

Invynt
Ir.

^si ; Got.

eigh.

*esa.r

eAo_^:

hi

Br.

W.,

si,

1. E.

sjo-,sjd- (Brug.).
iachdadh, 0. Ir. iachtaim

Ir.

salmon,

M,

t,

s7/d:

; Skr.

for

Ir. iadaim
it into

*e^-

epi, see

Gr.

place, Gr.

Gr.

tlOt^ixl,

7rt"^o/Aat,
press,

pise, stamp,

press,

Lat.

pistor, etc.

ial, moment,
a

gleam

season,

metaphoric

dfireannach

iall,a thong,
t iall, a flock

dd
Ir.
of

clutch

of

iall.

poetic word, seemingly

Ir.

Galway

iall, moment,

iail

shaoghal.

iall, E.
birds,

Ir. iall
Ir.

tXif].Hence

^eisla,Gr.
or

use

of sunshine

iall, a
eallach

*peisla
flock

; cf.

of

(St.).

pileus, felt,etc.

birds,

E.

Ir.

iall, grex

Cf. Ir. eilin sicini,brood

of chickens.

iallach, jaunty, lithe ; cf. uallach.

{iatlu, O'Cl.),W. ystlum :
ialtag",a bat, Ir. ialtdg, E. Ir. iathlu
'^isatal- (Ascoli). Dial,
vesper-tilio.
dealtag anmoch
; Lat.
ian, a bird ; see eun.
iar, after, Ir. iar, 0. Ir. iar n-, post : "^efpjeron; Skr. aparam,
Gr. oTriOev,
afterwards
behind, ctti,
afar, post ; further
; Got.
to,

on,

Skr.

dpi,

Lit.

ape,

to, on,

Lat.

ob.

See

air{c).

iar, an iar, siar, west, Ir. iar, siar, 0. Ir. iar, occidens, aniar
See ear
for force.
special use of the prep, iar above.
iarbhajl, anger, ferocity; from air and boile 1
of a disease
remains
iarbhail, a consequence,
:
Ir.
of
a
iargainn, pain,
iargan, groans
(O'B.); from
dying man
and

gon.

air

OF

iargail,

the

THE

twilight,

evening

west,

iargcdl (Con.)

from

iargalta, churlish,

211

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

and

iar

Ir.

cul,

iargul,
bacl^

district,

remote

behind,"

"

west.

(M'A.), Ir.

inhospitable, surly, turbulent

backward.

iarculta, churlish,

iargall, battle, contest, so Ir., 0. Ir. irgal: air + gal, the a*V being
a?r(a). See gal.
iarg^huil,sound, noise ; see uirghioll.
Norse
iar la, an
Ir. ia,rla ; from
jarl, Eng. earl.
earl, Ir. iarla, M
W.

has

larll.

iarmad,

Ir. iarmat, offspring (O'B.),iarmart,

offspring, remnant,
of
anything, iarinhar, remnant
mar,
; root
consequences
See

remain.

iarmailt,

mar.

"^jiarmaint,Ir. jiormaimeint,
ha.t. firmamentum.
firmimenti (g.); from

the

firmament,

for

Cf.

Jirmeint, E. Ir.
Tormailt, Norman.

Ir. ia7nia,
chain
hank
of yarn,
iarna, a hank
or
a
Eng. yarn.
with
iarunn.
iron ; from
iarnaich, smooth
an
0.
Ir.
iarogha, great grandson,
iarmui, abnepotes
ogha :
post-nepos."

.Ir.

; from

of yarn

iar

; from

and

"

iarr

Ir.

ask, Ir.,E.

iarraim,

seek, ask, larrair,

root
*iarn-ari-, ''after-go,"

Gr.

Trdpa, experience, Lat.

(Stokes). See aire further

iarunn, iron, Ir. iarann, M.
hearn.
dori,

Corn,

hoern,

ferrei

ostii

0.

only

different

whence

seek, bring, through,

go,

Br.

iarund,

hoiarn,
; Got.

(allborrowed
Stokes, etc.). Shriider

mann,

for root.
Ir.

^eisarno-

seeking, iaralr

ex-perior, try, Eng. experience, etc.

iron

eisen, Kng.

as

(pjar, per,

vowel-scale

0.

Br.

Ir.

Celtic

from

regards

H.

0.

eis

the

or

ayos,

isarno-

isarn,

according

of I. E.

form

Gaul,

houarti,

eisarn,

haiarn,

W.

iarn,

is

to

Ger.

Brug-

of eisarno-

ayes-,

metal,

Lat.

aes, Eng. ore.

iasachd, iasad, a loan, Ir. iasachd, E. Ir. iasacht :
iasg, fish, Ir. iasg, 0. Ir. iasc, cesc, g. eisc
*eisko-,*peisko- ; Lat,
piscis,fish ; Got. Jisks,Eng. Jlsh.
fibh, drink, M. G. ibh (M'V), Ir. ibhim
(Con. ibhim), 0. Ir. ibim,
0. W.
Cor.
Br.
"^ibo,"^pibo\ Lat.
iben, bibimus.
eva
:
evaf,
',

bibo

ic, cure,
ic, an

; Skr.

heal,

pibamt.
so

Ir. ;

see

addition, eke, frame

idir, at

all,

Ir.

entei, the

ifrinn, hell,

idir,

stem

Ir.

0.

of the

ifrionn,

ioc.

put
Ir.

under

itir, etir

prep,
E. Ir.

beehive
:

(Carm.) ;

*enteri,

Sc. eik.

locative

case

of

eadar,

q.v.
ifern{d),0.

Ir.

ifurim

; from

Lat.

infernum,

igh,

tallow

adj. infernus, Eng. infernal.

marks
(Sh.),fat (H.S.D., which

ith, g. itha,

Manx

eeh

root

pi,

pjei,Gr.

it

as

obsolete),M.

iriniv, Skr.

pinas,

Ir.
fat.

212

ETYMOLOGICAL

i^h, i, a burn,
the

ilbhinn,

Suth.
a

not

uidh,

(" Mar
jingle,

mere

ford,

etc.

ilbhinn
it

is

This

(Suth.).

banks

green

craige," Oss.
:
peaked

ailbhein

"

"

means

many

heann.

butter,

Ir.

Eng.

Ir.

vb.

im-, about,

also

unguo,

Ir.

E.

'^emhensmear

or

Cor.
imh, W. ymenyn.
*7jiben-; Lat. unguen,

Ger.

; Skr.

butter

anke,

ointment.

salve,

iol-.

see

Coneys),

amantn

amann,

unguent,

dnjas,

He, diversity ;

(g. ime,

Br.

amenen^

with

intensive

is the

prefixiveform
imcheist, anxiety, doubt,
and

of

mountain

if

ileach, variegated,
im,

with

stream

pronunciation

craggy

Ballad)
ioi +

small

DICTIONARY

force,

Ir.

m.u,

q.v.

of prep.
0. Ir.

0.

im-,

Ir.

imm-

; it

iom-

Also

imchesti,

im-,

im-

; from

contentiones

ceist.

imeachd,

journeying, imich,

imthecht

thigh,

root

imisg, a sarcasm,
imleag, navel,

from

im-

and

imtheachd, imthighim., 0.
teachd, tighinn : imich, is for

go,

Ir.

Ir.

im-

tig, teigof tighinn, q.v.

scandal
Ir.

innlec,imlecdn

"^im-isc

for

iyiileacan,imlinn,
:

ofjLcfiaXos
; Eng.

Ir.

E.

"^emhilion-, "^embilenkonavel

Skr.

inisg.

isc,see

imhliu,

ndbhUa

nabhi,

ace.

imblind,

umbilicus

Lat.
;

I. E.

Gr.

onbhelo-,

nobhelo:
With
about-lick."
imlich, lick, Ir. imlighim, lighim ; im-lighim.
lighim is cognate 0. Ir. ligim, I lick, W. llyaxo,llyad, licking,
Br.
leat (do.): *leigd, "^ligo
Lat.
lingo; Gr, Aeiyw ; Eng.
;
lick ; Ch.
SI. lizati (to lick); Skr.
lihati.
: "^inbiimnidh, care, diligence,Ir. imuidhe, 0. Ir. imyied, tribulatio
of menmna.
Ascoli
men
analyses the 0. Ir. as
7)ien-et()-,root
"

"^imb-an-eth, root

an,

breathe.

impidh, a prayer
iompaidh.
; see
impis, imis, imminence, an
impis,
catha,

imminence

of

battle,

to, almost, M.

about

of tbiseach

ved

root

Ir. iinese

(Stokes).
.

imreasaD,

Ir.

0.

imreasdn,

Ir.

imbresan,

altercatio,

controversy,
imbresnaim, I strive, W. ymrymn,
contention, dispute : "^imbibres-,root bres of M. Ir. bressa, contentions, battles, Br., Cor-

(from bris, break) 1

^imm-fres-sennim (prep, ijiim
hreaet

sennim,

imrich,

im

or

drive, "^svem-no-,allied

flit,Ir. imircim,
imbi-reg-, root reg, go,

remove,
"^

Windisch

suggests imm-eirge,

from

E.

and

to

Ir.

stretch

suggests for Gadelic

fris,frith),froQi 0. Ir.

Eng. sivim.
tion
immirge, journey, expedi-

(as in rach).

Windisch

eirigh.

Lat. in-, used

force as
especially
prefix
before
medials, liquids,and s {ionn- only before s),Ir. in-,ion-,
Gadelic
inn-, ionn- (before f),0. Ir. in- ; it is the
m,
prep,
used
in (q.v.),
a
as
ind, now
prefix.
an,
anu,

in-, ion-, ionn-,

of

like

THE

OF

inbhe, quality, dignity, rank,

Ir. inmhe,

*ind-med-^

'^'^^

rank

indme,
meas^

inbhir,

Ir. inme,
confluence

inbir, inber,
modern

an,

combination

inghean,

and

in,

is the

Lat.

as

Ir.

of

stem

of

med,

me,

(St.).

indbe

or

Ir.

E.

indber^
eni

(Stokes),from

"^eni-bero-s

bero-,

same

{ann)

root

innbhear, inhhear,

Ir.

influxus

ynfer,

and

Ir.

estate, M.

patrimony,

indme

better

of waters,
W.

or

W^V-

wealth,

213

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

Lat.

beir,

The

fero.

infero, Eng. inference.

0.

Ir.

inigena
ingen, Ogam
Lat.
and
beget
*eni-gend ;
an
(see giii)
gen,
;
prep,
Also
Gr.
native
kyyoviq, a
indigena,
grand-daughter.
;
Lat.
nighean, q.v.
ingenuusi
inich, neat, tidy, lively :
inid, Shrove-tide, Ir. ijiid, E. Ir. init, W.
ynyd, Br. ened ; from
daughter,

inghean^

root

Lat.

inisg,

[jejunii\beginning

initium

; cf. M.

reproach

root

seq,

in

as

say,

Ir.

against,

Gaul,

*nde,
0.

G.

H.

s),prep,

until

unt-as,

0.

inde,
Cf.
Dial.

Lat.

Ivrepov,
so

to

up

sewer,

in-

s),inn-,

for, until,

und,

(ndhi).

bowel,

kennel

(M'A.),

viscera

(pi.),E.

pi. innib, viscus,

Ger.

viscera

Skr.

innere,

Ir.

i7me,

Ir.

inne,
1

prep,

antaram

also

(for inwards).

Ir., E.

Ir.

under

innech

Gr.

cloth,

further

Goth,

frith, ri,

with

force

{int- before

ndh,

ddhi,

bowel,

innards

pannus,

See

from

like

d.

inna,

Eng.

inneach, woof,

Ir. ind-

entrail, gutter,
Ir. innp, inde, a

ir.

Gr.

prefix.

prefix of

; Skr.

originate, incite

insce, speech : "^eni-sqid,

Lat. inseque, say,
evLcnre,

and

root

0.

*ande,

Ir.

Gr.

Ir. in

as

inn-, ionn-,

ande-

inndrich,
inne, a bowel,
innighe, M.

indsce,

sgeul, q.v.

exactly the same

inn-, ionn-, (innt- before
are

to, Ir.

of Lent.
0.

^{p)n-niko-,root

woof

Tnjvos,

anart.

thread

possible : in-neg-, Lat. in-necto

inneadh, want
(M'F.) :
iniieal,an instrument, arrangement,

the

on

with

compound

thread,

;"a7i,

in

bobbin
or

ind

is

Ir. inneal, arrangement,

dress,

Ir.

indell, yoke, arrangement

ready, Ir.
; G. innil, prepare,
E. Ir. indlim, get ready : *ind-el-, root
inniollaim, arrange,
E.

pel, join,fold, as

mtledaigim,

in

Ascoli

alt, q.v.

insidior,

and

G.

joins
innleachd,

E.

Ir.

0.

Ir.

q.v.

intle, insidise,
but

gives

no

root.

innean,

anvil,

an

the

from

stem

inn-

ennian,

and

"

innear, dung,
{ cac, O'Cl.),on

Ir.

indebar
the

analogy

indeoin,

Br.

bend, hit, as
"^endivani-, on-hit," Zd.
M.

inneoin,

[engion%\, Cor.

einion

hit,"

Ir.

anneffn

in

vaniti,
which

indein,

^ande-bnis,

bea?i,q.v.

*ind-ebar
of

Ir.

0.

Osthofi'

W.

"

on-

gives

hit.

cf.

E.

Stokes

Ir.

cann-ebor

suggests

that

214

ETYMOLOGICAL

ind-

indehar

of

O'Dav.

h"H

ready

see

Ir.

"^inissi,from

inisi

:
pi.
(Dor. vao-o?).

almost

The

inis, W.

nss,

though

is

not

Cor.

ynys,

^inssa,

Lat.
of

against
O'Dav.

this.

the

Br.

enys^

insula,

enez,

Gr.

Celtic, Lat.,

vrjcros

and

Gr.

the

not
phonetics are
^etii-stt,
"in-standing,"

Celtic

for

suggests

G.

but

Meyer,

so

connection

certain,

Strachan

but

jind^ white,

inneat.

island, Ir. inis^ 0.

an

is

for

Ji7td-ebor,dung;

innil, prepare,
innis,

is

DICTIONARY.

in the

clear.
that

is,

sea."

standing or being
from
"^ind-fiss-,
innis^ tell, Ir. inrasim, E. Ir. innlsim, indisim
:
Cf.
vid.
Jios, knowledge ; root
Jiss, now
adfiadim,
narro
vet
(St.) 1
(*veldd),infiadim.
Ir. inntleachd, device, ingenuity :
innleachd, device, mechanism,
of
root
slighe, way % Ascoli
*ind-dig-tu-^
dig
joins 0. Ir.
W.
intie,insidise,intledaigim, insidior, and
annel, a gin. Cor.
"

antell, ruse,

Br.

gin, snare.
cognitio),is

considered

Lat.

from

antell, stretch

The

Ir.

0.

snare

Zimmer

by

and

bow,

or

intliucht,

Stokes

intellectus.

intellectus
be

to

(with

innil, a
sliucht,
word

grammatical

innlich, aim,

Hence

disagrees.

Ir.

desire.

innlinn, provender, forage

preparation," from
innsgin, mind, courage
(H.S. D. from
MSS.),

innil,

"

"4m

song,

uccllach^'

breacan

O'R.) :
inntinn, mind,

Ir.

inntinn

prepare,

A.

in

M'D.'s

inns';/
ineach, sprightly

"^ind-seni- ;

root

or

sen

(Sh.,
in

as

senn,

the
gives "^sentno- as
be a plural from
earliest
of the
Ger.
form
Possibly it may
0. Ir. inne, sensus,
the
meaning
senses
originally. The
Gadelic
words
can
a
depraved pronunciation
scarcely be from
of Lat.
ifigenium.
iantreachduinn,
a
inntreadh,
Eng.
beginning, entering ; from
Ger.

sinn,

sense?

also

Kluge,

liowever,

"

"

entering.

iob,

cake, lump

raw

of

dough

(H.S.D.

for

N.H.)

uibe,

; also

q.v.

ioba, pi. iobaanan, tricks, incantations

(Arg.) ;
Ir.
iobairt, an
iodhbuirt, M.
offering, sacrifice,
edpart, idpart

bert, ber

edpart,

of

beir, q.v.

0.

Ir.
Cf.

pay,
pay,

0.

ioblag;,a
ioc,

*dith-od-bart-, root

Ir.

ad-bert),a sacrifice.
victimised
or
depised female, a trollop (Glenmoriston) :
salve, remedy, Ir. iucaim,
remedy, iocslilaint, a cure,
remedy, i icshldinte, a cure,
remedy, E. Ir. icaim, heal,

W.

aherth

ubag.

see

pay,

iach,
Gr.

Ir.

iccaim, heal,
Br.

sanus,

aKos,

cure

W.

iachdu,

iac'h, healthy,
; Skr.

yagas,

0.

to

Br.

grandeur.

iach, sound.

cure,

iac

The

Cor.

'''jakko-,sound

long

vowel

of

OF

the

Gadelic

forms

21

LANGUAGE.

puzzling,

is

*isacco-, from,

to

GAELIC

THE

and

iso-, eiso-, Gr.

these

been

have

isha^ati,

Skr.

heal,

tao/xat,

referred

refresh.

iochd, clemency, humanity, Ir. iochd, clemency, confidence, M. Ir.

children
icht, protection, E Ir. icht, progeny,
^pekius, root
:
pek, pak,
For

Lat.

iochd,

iochdar,

the

lower

formed

cf. Norse

progeny,

Ir. iochdar,
the

uchd.

to

aicme.

See

dtt, family (Rhys).

part, bottom,
on
los, U, down,

from

; allied

breast, paciscor, paction

pectus,

Ir. ichtar.

0.

analogy

It is

uachdar.

of

See

lOS.

Also
iod, alas ! Cf. Eng. fAit.
ud,
Ir.
0.
Ir.
iodhal, an image,
iodhal,

oh

dear

idal

; from

Lat.

idolum,

Eng.

idol.

iodhlann,

W.

area,
"

land

Ir.

iothlann,

0.

W.

cornyard,

ydlan,

; 0.

"^(pjidon-; Got.

iogan, deceit,

fraud

fitan,

Cor.

Br.

yd,

food.

pitu,

-lann,
Ir.

child-birth,

of

pangs

idain

For

ithla, g. ithland,

*(p)itu-landd,

W.,

Zend

eating,

ith, eat.

see

area

(g. etlio),
corn,

Ir. ith

pitu, nourishment,

iodhnadh,

itlann,

Ir.

0.

granary,

ed,

For

G.

H.

The

puru.

full,

see

iodhana,

further

travail

E.

pangs,

in

elwch,

jilu,
is

root

shout,

Ger.

idu, pi.

pel, pld, pie,

as

"^elu-,
"^pelu-,

; Gr.

viel,many

"^elukko, root

S.

Ag.
eald, oh,
iolair, eagle, Ir iolar, M.
er

Ir.

in

G.

ttoAt^s,
many

; Got.

Idn, lion, Eng.

are/ie

iolar, down

pel,

bank

roar

(Heb.

Ir.
;

ilach, psean

TreAayos

Ir.

ilur, for irur, "^eruro-s,W.

H.

G.

; also

Gr.

Ger.

aro,

iomadh,

Or

urlar

multitudo,

immdugud,
now

^m-,

0.

a,

many
Ir.

about

(St).

eryr.

Cor.,
; Lit.

earn

form

"

exuberantia
mu,

also

for

many,

bird.

opvc^,

aar,

S.

Ag.

degraded adverbial
*ior-ar, ''^air-air, on-by "^
iolla, view, glance; gabh iolla ris, just look at it; cf. ealla.
iollagach, frolicsome
iullagach.
; see
ealaidh.
iollain, expert (H.S.D. ; Sh., O'R. iolhn); from
of the
form
iom-, the broad-vowel
prefix im-, q.v.
(Perthshire),

of urlar

and

alas,

0.

ara,

erelis,Prus.

ioma,

etc.

Cf.

Br.

nections,
con-

birth,

iola, a
fishing station, fishing rock, fishing
iela.
N.H.) ; Shet.
0.
Ir. iolach, merriment,
iolach, a shout, psean,
W.

it ; Skr.

0.

Got.,

Skr.

corn-

lann.

iog^har,ioghnadh ; see iongar, iongnadh.

iol-,prefix denoting "many," Ir. ioi-,0. Ir. il,multus:
many

"

imbed,
:

Ir.

ioma,

iomdha,

copia, immde,
^imbeto-,

(Z.^ 64).

Bez.

from

E.

multus
the

queries

prep,

Ir.

immad,

(*imbde),
irabi,evibi,

if allied

to

Lat.

216

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY

a
pinguis, thick, Gr. Traxi^s,but gh, ghv gives in Gadelic
Also
G.
hid,
For.^).
iomad, many,
simple g (Ost.
iomaididh,
For
d cf.
superabundance, Ir. iomad, a multitude, much.

liuthad.
of disasters, a mourning
:
iomadan, concurrence
of iargain 1
root
iomagain, iomaguin, anxiety : "'"imh-ad-goni-,
gon
iomain, a driving (of cattle, etc.), Ir. iomdin, tossing, driving,
Ir. immdiri,
E.
inf, to immagim^
a
driving {"^emhi-agai-),
circumago ; Lit. ambages, going round, windings ; root dg, ag,
; Lat.

drive

iomair,

ago,

ridge

of

root
*e7nbi-a7'io-,

iomair, need,

etc.

ayw,
land, Ir.

"

see

;
;

For

Ir.

imbaire

immaire,

ar
.

"

serve

serve.

E.

iomaire,

plough

ar,

behove

timmthirim,

Ir.

force,

timthire,
cf.

0.

servant,
The

feu7n.

Ir.

is tir,

root

land

iomair,

Gr.

noun
iomairt, Ir. imirt, a game,
imbert, 0. Ir. vb. imJorim, infero, etc. ; for imb-berim,
ber of beir, q.v.
root
iomall, a border, limit, Ir. imiol, E. Ir. imbel, W. ymyl : "^imb-el,
"circuit," root el, go, Lat. amb-ul.are, walk, which
reproduces

employ, exercise, play,

Ir.

E.

both

See

roots.

further

under

tadhal.

iomallach,

Hence

remote.

iomarbhaidh,

struggle,

"^imm^-ar-bdg-;

Ir.

iomarbkaidh,

bag, strive,
See
arabkaig.

root

Norse

E.

Ir.

immarbdg
:
bdgr, strife,0. H. G.
gives iomarbhuidh,

M'A.
bdga, vb. pagan.
hesitation, confusion.
iomarcach, very numerous,
superfluous (Carswell'simarcach), Ir.
M.
Ir. imarcraid,
iomarcach^
superfluity (also carrying,"
in iomarchur).
M'A.
from
as
immarchor,
gives
place,
cor,
and
the
"in
the
distresses,
as
distressed,"
meaning
many
"

root

as

arc

t iomarchur,
E.

Ir

of aire.

rowing, tumbling, straying,

cor
( imm-ar-cor, from

immarchor

Ir.

iomarchur

or

(O'B.),

cuir, put),

ing,
carry-

errand,

iomchan, carriage, behaviour

iomchar, carriage, behaviour,
imm-

and

Lat.

precor,

Ir.

iomchar,

E.

Ir.

immchor

from

cuir, q.v.
iomchoire, blame, a reflection ; from ?'om- and coire.
iomchorc, regards, salutation, petition,also G., Ir. iomchomharc,
0.
Ir.
imchomarc,
interrogatio, salutatio : *imm-com-arc-,
from
ar
chaff, I ask, erchim, Cor. argkaf, M. Br.
arc, ask, W.
root
perk, prek, prk ;
: *{p)ark6, ask,
arckas, will command
^ng.

pray,

posco

forschung, question, inquiry ;

question.

(=porcsco),demand;
Lit.

praszytij beg

Ger.

; Skr.

frage,

prapias,

OP

iomchuidh,
iom-

and

iomhaigh,

cubhaidh,
from

the

Lat.

navel

iompaidh,

E.

^sovio,

iomradh,

to

iomrall,

an

report,
iom-

; from

iomramh,
vb.

0.

and

rddk,
Ir.

immrdim

Ir.

impud,

soiin,

It

has

averto

also

been

swing.

supu,

imrnrddud,

Ir.

tractatio,

say.

al, el, go,

Ir.

iomramh,

; from

iom-

Ir.

(O'B.), E,

Ir.

iomalL

in

as

iomrdmh

and

E.

iomrulladh,

iomrolladh,

"^ambi-air-al,root

rowing,

Ir.

0.

iompogh^

dissipo, Lit,

iomrddh,

wandering,

mistake

immram,

Lat.

Ir.

Ir.

siucula,windlass.

sup,

lud,

root

whole.

"^'imb-shouth,0.

Lat.

root

error,

imroll,

turn

sou,

su,

the

fame,

cogitatio

iomram,

ymod,

G.

the

from

possibly

Ir.

root

referred

Ir. iomlut

imshldn, quite
turning, conversion,

iTTiputh,W.

Cor.

iomdlg, imagin,

Ir.

imleag.

iomlaid, an
exchange,
go (see dol).
iomlan, whole,

M.

from

imago.

see

Tr. immchubaid

M.

iomchubhaidh,

q.v.
Ir. iomhaigh^

image,

an

auain

iomlag,

Ir.

proper,

217

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

rdmh.

ion, fit,ion-, prefix denoting fitness, Ir. ion-, prefixed to passive

fitness (O'D., who
participles,denotes
quotes inleighis,curable,
of in-, in-, which
inmheasta, believable) : a particular use
see.
ion is iomlan, almost
perfect (Hend.).
before
ion-, negative prefix an
b, d, g, Ir. ion-, 0. Ir. in- ; see an
for derivation.
The
in in
before
b, d, g, becomes
primitive
7i

Gadelic.

ionad,

place, Ir. ionad,

modern

to

iona(dh),
E.

the

gelim,

Of.

inad

for

in-

Ir.

ionadh

Modern

The

; from

form

and

co

Ir. is

ingilim,

this-that

"^sou-n,*sou, hoc, Gr.

Lat.

idem

;"

(for root,

ov-tos

is-dern,Gr.

Ir. inga, g. ingen,

W.

iomair

son

in-

ionailt,

Possibly
of

sa).

see

shorter
from

0.

for

Ir. is for

Cf.

for

form

avro?.

ionbhruich, broth ; see eanraich.

ionga, g. ingne, pi. ingnean, inean,
0.

sin, and

see

Monad.

ca

pasture,

(root gel, as in G. goite).

browsing rig (Carm.).
ionann, alike, Ir. ion7ian, 0. Ir. inonn, innon, inon.
"^sin-on,'^sin-son,

iona,

or

"^altair, a

and

I eat

"'

only, pointing

pasturing, pasture

of altrum..

Ir. has

E.

c'iona, c'ionadh, whether

inad, place. See above.

ionaltair,a
and

ionadh

in

Ir.

form

ionnad

evnn.

Cor.

nail,

euuin,

(Stokes) ; Lat, unguis ;

6vv^, g.
Fick
Eng. nail ; Skr. nakhd.
gives
ngh, with stems
noghlo-, nghlo-.
Gr.

Ir.

ionga,
Br.

ivin

6vv\o"s;

Got.

I. E.

root

the

iongan^

g.
:

*engtnd
nagljan,
nogh,

as

26

218

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY

from
the
noun
iongantach, wonderful, so Ir.,ingantach ; formed
wonder,
iong^iadh,
Cam.
Dr
iong^ar,ioghar, pus : *in-gor,root gor of guirean, q.v.
of the
compared Gr. iX'^p, blood
548).
gods (Gael, No.
1
swell
*ping-aro-,pi,
iongnadh, wonder, so Ir.,0. Ir. ingndd, ingndth (adj.and n.) ; for
ion- (neg. prefix)and gndth.
in-gndth, not wont
; see
Ir.
ionmhas, treasure,
ionmkas, ionnmlms, E. Ir. indmass
; from
"

"

in-

and

Ascoli
connects
tomhas, measure,
q.v.
Ir.
M.
wealth.
indeb, lucrum,
indbas,
ionmhuinn, dear, Ir. ionmhuin, 0. Ir. inmain
^eni-moni-,
:
which
cuimhne.
for
see
mind,
remember,
mon,
men,
muinighin.
force as fri, ri ; see
inn- further,
ionn-, prefixof the same
with

of

-mass

0.

it

Ir.

root

See

ionnairidh, a watching at night ; from ionn- and aire.

ionnaltoir, a bath, Ir. ionnaltoir
(O'R.), bather
(Con.) ;

see

ionnlad.

fionnas, condition, status, ionnas gu,

cionnas, how, Ir. ionnus, so that, 0.
"in

astu-,
derives

adstatu,"

it from

ind

and

from

ad-sta,

the

insomuch
Ir.

root

abstract

that,

indas,

"^ind-

Zeuss^

sta, stand.

termination

that,

so

status

-assu

(-astu-),

to-ness."
seemingly giving it the idea of
see
ionndruinn, missing: *ind-retli-in,
faondra.
"wandering";
ionnlad, washing, Ir. ionnlat, 0. Ir. indlat, Ir. vb. innuilim, M.
"

indalim.

There

hands.

lavo,

From
etc.

is also

an

*ind-luUo-,

Ir.

E.

indmat, washing of
from
lu, lov, bathe,

*lutto

Ir.

the
Lat.

ionnsaich, learn, E. Ir. insaigim,

saigid, seeking out, saigim : in-

seek
and

investigate,

out,
sag,

root

sag,

seek

noun

; Lat.

lead ; Got. sokjan,

acute
sdgio, am
keen, sagax,
; Gr. r^yko^ai,
connsaich
I.
E.
G.
is from
The
seek, Eng. seek;
sag, sag.
co-in-saigim, sagim, say, dispute ; Got. sakan, dispute,Eng.
forsake, sake.
ionnsuidh, attempt, approach, Ir. ionnsuigh,E. Ir. insaigid,a visit;
in- and
from
saigid, seeking out, visiting. See ionnsaich.
Hence

the

dh^ ionnsuidh.
prep,
nettle ; see
deanntag.

ionn tag, a
ionntlas, delight (H.S.D.) ; from in- and tlath^
ionntraich, miss (Dial.); see ionndruinn.
ionraic, righteous, Ir. ionnruic, 0. Ir. inricc,dignus
(Ascoli); possibly "^rucci- is for "^rog-ki,root

*ind-ruccirog,

reg

of

reacht.
tricks : "^a^V + alt.
ioraltan, harmless
down
from
air and
\os.
Dial, uireas.
ioras,
;
iorbhail, infection,taint: *air-\-bail, on-issue."
"

THE

OP

iorcallach, a

robust

Gaelic

word

formed

the

from

iorghuil, fray, strife, so Ir.,

Also
iorgull.
iorrach, quiet, undisturbed
:
iorram, a boat song : *air-rdm,
phonetics.
t ios, down, Ir. f ios, in phrases
Ir. ; 0.

iseloch

%rmis,

Skr.

adhds,

form
the
of

as

under

there

meaning's sake, though

end, now
or
en
an, being

then

from

in.

from

is much

gal, q.v.

iomram

for

below, sios, to below,

isel, sup. isaf,Br. is,

from

in

now

en,

the

prehistoric

of this

favour

in ;

an,

cfs. rather

Stokes

{7idhas),Eng. under, giving

'''inso ; and

and

Cf.

song.

^endso,

or

*ins-mus,

from

lowest,

"

is, comp

*enso

air

; from

oar

nios,

one.

irgal

at

Ir. is, iss, infra, W.

iz, isel, comp.

Lat.

"

lorcall, Hercules,

; from

Latin

Ir.

0.

so

"

Hei'culean

"

man

219

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

view

for

philologistsare on the side

Lat.
imus
or
infimus would

most
root.

tlie Celtic.

follow

iosal, low, Ir. iosal, 0. Ir. isel : *endslo-s ; see los above.
iosgaid, hough, poples, Ir. ioscaid, M. Ir. iscait,E. Ir. escait :
iosop, hyssop, Ir. iosdip ; from Lat. hyssopuin, whence
Eng.
Ir.
0.
Ir.
itad
root
"^isottdt-,
iotadh, thirst,
itu, g.
is,desire,
iota,
:
seek

Gr.

Skr.

ish, seek,

Zend,

iothlann, cornyard

from
"^(pjereio-,
Stokes

forms

cixepos,

thus

iriosal,humble
iris, hen-roost,
sta, stand.

Ch.

SI.

iskati,

seek

iodhlann.

see

through,

per^

the

; Gr.

over

Trepalos,on

the

other

the

proportional comparison of these

(p)ereios: irepacos
(pjarei (now air) : TvapaL
=

"

*air-iosal,q.v.

basket

shield

or

handle,

See

ros,

idiom

here";

"

strap

Ir.

M.

handle,

satchel

iris, pi. irsi,suspender,

*are-sti-,from

and

air

seas.

is, is,Ir., 0. Ir. is, 0. Ir. iss,0.

Eng, is, etc.
is, and, Ir., E. Ir. is ; seemingly
I

ish, wish,

makes

shield

and

desire

state, degree of growth, 0. Ir. hire, ire {ire),ulterior^:

ire, progress,
side.

wish,

tor^ys,

Ni

W.

iss, ^s

idiomatic

an

an

will

do

curtailment

of

use
"

sin is mise

literally: "He

ka-Tt ; Lat.'es^, is ;

Gr.

so

it, I

of agus,

"
"

am

and

is, is.

He

w411

here."

sider
Condo
It

it
is

usually regarded as a
spelt
'us.
a's,
as
variously
Norse
and
of lard
suet
ispen, a sausage
isbean, a sausage
; from
( i-spen, from speni, a teat).
of any
bird, Ir. isean, E. Ir. essine, 0. Ir.
isean, a chicken, young
%
Root
isseniu, pullo : '^ex(p)et-niopet, fly ; that is, ex-en-,
en
being eun, bird,
%
oisinn, corner
isneach, a rifle gun ; from
Meyer suggests from
of birds, comparing
isean, young
fowling-piece."
hence

"^

"

220

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

ist ! whist

ite, a feather,
Gr.

vjhist I

Eng.

Ir.

iteog^
I

TTCTo/xai,

Eng. feather,
iteodha,

idea

Skr.

Ir.

Hte

iteachan,

Ir. ithim

yew,

iuhluAv, E.

Ir.

W.

eo,

iubhar.

Br.

7/w,

Hence

mythic

boat

Eboracum

.?

of

iuchair,
liver

Lat.

the

roe,

pen

is

aden, wing,

bobbin.
derivation

corn,

as

ibar^

; Ch.

eat

pitu,

food

in

Gaul.

from

ite^

Ro

M^

Ir.

7/e"f',

eochuir,

^ekuri-

the

Manx

\ root

cattle, Eng. fee. Cf.

pecu,
Ir., M. Ir. iuchair:
spawn,

not

W.

ttltvs,

tberesche^

can

that

seem

be

allied

to

the

woman,

Deirdre

story.

W.

egoriad,

ogher,
stem

q.v.

stately

in

Gr.

\ Ger.

It does

wood,

yew

pltati,feed

; further

Eburos

ivin, "^ivo-,Eng.

iubrach,
Fergus

SI.

iodhlann,

Schrader.

So

See
niuc.
slit.
iuc, corner,
Ir.
iuchair, a key,
eochair^ E.
key, egor, agor, opening :
whence

Zend

Ir.

C^eharisc).

service-tree

spool, weaver's

"^ito,*pit6^

fitb, fioth,

Ir.

W.

eun.

fly;

pet^

"feather-foliaged."

being

Also

See

root

i^pet-na).,Eng,

wing

(29) suggests

pitu, nourishment,

pine.

Onomatopoetic.

"^ettid,*pH-tid,

etc.

st

penna^

Jittich ;

Cameron

ith, eat, Jr., 0.

iubhar,

Ger.

hemlock.

the

0.

Lat.

fly ; Lat.

related,

near

hist

fastening,

pecu-,

ebill,key,

auger.

"^jekvwi-,Lat. jecur,

iuchar, the dog-days :

the dead
are
iugh, a particular posture in which
placed :
edlas.
Ir.
iul
cf.
iiil,guidance,
;
iullag, a sprightly female, iullagach, sprightly :
iunais, want, E. Ir. ingudis, 0. Ir. ingnais, absence
:
*in-gndth,
Also
aonais.
from
gndth.
gndth, known, custom
; see
iunnrais, stormy sky :
iunntas, wealth
:
iurpais, fidgeting, wrestling ; cf. farpuis.
mail-coat.
t iursach, suspensory
(Oss. Ballads), applied to the
From

iuthaidh,
iutharn,

H.S.D.

iris.

gives

the

fiuthaidh, iuthaidh,
hell

; for

Ir.

1^, latha, day,

lau, lou, Id
Xaw, behold.

*ifher7i,a

arrow,

las,

Ir.

from

Lat.

labor

of

"black,

etc.

dark."

ifrinn.

lathe, laithe, lae, g. lathi, d.

shine

lapan, mire, dirt, Ir. Idbdn ;

Idthach
(*ldth-bo-).
labanach, a day-labourer, plebeian, Ir.
laban,

as

gun,

side-form

Id, g. laoi, 0.

^lasio-, root

meaning

; Skr,

also

labdnach

Idsati,
laib.

shines

Cf.

(O'B., etc.

for

; Gr.

root

Sh.)

THE

OF

221

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

labhair, speak, Ir. lahhraim, E. Ir. lahraim, 0. Ir. labrur, labrathar,

lauar,
llafar, vocalis, lleferydd, voice, Corn,
loquitur, W.
Gaul,
Labarus
river
Br.
*labro-, speak ; Gr.
:
lavar,
sermo,
Xd/3pos, furious, Aa/^pevo/xat,talk rashly. Bez. prefers the
Lat.
have
of Eng. Jiaj^. Others
root
labrum,
lip,
compared
which

be

may
G.

Hence

and

lach,

wild

labhar, loud,
XdfSpos.

shrew

duck,

Ir., E.

Ir. lacha

contribution

; from

lachan, a laugh
lachduinn, dun,

Ir.

(Forbes)

; cf. the

head

per

Lit.

from

labar, eloquens,

the

Sc.

law.

Ir. lachtna, grey,

dun
tawny, Ir., M.
reddened, ranj, dye, whence
rakta, coloured,
Eng.

Skr.

W.

lak, fly.
lauck, tavern

root

the root
of Eng.
(do.),from
the Sc, Eng. laugh.

lawing

reckoning,

0.

(XafSpevofiai).

Gr.

and

(Suth.),la-mhalan

water

lach, reokoning,

Celtic

both

to

Ir.

Gr.

llafar, loud,

la-bhallan,

allied

; cf.

grey,

lake,

crimson.
the M.
lad, lod, a load, Ir. lad ; from
Eng. laden, to
For
the
lad, a mill lead ; from the Eng. lead, lade.
lod.
of
puddle," see
ladle
the Eng. ladle by dissimilation
ladar, a
; from
Ir. latrand,
ladarna, bold, so Ir., M.
robber, W.

lade.
N.H.

meaning

"

thieves

Lat.

from

liquids.

of the

pi. lladron,

thief.

latro, latronis, a

ladhar, a hoof, fork, so Ir., E. Ir. ladar, toes, fork, branch

*pla^ro-n, root pla, extend.
lag, a hollow, Ir. log, a pit, hollow
:
*luggo-, root
lug, bend
; Gr.
bend
Stokes
gives the basis as
Xvyl^ix),
; Lit. lugnas, pliant.
"^lonko-,root
SI.

Ch.

mead,

lag, weak,

laku,

bent

; but

lanka?^,
would

this

lanka,

curve,

give

in

G.

Ger.

blank.

lilcke,gap,
Ir.

Lit.

lek, lenk, bend.

lag,

Ir.

E.

*laggo-s, root

lag
slacken, Aayapos,

lac, M.

; Lat.

thin

Ir. lidce

(pi.),W.

langueo, Eng.

; Gr.

languid

Eng. slack, also

Hag, sluggish

lag,

from

Aayya^co,

Celtic.

Cf.

AttK/COS.

lagan,

sowens

Lat.

latex.

See

Ir.

lagh

lagh, law,
phrase
hence

laghach,

*latag-ko-1

air

lat, be

Gr.

wet,

Aara^,

drop,

lathach.

(obsolete, says

lagh,

set

in

readiness

the
The
Con.) ; from
Eng.
for shooting (as of a bow) is

also.

pretty,

Ir.

Idghach, laghach

(Donegal) ; cf.
leg, Lat. lectus,chosen, Eng. election 1
Kluge says Eng. like.

beauty, root
lin, gratia.
l^idir, strong, Ir., E.

Ir.

Ididir

laigh, luigh, lie,Ir. luigh,

bed

Koot

(Cor. gueli,

Br.

E.

M.

Ir.

Cf.

0.

lig,
VV.

Ir.

laigim, 0.

Gaul,
^i^e/e),

Ir.

lige,bed,

lega"it (

W.

gwe-ly,

^o%\x\\jf)"^logo.
'.

'lOO

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY

Acxos, bed,
iigan, Ger. liegan,Eng. lie,etc.
harbour
N. hlad'-hamarr, pier or
: from
laimhrig', landing place,
Also
lamraig.
loading rock, Shet. Laamar.
Ir.
from
*ldm-ast-ico-,
*la7nas,
:
laimhsighim
laimhsich, handle,
lego, to lie,* legos, bed, I.
Ae^erat, sleeps (Hes.) ; Got.

handling,

lamh,

from

E.

legh,

root

lie ; Gr.

q.v.

lainnir, brightness, polish, E. Ir. lainderda, glittering,glancing ;

also loinnear, bright, q.v.
lainnir, a falcon (Carm.) :
for making
laipheid, an instrument
horn-spoons :
Stokes
*ldrex.
Ir. 0. Ir. lair, g. Idrach
:
lair,a mare,
suggests
Alban.

with

connection

'pele,
pele,

mare.

:
lairceach, stout, short-legged, fat, lairceag",a short, fat woman
cf.
M.
Ir.
and
lairig, a moor,
laarg, fork, leg
sloping hill,a pass ;
Often
furca.
in
0.
Ir.
loarcc,
:
thigh,
place names
Ir.
cf.
a
laisde, easy, in good circumstances
stupid
laisti,
heavy,
;

las, loose 1

; from

person

laisgeanta, fiery,fierce ; from las, q.v.

laithilt,a weighing as with scales, Ir. laithe,scales
by

vowel

to, dare
Gr.

of the

form

to

Cor.

Lit.

lamh, hand,

Stokes

*ldmd,

Ir.

lamaim,

slaman.
0. Ir.

-laimur, audeo,

lavas?/,Br. lafuaez : *plam6, a shortIdmfi, hand, the idea being

manage
from
it
is
"^tlam,
dare,
probably
says
"

Sc.

thole ;

tldth.

see

Windisch

has

pared
com-

lemti, fix,appoint.

lemiu,

Ir.

E.

see

of

root

ToXfxa,daring,

(Dial.);

rennet

lamhaim,

Ir.

llafasu, audere.

W.

*platio-,root

leathan.

plat, plet, as in
curdled
milk
lamban,

lamh, able, dare,

Idmh^

0.

Ir.

; Lat.

lam,

W.

llaw,

Cor.

lof, 0.

Br.

lau

',

Eng. ^yalm ; Gr. TraAa/xr;

; Ag. S.
Hence
lamhainn, glove, E. Ir. Idmind.
folm, 0. H. G. folma.
lamh, axe
(Suth.) ; Idmhag, a small hatchet
(Ross),Idmhaidh
01. Slav.
lomiU, break, *lam, Eng,
(Arg.),M. Ir. laime, axe;
lame
(St.).
lamhrag, a slut, awkward
lamhragan, awkward
handling ;
woman,
"^p/awa

lamh

from

leun

Skr.

underhand."

"

Ian, full,Ir., 0

palma,

llawn_,0. AV. laun.

*ldno-, *pldno-, or pl-no- (Brug.),
Ir.

purnds,

Ian,

AV.

full ; further

Lat.

plenus

Cor.
root

; Gr.

leun, len, Br.

pi, pld, pel ;
Tr^jprfs,ttoXvs,

See
also iol,Hon, linn.
Eng. full, etc.
Ir.
lanain, a
couple,
Idnamhain, E. Ir. Idnamain, 0. Ir.
*
Idnamnas,
conjugium : lag-no-, root log, leg, lie,as in laighl
many

married

Stokes

divides

assembly, see
l^nan, rafter beam,

langa,

ling ;

from

the

word

thus

Idn-shamain.

For

samhainn.
from
Norse

Idnairi.

langa,

Sc.

laing, Eng. ling.

samhain,

OF

223

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

long leaves (Lewis) :

fetter, fetters (especiallyfor horses), langar, Ir. langfethir (O'B. ; Lh. has f langphetir), E. Ir. langjiter (Corm. Gl.,

langadar,
langaid, a
"

and

(long)

lang

W.

llyfethar^ M.

this"), W.

word

English

Eng.

with

seaware

Sc.

The

fttter.

; from

lawhethyr

langet, langelt^

has

of G.

langaid.
Sc. (Shetland) longie, Dan.
langaid, the guillemote (Heb.) ; from
langivie (Edmonston).
:
langaiseachadh, pulling a boat along by a rope from the bank
1
the
deer
from
the
of
langan, lowing
Sc, Eng. loiving
;
from
Sc.
settee
langasaid, a couch,
langseat, lang-settle, long
;
which

is the

origin

"

seat."

lann, a blade, sword, Ir. lann,

1
(Arg., M'A.) : '^'lag-s-na
W.

(Zeit. 28) suggests

Ger.

Jiaden,

lann,
Modern

lamhan.

lann,

by

as

of
Ir.

E.

in

Ir.

leathann,

Stokes

would

; which

Lamna

lag^

G.

further

is referred

squama,

lamina,
0.

Root

scale

scale,

"

fish, disc

laigen, lance,

lanceo, Gr.

cake,

fiat

"

Aoyx'^? lance-point. Thur.

Gr. TrXaddvr],
thing";
*plad-s-na, "broad

Lat.

llain, blade,

also

to

*larana,
rather

produce

lann, gridiron,

broad,

allied

Ir.

Lat.

to

Ir. "^lamn,

0.

doubtless

is

0.

etc.

allied

to

Ir. lann.

inclosure, land,

an

ecclesia,

area,

See

Br.

Ir.

lann,

lann

E.

Ir.

"^landd

W.

land,
;

llan,

Teut.

0. W.

Eng.

land,

lann,
land.

iodhlann.

lannsa, a lance, Ir. lannsa ; from the Eng.

the Eng.
lanntair, a lantern, Ir. laindear
; from
laoch, a hero, Ir. laoch, a soldier, hero, E. Ir. Idech, a hero,
*laicus, soldier, "non-cleric," E. Ir. Idech, laicus,
champion:
Lat. laicus, a layman, non-cleric.
W.
lleyg ; all from
laogh, a calf, so Ir., E. Ir. loeg, W. llo.Cor. loch, Br. leue, M. Br.
lue:
root
*loigo-s, calf, "jumper,"
laikan,
leig, skip Got.
spring. Lit. Idigyti, skip, Skr. rejati,skip (see leum
further).
It is possible to refer it to root
leigh,lick : "the licker."
heart
laoidhean
of
of a tree, Ir. laodhan,
laodhan, pith
wood,
;
also

G.

glaodhan,

laoighcionn,

q.v.
tulchan

lao'cionn,

^cionn, skin,

which

wooden

covered

laoidh,

block

Ir.,E.

lay, so

with

Teutonic

the

stem

is

Ir.

laoir, drub
Cf.

with

Ided, laid,

cf.

for

Gaul.

0.

Fr.

laogh

and

(Wh.).
Ir. loid

lai, Ger.

phonetics
Lat.

from

Crann-laoicionn,

druidce

*ludi-^.

lied, is

draoidh

Alliance

possible

and

if

ancient

(Stokes).

; cf. loinn.

lustily (M'A.), laoireadh, rolling in

leir.

hoicionn.

calf-skin

liujp,Eng. lay,
ludi-

drilis,druidos, Druid,

laoineach, handsome

under

see

calf-skin

calf,

the

dust

(H.S.D.).

224

ETYMOLOGICAL

laoiscionn,

membrane

thin

inside

laiiss-sMn, loose

N.

DICTIONARY

laoisg, a group,
laom, a crowd,

of

and

sheep

(Lewis) ;

cattle

skin

crowd

(disparagingly)(Skye)

lodge

(as corn),

Ir.

laomdha,

bent,

Ir. /oem,

M.

crowd,
laom,

heap :
blaze, Ir. laom

leme,

Ijomi,

(as potatoes) (Skye) :

beam
of a house
(Wh.)

shaw

laom, go
laom-chrann,

main

castrated

Norse

Ag.

ray,

S.

So.

leoma,

blaze.

to
to

laosboc,

; from

goat

fond
of the fire-side :
too
laoran, a person
lapach, benumbed,
faltering; cf. lath,
(Perth).
the
lar,
ground, Ir., 0. Ir. Idr, W. llawr,
Br.

solum,

leur

Jlor, Ger. flur

plain, etc.

^Idro-, ^pldro

0.

Cor.

lor, 0.

Br.

laur,

Eng. Jloor, Ag.

^6r,
broaden, Lat. pldnus,
S.

pld, broad,

; root

bedraggle

Lapanaich,

Norse

Eng.

larach, a site, Ir. Idithreach, 0. Ir. Idthrach

Idthair, q.v.
; from
W.
llaes
Lat.
from
laxus, Eng. lax.
las, loose, slack,
;
Ir.
E.
W.
lansaim, lassa.ir,
llachar,
las, kindle, lasair, flame, so Ir.,
giean"ing

Also

(do.).
Eng.

*laksar-

by
Skr.

"

spark

young
lasgar, sudden

arc,

G.

above.
which

send,

Lat.

Ir.

lasgaire,

has

youth,

W.

Had.

lathach,

(Wh.)

Idthair,

is

lat,

be

llaid, mire,

moist

Br.

Xdra^,

Gr.

Ir.

O.

; Lettic

Asc.

W.

coenum,

latex, liquid.

mould

broad

pldt, pld,
Idr

Cf.

root
"^latdkd, "^latjo-,

Windisch

losgadh.

Hence

luogen

shine,
Acc/attw,

Xdrayes, drops ;
lathailt, a method, a
Ir.
l^thair, presence,
root

shine.

re,

lath, benumb,
get benumbed.
l^thach, mire, clay, Ir.,E].
leiz, moist

See

G.

lastan, pride, etc.

noise

Gr.
"^lapsar-,

to

lopis,flame.

"

0. H.

lal^shati,see, show,

referred

some

Pruss.

la^np,

compared

; Skr.

refers

it

allied

to

Ir.

la, rarer

lathair

Idthar,

extend

pldt,

the

thinly ;

further

in

0.

Ir.

Idaim,

kXavvoy, I drive,

etc.

Hence

to

Gr.

"^Idtro-,
"^latri-,

of

root

Urach.

le,by, with,
16a ba^,

leabaidh,
g.

Ir, le, 0.

flounder
a

leabadh,

bed,

leptha

AeX) lie,as

in

laigh

leabhar, a book, so
leabhar, long, clumsy,
leg.^hanging,

liber,book.

Ir.

M.
Gr.

W.

"^let ; from

leth, side.

leobag".

leaba, leabuidh,

*lehboti-, *leg-hutoIr., 0.

root

Also

lebO.

see

le

"

E.

Ir.

lying-abode,"

lepaid, lepad,
from

root

leg,

bedd.

Ir.

lebor, W.

Ir.

llyfr ;

lebur, 0.

\ol36"i,
a

lobe

from

Ir. lebor,
;

Lat.

long

Eng. lappet

liber.
:

^lebro-,

; also

Lat.

OF

leac,

GAELIC

THE

Ir., E.

flag, flag-stone, so
lep,

root

Stokes

shale

and

Strachan

Ir.

AeTras,

Gr.

refer

it to

lecc,W.

bare

Ir.

lecco, g.

lice,vultus.

leccan

Root

*leddro-

leadan,

li,stick

leag,

throw

0.

Pruss.

g.

laygnan,

stone.

plcmca,
leacan,
Ch.

SI.

-XUos, Eng.

like, Gr.
inf.

letraim,

lock, teasel, Ir.,leaddn,

see

liosta.

music,

Ir.

in

notes

Lat.

flat,Lat.

body.

Ir.

E.

lapis,

leaca, cheek,

Ir.

letrad, hacking

leadan, flowing hair,

Root

leichnam

Ir.,

so

^lekkoii-

"^liccd,^Ip-kd^

Lat.

plk,

root

liq, lig, appearance,

like,li/ke-wixke,Ger.

leadair, mangle,

llech

rock

the

Eng. plank, Gr. irXa^, plain,

leac, a cheek, leacainn, a hill side,
E.

225

LANGUAGE.

musical

leaddn,

litania, litany.
down, Ir. leagaim,

inf.

Ir. leddn, teasel.

M.

^leggo, from
preserved g may

leagadh

from

litany ;

notes,

leg, root

be
from
laigh, lie (cf.Eng. lay) 1 The
word
the
Ascoli
the
refers
the
to
analogy of leig, let ; and
0. Ir. root
: foralaig, straverat,
leg, lig, destruere, sternere
destruit.
dolega, qui
leagarra, self-satisfied,smug
(Arg.) :
Ir., 0. Ir. legaim, legad, W.
llaith, moist, dad
leagh, melt, so
leithio, melt, Br. leiz : ^lego ; Eng. leak, Norse
leka, drip,
of

Ger.

leamh,

lechzen.

foolish, insipid, importunate,

everything
W.

(?)and

warm

llefrith,sweet

milk)

sweet

milk,

; consider

soft
Corn,

root

Ir.

leamh

(Corni. sub
as

E.

Ir.

new
le7)ilacht,

leverid, liuriz

lem, break,

cf.

in

; 0.

Ir.

Ie7)i,
milk,

lernnact,

Eng. lame,

etc.

leamhan, elm, Ir. leamhann, leamh, M. Ir. lem : *lmo- ; Lat. ulmus,
W.
which
Ihvyf {^leimd) is diflerent, with
Eng. elm : *elmo-.
in lime-tree.
is allied (by borrowing V) Eng. lime
leamnacht, tormentil, Ir. iieamhain
:
in
the
leamhnad,
llefrithen,llyfelyn :
leamhragan,
stye
eye, W.
Cf. Lat.
?
*limo-, "ooze"
llmus, mud, lino, smear,
Eng. loam.
(do. ) : *lekno- "? Cf
I6an, 16ana, a lea, swampy
plain, Ir. leana
Lit.
meadow
lekns, lekna, depression, wet
on
lag
(cf.Stokes
this
Strachan's
derivation.
is
Mr
The
above) ;
spelling
.

against referring it, as

seems

Aet/xwv,meadow.
favours

lean, follow,
*linami,
Gr.

aAtvw

adhere.

this.
Ir.
I

Lit.
Cf.

leanaim,

cling
(do.) ;

Inf.

W.

to

Stokes

does,

to

leija,a valley ; though

lleyn, low strip of land.
0.

Ir.

W.

root

lei, Gr.

llivyn,grove,

W.

can-lyn, dy-lyn, sequi :

lindmi, cling
lino, smear
; Lat.
;
to ; root
"^lipndmi. Lit. lipti,cleave
It, li,
; Skr.

lenim,

the

to

is leanmhuinn.

27

226

ETYMOLOGICAL

leanabh,

Ir.

child,

Corm.

also

gives

leanhh, E. Ir.
lelap^ which, as

Cf.

leanaban.

G.

DICTIONARY

lenah

Henvo-

; from

termination,

to

lean
with

agrees

aXocfivpfioai.

lionn.

leann, ale, see

leannan, a sweetheart,

Ir.

leanndn, a concubine, E. Ir. lennan,

:
lendan, concubine, favourite
lex-no-,root leg,lie,as in laigh 1
From

lear,

lionn

the

li,flow, as

ler OS,

learag,

(poetical word),

sea

root

; cf. black

but

larch

offers
; from

in

lighe,

no

further

Sc.

Ir.

lear, E.

flood.

ler,W.

Stokes

gives

llyr : *liro-,
the

Celtic

as

derivation.
Lat.

larick, Eng. larch, from

darach, q.v.).
learg, leirg,plain,hillside,Ir. learg, E.
largus, Eng. large.
as

Ir.

larix

{*darix,

in

learg, diver bird

leas, advantage,
root
"^lesso-,

(Carm.)

of

use

root

Ir.

leas, 0. Ir. less,W.

lies.Cor. les, Br. laz
SisiV.
fruit
pled, fruit;
plodu,
(Stokes, Bez.).

beau,

leid,Gr.
Ger.

leas- to

cf. Lat.

lerg, a plain ;

leas-, nick-, step-, Ir. leas-,0.

leas-ainm), Br. les- ; same
Fr.

Ir.

Ir.
as

belle for step-.

less-,W.
leas

lli/s-(W. llysenw

above

Stokes

"

suggests

Qf.

additional."

Cf.

"^lisso-,
blame,

AotSopew, revile (Lat. ludere V); others

compare
Bez.
vice
connection
taster,
(see lochd);
queries

lasinn, half-broken.
lesve,false,Norse
leasg^,leisg, lazy, Ir. leasg, 0. Ir. lesc,W. llesg: "^lesko-s ; Norse
loskr,weak, idle, 0. H. G. lescan, become
extinguished, Ger,
and
erloschen
others
*Zec?as
give stem
(Stokes). Brugmann
S.

with

Ag.

SCO-,

comparing

loshr
rest

latz, lazy, Eng.

late, to
i*laikwa-z); root led,

referred

be

may

Got.

which
lad.

Norse

eAti/vvw,

(Zeit.34,
531).

leasraidh, loins, Ir. leasruigh,pi. of leasrach ; see lets.

See leud.
leathad, declivity,hillside ; cf. Ir. leathad, breadth.
leathan, broad, so Ir.,0. Ir, lethan, W. llydan, 0. W. litan,
ledan,

Gaul,

prdthas,

litano-s

breadth

; Lat.

^Itano-s,

planta,

sole

Gr.
of

TrXarvs,
the

broad

foot, sprout

Br.

Skr.

;
:

root

extend.

plet,plat,
leathar, leather,

Ir.,E. Ir. lethar, W. lledr, M. Br. lezr,Br. ler :

le^r.
To
*letro- ; Eng.
leather, Ger.
leder, Norse
prove
the
borrowed
this word
from
the
that
Teutons
Celts, it is
asserted
that
the
original Celtic is *(p)letro-, root pel of
Gr. TreAAa, hide, Eng. fell.
leatrom, burden, weight, leatromach, pregnant, Ir. leathtrom,
burden,

so

pregnancy

; from

iHh

and

trom.

leibhidh, race, generation (M^ Ithich, 1685) ; from Eng. levy'^

of stock
leibhidh, amount
(Carm.) :
a
leibid,
trifle,dirt, leibideach, trifling,Ir. libideach, dirty,
awkward

OF

leideach, strong,
letenach, audax

leig, let,

Ir.

Got.

leidmheach^

(O'B,),0.

strong

Ir.

Ir.

leigim, 0.

AetVw

Gr.

Ir.

shaggy,

227

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

leiccim,

lecim

^leinqio;

Lat.

linquo ;

loan.

leikvan, Eng.

Ir. leigheas, M. Ir. leges; see

leigh, a physician, leigheas, a cure,
lighiche.
leine, a shirt, so Ir., E. Ir. lene, g. lenith, pi. lenti : ^leinet-,from
lein, lin ; Lat. linum, flax, Eng. linen^ Sc. Under
; Gr. Atra,

cloth, Xivov,
of

analogy

See

flax.

deur

dakro-,

Aow-.

Strachan

laknet-, root

to

cloak, lacinia, lappet.

16ir, sight, Ir. leir, sight, clear,
Strachan's

lak,

phonetics
show,

see,

lakshati, see,

W.

are

show,

H.

Ir.

right, this
Cor.

llygat, eye.
0.

0.

G.

refers

the
it, on
lacerna,

of Lat.

lak,

leir, conspicuous.

may

lagat,

be

for

Br.

luogen (do.),as

*lakri-, root

lagad,
in

If

eye,

Skr.

las, q.v.

leir, gu

leir, altogether, Ir. leir,M. Ir. ^ezV,complete, \V. llwyr,

total, altogether : ^leiri-s :
l^ir,torment, to pain : *lakro-, root ^a^, as in Lat. lacero,lacerate 1
leirg, a plain ; see learg.
slut (leithrist)
leirist,a foolish, senseless person,
:
lek ;
root
leis, thigh, Ir. leas, leis, hip, 0. Ir. less,clanis ; "^ler.a,
it with
Eng. leg, Gr. Aaf, kicking (St.). Nigra connects
leth, side.

See

slios.

leisdear, arrow-maker
See

arrow.

; from

the

Eng. Jietcher, from

Fr.

fleclie,

fleasg.

leisg, laziness, lazy, Ir. leisg (n.);

leisgeul,excuse

; from

leth and

see

leasg.

sgeul, "half-story."
lethet \ from
leth,half, side.

leithid, the like, so. Ir., E. Ir.

leithleag, leileag, print for frocks :
leitir,a hillside,slope, E. Ir. lettir,g. lettrach, W.
llethr, slope
^lettrek-.
be from
It may
"^leth-tir, country-side," or from

"

let of leathan

leob, a piece, shred,

M.

Ir. ledb

lleth,flattened, broadened."
leab, a piece, leadhh, a patch of
"

; cf. W.

Ir.

"^led-ho- ; for

root

led, cf

hanging lip,leobag, l^abag, a

a
rag (Craigie).
leobhar, long, clumsy ; see leabhar.
Ie6cach, sneaking, low :
leddag, a slut, prude, flirt :
leog, a slap in the head (M'D.) :
leogach, hanging loosely,slovenly :
leoir, enough, Ir., E. Ir. leor, I6r, 0.
a

"^lavero-,root

leathar

leather,

Hence

leob,

Cf,

Norse

leppr,

flounder.

Ir.

old

'?

lour,

W.

llawer,

many

lau, gain, Lat. lucrum, gain, Laverna, Skr.

Stokes
refers
Rawer
the
W.
to
lota, booty, Eng. loot, etc.
full
of pie,
liuth.
comparative stem
; see
lav,

228

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

leom, conceit, leomais, dilly-dallying

;
leom, prudery.

leomann, moth,
leomhann,

cf.

Ir.

leoghaim, I flatter,

leomhan, leamhann, E. Ir. legam.

leog^hann, lion, Ir. leomhan, 0. Ir. leoman
Ir.

; from

Lat.

leo,leonem.
leon, wound, Ir. leonaim, E. Ir. lenaim, wound, len, hurt ; this
Strachan
refers
in Lat.
to "^lakno-, root, lak, tear, as
lacero^
E.
Ir.
But
cf. leadradh,
lacerate, Gr. AaKi?, a rent.
leod,
Lat.
root
lahi, Eng.
cutting, killing, ^ledu,
led, ledh, fell,
lapse.
leth, side, half, Ir., 0. Ir. leth, W. lied, 0. Br. let : Hetos ; Lat.
latus.
refers it to the root plet, broad, of leathan.
Brugmann
Ir. enmin, twins, "^jemnos:
leth-aon, twin, leth-uan
: E.
leth and
breac ("?).
lethbhreac, a correlative, equal, match
; from
lethcheann
(pron. lei'chean),the side of the head, cheek ; from
lost
leth and
with
possibly a leaning on the practicall}''
ceann,

leac,leacann,

cheek.

leud, l6ad, breadth, Ir. leithead, 0.

leu^, a precious stone, Ir. Hag, a
0.

Ir. lethet ;

stone,

M.

leathan.

see

Ir.

leg, leg-logmar,

Ir.

lia, g. liacc : ^levink- ; Gr. Aaty^, g. Xdcyyos,a small

lei,stone, rock, Ital. lavagna, slate,
stone. Acta?,stone
; Ger.
schist.

leug, laziness,lazy, slow ; see sleig.

leugh, l^agh, read, Ir. leaghaim, M. Ir. legim, 0. Ir. legim, roleg,
legit,legend, reading ; from Lat. lego, I read, Eng. lecture,etc.
leum, a jump, Ir., 0. Ir. leim, leimm, W. Ham, Br. lam, O. Br.
salio : "^lengmen-,0. Ir. vb.
lammam,
lingim, I spring, root
leg, leng \ Skr. langhati, leap, spring ; M. H. G. lingen, go
forward, Eng.
has

made

some

Lat.

give

valgus, awry,
svleng, from svelg.
I

lost

was

before

The

light, etc.
the

Eng,

root

as

ivalk ;

It is difficidt

0.

Ir.

lehlaing
perfect tense
Skr.
vleg,
valg,
vleng,
spring,
and
root
as
some
give the
to

see

how

the

or

sv

before

I in leuDi.

leus, lias, a torch, light, Ir. leus, E. Ir. Ms, less, 0. Ir.,leshoire,
from
plend, splend, Lat. splendeo, Eng.
lightbearer : "^plent-to-,
xplendid (Strachan). Cf. W. llwys, clear, pure.
li, colour, 0. Ir. li,Hi, W. llivf.Cor. liu, color, Br. liou, 0. Br.
liou, liu, : ^'livos- ; Lat. livor,lividus, Eng. livid.
t lia,a stone, 0. Ir. lia, g. liacc ; see leug.
liagh, a ladle, Ir.,M. Ir. liach, 0. Ir. Hag, trulla, scoop, W. llwy,
spattle, Cor. loe, Br. loa : leigd, ladle, root leigh.Ugh,
spoon,
ladle.
lick (as in imlich, q.v.); Lat. ligula, spoon,
liath, gray, so Ir.,E. Ir. liath, W. llwyd, canus, 0. Br. loit,M. Br.
*leito-,*pleito-, for *peleito-; Gr. TrekiTvos,livid ; Skr.
palitd, gray ; Lat. pallidus ; Eng. fallow, Ag. S. fealo, yellow.
Cf. 0. Fr. Hart, dark
Sc. lyart (^leucardus?).
grey,
loet

OP

THE

GAELIC

229

LANGUAGE.

liathroid, a ball (M'D., liaroid) :

liatrus, blue-mould,
liathlas, liatas : Hath + 1
lid, liod, a syllable,lisp, lideach, liotach, lisping, Ir. liotadh, a
Lat.
lito,placate.
lisp (Fol.); cf. Gr. Ait"},prayer,
lidh, steep grassy
slope : N. hlid'1
ligeach, sly ; from the So. sleekie,sleekit,sly, smooth, Eng. sleek.
lighe, a flood, overflow, Ir., E. Ir. Ha, 0. Ir. lie, eluvio, W. Hi,
lliant, fluctus, fluentum,

flood, stream,

; Skr.

flow

lijleja,

root

lake, Aeio?, smooth,

Xifxyy],
Stokes
and

Lat.

lev, lav,

lighiche,

physician,

medicis

the
linig, lining ; from
linn, an
century,
age,
numerus

linne, a pool, linn,

Ii7i,Br.

liaigh,

lenn

Ir.

; etc.

(Eng. Jlow)

pleu

roots

E.

Ir.

as

Ir.

0.

linn,

root

thread

liaig, 0.

Ir.

Ir.

linn, lin,

linn, fill (Brug.),

in

W.

lind,

lli/n, M.

legih,

pars,

q.v.

lin7i.Cor.

W,

lake,
At/xvr;,

; Gr.

li, li, flow

*linnos,

Ir.

leech.

Eng.
offspring,
linri, E.

leagha,

g.

"^lenu-,horn, plen,

mud

luo.

lavo,
Ir.

li and

; Gr.

leti,gush

; Lit.

run

inundation

levis, level, Itmus,

root

leikeis,Eng.

Got.

Lat.

between

hesitates

let

riyati,

livad,

Br.

etc.

lighe.

see

linnean,

shoemaker's

from

Sc.

Fr.

Iinga7i,lingel, from

ligneul,Lat. ^lineolum, linea, Eng. line.

shirt ; founded
the Eng. linsey.
linnseag", shroud, penance
on
Ir.
founded
liobarnach, slovenly, awkward,
so
on
Eng. slippers/1
;
Ir. ; see
slibist.
liobasda, slovenly, awkward,
so
liobh, love (Carm.) :
liod, lide, syllable ; see lid.
M.
Ir. limtha,
liomh, polish, Ir. liomhaim,
liomhaim,
polished,
Lat.
limo, polish,
llifo, grind, whet,
saw
sharpened, W.
;
flow.
whet, limatus, polished, root, li,lei,smooth,
lion, flax, lint, Ir, lion, E. Ir. Vin, W. llin. Cor., Br. lln : *linu- ;
Lat.

Itnum,

0.

G.

H.

lln

flax
',

Ch.

lion, a net, Ir. lion, 0.

lion, fill,Ir. lionaim,
full ; Gr.

Gr.

SI. linii ; root

Ir. lin ; from
0.

Ir.

linaim

full ; root
irX'rjprj's,

lionar, lionmhor, numerous.

lion, cia lion, how
; same
many
lionn, leann, ale, so Ir., 0.
"^lennu-

Xlvov, flax, Atra,

same

root

and

the
:

above

Ir.
form

linn, 0.

lind,

M.

lein,

word.

"^leno,"^pleno;
as

Got.

flow.

lei,li,smooth,

pie, pld,

as

clotli

in

Lat.

Ian,

plenum,
Hence

q.v.

Ir. lin.
Ir.

(so far)

as

and
in G.
proved by its secondary use
Stokes
both
for
melancholy."
suggests
moist,
irXaSapos,
lionradh, gravy,
lion, "fullness'"?
juice; from

lind

dub,

linne,
Ir.

q.v.

for

connection

W.

llyn
This

is

"humours,
with

Gr.

230

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

lios,*agarden,

Ir.

broad,

E.

llys.aula, palatium,

Br.

W.

habitation,
*lsso-s, a

lios,a fort, habitation,

enclosed

dwelling
place,

Eng.

floor, Norse

by an
TrAari!?,broad

Gr.

flat.

For

^e^, a
root,
so
liosda, slow, tedious, importunate,
E.

importunity,

Ir.

lista,

Aetos, as

Awrcros, smooth,

slow

in

Ir.

liss,less,enclosure,
0.

les,court,

earthen

wall,

; 0.

H.

G.

lis

Br.

plet,

root

Jlezzi,house

leathan.

see

Ir.,

M.

Ir.

liosta, lisdacht,

*li-sso-,root

Gr.

li, smooth,

lighe.

liosraig, smooth, press

(as cloth after weaving), dress, sliosraig
the above
word
and
for root
stem.
(Badenoch) ; compare
liotach, stammering, lisping. See lid.
Eng. lip.
lip, Hop, liob, a lip,Ir. Hob ; from
of a peck ; from
Sc. lippie.
lipinn, lipinn, a lippie,fourth
lirean, a species of marine
fungus (H.S.D.) :
M.
Ir.
lite, E. Ir. littiu, g. litten,W. llith,mash
:
lit, porridge,
*litti6nGr.
from
ttoAtos, porridge,
pelt,polt,
(Stokes), *plt-ti6,
puis, pultis, pottage.
letter, so Ir., E. Ir. liter,W.

Lat.

litir,a

liter

liubhar

lizer ; from

Br.

llythyr,

Lat.

a.

liubhar),

(H.S.D.

deliver

the

from

Lat.

libera, Eng.

liberate.

liug,

hand

lame

or

gait, liugaire,cajoler,G.

lame

liuth, liutha, liuthad,

VV.

more,

0.

TrAetwv

; Lat.

many,

liaus,

many
liez :

Br.

older

plus, plures,

; from

the

Ir.

Hug,
liug'air (do.):
look,

foot, sneaking

a,

so

Ir., 0.

many,

^{p)lej6s,from
pleores

sneaking
Ir.

lia,

pie, full,

; Norse

or

Gr.

fleiri,more.

Sc.

liuth, a lythe
liu, li. water
liuthail, liuil, bathing, from
(Carm.) ; M. Ir. lia,
flood
(Stokes, 249).
frame
loban, loban, lopan, a creel for drying corn, basket, wooden
corn-stacks
to
dry, basket
keep them
peat-cart,
put inside
ing,
buildN.
timber
frame
from
of
a
laupr, basket,
peat-creel ;
Shet.
loopie, Ag. S. leap.
lob, puddle (Armstrong)
lobanach, draggled, lobair, draggle ; from
:

lobh, putrefy,

loth
"^loth-bo-,
Ir.

lob, wither,

lobhar,
0.

W.

lobhaim,

waste

Ion,

of
0.

; Lat.

Ir.

lobat, putrescant, inf. lobad, root

Idbi, to fall,Idbes,ruin, Eng. lapse.

Ir.,

0.

Ir.

lobur, debile,

M.

Br.

leper, so

q.v.

lobur, infirmus,
loffr, leprous,

word.
leper. For root see above
lout, Ir. lota (Connaught)
lobht, a loft, Manx
Eng. loft.
locair, plane (carpenter's),Ir. locar ; from
locer.

W.

Br.

llwfr, feeble,
laour, lovr, lor,

; from

Norse

Norse

lopt,

lokar, Ag.

S.

OF

loch,

E.

231

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

Ir.,

loch,

lake,

THE

Ir.

loch

Hokii-

lacus

Lat.

Gr.

XoLKKos, pit.
lochd,

fault,

Ir.

Ir., 0.

so

AttK-, Xd(TKCt),
cry

Gr.

laster^

Ger

lochdan,

little

; 0.

fault, vice,

amount

locht, crimen
H.

G.

Norse

lahan,

(of sleep), Ir.

Eigg, lochd) :

Cor.

lugarn

"^hukarnd,

lucerna, lamp, lux, light

lod, lodan,

mud,

lutum,

blame,

lok, lak,
S.

Ag.

Ir. locharn,

root

Acuko?,

; Gr.

Ir. lodan

puddle,

0.

"^loktu-,root

leahan,
%

Eng. lack, leak, Hak

lochdaiyi, a nap, wink

lostr.

sleep (Arran and

lochran, a torch, light, Ir. lochrann,
llugorn,

of

W.

luacharn,

louq, leuq, light ;

Lat.

white.

"^lusdo-, *lut-s, root

lut, lu,

Lat.

Av/xa, filth.

Gr.

lod, a load, Ir. lod ; from the Eng.

leash
"a
:
;" see lomhainn.
lodhainn, a pack (of dogs), a number
lodra^an, a clumsy old man,
plump boy :
loose
logais, log^aist,awkward,
slipper or old
unwieldy person,
shoe
(Arg.) ; from Eng. log. Of. Sc. loggs. Eng. luggage^.
(Lewis) :
logar, sea swash
Ir.
loghadh
logh, pardon,
(n.), E. Ir. logaim, 0. Ir. doluigim.
Stokes

refers

it to

the

of

root

leagh, melt.

:
16ghar, excellent
loguid, a varlet, rascal, soft fellow, M.
who
works
in all weathers
loibean, one

Ir.
and

locaim,

places

I flinch
; cf.

from

Idib, under

laban.

loiceil, foolishly fond, doting, Ir. loiceamhlachd,

(O'B.),dotage :
loigear, an untidy person,
:
ragged one
Cf. Aa^v^;
loine, a lock of fine wool, tuft of snow
:
loinid,

churn

staff, Ir.,
O'R.

hlunnr,

has

Ir.

M.

limn,

loinid.

Stokes

loiceamhlachd

takes

from

N.

churn-dasher.

16inidh, rheumatism,
greim-loinidh :
loinn, good condition, charm, comeliness, joy, Ir. loinn, joy, M. Ir.
lainn, bright ; from
splendid,.
pleiid, Lat.
splendeo, Eng.
Hence
So Stokes.
loinnear, bright.
locative
form
in
of
loinn, glade, area
case
lann, the
; oblique
place names.
loinn, a badge ; a corruption of sloinn %
loinnear, bright, elegant, E. Ir. lainderda, glittering : *lasno-,
from

las

flame,

q.v. '?

Cf.

lonnrach.

loinneas, a wavering :
loirc, wallow, loir (Perth) :
loirc, a deformed
foot, lorcach,
loireag, a beautiful, hairy cow
nymph

(Carm.)

; cf.

lur,

lame
;

lurach.

; cf.

plump

See

loinn.

lure,

lore.

girl, pan-cake,

water-

232

ETYMOLOGICAL

loireanach,
loiseam,

child

male

show

pomp,

DICTIONARY

just

able

foxy

"

G.

H.

"

lodging, tent, Ir.

loistean,
loithrsach, ragged (Hend.) :
Ir.

; Skr.

which
yv[jLv6^,

stripped
scindit

lombair,

off;

off.

cut

last

Stokes

Ir.

lommar,

lodging.

"^lummo-, '^'lups-mo-,
SI. lupiti,
iitpti, peel, Ch.
Uwm

Hes.

rather

compares

Gr.

has

suggests alternately.
tondeo, abrado,
lommraim,

Ir.

; cf. 0.

intrusive,
bare

in

as

place

W.

Av/xvos
lomradh,
=

Hence

bared,
lommar^
to Lat.
lamherat^

(see lom).

slumber.

lom

cuir, cor.

; from

Cor.

llyfan,

brilliant

bared

Eng. number^
and

Ir. lomna,

leash,

lomhair,
lomnochd,

lox, lynx.
the Eng

laniat.

ac

lorum,

W.
Lit.

"^luxo- ; Gr.

; from

lomm,

lumpami,

; which

bare

lomchar,
lomhainn,

Ir.

S.

fox

Stokes

0.

fleecing,

loisi, los,

loisiln

break

lup, peel,

root

detrahere

is

0.

lom^

Ir.

luhs, Ang.

bare,

; cf. luran.

loisneach, cunning
Xvy^t lynx, O.

lom,

walk

to

cord

louan,

(O'Cl.),0.

Possibly

Ir.

Br.

funis,

loman,

loujfan,tether

the

*lomand.

naked,

fr.,E.

so

Ir.

lomnocht

; from

and

lom

nochd,

naked.

lompair,

bare

plain

see

which

lombair,

spelling of

another

is

word.

this

lompais, niggardliness, Ir. lompais ; from "^lommas, from lom.

0. Br. Ion,
16n, food, Ir., M. Ir. I6n, 0. Ir. loon, adeps, commeatus,
Strachan
and
Stokes
cf. 0. SI. pluti, caro,
adeps : '^'louno-.
Lit.

pluta,

allied
to

to

refer

Ernault

L.

Gqv.

it

Jiom,
the

to

has

Lettic

crust,

pluta,

raw

suggested

0. H.

suet,
root

same

bowel.

connection

queries

if it is

was

usual

ttAoi^tos, wealth

; and

It

Q.Jloum.

Gr.

as

Bez.

with

which
blonag ('^vlon),

is

unlikely.
16n, marsh, mud, meadow
(Arg.), water
(Skye) : ^lut-no-,root lut,
root
lu, lou, as
muddy, 0. Ir. loth, mud, Lat. lutum
; further
in

It

lod.

may

be

from

*louno-,

with

the

excrement.
conluan, hounds'
Ion, lon-dubh, the blackbird, Ir.,M. Ir., 0. Ir. Ion.
it to *lux-7io- (root leuq, light,Lat.
lux, etc.),but

M.

G.

Ir.

would

Ion, elk,

M.

give
G.

Ion

rope
lomhainn.

of

raw

(D.

of

L.),

Celtic

hides

see

craos.

Ion,

Ir.

Ion

*elant,

(St Kilda)

Ion, lon-chraois, gluttony, M.

of M^Conglinne) translates
craois

Stokes
this

refers
in

the

lonn.

hind, and, further,

Ion,

; cf.

root

same

water

Ir. Ion
Ion

roe
:

*lono-

; cf. 0.

Slav,

(see eilid).
possibly a condensation

crdis.

of

Meyer, ( Vision

Kuno

separately
(Carm.) + craos

lani^

"

as

demon."

For

OF

THE

"AELIC

Ion, prattle,forwardness,

233

LANGUAGE.

Ir.

ful
lonaigh, a scoff, jest,W. llon^ cheer"^luno-,root, lu, lav, enjoy, win, W. llawen, merry
:
; Gr.
Got.
See further
under
luach.
aTToAavo),enjoy ;
latin,reward.
?
boisterous
mirth
lan-aighear,
(Wh.)
long, a ship, Ir. long, E. Ir, long, vessel (vas),ship, W. Hong, ship :
^longd ; Norse
lung, ship (Bez.); cf. Lat.
lagena, flagon
from
Lat. (navis)
(Stokes). Usually supposed to be borrowed
Cf.
River
longa, war
ship.
Ptolemy's
Aoyyos, the Norse
Loch
1
now
Skipafjor"r,
Long,
"^plugnd Eng. Jly 1
of slug^
longadh, a diet, so Ir.,E. Ir. longad, eating ; a side form
which

for root.

see

longphort, harbour,
Hence

port.

palace, Ir. longphort (do.); from long +

luchairt, palace ; longart, lunkart, in placecamp,

names.

lonn,

timber

hlunnr,

lonn,

under

put
a

roller

for

fierce, strong,

anger,

boat

for

Ir.

lonn,

launching
launching ships.
a

0.

Ir.

it ;

lond,

{Zeit.^^,557) doubtfully suggests

randhayati, destroy, torment.
lonnrach, glittering,so Ir. ; cf. loinnir.
lonrach,
Idpan, soft, muddy place (Suth.): see laban.
lore,shank
(Carm.) :

from

Norse

w^ild.

Stokes

connection

lorg,

staff, Ir.,
*

temo

Ir.

E.

lor go-, Norse

with

well

Skr.

fed

(Hend.).

lorg, Cor. lorc^h, baculus, Br,

hirkr, a cudgel (Bez.,Cam.).

lorclien,

lorg, track, footstep,Ir., E. Ir. lorg, 0. Ir. lore, trames, lorgarecht,

duct, Cor.
indago, W.
llyr, course,
lergh, lerch, Br.
lerc'h,
track
Bez.
L.
Ger.
:
lurken, creep.
"^lorgo-.
Rhys
compares
adds
W.
llwrw, direction
{Manx Pray.^, 127).

los, purpose,

sake, Ir.,

growth;
beaver
Br.

los,

E.

"about

(otter of broad

lost,Hosto-,

lostd

Ir.

los, sake, behalf, part,

to"

(Wh.)

tail),Ir.

in

dohhran

los,tail,end

Ir.

M.

las,

losleathan,

(O'Cl.),W.

Host,

losaid, a kneading trough, Ir. losad, E. Ir. lossat : ^lossantd,

*lok-s-,root lok, lek ; Gr. XeKO's,a dish, pot ; Lit. lekmene, a
puddle ; Lat. lanx, dish.
losgadh. a burning, Ir. loscadk, E. Ir. loscud, W. llosg,urere. Cor.
lose

(n.),Br.

losk

"^losko,I burn,

^lopsko, root, lop, lap

lapis, flame,
Xdfnro),shine ; 0. Pruss.
it
root
(Stokes). See lasair, to whose
Ir.
Ir.
loseann
E.
loscain,
losgann, a toad,
named

lot,wound,
root

lose ;

from

the

Ir.,E.

acrid
Ir.

secretions

lot,damage,
lut, lu, cut ; Skr. lu-, cut
Stokes
Pruss. au-laut, die.
so

Lett,
is

Gr,

lapa, pine-torch

usually

; from

referred.

losg above,

so

of its skin.

loitim, laedo
; Gr.

refers

Avw,
it to

^^

loose
a

lotto,*lut-to-^
;

stem

Eng. loss^
"^lud-nd-,
28.

234

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

liita,to lout,

root, lut, Eng. lout, little,Norse

Teut.

lud,

root

S. lot, dolus, etc.

bow, Ag.

lot, share, etc., one's croft (Lewis) :

llivdn, young
loth, a colt, Manx, Ihiy, W.

deer, sheep, swine,

:
lozn, beast, Br. loen,animal
of

hens, etc.. Cor. lodn (do.),M. Br.

*pluto-,^'plutno-; cf. Lat. pidlus, foal, Eng. filly.
further
loth, marsh
(Suth.) 0. Ir loth, mud
; see

Ion.

Loth

parish,
plant brook-lime,

Hence

lothaii, the

luach, worth, value,

III,gain

Lat.

Ir.

luach,

luadh, fulling
(Lit. plaudzu,
But

luath.

log, luach

Ir.

luachair
W.

Ir.

the

lou,
"^lougos,root
thieves'
goddess ;

(do.); 0. Slav,

S. lean

laun, a reward, Ag.

luachair, rushes, Ir., E. Ir.
light (Lat. lux, etc.),M.
cf.

0.

gain, Laverna,

lucrum,

cloth

(O'B.),lochal

Ir. lothal

Got.

lovu, catching,
^owA;,
"light-maker," from

babir, rush-light.

lieu

luadh, motion, moving,

of

side-form

wash, Eng. fieet),a

ploud

root

the

of

root

dol.

compare

speaking, Ir. luadh, 0.

luaidh,
laus, laudis, praise. Hence

Itiaidh, mention,

Ir. luad

beloved

*laudo-

; Lat.

"spoken

one:

of one."

thought
luaidh, lead, Ir., M.
or

Ir. luaidhe

^loudid

lead, Ag.

Eng.

C^lauda-), Ger, loth.

luaimear,'a prattler, Ir. luaimearachd, volubility; see
luaineach, restless, Ir. luaimneach, E. Ir. luainnech,
birds),luamain, flying; root p long, fly; Eng.^y,
Norse

grovelling

one

ploud

root

Bez.

borrowed

so

Ir. ; M.

Ir.,

lux, luceo, luna,

"^loukno-,Lat.

Ir. go

Lat.

from

dizziness, faint :
Itiath, ashes, Ir. luaith, E.

luaran,

word,

next

volatile
Ger.

(as

fliegen,

Id

0.

; from

luaith,

go, flow, move,

Lit. pluskdt,
with

connection

Monday,

moon,

ashes

child

M.

Ir.

luascad,

*lousk6, "^ploud-sko-,

plout, plou,

or

queries

"

luskella,to rock:

luscou, oscilla,Br.

Br.

fire-fond

(n.), Ir. luasgaim,

luasgadh

wave,

move,

0.

person,
and
in sackcloth

"

ashes

luaisg,

S. lead

fljuga.

luaireag^an,

luan,

under

as

in

luath,

plukt, pluck,

q.v.

tear.

Monday :
Gadelic
The
is possibly
Luain, till doomsday.

moon.
an

Ir. luan,

moon,

*loutvi-.

luath, swift,

Bez.
Ir.

Ir.

queries

luath,

0.

lludw, Cor.

luaith, W.

if it is allied
Ir. luath

to

Ger.

*louto-,

lusu, Br. ludu

lodern,

root

to

flame,

plout, plou,

go,

Norse
^Joir, swift (rootpleud) ; Gr.
swift; Eng. j^ee?!,
flow,
ttAcco,1 sail ; Lat. pluit, it rains ; Skr. plavate, swim, fly.
they bent,
Itib,bend, Ir., M. Ir. lubaim, E. Ir. lupaim {ro-lupstair,
be

L.
noose

Leinster) : lubbo, root

lag.
; Avyifw, see

from

the

Celtic.

Hence

Eng. loop, M. Eng. loupe,

Skeat
regards the Eng. as borrowed
luib, a fold, creek, angle.
leub, lub

OF

luch,

Ir.,

mouse,

Br.

logoden,
Lit.

refers

I.

E.

obsolete

take

G.

0.

The

flockl.
ludag^, the

Dea

Ir.

root

slovenly

and

luid,

llwg,
From

which

of his

rivers

we

may

references.

Ger.

Ir.

llivyth, tribe

W.

volk,

lacht,
Lat.

to

Ir.

0.

whence

W.

0.

little,Ag.
Aiw,

phiku,

load

lukto-.

vecte) has
(Stokes). Eng.

multo

tollo,raise

lughadog,

*lukto-,

'^\oy.

llyetJi,a

Ir.
S.

d it.

luta,

lytel,0.

lutain
G.

H.

luzil ;

etc.

hinge, ludanan, hinges,

Ir. ludrach

(FoL),

mud,

luidir,

ludraig, bespatter with

(n),ludair (vb.) ; two words

person,

Ir. ludar

wallow,

W.

(O'R.) :

ludcich, ludann
a

lucht,

loss,-less,Gr.
a

takes

he

of the

name

Loch-dae,

or

another

lud, lud, Eng.

ludag", ludan, ludnan,

the

comes

(or maur-dluithmim,

finger,

lu. III,Eng.

root

E.

"^tlukto-,allied

"^luddon-,

ludair,

0.

luchd,

(read

longphort.

see

under

as
pel, pol, gray,
root
luko-, dark

(read I6ch),which

Corn.

one";

Hug, blotch, dawning.

of it from

tluith

little

Gadelic

W.

Nigra

form

Ir.

W.

suggested

root

(Lat. lux, etc.), comparing

plug, pulg, Y^n^. folk,

troop.
burden,
a

luchd,

Idch, dark,

Itichairt,a palace, castle

luchd, people, Ir. luchd,
horn

Hukot-^ "^pluko-, "gray

Ir. loch

add

word

G.

the

as

E.

which

Adamnan's

Lbchaidh,

the

to

shine

leuq,

livid, blotch}^,to
this

it

llyg, llygoden^

lochat, W.

g.

mouse

louko-),whence

or

from

pele,

gray,

Stokes

lauko-

luch,

logodenn, pi. logod

pilkas,

liath.

Ir.

0.

235

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

from

lod, mud,

rag.

the Eng. ''lowing,

ludhaig, permit, allow : from
allowing, lughaic,
stipulate for (Hend.).
luigean,
lugach, having crooked
legs, lugan, a deformed
person,
Gr.
root
leug, lug, bend,
Avyt^oj,bend.
a
weakling : ^luggo-,
Lit. lugnas, pliant.
lugh, swear,
blaspheme, 0. Ir. luige,oath, W. Ihv, Br. le : *lugio-n,
Got.
oath, "binding";
liugan, wed, 0. H. G. urliugi, lawless

condition, Ag.

lugh,

W.

less,

Ir.

Lat.

light.
luibh, an herb,
herb

nave,

lugha,
levis ;

Ir.

Ir.

M.

llai,less, from

little

W.

orlege, war.

joint (M'A.), luighean,

luighean,

lugha,

S.

0.

H.

G.

ankle,

Ir.

luthach, joints,

luithech, sinew.

laigiu, positive,lau, lu, little,

lau : ^legios, from
llei,Br. lei,from
"^legu-s,
Gr. eAax^g, little ; Skr.
laghd-s, light,Eng.

luihh,

0.

Ir.

Cor.

0.

tendon,

Ir. lugu,

lluarth, garden.
lyf, herb.
; Norse

lore,"

luib, luhgort, herb-garden,

luvorth,

Got.

Br.

liorz, garden

garden,

luppi, poison, magic,

Ag.

S.

"^luhi-,

lubja-leisei,witchcraft,
lyb (do.).

"

herb-

236

ETYMOLOGICAL

luid, luideag, a
under

Ir. luid

slut,

rag,

DICTIONARY

"^luddi, root

lit,cut, lose, as

lot.

luidhear,

chimney,

vent,

louvre

luidse,a clumsy fellow

luig'ean,a weak person
luigh, He ; see laigh.

luighean, an

ankle

M.

lying

"

be

to

the
still

to

brought
of

siul,bed,
The

a-bed.

it

G.

and

and

the

compares

Ir.

against

seem

"

be

then

leabaidh-shiiiladh

when

Ir. luidhsiuhhail

bed.
luige seola, child-

woman,

Ir.

M.

lue, heel

Ir.

luighe-siubhladh would
is

worse

lj6r%

Ijos,light.
lotch,lout, louching, louting.

Ir. lua, foot, kick, 0.

siuil

idea

Eng.

Norse

Sc.

siuil,parturient

refers

M.

from

The

(laighe-siubhladh), child-bed,

Eng. phrase
for

Uwfer
lover.

lugach.

see

Ir. ben

Stokes

this,

Fr.

the

; from

cf. E.

luighe-siubhladh

(FoL),

0.

roof-opening, is from

or

W.

louvre,

louere, lover, smoke-hole,

bedused.

is

Consider

siubhal, bearing.
luigheachd, requital, reward
root
:
'''lugi-,
luim, a shift, contrivance
:

lug, hug,

luimneach, active (Smith's .S'.D.) ; cf. luaineach.

luinneag, a ditty, Ir. luinnioc, chorus, glee,
luindig, music-making
layl

*lundo-,

lud,

root

luinneanach, tossing, floundering, paddling

heaving
watcher

; from

luir, torture,
from

luindiuc,

Ir.

in laoidh,

as

about

Eng.

lunn,

; see

of

coat

patched

Ir.

mail,

lorica, from

garment,

luirist,an

untidy

lum,

of

Ir.

lunnsaire, idler^

Eng. litngis(obsolete),lounger.
(M'A) ; see laoir.

drub

Lat.

part
hlumr,

M.

in luach.

billow.

luinnse, luinnsear, a sluggard, lazy vagrant,

luireach, a

as

an

person,

the

of

untidy

an

luma-lan, choke-full, also

llurig ;
luireach, a

Hence

thong.

female.

tall and

between

oar

handle

lorum,

Ir. Idirech, W.

E.

luireach,

pithless:
blade

and

handle

the

N.

; from

oar.

lom-lan

and

lumha-lan

; from

(Hend.)

lo7}i -^ Icm.

luman,

covering, great-coat,

Ir.

lumain,

E.

(g. lumne,
"beating," that is

Ir. lumman

In some
dialects
it also means
a
M'Con.).
a
dressing,"
first August,
lunasd, lunasdal, lunasdainn, Lammas,
festival
:
August, E. Ir. lugnasad, Lammas-day
from
name
Lug, the sun-god of the Gael, whose
"

"

with
Loki
same

(?).

Ger.
E.

origin

Ir.
as

"Lug's wedding"

locken, allure,
nassad,
Lat.

festival

nexus,

and

Norse

(I),is
he

{Hib. Led., 416).

loMia
referred
translates

Ir.
of

lughnas,
Lug

Stokes

"

nects
con-

(do.),and
l3yRhys to
lugnasad

also
the
as

lunn,

staff, oar-handle,

roller.

See

Du.

smooth

Hence

place-name
lunndraig, thump, beat

An

lonn.

; also

lendore,

lent

idle

an

Br.

em.

See

fellow,

launching

"

lonn,

anger,
M.H.G.

from

idle, is

landar,

plot (possibly

grassy

hlunnr,

Norse

lund.

cf. Fr.

slow,
go
the Fr.

lunndan,

from

(not broken)

lenttrn,

237

LANGUAGE.

lever

Dial.

lonn.

lunn, a heaving billow

lunndair, a sluggard;
from

GAELIC

THE

OF

borrowed

spot," Rob.).

marshy

Lunndan.
the

; from

Sc.

lounder, beat, loundering, a

drubbing.

lur, delight, lurach, lovely, luran, darling, a male

root
lu, lau, enjoy, as in Ion.
in cloth ; from
Sc, lirk, a crease,
lure, a crease

child

M.

*luru-,

Eng.

lerke,

wrinkle,

lurcach, lame in the feet ; see loirc.

lur dan, cunning, a sly fellow ; from
Sc. lurdane, worthless
person,
M.
Eng. lourdaine, lazy rascal, from 0. Fr. lourdein
(n.),lourd,
dirty, sottish, from Lat. luridum.
lurg, lurgann, a shank, Ir., E. Ir. lurgu, g. lurgan ; W.
llorp,
shaft.

llorf,shank,

herb, plant, Ir. lus, E. Ir. luss, pi. lossa, W. llysiau, herbs,
Cor.
lub of luibh.
root
*htssu-, from '^'lubsu-,
les,Br. louzaouen
:

lus, an

luspardan, a pigmy, sprite,Martin's

(see lugka), and spiorad.

lilth,strength, pith, Ir. liitk,E.

motion,

the

from

root

Lusbirdan

Ir. luth

pleu, plu

; from

; cf. 0.

of luath.

Ir.

Or

lugh,

little

lut/i,velocity,

tliUh, from

tel 1

ma,

if,Ir.

smd,

sma,

Ir.

0.

ma,

md,

etc., the

(Gr. dfijie

forms

which

-sm-

Br.

enclitic

emphatic

an

pronouns,

Cor.,

ma,

iis-sme,

ma
"
=

(also mar) ;
indeed
") used
the

in

appears

I. E.

cf.

Skr.
after

pronoun

us).

of pab,
mab, a tassel; a side-form
mab, abuse, vilify:
mabach, lisping,stammering
; cf.

q.v.

M.

Eng. 7najten, Du.

W.

map,

majfelen,

to

stammer.

mac,

map,

0.

Ir. mace,

Ogam

mab,

7nak,

root

I.

Ir. 7)iac,

son,

Br.

rear,

mab, 0, W.
maqvi : ^maHo-s,

gen.

nutrire,

W.

blessed
able.

Kluge

Eng.

maid,

Got.

compares
further

Got.

rear,

magu,

mal:, ability, production ;

Zend
macanh,
greatness
;

E.

Gr.
;

fiaKpos,

magaths, maid,
boy, Norse
magus,

mab,

^makvo-s,

nurse,

Lettic

Cor.

Br.

maguet

long,
mdzn,
Ag.

son,

fxaKap,

can,

S.

be

magjy,

m'Ogr, which,

238

ETYMOLOGICAL

also

words

mild

macanta,
Ir.

mach,

mach,
from

and

magh

from

machlag,

matrix,

cf. Ger.

its accusative

being

muigh,
of magh

Again

with

dat.

the

magh.
Manx

land,

(Hes.),

which

is allied.

Br.

wall).
plain-land,"

"

Ir,

Ir.

viachldg (O'B., etc.),M.

Ir.

macnas

M.

Ir.

Ir.,

aille

cliff,g.
Norse

(do.), macras,
macalla

sport,

from

{^allos),allied

fjall, hill, Eng.

of which

is then

the

same

math-

as

fail,

also

See

of

7reAA.a,

Gr.

to

fell.

and

mac

Connection

Ir.

matad

madryn,
for

mats,

mathghamhuin,

Eng. mastiff,Fr. matin, 0. F. mestiff,

mean
borrowing.
"house-dog," would

with

*mansatinus,

from

macloc

maw.

E.
dog, mastiff, so Ir., M. Ir. madrad
fox
(Eel.), W.
madog,
(McCon.), maddad
(cf. W.
reynard) : '^maddo-, "^mas-do-, the mas
possibly being

q.v.

an

moger,

*magh-thir,

mat

Ir.

mdceria,

Lat.

enclosure,
to

Ir., M.

magher,

field ;

7nagw2/r,

echo,

stone

the

mac.

macalla,

madadh,

and

referred

wantonness,

all,

in

Ir.

E.

amach,

Ir.

field."

immaig,

arable

Eng.

magen,

obsolete

"out"),
the

"^makarjo-,

youth,

th\

festivity; from
mactalla,

Hence

great.

macaomh,

field,mach

ann

an,

uterus,

sport,

macnas,

See

Ir.

(whence
Usually

Stokes.

might,

"

caomh.

into

W.

enclosure
So

"

E.

for

macha

machaire,

mahas,

Teut.

The

denoting

macamh,

to

magh,

plain, level,

Tr.

(motion
into

m,

field."

the

machair,

prep,

slave.

root

Skr.

and

mac

and

in

(rest),is

outside
"in

from

the

from

man,

generous

outside

after

maccoem

immach

(pi.mogi),

Ir. mug

filial."

"

youth,

E.

0.

to

originally come
Gr.
/x"jxos,means,

increase,"

macamh,

allied

is

however,

DICTIONARY

madadh,
:
madog, madog, a mattock, W
mattock, Ag. S. mattuc.
the
madar, madder, Ir. madar
dexterous
valiant,
madhanta,
mussel

the

from

"^mato,

from

Ch.

maduinn,

morning,

Lat.

matutina,

mag,

hand.

magadh,
magaid,

Ir.

root

man,

Sc.

madder

in

E.

Ir.

whim

motyka,

0.

I.

Lat.

hand,

Sc.

Eng.
the

mattok,

"

throwing,"
over-

break,

overthrow,

motyka,

hoe

mane^

maten

matin,

now

Eng.

madhanta

maidim,

maidin,

is from

; from

Ir.

arms,

verb

M.

; from

ligo, Polish

maig
mocking, Ir. magadh,
a

plat

early (day), Eng.

hand, lazy bed, ridge

paw,

*mankd,

SI.

; from

matog

(Bez.).
; from

matin.
of

arable

Tnanus,

Gr.

land,

E.

Ir.

/xa/oiy, Norse

mac,

mund,

Gaelic.

mag

W.

mocio

gat, mag

; from

get.

the

Eng.

mock.

OF

THE

Ir. magairle,
ma^airle(an), testicle(s),

(pi.):

stones
"^magar-aUie, magar
root
: magar
"^maggaro-,

magarla,

increase
toad

Cf., however,

E.

Ir. macraille

"

"

mactalla

m^gan,

239

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

mag,

all

and

-magar,

of

great, powerful,

meg,

mogul.

properly mial-mhaffain,

"

from

;"

beast

squat

md,g

above.

magh,

plain,

field,

Ir.

mes,

Br.

Cor.
{*magestu-).

field,plain,

"

expanse,"

earth, mahas, great

Got.

be

magan,

Gaul,

maes,

from

ft^x^S
Eng. may.

W.

mag,

*magos, *7nages-,

magos

great, Skr.
Lat. machina,

means,

maes

ma,

magh,

root

; G.

able,

Ir.

0.

viagh,

mahi,

the

machine

N. magi.
mag^han, stomach
:
bait
for
maghar,
(Corm.), small fry or fish :
fish,so Ir.,E. Ir. magar
mab.
maibean, a cluster, bunch
; see
club
*viaddio-,
maide, a stick, wood, Ir., E. Ir., matan,
a
:
*mas-do-; Lat. ynalus ( "^mddiis),mast
; Eng. mast.
m^idhean, delay, slowness
:
maidse, a shapeless mass
:
maidsear, a major ; from the Eng.
M^igh, May, E. Ir. Mdi ; from Lat. Mains, Eng. May.
from
maigean, a child beginning to walk, a fat, little man
:
mag.
maighdeag, concha
veneris, the shell of the escallop fish ; from
=

maighdean

Cf.

madadh,

mussel.

maighdean, a maiden, so Ir., late

M. Eng. magden,
m,aiden, Ag.

maigheach,

hare,

Ir. miol

W.

meistyr.

Cor.

S.

bhuidhe

maige, "plain beast"; from

magh:
'^mageco-,
adj. from
maighistir, maighstir, master,
maister

Ir.

M.

moegden,

(for miol
and

mial
"

(F. M.)

maighden
now

mhuighe),
m^igJi.

campestris."
maighisdir,

Ir.

\1.

G.

Ir.

maille

malle

an

master.

mala.

; for

; from

is

magisder,

magister, Eng.
mdileid, mdilin
; see

m^ileid, a bag, wallet, knapsack,

Ir. immalle,
ri, with, Ir. maille
re, 0.
letk now.
leth, "by the side," mu
an
the Eng. mail.
maille, mail armour
; from
mainisdir, a monastery, so Ir.,E. Ir. manister
Ir.

Ir. mil

E.

The

Lat.

; from

; from

maiden.

Lat.

imb-an-

7nonas-

terium.

mainne,
0.

delay,
G.

Ir.

maindaidib

mainneachdna

(dat.pi.), Skr.

cf.

0.

Ir.

residence,

mendat,

mandiram,

lodging,

mandra, a pen, Gr. fxdvSpa (do.).

mainnir, a fold, pen, goat pen, booth, Ir. mainreach,
M.
Gr.
Ir. maindir, ; Lat.
[xavSpa, pen,
mandra,

tion
habita-

; Lat.

mainne.

K.

Meyer

takes

Eng. manor.
mair, last, live, Ir. mairim,
delay i^mr-).
""

it from

0.

early

Ir. maraim

Fr.

mainneir,
as

maneir,

"^marb

under

dwelling,

Lat.

mora,

240

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

maireach,

Ir.

to-morrow,

after

iainiabdrach, day
y

M.

fory, to-morrow,

(Stokes, Zimmer)

da

mairg,

! Ir.

Lat.

mad,

Ir.

E,

mairg,

m^irneal, a delay,
mairtir, a martyr,

Ir.

Ir.

[xaprvs,

Ir.

mat

masla,

math,

good, Ir.,

*mati-s,

root

Bez.
q.v. 1
afFabilis,Gr. /^art?

maith, math,

madden,

mddati,
G.

as

is

same

mal, rent, tax,

tribute,

M.

M.

Eng.

comely

mass,

Lat.

mad,

W.

; root

mad,

further

I. E.

Cor.

mas,

me,

measure,

alternative

Ch,

/xaa-a-w,

fiayis,

mad.

measure,
an

Lat.

madeo.

Gr.

mag

as

; from

moderate

mdssig,

(n.),E.

mdl,

mdl,

7]iad,

root

"

Ir,
be

lingering, Got.

regards the
maith, good.
Ir.

merthyr

Skr.

Br.

M.

as

upa-mdti,

(=/x"yas, lies.).

linger, mandas,
Rhys

met,

sailing:

witness.

from

maith,

suggests

ignoscere,

mainnir,

Ir.

W.

martir,

Ir. maitheam

pardon,

"^mo

^mo-oirc,

to

tediousness,

maisse,

0.

[xdpyo"s,

; Gr.

destroy, (See tuargan).

iJiapTvpo"s,

mat,

in meas,

W.

referred

Ger.

butter.

"^margi-

Eng.

Eng. meet,
measure,
Eng. mete, etc.
maistir, urine, so Ir. ; '^madstri, root
maistreadh, churning, so Ir. ; root
maith,

vae

oiy,

the

Ir., E.

so

Ir., E.

so

from

maimeulachd,

Gr.

from

mairg,

med,

SI.

"^bdrego-

{mrg V); Got.

Eng. morrow,

to-morrow,

(I). Usually

morbus

maise, beauty,

beure, morning,

maurgina,

destruction,"
oirg, "my
mairiste, a marriage ; from

martyr,

bore, boreu, morning,

mfgh, mrgh

root

to-morrow,

etc,

morgen,

pity

imbdrack,

W.
Br.

avory,

"^mf-ego-,

Ir.

to-morrow,
W.

matirgins, morning,
Ger.

E.

mdrach,

W.

W.

as

mdl,

ga-motan,

borrowed

bounty

room

from

; from

(black-ma^7),Sc.

mail

now

matliem, a forgiving,
quiet about," Skr.
;

see

Ir. ; if so,

Ag.

S.

mdl,

mail.

the
M. Eng. male, wallet,
m^la, a bag, budget, Ir. mdla ; from
0. H. G. malha.
0. Fr. male, from
bag (now mail), from
mala, pi., malaichean
{ruailghean in Arg., cf. duilich, duilgke),
Ir.
M.
Br. malvenn,
mala, 0. Ir. mala, g. malach,
eyebrow,
blakst'enai,eyelashes, blakstini, wink,
eyelash : *malax
; Lit,
Lettic

mala, border,

Alban.

maV,

hill,border.

malairt, an exchange, so Ir,, M. Ir. malar taigim, I exchange, also

"destruction,"
means
"destroy": in E. Ir. and 0. Ir. malairt
bad.
which
be compared
to Lat.
malus,
may
Lit.
mlaky
nu-smelkiu, decay, Servian
male, putrefy : ^malqo ;
lukewarm
has

also

(Strachan),0.
been

referred

to

H.
the

G.

mola(h)wen, tabere

root

(Bez.).

It

mel, grind.

m^lda, gentle, Ir. mdlta ; Gr. [xaXOaKos, soft (see meall).

softness
of energy,
mall, slow, Ir., 0. Ir. mall (W. mall, want
1);
Gr. /xeAAo),
litem
Lat.
pro-mello,
linger {^melno-);
promovere.

OF

It

has

also

Lat.

from

hill, Ir.

(O'Cl.):

pap

Eng. mamma,
armpit,
mam,

mawaid,
allied

man,

manach,

on

monk's
Lat.

manach,
manachan,
manadh,

duties

fish

an

S.

farm

of

is from

M.

M.

fawn,

warn,

Ir. mang,

dumb

meann,

^mandsto-,
is

mains,

Eng.

manran,

maodail,

maodal,
"^mand-to-

maoidh,
E.

meat,

tuneful

Ir. mant,

; Lat.

Gr.

Eng.

; from

Ag.

meadhail

'^'moido-

mdidim,
; root

S.

(Corm.)

bruised.

maoidhean,
moyen,

median,

See

mand,

Ir.
Ir.

eat,

manntach,

0.

meid

stolid us,

0.

toothless,
etc., Ir.

toothless

root

jaw

jaw

; further

mad.
Ir. manrdn

meadaii,

pouch,
(Ir. GL, 235),
under

mannda

metail

upbraid, brag,
moidem,
boast,
gioriatio :
M.
H. G.
gemeit, grand, 0. H. G.
Sax.
gemed, stupid. Got. gamaids,

maoidhim,

threaten,

mag

boy (see mac).

Ir.

as

root

lyiend, dumb,

medhal

eat,

or

mandragor

Celtic

magus,

ruminant's
Ir.

large

W.

eat, mandihula,

chew,

Ir.

warn,

mandragora.

cooing, humming,

mad^

moid,

kameit, jactans,

monastery.

moneo,

Eng.

jaw, mantach,

stomach,

grudge, reproach,
Ir.

; from

manor.

the

mant,

(Lh.), M.

Root

owner,

gum,

mandere,

the

0.

/xatrao/xat,

sound,

paunch,

vianac.'h

Br.

; Lat.

by

Ir. mang

E.

(O'Br.), W.
jaw

monkshlp,

mainchine,

omen

farmed

estate

an

ma7idragores,

E.

mdm.

manachainn,

(mang), increase, Eng. maiden. Got.

bear
a
mathghamhain.
mang'an,
; see
mannda,
manntach,
lisping, stammering,
stammering,

mag.

exhort.

Ir. 7nandrdc

Eng.

"^manmd,

from

form

Tnynach,

Ir. mana,

E.

tlie Sc.

mandrake,

W.

handful,

mam,

manian,

; from

Ir.

of the

swelling

luck,

portion

mandrag,
mang,

Ag.

level

groin

omen,

the

M.

monachus,

angel

Ir.

; side

manach,

breast,

mother,

Cf., however,
ulcer

breast,

mamirti,

(Stokes),

the

the

M.

Ir.,

"?

Ir.

M,

ulcerous

"^mdmmd

Ir.

mallocli;

Br.

mellith,

mamma,
an

(cf. ahdaine), W.
Hence
Eng. monk.

advise

manas,

Lat.

mam,

hand

Ir., E.

W.

mountain,

skin, arm-pit

monk,

inellow.

mollis, soft, Eng.

malediction.

handfuls,

manus,

the

/xaA6^aK09,soft

Gr.

of

root

maldacht,

mam,

handfuls

two

Ir,

Hence

two

Lat.

to

mole

Lat.

breast, pap,"

etc.

handful,

of

maledictio, Eng.
"

the

to

Jr., 0.

so

round

large

mam,

that

to

241

LANGUAGE.

referred

been

(see meall), and

mallachd, a curse,

GAELIC

THE

grudge,
Ir.

iniadh.

personal influence, interest ;

a
Eng. means,
mean,
means,

from

Sc.

from

moyen

(do.),Fr.

Lat,

medianus,

middle,
29

242

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY

maol.
of a hill ; see
maoile, brow
a
maoim,
sally,
terror, onset, eruption, surprise, Ir. maidhm^
E.
Ir.
breach
defeat
a
or
defeat,
maidm,
:
breaking,
eruption,
"^matesmenSL, Pol. motyha, a
(Stokes), "^mato, break
; Ch.
hoe.

Some

root

allied

as

math,

Skr.

to

stir,twirl,

whorl.

menturis,

Lit.

the

give

"^moinimaoili, wealth, Ir. maoin, 0. Ir. main

:
; Lat.
munus,
service, duty, gift (Eng. munificence), communis,
common
;
Lit.
Got.
ga-mains, common,
Eng. mean
exchange.
;
mainas,
maidhean.
see
maoineas, slowness
;
maoirne, a bait for a fishing hook
(N.H.), maoirnean, the least
quantity of anything ; cf. maghar, root mag, grow.
fish, Ir.
maois, a large basket, hamper, maois-eisg, five hundred
maois, W. mwys,
herring, Cor. muis, moys
hamper, five score
;
Sc.

five

mese,

basket,
for

hundred

meiss

the

back

sild, barrel-herrings,
; Lit.

whether

maoiseach,
see

maiszas, sack,
The
Gadelic

the

maoisleach,

doe,

Ch.

from

heifer

0.

H.

G.

meisa,

SI. mechu.

the

basket

The

ship,
relation-

Celtic

and

from

Lat.

Norse.

{maol, hornless);

maol-sech

wicker

meiss, box,

borrowing, between
Brittonic
might come

affinity or

and

table,

mensa,

of

is doubtful.

Teutonic,

Norse

herring,

mis.

maol, bald,
Lit.

Ir.

maol,

0.

Ir.

mailus, something

further
has

been

suggested

haired,

bald";
G.

in

give

mei,

root

maol,
maolchair, the
maol-sn^imheil,

but

mdl.

brow

of

mail, W.

mdd,

moel,

small, smallness,

lessen

Br.

Ch.

maol

SI.

The

"^mailo-s

small

m'eluku,

Ir. mug,

(see maoth).
servant,
basis
*mag(u)lo-, servile, short:
the
to
this, though suitable
W., would
Cf. Ir. mdl, prince, from
"^maglo-. Hence
the

as

hill

or

"

rock,

between

W.

moel,

conical

hill "?

eyebrows ; from maol.

lazy, careless, indifferent
(H.S.D.), maol-sne{imh),
maol-sniomh
(Rob.), a lazy one
:
officer
of justice or
of estates, Ir. maor,
an
an
officer,0. G.
maor,
mdir
steward
Lat.
(B. of Deer), W. maer,
major,
moer,
; from
whence
Eng. mayor.
maorach, shell-fish,Ir. maorach
{v long),lamprey,
; cf. Gr.
jxvpaiva
a-[jivpos,

maoth,
mar,

mitis, mild
Ir., M.
as,
Br.

the

eel.

soft, Ir. maoth,

the

E.

; further

Ir.

Ir,

moeth,

E.

mar,

Ir.,

ri, M.

0.

lessen

mei,

root

0.

imon

(now mu)
prepositions
is
explained by Ernault
mar,

mdr,
mar

space

Ir.
and
as

Ir.

mdith

far

ri

(D.

of

L.)

from

mar

; Lat.

(see mm).
immar,
air

quasi
W.

unaccented

big.
G.

"^moiti-s

and

ri.

mor,

Br.

*ambi-are,
as,

Corn.,

meur,

G.

\
THE

OF

marach,

big, ungainly

termination

marag",

pudding,

the

ach.

Norse

marasgal,

morr,

(Arg.);

woman

regulator, Ir., M.

neuter

Ir.

marascal, regulator,
marshal.
now
7)iarescal,

0. Fr.

M. Eng. and
; from
dead, Ir. 7narbh, 0. Ir.
M.

with

mor,

M. Ir. maroc,
hilla,E. Ir. mar, sausage ; from
dat. mdrvi, suet, blod'-morr,black
pudding.

marshal

marbh,

from

m^raisg.

Also

master,

243

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

7narb, W.
root
'^7narvo-s,

Br.

Cor.

raariv^

Br.

marow^

Tnarv
mr
mo7ior, die ;
maro,
; Lat.
;
Lit. mirti, die ; Gr. fxapaLvoj, destroy ; Skr. mar,
die.
horse,
marc, a horse, G. and Ir. marcach, a horseman, E. Ir. marc,
"^markd
Br.
Gaul.
W., Cor.,
(ace.): '^''7narho-s,
march,
jxapKa-v
',

0.

H.

Ag.
marg,

G.

merk

meriha, horse,

marah, mare,
7nearh, Eng. mare

S.

the

from

and

Norse

marr,

mare,

r}iarshal.
Sc.

Eng. 7nark,

merk,

Norse

mork,

g.

markar.

margadh,

market, so Ir.,M. Ir. margad, 7narcad, E. Ir. 7narggad

from
M. Eng. market, from
Lat. mercatus.
Ir.
W.
G. has
ma7l
The
m^rla, marl,
mdrla,
Eng. 7narl.
; from
the sense
marble
it confuses
this word
and
of
also,where
a

"

"

Eng.

marble

together.
Ir.

marble,

marmor,
marble

marrach,

is in the
enchanted

thicket

to catch

from

Lat.

marbul,

mar

kept one
(M'A.). Root

playing

marble.

which

cattle

mor.

spell-bound,labyrinth.
mar,

deceive, as

7ner,

in

milk,

cream,

and

their

products (Carm.).

marag.

marsadh, marching,
a

mart,

which

Ir. marsdil

Ir. mart,

cow,

Sc.

the

dialects

castle

marruin,

marrum,

mart,

G.

brath.

mear,

Cf.

7narmur

derives

killingtook

Mart, March,

Ir.

cow,

killed

cow

Jamieson

"^mao^d, from

place.

root

7nar,

; from
a

beef, E.

Eng.

Ir. 7nart,

from

the

Martinmas,

idea

of 7tiart

die, of marbh

is

beef

; hence

and

family (winter) use

for

The

the

time
cow

salted,

at

for

which

killing:

Mdrt, E. Ir. mairt, g. marta, W. Mawrth

; from
Lat. Martins, Eng. March.
martradh, maiming, laming, Ir. mairtrighim, murder, maim,
Lat.
martyrise, 0. Ir. martre, martyrdom ; from
martyr, a
whence
Eng
martyr,
the
buttock, Ir. 7iid.^,E. Ir. r^idss : "^mdsto- ; Gr. /xr/Sea,
maSj
genitals, /xao-ros, /^a^os,breast, cod, /xaSaw, lose hair ; Lat.
madeo, be wet ; root mad, mad.
mns.
mas, before, ere : see
m^san, delay, Ir. masaTi
(O'B.,etc.):
Sc. mask, Swed.
the
mix, infuse ; from
7ndske, to mash,
masg,
Fries, mask, draff,grains,Eng. mash.

244

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY

masgul, flattery:
masladh, disgrace, Ir. masla, madadh^
despite, shame, disgrace :
Ir.
TYiaih
maith.
form
in
This
is the commonest
math, good,
; see
Dialect
form,
G., the only Northern
math, forgive : see maith.
land
math
1
mathaich, manure
; from
mathair, mother, Ir. mdthair, 0. Ir. mdthir, W. modryb, dame,
"^mdter
mater
{x-jrijp^
aunt, 0 Br. niotrep, aunt
; Gr.
; Lat
Dor.
mdtdr.
Skr.
mother
fjLOLTrjp (a long) ; Norse, mod'ir, Eng.
;
E.
Ir. mathgaman^
mathg'hamhuin,
a
bear, Ir. mathghamhuin,
mathfrom
and
with
(?), cf. W.
gamhainn
math, bear
;
Gaul,
madaivg^
fox, and
names
Matu-genos,
possibly the
:

Matims,
meacan,

root,

meccun,

Ch.

Teuto-matus,
bulb,

SI. maku

meacan,

pJKwv,

Gr.

mecon,

etc.

Ir.

"^mekkon-,

any
; 0.

poppy
root

mek,

top-rooted plant,
G.

H.

mak

of

Ger.

mdgi,

0.

Ir.

mohn

'I

mac

meachaini], mercy,
an
meachair,
soft, tender,
abatement,
Ir. meach,
meachran, hospitable person,
hospitality:
wooden
meadar,
a
vessel, Ir. meadar, a hollowed-out
pail or
Ir. metur
Lat.
drinking vessel, churn, M.
metrun,
; from
measure,

meadar, verse,
meadhail, joy
meadh-bhlath,

metre,

meter.

metre

; for

see

meadhrach.

luke-warm

med, medh,

meadhon,
W.

the

as

middle

"

middle,

so

Br.

within,
the
medidnum,
; Gr.

above

see

mid-warm

;"

0.

word,

mid-, mid-,

Ir.

root

in next,

mewn,

Lat.

root, etc.,

Ir., 0.
y

Ir. medon,

irn-medon,

amidst

meton,

middle, Eng.

mean,

; cf. for

further

M.

W.

form
Lat.

ymeun,

and

root

mcdius,

Eng. middle
; etc.
meadhrach, glad, joyous, Ir. meadhair, mirth, meadhrach,
joyous,
^^medroE. Ir. medrach
Skr.
be
joyful, mdda,
7)iad,rejoice,
\
*?
But
ale
hilarity.
medu,
7naidd
E.
Ir. medg,
W.
m^ag", whey, Ir. meadhg,
{'^medjo).Cor.
Fr. megue
maith, 0. Br. meid, Gallo-Lat.
:
whey, whence
mesga,
marrow
(Thurneysen),
^mezgd, whey ; 0. Slav, mozgu,
succus,
which
0.
H.
adds
G.
to
marrow
Bruginann
(Eng.
marg,
/xecros ;

marrow), Lit. mazgoti, wash,

meaghal, barking, mewing, alarm

Lat.
;

see

merge,
mia.mhail.

mergo,

meal, possess,
enjoy, Ir. mealadh
(n.),M. Ir. melaim, I. enjoy :
in
Cf.
from
the
root
mealhhag.
mel, mat, soft, as
possiblj'^
0. Ir, meldach, pleasant, Eng. mild.
mealasg", flattery,fawning, great rejoicing; see miolasg.
whence
corn
mealbhag,
Eng.
malva, mallow,
; cf. Lat.
poppy
mallow
Gr.
Gr.
root
emollient,"
fxaXdxr},
mal, mel, soft,
;
/xaAaK09. soft, Lat. mulcere.
"

THE

OF

mealbhan,

mealg,
meall,

(Suth.), sand
^fealg

bent

sea

milt

fish ; for

of

dunes

with

knob,

meall, lump,
himp,
Gaul.
knuckle,
mell, joint, knot,
*mello-,

*melno-

from

meallan,

0.

Ir.

clach-mheallain,

bad

mel, mal,

Ir.

; Armen.

jxekeos,useless

mealldn

Ir.

E.

nialus

; Lat.

pleasant (l),Gr.

meld,

hail,

ynell,Br.

Ir.

deceive,

Ir. mellaif}!,

M.

lie ; Gr.

milyti, mistake, melas,

7neX, peccatum.
mela, grind.

E.

heap,

Mello-dunum

(Bez. with query) ; *mlso ; cf.

meail, deceive, entice, Ir. meallaim,
(Stokes), root
mell, error
: melso
Lit.

Melun
:
C?),now
iz-moleti, just out, protuberate
Gr. /xeAos,limb, part.

0. Slav,

(W. Ross)

bent

sealgl

hill, Ir.

245

lANGtJAGE.

GAELIC

a/xaAos, root
; from

(Fol., O'R.)

meall, lump
meambrana,
parchments,

Ir.

Lat, memibrana, skin, membrane,

Ir.
meomhair,
meamhair,
memory,
myfyr

from

Lat.

spirit,will, Ir.

meanmna,

meamna,
0.

Ir. menm.e,

mind,

think

think

; Lat.

memini,

monument
[ivrj[xa,

meanbh,

mean,

min

minute

mei.

mi,
Skr,

See

mandh,

meanachair,

E.

small,

Ir.

little,Lat.

small

diminish,

; Got.

also

alternate

an

Lit.

minor,
:

root

menhas,

(Dial.);

goats

or

Lat.

7ni7is,less

maimed.

mancus,

cattle, sheep

think,

jj^efiova,

particle : "^inino-,

small

lessen

gives

manye,

; etc.

Eng.

minus,

root

thought,

\ Gr.

menbach,

Stokes

(adj.),

menmenos,

g.

mind,
mens

mind

ixlvvOm,

; Gr.

mi-.
a

*menmes,

mdnman,

; Lat.

W.

mebmr,

(n.),meanmnack

meanma

mean,

Ir.

0,

memory.

remember,

Eng.

"^niinvo-, root
minutus,

Skr.

from

membrum,.

meamhair,

mens

g. menman,

men,

from

Eng.

memoria,

Ir. meynhrum

0,

meamrum,

root
men,

little.

meanbh-

for

chrodh.

m^anail,

Ir.

yawn,

mouth-spread," men,
min,
lip, edge, Cor.
Stokes
maga,

g^iile?

meang^,

engine
dealer

meang,
mean^an,

meann,

the

suggest
stomach,

Celtic

root

Cf.

Ir.

kid,

*7nendo-,
manzon,

magen,

E.

mangle),
Cf.

for

maethain,
Ir. meanndn,
"

kid,
ubera

hiatus

maw.

meng

mah

root

^mengd

juggle

[layyavevio,
N. mang,

yawn,

; cf. W.

Tnin,

Strachan

snout.

^mekno-,

Eng.
Ir.

men-scailim,

Ag.

S.

jjidyyavov,

Gr.
Lat.

and

mango,

traffic,monger.

meag.

twig,

mag,

meg,

miin,

"^maknd,

stem

imposes.

Ir.

menogud,
Br.

meen,

Ger.

whey ; Dial,
meanglan,
M.

mouth,

Ii*- m.eang,

(Eng.
who

E.

meanfach,

"

Ir.

beangdn

meangdn,

increase

',

see

under

'*'mengo-,
maighdean, mac.
:

sprouts.
meann,
"

W.

myn,

Cor.

min,

Br.

menn

suck
0.
H.
G.
suckling ; Alban.
ment,
;
perhaps Gr. /xafo?, breast
(Stokes, Strachan)

246

the
It may
be from
suits the W. best.

root

the

meannd, mint ; from

meantairig,venture
mear,

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

min^

a
(*minno-),

small

which

form

Eng.

; from

Eng. venturing. W.

mentra.

Eng. merry ^ Ag. S. merge,

(rootmrgli). The E. Ir. mer,

Ir.

of.

mear
;
merry,
0. H. G. murg,
murgi
0. Ir.
allied to tnearachd.

myrige,
mad,

is

meraigim, prurio. Lat. rneretrix.

mearachd, error,
mearaighim, I err, mearughadh, a mistaking,
Ir.
M.
merugud, wandering, root mer, mr ; Gr.
erring,
Got. marzian, cause
to
aixapravo), miss (seehrath)\ Eng. mar,
Cf. E. Ir. mer,
stumble.
mad, meracht, mad act, 0. Ir.
Loth
which
silly,
7neraige,a fool,0. Br. mergidkaam, I am
Ir.

joinsto Gr. [xapyo^, mad.

mearcach, rash ; from the root of mear.
meargadaich,
mearganta, brisk, lively,

Ir.
impatient(Suth),

be

mearganta, brisk ; from mear.

m^arsadh, marching ; see marsadh.

mearsuinn, vigour, strength;

cf.

marsainn, abiding,from

7nar,

remain.

fruit,Ir. meas, fruit,especially

acorns,
measog, acorn, E. Ir.
fruit,W. mes, acorns. Cor. mesen, glans,Br. mesenn,
mess,
: ^messu-, root, med, mad, eat
(seemanntach),and, for
acorn
of
forest
fruit
cf.
trees, Ag. S. maest, fruit
force, Eng. inast,
Ger.
of oak or beech,
mast.
judgment,
opinion,
respect,Ir. meas, 0. Ir. mess, ^messu-,
meas,
root 7ned ; Lat. yrieditari,
think,modus, method ; Gr. /xeSo/xat,
think of ; Got. initan,measure,
Eng. mete : further root me,

meas,

Eng. metre, meter,

lapdog,Ir. ineasdn,E.

measure,

measan,

measair, tub, measure

a

temperate, modest,

measarra,
"

measured

mensura

measg,

am

M.

see

Ir. mesan,

Ir.

probably borrowed
(Stokes). But it may be
7nesg

measa7^rdha,0.

among,

meschu

7niosar.

"

meaS2,

Br.

etc.

Ir. 7neasg,

root
^77ied-skG-,

from

the

from

meas,

7neasg,

Ir.

mesurda

Lat. mensuratus,

judgment,
W.

among,

7ned,7nedh, as

in

7nysg,

ym

meadhon,

middle.

measgach, mix, Ir. 7neasgaim,E. Ir. mescaim, W. mysgu :

*misk6, *7nig-sk6,
root, mig, mik ; Gr. /ztyvo/xt, /xio-yco; Lat.
7nisceo ; Eng. 7nix,Ger. 7nischen ; Lit. maiszyti: Skr. miksh.

measg,

measgan,

dish

to

hold

cf. E. Ir. mescan,

a
"?
from 7neasg, mix

butter,Ir. mwsgan
lump of butter, M.

see

miosgan.

Ir. mesgan,

massa

But
;

meat, meata, feeble,

soft,cowardly,Ir. meata, E. Ir. meta, cowardly:
*mettaios (St.)
W. has meth, failure.
*mit-tavo- ; see jneath.

OF

meath, fail, fade,

droop, soften,
short

meidh,

form

of

Ir.

Gr.

*medd,

further.

Skr.

makakas,

meckern

"^melo ; Lat.

Ir.

; Gr.

molo

Eng.

Ir.

the

0.

Ir.

meglira,

0.

meas

Ger.

Gr.

meckern,

mek,

mak,

an

bleat, meglll,bleating
W.

melim,

/xvAAcu ;

"

H.

G.

"^mekli.

"^megli-or

is for

Ir.

See

(Arg., M'A).

mek,

root

peck

meigiodaigh

bleater

"

centre

m.ete.

instalment

G.

medd^

modius,

Lat.

kid,

or

bleating

meilim,

fail,

mit,

root

W.

meid,

measure,

meigead.

see

meil, beil, grind,

*mit6,

she-goat,

py/ca?,

onomatopoetic syllable.
m^il, bleat, Ir. meidhlighim, M.
Ger.

mete

(6 modii)

meidhis,

bleat,

d.

med,

m^igean, hip-joints :
bleating of a goat

Ix-qKaofxai,

bleat

Ir.

med,

measure

Hence

meidhinnean,
the
meigead,

0.

root

meathaim,

(see niaoth).

moit

meit,

Ir.

dishearten,

meth, failure, decay

meadh^

a
/AeSt/xvo?,

247

LANGUAGE.

weak,

Ir.

of root

motion

GAELEC

become
E.

balance,

THE

Br.

malu,

malaff'.

grind, Eng.
Hence
meildreach, meiltir, a
meal, mill ; Lit. mdlti, molo.
of
sent
to grind, meiltear, miller.
corn
quantity
meilcheart, chilblain
(Arg.), Ir. miolchedrd
(Kerry), miolchartach,
in meilich.
root
miolcartdii, milchearta
(Tirconnell) ;
Ir.
stick
the quern
is turned, a quern,
meile, the thick
by which
meile, hand-mill
grinder ; from meil 1
Norse
meilearach, long sea-side grass ; from
mdr, bent.
become
benumbed
the
root
chill
with
be
meilich,
mel,
cold,
; from
malan,

"

"

crush, grind.

meil.

See

of peas,
etc. :
meiligea^, pea-pod, husk
meill, the cheek, Ir. meill ; G. meill, blubber-lip (M'L., M'E.),
meilleach, beilleach, blubber-lipped (meilleach, H.S.D.) ;
beilleach.

see

meilleag", beilleag, outer

mMn,
m^inn, ore, mine,
mwyn
aes

*mnni-,

0.

H.

m^in, meinn,
"

Ir,

bark

of

meinni-,

word.

A
Ger.

Eng.

compares

root

meinen

mem,
;

H.

G.

cf.

merja,

; Gr.

7na,rtus, hammer,
root

of

use

medi,

mind.

Tnyn,

the

to

appears

mean,

W.

SI.

mein, mind, disposition :

metaphoric

mind,

0.

going
fore-

exist

in

Thurneysen

mien.

soft, mellow,

maro,

crush

Ir.

substantial
m^ineil, flexible,sappy,
;
E.
meirbh, spiritless,
delicate, so Ir.,
0.

smi

W.

mianach,

(Schrader).

smith

M.

"

mettle

Ir.

E.

mei, smei,

root

sfnida, metal, Eng.

G.

mean,

mianach,

mein,

disposition,Ir. mem,
; seemingly

metal,

Eng.

rind

fxapatvo),

"crusher;"

ultimately {mer, mar).

mein,

from
Ir.

Ger.

meirb,

W.

milrbe, Ag.

"

ore

Trierw

S.

gritty" %
:

"^merviNorse

mearo^

destroy, fxdpvajxai,
fight ;
etc.

Hence

See

marbh

from

meirbh, digest.

the

Lat.
same

248

dictionary

etymologtcaIj

meirean

magh,

nam

(Con.) :
meirg, rnst,

Ir.

Tr. meirin

agrimony,
0.

meirg,

Ir.

"red, dark;" Eng. 7nuik, Ag.

Eng. dark). Ernault
dearg and
; and

it has

mergidhehan,

meirghe,

been

Ir,

banner,

merki,

root

mar,

banner, mark, Eng.

meirle, theft, meirleach, thief,
thief

merlech,
Stokes

; root

privative
n-fxepju),

Norse

(Zimmer).

mark
Ir.

the

; from

mergge

Ir.

E.

meirleach,

merle, theft,

(as in bradach) ; see mearachd.

this
is
likely
deprive ; but
a/xet/ooj,
and
root
a
7)ier
(fxepos,
share).
from
the Eng. merlin.

or

Ir.

die.

mra

mer,

G.

compares

fade,

vier,

E.

mergl : ^inergi-^
myrkr
(cf.G.

Gr.
less
sensecompares
fxapyos,
0. W.
mergid, debilitas, 0. Br.

to

meirge,

ynirce,Norse

S.

joined

evanesco,

Br.

meirg, meirc,

meirin

(O'E.,

magh

na

meirneal, a
;
meiteal, metal, Ir. miotal ; from the Eng. metal, Lat. metallum.
Ir. meith, meath, 0. Ir. meth, W.
m6ith, fat, sappy,
unwydo, soften
kind

of hawk

'''meito- ; the

grade

the

of

in "^moiti-

(in maoth,
[meath, meith, miaotK).

root

seen

q.v.),the root being mit, meit, 7noit

whey ; better than meag.
meog,
meoraich, meditate, remember, Ir. meamhruighim,
Lat.
from
rehearsing,
remembering ;
also spelt meomhair,
with
the
meamhair,

Ir.

M.

mebrugud,
See

memoria.

meomhairich

verb

meoraich.

meuchd, mixture
(Dial.): "^meik-tu,root 7neik,mik, as in measg.
Br. ment
meud, miad, size, Ir. meid, mead, W. maint. Cor. myns,
:
root
of the
form
"^mnti-,ment, "measure," a nasalised
me^,
Lat.

measure,

Norse

miar,

meur,

importance.

munr,

(^maganti-),great,

meg

finger,
"^makro-, root

stem

Lat.

or

to

0.

Ir. meur,

mak,

lean, made,

macer,

has

mann

only
queries its alliance
referred
the
root
to
Usually

Bez.

; etc.

measure

fierpov,

compared

(vb.), Gr.

metior

measured,

having

mensus,

that
Ir.

to

Gr.

suggests the
long,
/xaK/)d5,

Gr.

mighty,

great,

Zend,

jxoKpoiva

mag,

q.v.

Strachan

mer.

good luck,
it

minig,

of

with

great.
(Hes.), sharp
mac,

Brug-

(Lat.

mucro).
mhdin,

mhain,

divided

parallel

into
to
"

tantum,

mi, I,

Ir., 0.

me

; Gr.

mi-,

un-,

Ir.

prefix

and

Dor.
ut

/xe ;

W.

Eng.

minus,

mm.

rejects the

E.

form

root

It

Ir. amain.
:

a-mdin,

the

Cf.
Gr. //,ovos, alone.
fxQtvo'i,
sit magis" {na-n-md, Zeuss).

mis-, Ir., 0.

maoth,

amhdin,

Gr.

non

Ir. me,

less ; Lat.
and

only,

Cor.

mi,

; Skr.

me

Ir.

Stokes
Teutonic

me,

Br.

7ne

latter

0. Ir.

been

being

nammd,

"^me, "^me

; Lat.

md.

mi, mei, mi, lessen ; Gr. /xetW,

Eng. mis-, Got. inissa- (^mijyto-). See

mi-,

less ;

my,

has

root

makes

words.

mi-

comparative

like

/xetwi/,

OF

THE

miadar, miad,

miadan,

GAELIC

249

LANGUAGE.

mead

meadow,

; from

the

Eng. meadow.
miadh, respect, esteem, so
Ir., 0. Ir. miad, fastus, dignity, 0, Br.
0.
H.
G.
fastu
*meido-, fame
:
:
kameit, jactans,
muoet,
G.
0.
M.
H.
Sax.
stolidus,
gemeit, bold,
gemed, haughty (Bez.) ;
Cf.
allied
Lat.
to Eng. meed, Gr. fxia-Oo'^,
miles, soldier.
pay,
Gr.

fame, price.
mial, louse, animal, Ir. miol, animal, whale, louse,
Gr.
:
mz7, beast. Cor., Br, mil : *7nelo-n, animal
Tt/xry,

small.

Hence

Norse, smali, sheep, Eng.

W.
milgi. Cor. mylgy.

E.

Ir.

W.

mil,

jxyjXov,
sheep ;
mial-chu, greyhound,

G.

mialladh, bad fortune

(N. H.) :
mialta, pleasant (H.S.D.), 0. Ir. meld, melltach, pleasant; Eng.
G. fiaXOaKos, soft.
See malda.
mild
;
Ir.
tniainhaoil
miamhail,
mewing
mewl, from
(of cat),
; Eng.
miauler
0. Fr., Fr
: an
onomatopoetic word.
Ger.
miann, desire, Ir. mian, 0. Ir. miari : "^meino- ; Eng. mean,
meinen,
Br.

mias,
L.

mes,

dish,

(Otherwise

Ir. mias,

mil, honey,

Ir.

mil.

Voc.

in

W.

desire,

myn,

short

form

min

Vieux-Br., 145).

platter, E. Ir. mias ; from

Ag. S. mi/se, table, Got.

mess,

table,

whence

(Carm.) :
whey (Carm.)

white

mile,

myl, myll
are

Ir.

mile,

; Lat.

0.

')nile

borrowed

the Eng.
milea^, a
mileart, honey dew (N. H.) :
milidh, a champion, Ir. mileadh,
Lat.

the

mel.
g. mela, W.
Got.
mili]y ; Arm.
/xeAt,;

sweetness

words

melon

Cf.

from

Ir. mil,

; Gr.

mel

Cor.

Celtic

0.

mil,

mile, meirc, sweet,

milcean, solid warm
mile, a thousand,
The

may
Loth

(do.).
be

dish.

"^meli- ; Lat.

Br.

menja

dish,

mensa,

meni,

table,

Slov.

which

wish,

to

Tnein.

Lat.

; 0.

mean

menna,

beside
a

to

Cor.,

Br.

mil

meXr.

Ir.

mile,

(whence

thousand,

W.,

Eng. mile), mille.

doubtless.

; from

(O'B.),E.

milidh

Ir. milid

; from

miles, militis, soldier.

milis, sweet, Ir., 0. Ir. milis, W. melys : '^m.elissi-; from mil.

*mel-7ii-,root
:
mele, fail,miss ;
mill, destroy, Ir., 0. Ir. millim
Lit.
dfijSXicrKio,
mUyti, fail ; Gr. /xeAeog, useless, wretched,
The
of
root
miscarriage.
cause
Eng. 7nelt (*meld, Gr.
has
been
is
afxaX^vviii,
destroy)
suggested, the mel of which
the

same

as

It may

above.

millteaeh,

mountain

min, meal,

Ir. min,

grass,
g.

mine,

good
0.

be

grass

Ir.

mel, crush, mill,

root

men

Norse

;
:

melr,
"^mind, root

bent

grass.
lessen.

min,

allied to (1) Lit.

derivations; either
suggests two
Gr.
Slav.
Ch.
tread
from
m"ti, crush,
mlnti, tread,
on,
/xarew,
from
root
tread, or
grind,
(2) ^mecsn, root meq, menq,
men,
Strachan

30

250

ETYMOLOGICAL

Ch.

Slav,

DICTIONARY

Gr.

m^-ka, meal,

knead.

jaao-o-w,

But

would

mexn-

G.

min,

menn.
give
soft, delicate, Jr.,E.

gracilis,Br.

fine

moan,

minich, explain.
the

"

; Lat.

Stokes

above

one

W.

gentle, Cor.

mwyn,

*mino-, meino-,

lessen
less, jMivvOd),

/xetwv,

min

Ir. min,

has

lessen

mez,

minora less, minister.

apparently

*meno-,

and

root

muin,

allied

Hence

derivations

two

Gr.

to

; Gr.

/xavo?

for

(a long),

thin,

minidh,

awl,

an

Ir.

M.

minaoued,

E.

meanadh,

Br.

menauet

'*'menekki-s

; Got.

; Gr.

*cionn

and
0.

W.

menad,

*minaveto-

cTjjLLXr]
(t long), chisel.
minicionn, kid's skin ; from meann
minig^, minic, often, Ir. minic,
menough

Ir

Ir.

cr/xLvur],

mattock,

(seehoicionn).
W.

mynych,

Cor.

Ger.

manch,

Eng.

menicc,
many,

manags,

Br.

mynawyd,

many.

minis, degree, portion (M'A.), root of mion.

Lat.
minister, servant,
ministear, a minister, Ir. ministir ; from
whence
Eng. minister.
mi-hhctidh.
miobhadh, ill-usage,as by weather
; from
mi
modhail.
miobhail, unmannerly
+
(Arg.) ;
Ir.
miodal
miodal, flattery,
:
miodhoir, a churl, niggard one
miughair.
; see
miog, miog
(H.S.D.), a smile, sly look, Ir. miog : "^smincu-, root
smi, smile, Eng. smile, Gr. /xctSaw,Skr. smayate, laughs.
of a
miolaran, low barking or whining
fawning
dog : see next
word,

miolasg^, flattery,fawning
?

smi, smile

mion,

small,
meanbh,

See

dog),

keen

desire

root

Lat.

min,

minor,

Also

etc.

"

minn,
insignia, 0. W.
neck
menni,
ornament,
Ag.

diadem,

0.

H.

G.

monile.

with
a

muineal

See

"^mindi-, but

miontan,

root

mean,

q.v.

monoch.
mionach, bowels, so Ir.,E. Ir. menach
; cf. W.
mionaid, a minute, Ir. minuit
(dat.); from the Eng.
mionn, an oath, Ir. mionn, g. mionna, E. Ir. mind, oath,
the
the mind
was
swearing reliques" of a saint, 0.

m^inn

the

; from

miog.

Ir. ;

so

(as

mundus,

titmouse,

mirabile, Eng.

^menni-

neck

mind,
;

chain,

cf.
Lat.

world,

mion, small, *minu-,

; from

mm.
minor, etc., as under
Ir.
miorbhuil,
miorbhuil, a miracle,

Ir.

stem
as
gives the
(Rev. Celt.^)equates

Windisch

ornament,

Ir. miontdn

S. mene,

Stokes

further.

etymology.

no

Lat.

sertum

diadem

E.

Ir.

mirbail

; from

Lat.

Lat.

marvel.

miortal, myrtal, Ir. miortal

myrtwydd, myrtle trees.

(Fol.);

from

the

English.

W.

has

OF

mios,

month,

Cor.

mis,

mios,

Br.

Skr.

lir]v

Ir.

H.

G.

mis,

miz

"

mios,

Ir.

missa-, mis-, Eng. mis-,

from

(as of

W.

mensis

mis.
Gr.

Ir.

it

mesur

Got.,

monthly ;" from

supposed to possess"
"

was

miosur,

E.

the

; from

*7niss6s

mi-.

See

miosach

virtue

meal),

modus,

Ir. mesar,

W.

mis,

g.

; Lat.

jnessa

miss.

flax, Ir.

medicinal

(Cameron).
miosar, a measure
0.

0.

measa,

miosach, fairy flax, purging

mi,

month.

Eng.

Ir.

worse,

Ir.

g. ^mensos

*mens,

; further

0.

miosa,

g.

251

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

mios,

mi,

mas

miosa,

0.

THE

Ir.

phiala,
Eng.

messar,

Lat.

mensura,

measure.

mias, a dish.
kit, Ir. miosgdn ; from
miosgan, butter
miosguinn, envy, malice, Ir. mioscuis
{mioscuis.Con.), E. Ir. misceri,
Gr.
Ir. miscuis
miser,
( mltsos) ; Lat.
hate, 0.
;
/xicro?
mi.
wretched
root
mit,
( mit-s-ro-s)
;
Ir.
miotag, a mitten,
miotog, mitin, mittens
Eng. mitten,
; from
=

0.

mir,

Fr.

mitaine.

bit, piece, Ir., 0.

flesh ; Skr.
mdmsd,

Ir.

Allied

mirenn

mimz
also

Lit.

(do.) ;

is Lat.

of

'^mesren-, piece

flesh

mesa,

membruTn,

member

fucus

vesiculosus

flesh.

memso-m,

mircean, kind
(Lewis).
mire, pastime,

; Got.

flesh

(Stokes, Thur., Brug.).

1. E.

m^ir, pi.

of sea-weed

Ir.

; cf. N.

mdru-kjami,

mire, sport, madness,

M.

Ir.

mire,

madness

see

mear.

Lat.
myrrha,
mirr, myrrh, Ir. miorr, E. Ir. mirr, W. 7n^r ; from
myrrh.
Eng.
mis, miseach, maoilseach, goat, doe (Carm.) =maoisleach.
for, Ir. misde, meisde, M. Ir. meste, E. Ir. 7nesaimisd, the worse
die

messa-de,

of

"worse

;"

mios

from

and

de,

of,

meisge, misge, E. Ir. mesce, 0. Ir. mescc,

drunk
*mesko-, *meskjd, from
"^med-sko-, also E. Ir. mid, g.
:
TYieda,mead, W. medd, hydromel, 0. Cor. med, sicera, Br. mez,
Slav.
hydromel : "^medu- ; Gr. fxedv, wine ; Eng. mead
; Ch.
Skr.
wine
mddhu,
drink, honey.
medu, honey,
sweet, sweet
;
Ir.
misimin
misimean-dearg,
dearg :
bog-mint,
meadow
sweet
mislean, a mountain
(Cameron) ; for
grass,
grass

misg,

Ir.

drunkenness,

milsean,
sea-weed

misneach,

mi-,

milis,

misleach,

misneachd,

*med-s-,

mistear,
mith, an

from

root

med

cunning,

obscure
'iiiiosa.

or

sweet

Ir.
"

meas

designing
humble

Ir.

milsean

mara,

sort

of

(Hend.).

sweetness

courage,
of

cf.

meisneach,

M.

Ir.

mesnech

root

mi,

mei

think, hope."

person
person

; from
; from

misd.
the

as

in

252

DICTIONARY.

ETYMOLOGICAL

mithear, weak,
mithich, proper

Ir.

crazy,

weak

mithfir,

time, tempestivus,
"^meti-,Lat. mdturus,
:

mith.

see

Ir.

0.

mithid,

mithich,

Ir.

tempestivus
Eng.
mithlean, sport, playfulness :
2^,n"jia ov fiii-mhorl cf. miodhoir.
miug'hair, niggardly ; ivoiwmi
*bnd"
bean.
wives, Ir., E. Ir. mnd, wivey
mnathan,
:
; see
Ir.
0,
W.
M.
W.
/^,
(from myn), Corn., Br.
mo, my,
wio,
wm,
my
the analogy
ma
on
(which aspirates) : '^mou, "^movo : formed
the pronominal
of do^ du, from
root
or
me
(see mi). W. myn
vianie
is allied
Zend
Lith.
to
(for ine-ne),Ch.
7)iy nmana^
Slav.

mo,

mene.

Ir.

greater,
W.

O.

mature.

mui,

(Eng.
more

root

of

ma

Ir.

indo, 7nda,

moa,

Br.

mui

mais,

more

may,

; Got.

major)
:

0.

mo,

Corn,

mor

*mdj6s

moo,

major,

(adv.), maiza,

Eng.

makskii,

M.

mochthrath,

Ir.

0.

Ir.

*7rioqsu;

soon

mocheirigh,

Hence

; also

also

Gr.

early rising,
0.

Ir. 7iioch-

matutinus

tratae,

yield (Oss. Ballads)

move,

W.

Skr.

moshu,

ixdif/,
idly,rashly. See mus.
mochthrath,
early morning,
mochd,

greater

q.v.

; Zend,

soon

mox,

inwy^

greater,

mobainn, maltreating, handling roughly ; see Qnoibean.

"^moqmoch, early, Ir. moch, early, O. Ir. moch, mane
:
Corn,
W.
vioch, early, ready,
meugh
Tiios, soon,
Lat,

W.

mo,

; Lat.

mivytho,

soften,

cf. M.

Norse

meek,

Eng.

pamper,

mocht, gentle, weak,

Ir.

unjukr, soft,

meek.

mod,

trial,meeting

court,

meeting,

modh,

Ir.

manner,

Hence

of

court

modh,

; from

law, Ag.

respect,

S. mot,

E.

Ir. mod

Eng. unoot,
from

modd\
cf.

meeting,

mot,

gemot,

Ir. i\wd, W.

0.

modh,

Norse

the

Eng.

meet.

Lat.

modus.

for

manners

musical

town-

sense.

modhan,
a
bagpipe or
also
moghun)
:
(H.S.D.,
modhar, soft, gentle (modhar, M'A.) ; from modh.
foot
or
vidg, smog.
clumsy hand
mog,
; see
mogach, shaggy, hairy :
footless
the Sc. moggan,
a
stocking ; from
mogan,
moggans.
from
oats
spirits
(Uist) :
mogan,
of a net,
mogul, a husk, mesh
(of a net), Ir. mogal, cluster, mesh
husk, apple of the eye, E. Ir. mocoll (do.),0. Ir. mocot, subtel :
the

'^mozgu-,
O.

H.

calf.

sound

I. E.

knot,

mozgko,

mesh

Ger.

masche, Eng.

macula,

is

G., mascd,
Lat.

other

of

of
mugairle, bunch
bulky, clumsy :
mogur,
moibean, moibeal, a mop,

nuts

mesh,

Lit.

mdzgas,

mesh

; Gr.

instrument

knot,

mesh

/xocrxos, sprout,
Dialect
G.

allied.

not

(Glenmoriston).

broom,

Ir.

muipal

from

Eng.

7nop,

OiP

moibleadh,

THE

253

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

gnawing,

half-chewing

Ir.

M.

Ir. moit,

0.

Br.

"

making

;"

of

mop

from

above.

moid,

vow,

W.

gofuno,

to

and

Stokes

Lat.

manus).

moid,

the

moid,
vow,

But

greater,

moide,

hand

Stokes

says
Ir. moti

more,

Bugge
S.

(cf. Ag.

mund,

votuin.

now

M.

*monti-,

polliceri,which

mmi,

hoid.

see

Ir.

W.

(Corm.)

Ir. moit

guomonian,

with

connect

E.

*mb

de.

Cf.

misd.

moighre, robust, handsome

:
molach
hair ; see
moil, mattbd
moilean, a fat, plump child, a
To

Lat.

this

moine,

moin,
W.

moles

peat,

Strachan

mokru,

wet.

"^mdkni-,

as

before

root

moire,
0.

moire,

Ir.

moirear,

makone,

mokni-.

lord,

0.

heap.

has

also

agrees,

if W.

Ch.

Slav.

giving

Celtic

mak,

moh,

root

doubtful

k would

disappear
a
bog.
vanity, boasting ; from

form

migen, mign,

certainly, hercle,

immuj-gu,

puddle

It is

mind

mien,

moil, molan,

; Stokes

(cf.deur).
delicacy (M'A.), moinig,

man,
a

^inokni-,

from

W.

false

moineis,

it

Lit.

Ir.

Ir. 7110171, g. mona,

E. Ir. moin, pi. mointe,
"^nidn- ; Lat.
:
rtidno, flow, Eng. emanate.

turf

takes

be

may

moss,

peat,

mawn,

{"^ml-).
lump ; cf.
compared.

Ir.

iomorro,

indeed, however,

autem.

G.

(Book of Deer), M. G.
(Muireach
Albanach),

mormar

morbhaii'

Ir.
mormhaer
(M'V.), M.
imunnor
and
inioT
(M'Firbis) ; from
great steward."
maor,
moirneas, great cascade, streams
(Oss. Ballads) ; from mbr and eas ?
Ir.
moit, pride, sulkiness,
moiteamhuil,
sulky, nice, pettish (Con.,
O'R., M'F.) ; cf. E. Ir. mochtae, magnified, *mog-tio-s, root
"

mol,

praise, advise,
Tiiawl,laus,
be

met,
milns,

love,

mol, mal,

Br.

very

Ir.

Ir.

meuli

many,

boasting, praise.

moidem,
0

molaim,

Ir.

molid,

'^molo, "^mdto,

/xaAa,

; Gr

strong

Windisch

0.

great.

7nag,

mog,

Ch.

"

; Lat.

very

Slav,

laudat,

magnify
meiior,
eminere

iz-moleti,

compared it to Ch. SI. moliti,

friend, /xeiAixo?,gentle.
/"teAe,
has

Gr.

ask.

;"

W.

moli,

root

mol,

better

; Lit.

(Stokes).
Lit.

myleti,

Norse
mol, g. malar, pebbles,
shingly beach
; from
the
beach
me/, grind.
pebbles on
; root
Ir.
molach, hairy, rough,
mothlach, rough, bushy (O'K.),muthaiach,
If the
Irish
form
is right, it cannot
be allied
shaggy (Fob).
I. E. m/o-s, wool, Gr. /zaAAos, wool, tuft. Lit. millas, woollen
to
bed

of

stuft',

moll, chaff,
7Rulda,
Borrowed

Ir.

moll

dust,
from

0.

(O'R.),W.
H.
Welsh

G.

mwl

molt,
1

"^viuldo-

dust,

mould

Eng.

;
;

root

mould.
mel,

Got.

grind.

254

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

mollachd,
m611tair,
molltair,

; the

cnrse

mould

; from

miller's

monadh,

0.

Br.

share

mountain

root

Northern

W.

meal

or

(Lq-^'i^) multure
Cor.

mons,
:

eminent.
"

menit, menethj
^monijo-, ^menijo-^

Cf.

Welsh

middle

Inscription

of St
name
mountain-king
Monedorigi,
Andrews
Rig-monatk (Chronicles). The Ir. monadh
appears
The
G. word
have
only in Lh. ; O'Br. gives monadh.
may
borrowed
been
from
the
Picts
along with the place-names in
which
it appears
it
is
in
rare
:
Argyle topography,
heed
:
monaid,
monais, slowness, negligence ; root men, stay, Gr. /xeyw.
"

; also

mountain

menez,

q.v.

mould.

mynydd,

Eng

eminere,

men,

grain

mallachd,

of

Eng. moulter,
of the

range,
M. Br.

-mo7iid,

form

G.

"

monar,

dimunitive

chaff, dross

monasg",

thing, monaran,

or

person
; from

the

of the

root

mote

see

munar.

above.

noise, Ir. monmhar,

mona;^har, a murmuring
monbhar,
"^mon-mur
cf.
murmuring,
roaring :
monghair, monghar,
;

monmhur,
Lat.

murmur.

Ir. mbr,

great,

mor,

Br.

Gaul,

meur,

in

jjnopos,

0.

-mdro-s

W.

mdi\
;

Gr.

0.

great,

-jjnopos,

great ; Got.
mdri, famed, -mar

G.

H.

mdrchen,

Norse

tale,

0.

maior,

spear-throw

proclaim,
Ger.

Ir. mor^

maur,

(iyx^o-c-

famed

merian

famed,

-mers,

Germanic

in
famous

mcierr,

etc.); Lat.

Cor.

W.,

names

Slav,

shorter

-meru

of
(Vladimir,
Eng.
merus,
in mo,
the stem
i^mdro-) appears
greater (md-),q.v.
M.
land
liable
Ir.
to
sea
morbhach,
flooding, Ir. murbhach,
muir
and
Hence
the
locative
from
magh.
murmhagh
;
G. name
Ir. muirbheach,
of Lovat.
A' Mhor'oich, the
Aran
sandy soil by the seaside.
morghath, a fishing spear ;
sea-spear,"from muir and gath % M.
Ir. murgai
(B. of Lis.).
mere.

form

"

mornan,

small

murder,

mort,

of mors,

mort-

mortar,
mosach,

mortar,

awoke,

M.

mort,

mortis,

Ir. morndn

Ir.

martad,

slaughtering

; from

Lat.

death.

Ir. mortaoil

nasty, dirty

mosgail, waken,
he

dish,

timber
Ir.

the

; from

Eng.

musach.

see

musguilim, musglaim, M. Ir. romuscail,

of
^imm-od-sc-al, root
musclait, they wake
sec
:
Ir.

arouse,

diiisg.
mosradh,

coarse

suffix

mothaich,
0.

Ir.

Lettic
seek.

radh.

dalliance, mosraiche,
See

perceive,

musach
Ir.

for

smuttiness

; from

mos

with

root.

mothuighim,

M.

Ir.

mothaigim,

perceive,

mot, met. Lit. matyti, see,

stupeat C?); root
matit, perceive, Ch. Slav, motriti, spectare, Gr. /xarevw,

mothaiqid,

OF

mothan,
mdthar,

violet

bog
loud

THE

mu,

of

the

mothar,

sea,

noise

from

as

cave

about,
Gaul,

muc,

255

LANGUAGE.

noise, swelling

(M'A.) :
mothar, a park, clamp
with
a
place studded
a

GAELIC

Ir. um,
ambi

pig,

mucus,

enclosure,

mothar,

W.

nose,

Cor.,

am,

em

am-,

a/x^t ; Ag. S. ymb.

pigs, Br. moc^h, pigs

mucus

; Skr.

nose

ju-^'^a,
phlegm,

; Gr.

ixvKryjp,

Br.

Gr.

moch,

muccus,

the

wipe

aTrofjiva-a-o),

bushes

Ir. mucc,

0.

; Lat.

Ir.

(Arm.), M.

trees

im, 0. Ir. imh, imm-, W.

"^amhi, "^mbi ; Lat. arnbi- ;

Ir. muc,

*7nuhku-

of

muncdti,

let

loose.

muca^,

hip

hep,

or

above.

muc

Cf.

much,

smother,
smoke, W.

press

Gr.

of

down,

be

dog-rose, M.

the

jjiVKrjs,

smoke,

mwg,

miga^

fruit

from

mushroom,

Ir., 0.
Cor.

Ir. milchaim,

mok,

Ir.

the

also

Ir.

smoulder

much,

smoke

cation,
mik, suffo*mitko-, root

(smugh, smaugh), Eng. smoke, Gr.

smug
(v long). Stokes
suggests old borrowing
Hence
muchan, a vent or chimney, Ir. muchdn

smuk,

root.

same

E.

stifle,Br.

megi,

suffocated, moguet,

; from

mucora

o-[xvxw,

from

the

Ag. S.
(O'B.).
for
mtldan, a covering, covering
a
:
gun
mugha, destruction, decay, Ir. mugha, a perishing,straying, M. Ir.
miigud, slaying, mogaim, I slay :
mu^harn,
ankle, joint, Br. migorn,
ankle, so Ir. ; cf. W. migwrn,
Stokes
to Lat.
cartilage,which
point.
mucro,
compares
E.
Ir.
muidhe, a churn,
muide, a vessel, buide, a churn, W. buddai,
churn.
buide
and
buddai
Stokes
to Gr.
ttlOos,jar,
compares
Lat.

fldelia,pot,

muidhe

has

been

which

is

related

compared

to

The
form
Eng. body.
modius, a peck, Fr. muid,

to

Lat.

hogshead.
the Sc. mutch, Ger.
miltze.
muidse, a mutch
; from
Ir.
muig, mu^,
cloudiness, gloom, surliness,
miiig : "^mwiki-, root
1
muk, smoke, as in miich 1 Or *muggi-, allied to Eng. muggy
muigh, a muigh, outside ; see mach.
muilceann, fell-wort, Ir. m^uilcheann
:
from
beloved
'^'molico-,
mol, praise '?
muileach, dear,
:
muileag, a cranberry :
muileann, a mill, so Ir., 0. Ir. mulenn, muilend, W., Corn., Br.
melin
Lat.
a
molina,
mill, molo, grind (see rneil).
; from
G. muillear, miller, E. Ir. ynuilledir,is for *7n,uilnedir.
muileid,

muillean,
muillean,
see

mule,

coined

(of hay
mul, heap.

truss

; from

million,
from

Ir.

mille, a

or

straw)

milliun;
thousand.

mulus.

Lat.

husk, particle of chaff;

under

muillion,

Ir. muille

from
:

moll.

cf. Sc.

from

the

mullio

L.

(Orkney),
Lat.

and

millionem,

256

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

small

muilteag,

muime,

step-mother,

certain

; Lit.

damp
Lat.

muin,
muin,

suck

jnud,

root

berry (Dial. H.S.D.).

Ir.

nurse,

Lat.

muime, a
*mu"i-s-7iijd,nurse,

mulier,
bath.

mdudyti,

back, Ir. muin,

*if)%oni-,neck ; Skr.
0.

G.

H.

Ch.

memii,
monisto,

also

also

Skr.
E.

mutt

Ir.

muineal,

urine

a,

ball

moth,
the

Ag.

See

Dan.

is

Lat.

E.

Ir.

Ir.

from

Norse

Norse

muiniur,

Ir., E. Ir. muinigin

so

muir,

Br.
Ger.

Ir.

sea,
mo?;
meer

Gaul.
; Ch.

munilik,

0. Sax.

love,

munr,

moe,

q.v.
and

; Swed.

Gr.

"^mori-gen-.

lovable

root

mundus.
root

and

muinighin,

see

from

muir,
7noriSlav,

the

0.
:

Ir. muinter,

cf.

to

muir,
"^mori-, sea

gen.

by
mora,

; Lat.

charge,

as

monastery

monasteries

Ir.

muntar.

Gilterbock

and

monasterium,

Lat.

applied

0.

mare

Irish

an

; the

writers,

W.

mor,

Eng.

Cor.,
7nere^

morje.

number,
leprosy ; from rniir, a countless
a
muirgheadh,
fishing spear ; see morghath.
muirichinn, children, family, Ir. muiridhin,
"^mori-, care,

*moni-

; from

etc.).

muire,

memory;

I think,

is often

familia

the

Br.

back,

muin,

TYidlme

Ger.

people, Ir. mninntir,

regarded
by Stokes, Zimmer,

early borrowing
word

mvmwgl

(m.), M.

myng
of

mon

muinntir, household,
is

W.

Gaelic.

to

(Lat. mens,
Eng. mind,
muinne, stomach
(Arg.). Cf. mionach.
beauteous
muinnte, munnda,
; cf. Lat.
mtiinnteachd, disposition (Dial.); for

This

penis,

mutto,

q.v.

W.

think

Ir.

muto,

(Arg.),a sleeve, Ir. muinichille, muinchille,

Lat.
from
manicula, manica, long sleeve,

confidence, trust,

love, desire,

0.

befoul

mu,

hand.

manus,

men,

Gaulish

mon,

especially close

munchille

muinighin,

meu,

muinel,

of ynuin, back,

mane,

muinichill, muilichinn
E.

mene,

root

mun,

also

muineul,

"^moni-

Eng.

manke

neck-chain

muineal, muing.

muineasach, depressed (Glenmoriston)

Ir. muing, O. Ir. mong,
muing, a name,
Br.
moue
^mongd, "^mongo-, root
:
is

necklace

7nonile,

S.

neck

inwn,

or

possibly

Ir

; from

Further

W.

ferda.

neck,

*7nonikLo-

Lat.

torque.
urine, E. Ir.

"suckler,"

back, neck,

ornaments,

Ir. mun,

Ir.

been

munim

neck

necklace.
collar

aavio.Krj's,

muin, micturate,

Ir. muin,

mdnyd,

neck

Slav,

had

E.

E.

nurse,

[xv^m,suck, /xvSos,
paralleled to
sister,stepmother.

has

inuhme, mother's
teach, instruct, Ir. muinim, 0. Ir.
the

muileag.

; Gr.

woman

It

Ger.

mainma,

See

bnime^

stepmother:

nurse,

TRumme,

red

root

mer,

ixkpifxva,
care;

smer,

Skr.

q.v.

charge,

remember;
smarati,

Lat.

family
memoria,

think,

mind,

OF

joy, affection, Ir. muirn, muirnin, darling (Eng.

"^morni-, root
:
darling), M. Ir. muirn, muirn

muirn,
my

8mer,

threat, muiseag

mean,

sordid

mutsje,

conical

"^mulu-

Cf.

mor,

mer,

Norse

the

root,

Eng.
the

; from

of

mutdikin,

Sc.

bottle.

Ir. mul,

E.

moil,

jutting
heap

Ir.

mul-,

"mull,"

crag,
of dried

little

mulon,

conical

the

for

(O'B.) :
; from

muli,

of musach.

muB,

musach

see

pint,
eighth part

an

Fr.

; from

mutchkin

heap, mound,

; cf.

snout.

fellow

muisiall

English

an

(Arm,)

Ir. muisean

primrose,
muzzle, Ir.

mavourneen,

above.

Dutch
a

muiricliinn

in

as

muiseag',
muisean,
muisean,
muiseal,
muisginn,
mul,

257

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

eminence
Ger.

maul,

mul-conain,

grass,

suppurating
mul, axle, Ir mul, mol, E. Ir. mol, shaft ; cf. Gr. jxeXcrj,
ash, spear.
mulachag,
cheese, Ir., M. Ir. mulchdn
a
:
sadness
1
mutter
mulad,
; root
7nu,
dwarf
Ir.
mulart,
elder,
mulabhdrd,
malahhiir, mulart
(O'B.):
mule, push, butt ; cf. Lat. m/alceo, mulco, stroke, beat.
mule, a shapeless lump, lump ; mulean, a pustule ; cf. meall :
the
mullach,
*inuldako-, "^''muldo-,
:
top, Ir., 0. Ir. mullach
top,
head

sore.

x4g. S. molda,

of

crown

head

the

Skr.

7nurdhdn,

top,

head,

mult,

wedder,

maout,
"

mutilate

triturate.

munar,

Russ.

;"

Lat.

multo,

trifle, a

unless,

Ir.

trifling person,

unless),

; from

cut

0.

up,

Fr.

whence

Br.

vervex,

crush, grind,
G.

H.

muljan,

mouton,

sheep,

countless
fjLvpLos

ni,

influence

; from

"if

of gur

has

and

E.

mona,

not."

The

loch.

amur

Ir.

Ir., 0.

G.

verbal

of the

becoming mur-robh.
palace, Ir., E. Ir. mur,

and

mien

Monaghan

moni,

mun,
not

or

person

for

is

particle

W.

mur

Lat.

; from

wall,

(as of insects),E.

number

compares

TrXrjfivpLs
(v short
countless

gen. munlocha
Ir. mur
;

Ir.

{v long), countless,

Stokes

diminutive

monar,

mun-robh

wall, bulwark,

murus,

mur,

the

to

M.

if,and

7na,

possibly due
ro(in robh)
a

(Donegal

muna

7Runa,

mani

mur,

mols,

mutton.

acht

Cor.

met, mol,

"^molto-,root

thing :
munganachd,
bullying :
munloeh, a puddle, Ir. munloch,
mur,

mollt,

moliti, cut,
M.

Hence

W.

molt,

sheep (mas.)

Eng.

Ir.

Ir., 0.

thousand

abundance
Skr.

bhuri,

Gr.

many.

7r\y]jjLjxvpa
[v long),
-jjivpa
flood.
Mur, leprosy
long), flood tide,

rather
or

ten

Ir. mur,

Gr.

of

number,
31

258

ETYMOLOGICAL

Ir.

sea-bent,

muran,

Norse

has

murcach,
Norse

bent

muraineach,

; from

grass

the

muir,

sea.

goose-grass.

mura^

Ir.

sorrowful,

anxiety,

DICTIONARY

Tnorc^hed,

now

could

myrkr

murcach

murcach,
Cor.

moreth,

be

only

; cf.

allied

M.

Br.

Tnorchet^

Eng. murhy,
Cf. Lat.
borrowing.

chagrin.

by

droop.

marceo,

murla, a coat of mail :

murlach, the king-fisher :
kind
a
murlag, murluinn,

of

(M'A.), Ir. muirleog^ a rod

(Donegal). Cf. Sc. murlain,
round

murlach,

basket,
basket

fishing

sand

for

and

eels

narrow-mouthed

basket
wilks

basket

of

form.

murlan, rough head of hair :

murrach, able, rich, murrtha^ successful, M. Ir. tnuire, muiredach^
famous
S. maere,
lord, Murdoch
clarus, Norse
; Ag.
maerr,
mdr.
root
(Stokes), same
as
mort.
murt, murder
; see
murtachd, sultry heat, wearinesss
produced by heat :
before,

mus,

particle ; it is
musach, nasty, Ir.
Br.

be

mud,

Ir.

; Gr.

wet

or

decay
G.

muin,

inusgaid, L.

[ivcros

; Lit.

verbal

Lat.

mox.

effluvia, stinking,
*musso-, *mud-so-,

defilement,
ixvS-a-os),

dirty

mudas,

Eng. mud,

M.

as

"^moqsu,

from

(O'R., Sh.),W. mws,

crepitus ventris
mouz,

foul

musket,

used

mox,

mosach

(mu), soil,befoul,

mu

soon,

mos,

moch, being

to

lxv8o"s,
clamminess,
musg",

Ir.

allied

muck,

mous,

root

0.

; cf.

ere

sea-grass

root

etc.

Ir. muscaed

(F. M.)

from

the

root

m?2,

Eng.
rheum

musg,

about

befoul,

be

in

moss

muscus,

This
in

wet,

dry-rot

musgan,

Eng.

; also

in

gives

also

words

are

the

wood,
not

of

eyes,

gore

discussed

as

is

pith

mtisgan,

musgan,

word

M'E.

the

under

H.S.D.,

common

part

porous

meanings
evidently the same.
fish

but

Lit.

it is

muin.
mouldiness

mould.
(pi.),

musai

implied

in Arm.

of

(H.S.D.).

bone

attached

to

Gr.

mdtan,

; Lat.

and

is

musgan

Armstrong
above

; the

Ir. muisiun,
codlata, hazy
miisuinn, confusion, tumult,
^
From
motion
preceding sleep.
Eng.
mutach,
short, E. Ir. mut,
everything short : ^mutto-, root
dock

; Lat.

use.

the

horse

mustiness,
;

the

; from

eyes

musach,

Ir. musgan,
mushroom
moss,

in

wood,

of the

mutilus,

maimed

state

mut,

(Eng. mutilate), muticus, docked;

jxLTvXos,hornless.
mutan,

miota^, with

muft; fingerlessglove,
a

leaning

on

mutach,

also

mutag

short.

(Arms.)

Thurneysen

; from

takes

OF

it from

mutach

without

^69

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

reference

Ir. has

miotag.

to

muth6g

(Con.).
muth,

W.

M.

change,

; from

mudaw

Lat.

muto^

change.

N
in

n-, from,
na,

not,

is

Ir.

ablaut

an

na

Lat.

dv-, Lat.

Gr.

n-,

na,

Ir.

vel,

or,

allies

it

but,

q.v.

na,

form

mood

the

of

Lat.

ne,

neg.

Gr.

we,

W.

; the

ov

ov/c,

It

Ir. no,
Gr.

nod,

nuo,

1890,

Ir. nd,

Gr.

Ir., 0.

can

W.

neu

solely.
prefix in

vi]- ; shorter

is nac,

51,

hardly

be

he

'^nev

Skr.

vevco,

Beit.^^

Bez.

Strachan

na, than,

of I. E.

as

E.

Lat.

Eng. noiv).

imperative

5.

I.E.
is
with

nag,

na.

nd,

to

in

the

etc. ; further
Eng. not {ne-d-wiht),
See
nach, which
Eng. un-, Gaelic an-.

m-,

Br.

imperative,

m,

herewith

connected

with

see

number

an-

independent

ablaut

Got.

we-,

used

and

an
(see ^o?^-, "?i-),

form

Ir.

nios, Ir., 0.

nuas,

Ir,, 0.

ne,

It

(Stokes,

nduate,

refers

it

separated

from

remove

go,

the

to

neo,

who
;

root

7iUy

otherwise,

agrees.

i7id,E.

Ir.

M.

Ir.

inda, indds,

0.

Ir. ind

as,

indds,

in and
the
td, to be
pi. ind ate (read inddte) ; from
prep,
the
other
refers
to
parative
(Zeuss^, 716-7, who
prepositional comfrom
The
in
of
in
use
ol, de)
conjunction oldaas,
also be compared.
locative
0. Ir. as
the relative
may
inna
E. Ir.
what, that
which, id quod, M. Ir. ina, ami,
n-,
0. Ir. rel. an
of art.) and
ana
nan
(really neuter
; for
a,
G.

rel.

which

a,

relative,

is

would

what

'na, 'na-,

in

come.

his,

pronouns

in

Descent

see.

favoured

her,

by
Possibly

both

from

ni,

or
as

without
ni

do

any

this.sad,of

sources.

prep,

(also ad,

'nam, 'nar, 'nad

Deer,

of

; the

(my)

in

ni

from

Book

an

with

the

E.

Ir. at,

possessive

it),'nur,

'na

'nan.

nabaidh, nabuidh,

same
nigh-dweller,"
that
not
nach, not,
(conj.),that

nach,
see

ko
as

W.

nac,

and

above,
been

has

in

-que

nag,
ko or

Br.

in

Ir.

neque

it does

W.

na

naile, yea

an

interjection:

*nako,

Gr.

from

against

ovk

to

the

appear

nat%ir
nadur, nature,
ndditr,
Ir.
naid
(Sh.,
naid, a lamprey
O'B.),
Ir. nuaidheachd,
naidheachd, news,
new.

as

referred

usually

Lat.

not

nd-bui, neighbour,

Norse

Eng. neighbour.
*? Ir.,E.
nonne
quin (rel.),

in roots

not,
as

the

; from

neighbour
the

"

; from

same

ov

na,

Ir.

not, which

(Stokes).

pronominal

The

origin

in neach.
Lat.

natura"

W.

newyddion

from

nuadh^

260

ETYMOLOGICAL

naird,

DICTIOJ^ARY

naird, upwards, Ir. andirde, E. Ir. i n-ard% i n-airddi ;

in (now
into
an) into, and
airde, height :
height."

"

prep,
This

adverb

is similar
which

steach, etc., for

naire, shame,
be

Ir.

see

E.

ndire,

Gr.

sober,

in

and

all of

namhaid,

an

ndmat,
Gr.

thall,

ndmait

All),

crime.

njdsn, spying, looking

(iTrto-KOTr/])^
Ag. S. nedsan, search
Ir. anall

vw/xaw,

nehmen,

out.
out.

Of.

0.

Ir.

ndma,

g.

seize, take

nem,

; 0.

; Zend,

nimble

G.

H.

neinanh,

and

Corn.,

W.,

(see a 5)

an

distribute

ve/xw,

take, Eng.

curse.

name,

; from

ndmhaid,
g. namhad,
'^'ndmant-, root
nom,

Ger.

rapine,

word,

next

WTath, nemesis,

vefiea-Ls,

ndma,

nagh^

root

sober,

nilchtem, fasting,

side, Ir., 0.

q,v.
Ir.

enemy,

this

to

mach,

Norse

from

visitation

mischief

pi. n.

the

hhan^

"^nagro-,shameful,

v^y^w (do.), Ger.

niuhseini,

naitheas, harm,
nail, from
over,

to

6.

number

Ir. ndre

naisneach, modest
; compare
wariness
naistinn, care,
;
Got.

construction

Br.

nam,

blame.

na'n

(na'm), if (with false supposition), M. G. daw, da

(D. of Lis.), Ir. da, dd (for da n-, eclipsing), E.
dia

n-,

The

G.

da

0.

form

naoi, nine,
Lat.

"

So

Pers.

n-,

; Manx

an

dy.

its descent

puzzling, though
Corn,

W.,
Ir.

Gr.

force

Ph.^

Celt.

in

E.

Ir.

Ger.

from

ndem, noeh,

Pers.

infant

ntiv

(
{no

Bez.

(do.).

naigs, quite beautiful,

^snoib-sko-, root
:
naosga

'^'ne-vid-,
v";-7rtos,

qei

Ir. noib

0.

ndvan.
:

(do.),root

'''nevii ;

noiden

gen.

*?io- vidian

now

nao

; Skr.

neiin

rryTrtos,

ttlvvtos

Br.

naiv,

ndidiu,

-mfo"s,wise,

naomh,

of

ciall,

7ie);

cf.

"^noilo-s

the

suggests

of Lettic

snipe,

for

naiha, beautiful,

alternative

naosga,

rel.

and

de

or

Eng. nine,

Ir., 0.

so

Cf.

Stokes

Ir.

n-,

ev-vka ;

one), from

holy,

0.

is

Ir. ndi

"

non-witted

naomh,

0.

infant,

an

not-wise

di

prep,

for

; Gr.

novem

q.v.

with

Ir.,

so

naoidhean,

the

m-

Ir. dd

undoubted.

seems

n-

Ir. dian

da

n-,

Ir.

sneib, snib

Eng.

of

snipe 1
negative particle of wishing

nar,
nasag,
nasg",

an
a

root

Lat.

"^ni-air,for

; air

not

and

nt.

shell

:
empty
band, tieband, collar, Ir., E.

nusca,,

The

fibula, Norse
verb

nedh
nexus,

suggested.

oiasg,

0.

nist, brooch
Ir. -nascim,

is in Skr.

nahyati.

etc., and
See

the

snaim

nasgaidh, gratis, free,

asgaidh.

Ir.

root

Ir.
:

nasc

^ndh-sho-,

appears
Others
snet

root

in Br.
make
of

; 0.

*nasko-

as

the

sndth,

ndh

H.

(Brug.).

naska.
root

q.v.,

G.

The

negli of
has

been

further,
a

n-aisge,freely, aisge, a

gift.

See

OF

nitre

natar,

nathair,
M.

; from

Br.

azr

Norse

nad'7-yEng.

is nat,

nos)

adder.

of the

our

and

as

kd

Ir.

7iadrs,

regarded

are

whose

natrix,

root

be

*ni-sed-,

from

Ir.

heaven,
env

grove

vejuw

(do.),

v"fX"Tov,

Prof.

Lat.

from

ne

pronominal
Br.

neid,

Corn,

; Skr.

0.

Ir. neiii,

nidas.

stem

neiz:

nez,

Supposed

Skr.

Ger.

to

the

nebh,

root

also

; but

the

is the

distinctly against this, as

neamhnuid,
a
pearl, Ir. meamhunn,
ne7na7ida, pearly, 0. Ir. nem,

Lat.
Gr.
or

ve^nqTov

lately (1895) by
cloudy, Gr. v"(/)o?,
nasalized

e7iv

(Stokes).
pearl,

V);

root

is

ea

niamnuid,

(for nem

onyx

neff,

has

Gaelic

Br.

Ir.

M.

be

Br.

distribute,

nem,

and

M.

reverence

Gaulish

Often,

(see neid)

nebula

root

take.

sacellum.
to

nef,

bowing,

ndmas,

nehinen,

Corn,

W.,

vkjxos,pasture

referred

Rhys,

cloud,

Ir. nemed,

0,

nekurs,

neque).

nyth.

nest

neb,

nep,

the

takes

is the

qo

-que,

Eng.

neamli,

; Gr.

nemus,

Br.

something,

Stokes

the

dently
independnne.

under

sit down."

"

*nemos

used

ni, -ni,

nekas,

Lit.

sin-ne,

pron.

pers.

further

See

Ir. net, W.

nidus

1st

Ir.

nech, aliquis, W., Cor.,

(see na)

E.

; Lat.

now

interrogative (cf. Lat.

nest, Ir. nead,

0.

kd, anyhow.

ne

^nizdo-s

n^amh,

"

ne-qo-

ne

root

pi. of

the

to

sntfix.

0.

*neqo-,

Lett,

negative

words
Lat.

with

nader,

Got.
;

snake

water

Teutonic

connected

father

"

Ir. neach,

quisquam
quidam,

nead,

natrix,
The

7ieidr, Corn,

W.

nathir,

Ir.

participle added

anyone,

the

0.

swim.

n-athair-ne,

neach,

nitre.

; Lat.

scarcely

as

emphatic
ar

Ir.,

so

261

LANGUAGE.

natron,

"^natrtx

by Kluge
-ne,

Eng.

serpent,

GAELIC

THE

E.

Ir.
of

7iem

neam/i.

neanntag',

nettle,

Ir.

nea7itdg, E.

Ir.

nenntai, nettles,

nenaid.

See

deanntag.

neapaicin, a napkin, Ir. naipicin ; from Eng.

n^arachd, happiness, usually mo n^arachd, lucky to, Ir. molgheanear,
is it for you
duit-se, happy
happy is he (O'B.), is 7neunar
(O'Growney), M. Ir. 7no ghenar duit, good luck to you (F. M.),
The
to be mag
root
seems
(L. B.), E. Ir. mogenar.
7no7igenar
(see 7nac) ; cf. Lat. made,
(I. E. magh), increase
root, 7iiak,
great.
nearag,

down,

daughter
it

is

(Oss. Ballads)

interesting

to

if

word

with

it

compare

properly
the

root

handed
of

the

following.
neart,

strength,

Gaul,
Lat.
Norse

nerto-,
Umbr.

Ir.

7ieart, 0.

root

ner

nerus,

JVjord'r;

Lit.

Ir. nert,

; Skr.

viros.
noreti,

ndr,

Sab.
to

W.,
man

Nero,
will.

Corn.
; Gr.

7ierth,Br.
avqp

fort is ; Tent.

7ierz,

(root nei-);
Nerthus,

262

ETYMOLOGICAL

weazel

neas,

neasgaid,

neasg,

E.

from

neimh,
"

poison,
something
turnip ;

air

neo,
neo-,

Ir. ness,

the

Ir.

is

ne

be

neoinean,

the

M.

Cf.

the

curious

in the

stye

M.

Ir. nem,
in

is

what

; Lat.

Ir.

ni,

Ir.

0.

ni,

H.

the

Ger.

of the

remains

of

bu,

(Arg.) ;

eye

from

unwont."
Also

cf. leamhnad.

stebnagan

Ir

Ger.

ni,

ni, thing,
W.

niwl,

nebel, mist

W.

ni

nein

'^nei ; 0.

; 0.

*ne-est

Slav,

sa-ei, that-ei,

(Gr. d,

says

which

I.

Zimmer
which

E.

ni,

Some

have
will

*nest,

; Zend

neque

either

ei-so, this

the

ni

regarded

Slav.

here),

the

or

as

from

e^,

ni

form

is,

of

(conj.),

that

Gaelic
which

^gnithe, factum,

h-

pronominal

of

Lat.

of

nis,

nae-

pronominal
in
particle seen

locative

instrumental

an

the

Got.

to

compares

is

(t long),

ovTocr-i

nei, Lat, ni-, ne

Lat.

curtailed

ei,

0.

mist

mist.

ni,

ni,

niula,

v""f)"\rj
; Ger.

Gr.

and

neo-

non-aspirating.
thing, Ir. nidh, 0. Ir. ni, res, probably a
0. Ir. a7ii, id quod, from
and
the
art.
neut.

will

*ne-ho-

subj.

nist,

cattle

noon-flower,"

"

"

nabhas,

Thur.

V7)-.

ni,

ndpus.

is doubtful.

bo

Celtic

suffix

ni,

neh-, neph-

ni, but

:
daisy, Ir. noinin
Eng. daisy for force.
:
*neo-gnathach,

nebula

; Skr.

nebo, sky

Gr.

Ir.

styen.

*neblo-s

0.

E.

next,

neoni, nothing, a trifle,0. Ir. nephni ; from

neul, nial, a cloud, Ir. neul, 0. Ir. nel. pi.ace.

ni, not,

Lat.

from

nepe,

0.

?ia,

regards

pi. neimi : ^nemes-,

(as in neamh) 1

distribute

seen

that

the

neonach, eccentric,
cf. Sc.

iieep,

schneide,

not."

noon.

neonagan,

Sc.

negative

neonan,

nbin,

nem-,

the

suggests
"

root

*ness-conti-^

Ger.

Stokes

neg.
Ir. nem,

0.

neimh,

given,"

in urchoid

neainli-^neimh-,

Zimmer
be

snit, cut.

Eng.
otherwise, alioquin (conj.); see

neo,

un-,

root
{"^snit-so-,

^7iekso-,root

nimk,

from

Ir. nescoit

found

from

as

Ir.

E.

neascoid,

wound

-conti-

wound,

ness,

Ir.

boil,

sued), and

Sc.

n^ip,

nios.

see

DICTIONARY

e,
see

o-

Gr.
he.
in

do.

; this

Ir.

is the

same

as

0.

ni, thing.
dogni, facit

dean, gniomh.
nia, gen. niadh, a champion, niadhas, valour,
niata, courageous,
Ir. forniaita, brave, E.
M.
Ir. nia, g. niath^ possibly Ogam
(*neta
?) : "^'neid-,Gr. dvetSos, revile. Lit. ndids,
neta, netta

ni,

do,

gnim,

do,

Ir.

see

Ir.

nic,

hatred,

Skr.

nind,

{Led.)

cfs. the

Teut.

Gaelic

preserved
patronymic

female
M.

Ir. ini, an

mock,

or

*ni-sed-,

nan]^, venture,

down-setter

"?

this

would

strive

Rhys
give

d.

prefix, M.

abbreviation

of

Gaelic
0.

Ir.

nee

(D.

ingen,

now

of

L.), Ir. ni,

inghean or

OF

ui, nepotis (Stokes).

and

nighean

stands
recorded

nigh,

1566

in

Ne

mhic

ni

or

E.

nios,

neas,

niOS,

from

water

Ger.

power,

past tenses.
a
weazel, Ir.

below,

5) and
nis,

Ir.

0.

nix

nij, clean.

; Skr.

anios,

anois, M.

(now a?^)

ind

Ir.

up,

eas{6g),0.

neas,

E.

Ir.

Ir. ants

ness

is the

rn

; from

number

(see a

an

los.

Ir.

now,

have

Charters).

(M'Leod

Ir.

of

daughter,"
grand-

we

cighean, a daughter; a corruption of inghean, q.v.

nimh, poison, Ir. niynh ; see neimh.
ni-ro
nior, not (with perfect tense), Ir, nior, E. Ir. nir
sign

"

dofonuch, lavo, nesta,

nighim,
nigim,
Auld
^nigo, I. E. neigo ; Gr. vtfo),
vitttw
; Eng. nick,

wash,

Kenze

iiic,really

G.

The

7}ihic

inghean

V^

Ir.

laveris

Nick,

for

263

LANGUAGE.

GAELFC

THE

in

appears

Ir.
the

of

bhos,

anosa,

E.

article

and

The

q.v.

Ir.

G.

form

fois,

Ir. indossa

0.

innossai,

ijidorsa,this

hour

rejected by Ascoli as a misspelling for indossa.

classical
ni 's,id quod, the usual
Gaelic
the verb
with
tha
i
denote
ni's f hearr,
to
comparative state :

word

The

rest.

now),

is

Ir.

M.

nios,

usual

and

Ir. ni

's.

The

id

quod,

stead,

some
was

in

as

G.

form
of

ni is.

Ir.

G.

An

tan

niuc,

Skeat
or,

thinks

vel,

Ir.

An

nd,

with

ni

; Lit.

night
nochd, naked,

bu

na

used

neuk,

is the

Eng.

E.

Ir,, 0,

ni ba

thogradh

Sc.

the

Corn,

Eng.
Skr.

nodadh,
nodha,

new

noyih,

; Skr.

nochdadh,
Br.

noaz

; further

naked

see

The

mho

m6

do

to

dheunamh

dheanamh.

in Sc.
M.

had

Hence

Gaelic,
nok.

Eng.

iuc.

Dial.

W.

neu

see

na.

; Gr.

vv^, vvktos

; Got.

the

art.

and
nos

neyzor,

nahts, Eng.

ndkti.

manifestation, 0. Ir. nocht,

"^noqto-; Got. naqajjs, 0. H.

cf. Lat.

nagnd.
a
nod, suggestion

noig, the anus

:
noig, old-fashioned
B^n):

better,

borrower.

Ir. no,

noctis

nox,

naktis

Ir.

is.

was

to-night, Ir, anochd, 0. Ir. innocht, hac nocte

neihur, Br.
nochd, night, W,
henoeth. Corn,
; Lat.

is

recourse

nochd,

*nokti-

she
and

degraded form of
id quod (see na) ;

clearness,

been

the

from

do

tan

have

never

corner

's is not

na

'.sis

na

thogradh

ni 's should

is," from

simply na
mediaeval
with
ni, for old ana^
development
in its
now
lost, the simple a (art.) being used
As
the
0. Ir.
in
it was
a
impossible to use
na

construction

Thus

that

"thing

comparative

no,

is

Gaelic

true

Ir. is

the

Ir. ni

substantive

; from

nudus

the

{^nogvidus)

W.
G.

\ Slav,

noeth.
nacot,

nagil

Eng.

nuadh.

face

nolgeiseach, snuffy

noigeanach

(D.

264

ETYMOLOGICAL

noigean,

noggin,
the Eng.
Ir. noin,

thinks

noin,

noon,

the

; from

nawn

Ir.

DICTIONARY

noigin
the

are

from

the

borrowers

Eng.

; but

this
E.

evening, noon,
hora, ninth

g. nona,
Lat. nona

Skeat

noggin.
is

Ir.

hour

unlikely,

noin,
of

W.

nana,

the

day,

or

o'clock.

east, Ir. anoir, 0. Ir. anair, "from

noir, the

before,"

if

looks

one

the

noli

an
morning sun
(see a number
5) and air.
; from
Ir.
E.
Ir.
W.
aig, Christmas,
nodlog,
7iotlaic,
nadolig
Lat. natalicia, the Nativity.

at

norra,

n6s^

wink

voixo"i,

Ir.,E.
law, Lat.

words

are

Ir.

custom,

Stokes

W.

W.

nds,

natvs,

from

the

M.

Br.

Welsh

^nomso-

gives

(M'Rury)
neuz

he

regards as from gnd,

*nd8to-, root ndd.
cow's
first milk, E. Ir. iius
nos, a
notair, a notary, Ir. ndtadoir, 0.

above.

as

from

The

Gadelic

the

(see

gnaws
alone

Gadelic

for

Gr.

^nomzo-,

naws,

stem

as

thinks

Thurneysen

numerus.

borrowed

gnath).

norradh

sleep (Arran),

of

; from

ideal

; the

would

stem

be

nothaist, a foolish person

nuadarra, angry,
surly ;
Ir.
nuadh, new,
nuadh,
Br.

nouuid,
Gr.
Skr.

'nuair, when,
the

"the
word

nuall, nuallan,
Skr.

as

down,

nuig,

conmci

nuimhir,

notarius.

Lat.

; Got.

*novio-s

W.

newydd,

0.

novus,

Novius

; Lit.

naujas

; Lat.

niujis, Eng.

new

Br.

navati

Ir.

Ir.

Lettic

nuaill, E.
nauju,

Ir.

cf. the

E.

anuair,

cry

the

Ir. innuair:

Ir. Jiiiall
;

0.

H.

interjectionmo

art.

*nouslo-n
G.

niumo,

nuar,

my

and

nas.

woe,

above,

from

Ir.

above,

0.

anuas

see

number
Ir.

gonice (B.
Deer),
*con-do-icci
:
thig, come.
; see
Ir. ; from
Lat.
so
numerus.
number,

far as,

as

7iuide,

nue,

novio-

uair, q.v.
howling, cry,

praise,rejoicing.
sad, surly ;

nuas,

Ir.

that,"

nuarranta,

nu

0.

hour

cry,

nu,

root

; from

milk,

ass,

a.

navy

and

Ir. notire

and

new,

7iuarranta.

see

new

young,

veos,

nua,

Gaul,

neuez,

; from

G.

of

nuige, go nuige, E.

Ir.

Usually uimhir,

q.v.

'n

uiridh,
0.

null,

last

Ir. dat.

year,
U7^id.

to

over,

^nuraidh^

See

of the

E.

Ir.

on

the

innuraid

; the

nunn

See

na.

nunn,

analogy of nail, and for

the only Argyllshire form,

Ir.

0. I. inunn
the
beyond,
anonn,
; from
here "), W.
(see a 5) and sund, here (" from
hwnt,
both
and
cf.
for
roots
"^suno-to-,
to
sou
pronominal
;
this.
The
( so-u-to-s),
pronominal forms beginning
over,

an
prep,
Br. hont

Gr.

tOf

or

and

ultimately.

without

and

art.

uiridh.

; for

beyond

dissimilation

nunn,

Ir.

o,

are

all

from

the

roots

so

in

ovto"s
so

and

and
to

OF

265

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

0, the
0,

interjection

from,

Ir.

ab,

oflf ; Lat.

Also

!"

! oh

0.

o,

Ir. o,
in

as

au-,

bho,

"

Ir.

vocative

see

{ho, hua)

ua

take

aufero,

^ava

; Skr.

dva,

Ch.

SI. u-,

Pruss-

',

away

a.

away,
au-.

q.v.

'n, Ir. d, 0. Ir. 6, ex quo ; it is

merely the prep, o used as a conjunction.
ob, refuse, Ir. obaim, 0. Ir. obbaim, obbad
(inf.); referred to udbad,
out-speak," the prefix ud-, out (alliedto Eng. out, Skr.
nd, out, of j and
ba, speak, I. E. bha, Lat. fari, Gr. ^a in
4"ri}XL.Ascoli gives the root as ben (see bean),repellere.
Norse
land-locked
6b, a creek ; from
hop, small
bay, Sc. hope,
Ag. S. hop, valley.
obaidh, a charm
ubag.
; see
obair, a work, so Ir.,E. Ir. opair, oper, 0, Ir. opred, operatio ; from
Lat.
(g. operis), opera.
opus
in
t obair, a confluence
usual
pronunciation of the Aber; the
See
abar.
place names.
obann, sudden, Ir. obann, E. Ir. opond : '^od-bond, e vestigio, from
0,

since, when,

with

the

rel.

refers

it to

as

"

bonn

Stokes

ocar,

Ag.
och,

on

sighing
owl

; Let.

ochd, eight, Ir. ochd,

Lat.

octo

Gr,

ochoin, alas, Ir.

old

Ir.

od, yonder,

yon

oda, tongue
oda, horse-race
fight.
odhar, dun, so
umbra
{

see

be

may
ud.
N.

suggests,

alas

with

Thurneysen
the

has
idea

eis;

"^o^^d ;

!"

this

och

From

and

the

eadhon.
Ir.

See

accorus.

suggested

allied

as

Ir. odar

*odro-s,

*jodros,

query,
referred

being

(Carm.)

race-course

*o-n-dhra), dter, dark,

cry.

The

acras.

ker,

root

kor.

oddr,

(Uist), race,
Ir., E.

E.

ugla, Eng.

Norse

ashtau.

; Skr.

under

ocarus,

usury,

ochfad,

vae,

i^'^^^(*okti),Br.

ahtaii

literally

ocrus,

of land

watery,

Got.

discussed

want,

careo,

uka,

n-, W.

Ir. ocht

"

on

on,

hunger,

0.

oktm

och

pronoun

Lat.

Serb,

az^^a, stormwind,

uch,

noise,

itself.

suggests
okr,

veg.

Ir.

0.

abije,

Slav,

Norse

; root

make

auhjon,

also

; from

ocr

wucher

0.

a^vw,

buan

och, uch,

! Ir.

"^uk ; Got.

W.

W.

Ger.

wokrs,

interjection, alas

an

ocras,

Ir. ocar,

money,
Got.

S. wocer,

of Gr.

root

^ob-no-,

immediately, suggesting
interest

the

"

"^odro-s
otter-like

Umbrian
allied

"or

cf. N.

at, horse-

^odh-ro-, shady,

for

to

adro,
to

I. E.
"

Lit.

Lat.
Bez.

atra.

dark.

judas,

udro-, otter, hydra,

water-like

"

(Gr. vdwp,

Eng, water).
32

266

ofrail, an

offering,Ir. ofrdil,

Lat.

6g,

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

Ir.

0.

6g,

Gaul.

iaouank,
Lat.

Ir.

juvenis, juvencus

ua,

offrdil, E.

g. haui
jo?ier, for

further

Lat.

beget.

Brug. {GrundP'

Ir.

; from

oifrend

avo-s,

t Oghum,

the

Elathan
Gaul.

"

Ogam

"

Ogmios,

^Ogambio-s.

Cf,

djmas,

run,

course,

ui,

; W.

z^yr

122)

refers

it to

Ir., E.

so

the

ag

pu,

pav,

"^avio-a,an

pov,

adj.

Ir.

Ogma

ogum,

of the

and

god

mac

Gaelic

gods,
eloquence :

of

{*y-iJ-os1), furrow, line,

a

the

from

eame.

Hercules

Hercules

root

Eng.

avus.

oy/xos

root

pov-er

Gaul.
Gr.

jovos ;
yuva^d,

; Skr.

juggs

Br.

iouenc,

grandson, descendant, 0. Ir.

*(p)avio-s ; Gr. irats, for 7ra/ts,boy ;
g.

writing,

the

Got.

young,

knowledge),

of

(son

Corn,

ieuanc,

*jov7iko-s^comparative

etc., Lat.

grandfather,

W.

oac,

Eng.

young.
Ir. 6, ua,

haue,

aue,

dc,

Jovinc-illos

juvenile, yvvan,
Ogha, a grandchild,

Oglach,

Ir.

offerendum.

young,

See

M.

comparison

Skr.

doubtful.

is very

oidheam.

youth, servant, Ir. dglach, 0. Ir. oclach

-lack (see teaglach).
Ogluidh, gloomy, awful, bashful, Ir. ogluid.h,bashful
uggligr, fearful, Eng. ugly.
See och.
oich, interjectionof pain, Ir., 0. Ir. uch.
oide, foster-father, step-father, Ir. oide, 0. Ir. aite
a

; from

bg

and

suffix

arra,

; Got.

father

atta,

; Ch.

father

SI.

Norse

; from

*attio-s ; Gr.

otici, father

; Skr.

attd, mother,

oidhche, oiche, night, Ir. oidhche,

adaig : "^ad-aqid,*ad-aq%, root
aklas, blind
darkness, with

; Gr.

Lit.

the

Ir.

aidche,

of

later

aq^, dark

; Lat.

blind

(Hes.).

aKapov,

adh, Lat.
"^ad-aqia being

aiidh,

root

ad

0.

ater,
made

oidche,

aquilus,
Skr.

dark

andhas,

etc., have
the

also

been

and

not
suggested,
the aq (see odhar).
t oidheadh, tragical death, so
Ir., E. Ir. oided, aided ; root pad,
ped, fall,Lat. pestis (Stokes). See eas.
inference, idea (M"A., M'E.), a book
oidheam, a secret
meaning,
ogham above
as
(M'F., H.S.D.). Properly oigheam, the same
Rib.
Led.).
(Zeuss, T\,hjs'
erb of earb, q.v. %
root
oidheirp, oirpe, an attempt : '''ad-erb-,
Lat. offi^cium
oifig, an
office, Ir. oifig, M. Ir. oifflcc
(Eng.
; from
ofice).
horse
oigeach, a stallion, young
Commonly
dg and each.
; from
aigeach, q.v.
root
6igh, a virgin, Ir. oigh, E. Ir., 0. Ir. 6g, uag, integer : "^a.ugi-,

aug,

(Brug.).
pure,

; Lat.

increase

and

; Got.

Urkel.
(in
stem
"^pougo-s.

Bez.
a

augeo
Stokes'

dukan,

increase

Spr.) suggests

root

Lit.

CzQch

dugu,

pouhy^

OF

GAELIC

THE

oigheam, obedience, homage

oighionnach,

267

LANGUAGE.

; cf. taidhe,

aigheannach,

thistle

(Perth, according

M'A.)

to

fobhannan.

see

deigh.
oighre, ice, Ir. oidhir, M. Ir. oigred, E. Ir. aigred, snow
; see
Lat.
Ir. oigir ; founded
heres,
on
oig^hre, an
Ir., M.
heir, so
heres.
is from
possibly on M. Eng. heir rather, which
Sc. averin.
oighreag", cloudberry ; founded
on
E. Ir. ail has
Ir.
The
\oil.
oil, vexation, offence,
long, and is
a
G. is perhaps
for agli-^ Got. agls, disgraceful (Strachan). The
from

the

of oillt.

root

oil, rear, educate, Ir. oilirn,0. Ir. ailim ; root al as in altrum.

Ir. ailbeim
Ir. oilbheim, M.
oilbheum, offence, stumbling-block,
from
ail, rock, and
"stone-dashing," "stone-stumbling";
beum^ blow,

(Atk.).

q.v.

oilean, eilean, training, nurture,

inf. to

oiUmain,

ailim,

Ir.

oileamhuin,
in

al, as
"^aleii-,root
; root

rear

altrum,

Ir.

M,

nurture,

q.v.

oillt, horror, disgust, Ir. oilt :

'pal, strike, whence
Lat. palma,
palm, palpo, palpitate, etc. "?
oineach, liberality,Ir. oineach, mercy,
liberality. See eineach.
oinid, a fool, Ir. oinmhid, E. Ir. oinmit, dnmit ; from
foolish,
on-,
and

7n"7it, mind.

oinnseach,
the

See

foolish

feminine

next,

Ir.

woman,

oinseach

Lat.

it is not

oir, for, 0.
Ir.

allied

Ir. ar,

Lat.

ufer,

air ; the

oir, because,

is from

Ger.

to

hora,

Gaelic
"

oir-, prefix denoting "ad

the prep,
air C^are).
from
beart ; oirbheas,
Sometimes

confused

as

(^are) used
iiare,

abl.

as

of 0.

The

conj.

Ir. uar,

huar,

iiair.
"

on,"

Ir.

oir-, 0.

oirbheart,

Hence

with

it

regards

"^oro-.

borrowed

coast.

Ir. ore,

or

act

superior:

ora

gor-or,

Thur.

air

prep,
0.

for,

W.

or,

which

coast, from

ora,

and

oV, foolish,

-seach.

termination

oir, edge, border, Ir.,E. Ir.,0. Ir.

Cf.

; from

Ir.

air-,ar-

; this

good deed,

Ir.

from

beus, conduct,
charity,
as
prefix ; cf. oirdheirc.
or-, gold,
of

is

do.,
etc.

oircheas, pity, charity, Ir. oircheasachd, need, charitableness

; cf.
0. Ir. airchissecht,gratia, indulgentia, vb.
airchissim, parcit,
indulget : air + cess ; root of cead 1
oirde, a piece or lump of anything ; see ord.
air
oirdheirc, glorious, Ir. oirdhearc, 0. Ir. airdirc, erdirc ; from
and

dearc,

oirfeid, music,
arpeitim
or

con-spicuous." See oir- for

oirfid,E. Ir. air-Jitiud,playing,
"

see

Ir.

air

; from

and

peitim,

M.

Ir.

the

oir-.

inf. to

peiteadh,

music

three

an

peit

svettd, whistle, pipe, G. fead, q.v.

inch,
orlach, ordlach, M. Ir. ordlach, tri hordlaighe,

p)et is from

6irleach,

arbeitim,

Ir.

inches

; from

ordu, thumb,

now

G.

brd-ag, q.v.

268

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

oirthir,
in

"

the

east,

front,"

as

barren,

seasg,

ovis

Gr.

oisinn, a corner,
temple, E.

Ir.

from

Lat.

See

"^ovi-s ; Lat.

from

alas

breath,

oitir,a ridge

or

tir, from

the

hoisean, along
"^od-stani-,

M.

; from

"

standing"
out-

oistre,

Fr.

Eng. oistre,from

for

the

from
the

of

sense

hand

my

Eng.
Ir.

cf. 0.

heat;

burning

oiteag",a breeze, pufF of wind, Ir. oiteog: *aUi-, root

Eng. atmosphere ; Ag. S. ae^m,
oLTfxos,, vapour,
dtmdn,

tir.

ostrea.

chrob,

mo

"

tarsainn.

ursainn,

oisre

oistric, ostrich, Ir. ostrich ;

oit, an interjection to denote
tiit

avis.

ante

oi-shesc,6i, sheep,

is

temple, fdn na
na-h-usine, the
temples :

Ir.

oyster,

an

; Skr.

6i

and

air

oisc ; for

word

air,

morning.

; from

the

isinn,

Ir,

C?).
oisir,

avis

Ir.

The

q.v.

; Lit.

ots

E.

ewe,

the

in

sun

of

comparative

Ir. airer

Ir., M.

so

sheep, yearUng

and

the

faces

one

oirthir, border, coast,

oisg,

Ir. airther

Ir., 0.

so

at,

Gr.

in

as

Skr.
;

breath

soul.

bank

in the

tir, land,

sea,

low

Ir. oitir

promontory,

*ad-

to-land."

"

61, drink, drinking, Ir. 61, olaim, E. Ir. 61, inf. to ibim, 0. Ir. oul,
root
*povolo (St.),drinking : ''"potlo-,
poto,
; Lat.
po, p6, drink
considers
it
drink.
Zimmer
Skr.
etc. ;
Eng. potatp,
pa-,
borrowed
The
from
Norse
root
pele, pie, full,
ol, Eng. ale.
has also been
suggested ; but it is unlikely here.
Lat.
from
Ir
0.
Ir. ola, W.
ola, oil,
olew, 0. W. oleu, Br. eol
',

oH.

olemn, Eng.

olach,

olann, wool,

so

person
Ir., E. Ir.

Br.

gluan,

gloan

Xrjvos; Eng.
Ir.

olc, bad,

olc,

wound,

Eng.

ilki,hvinger.

ollabhar,

great

oil, see
a

from

omar,

aland,

Got.

wool.

W.

*vlano-

*vland,

0.

gidan,

; Lit.

vidla

Lat.

wilna

hi.

from

;"

boon-companion

W.

Corn.

gwlan,

Idna
\ Skr.

Aavos,

Gr.

; I.E.

urnd

vlnd.

vlnd,

oUamh,

"

hospitable

next

learned
Ir.

amber,

0.

Ir.

ulcer
Lit.

cf. Lat.

olcc, olc ;
Gr. cAkos,

alkti, Ch.

wound.

SI.

Bez.

suggests

ollarbhar
+
(M'F.),
: oU
army
word
; E. Ir. arbar, a host, is from

oil, great
Ir. omra,

doctor,

so

O.H.G.

alkati, hunger.

Ir.

man,

ulcus,

ulciscor, revenge,

Ir., 0.

For

arbhar.
her

Ir, ollam,

(see beir).

g. ollaman

(root pol, pel, pie, full, fill).

W.

amfer

; from

the

Eng.

obedient.
umhal,
omhail, attention, heed,
whisked
into
of
milk
omhan,
or
othan, froth
whey, whey
Br.
froth, foam, W. ewyn,
(Carm.), Ir. uan, E. Ir. uan,
Lit.
Lettic
putd, foam,
"^oveno-,"^poveno-;
putas.
cf.
onagaid, confusion, row^
aonagail.
(Dial.);
Ir. umhail

; cf. G.

froth
eon

OF

Onfhadh,

for

anfudy

vdta,

; Skr.

air

; Lit.

onnchon,

of

raging
"

an-feth,

the

; Gr.

feth,

Lat.

] root

ve,

d'^p,Lat.
and

ventus

E.

anfadh^

aura

blow,

ai^/xi,

; further

Ir.

sea,

excess-wind,"

wind

wind
-yej'as,

269

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

blast, storm,

blow

THE

Ir.
ven,

Eng.

"xer,

wind.

Eng.

Ir. onchu,
Tr., also
leopard,
(M'F., O'B.), so
idea
is the
of "leopard"
onchu, banner, leopard; the
From
Fr.
Eng. ounce,
leopard.
primary one.
onceau,
once,
Lat.
Ir. onoir, E.
Ir. ondir, onoir
from
onoir, respect, honour,
:
E.

standard

Ir.

ho7ior.

6nrachd,

Ir. aonarachd

solitude,
0.

6r, gold, Ir.,

Ir.

o'/-,W.

; from

Cor.

aur,

aon.

aonar,

Br.

our,

Lat,

; from

aour

aurum.

or-,

orag,

often
with
the
prefix air, oir, confused
prefix
which
is for
deed,
6rbheart, good (golden !)
oir-).
sheaf
of corn
(H.S.D.), orag (M'F., Arm.) :

oragan,

an

Lat.

oraid,
oran,

Ir.

speech,
; from

orate
a

Eng.

organum,

song

Cf.

Ir.

oration,

prayer,

W.

organ

(see

from

ye,

pray

and

about,

the
Ir.

M.

amhrdn,

E.

orait,

rann

and

correct

prayer,

still existing

Manx

ambrdn,
Ir. amhar,

eulogy, especially in

amhra,

Ir.

oratio, speech.

'''auran, from

Ir.

i.e. inu,

amh,

music.

for

amhran,

Ir. organ,

; e.g.

oirhheart

organ.

orate,

is

E.

oigdn,

oraid,

Lat.

; this

form
from

Ir.

Ir,, M,

organ,

gold

or-,

arrane

E.

Ir. amor,
Cf.

verse

amra

(Cholumcille), panegyric.
air- or
and
orair, a porch, (orrar, M'D.) :
arfront," from
air, a
on-before."
reduplication really of air,
noise
orais, a tumultuous
MSS.) :
(H.S.D. from
Ir
M.
Ir.
0.
Ir.
6rd, a hammer,
ord,
ordd, W.
gordd, 0. Cor.
Ordo-vices
Brit.
(?): *ordo-s, *urdo-s,
ord, Br. orz, liorz, Gallo.
"

"

verdh,

root

urdh,

6pQo"^, Lat.

G.

arduus,

hurt,
ortu),

ord,

Romance

that

hence,

are

drd,
See

raise, increase, grow.

possible

is from

ord,

etc.

the

that

basis

rounded

Thur.

hit, thrust,

urtare,

of

or

allied

or

Skr.

especially

ordag.

Ascoli

and

of

mountain

whence

raise, increase,

Fr.

dag,

thinks
Fr.

ortail, big

va.rdhate,
it

perhaps
heurter, Eng.
toe

{orddu

q.v.

(topographical

form

Gr.

are

only) ;

from

above.

ordag,
same

ord

Ir.

thumb,
root

as

Ugh, order,
W.

organ,

Ir.

orddg,

ord

see

Ir.

orddu,

g. orda7i

*ord6s,

"^urdos

above.

ord, ordughadh,

urdd, urddawd,
organ

0.

oragan.

ordaining,

0.
Br.

Ir.
urz

ord, ordaad,
\ from

Lat.

ordination,
ordo.

270

ETYMOLOGICAL

orra,

ortha, orr', or, a

Con.), ortha, prayer,
arrtha), E. Ir. ortha.

orrais, squeamishness,

OS,

Corn,

Skr.

OS,

of

Lat.

osaii,

Br.

a,

us

uasal

see

ors\

Ir. as, oss,

oclien

Br.

(do.),0.

(for Brittonic);
from

Got.

or,

ar,

say

W.

uch, pi. uchen, bos,

ohen, bourn
: "^ukso-s

Br.

auhsa(n), Eng.

see

ox,

oxen

arsa.

harbour

bar

; from

osadh,

truce,

E.

river,

E.

Norse

6ss, river

mouth

ostium.

stand

Ir.

out";

Ir.

(do.) :

ossad

*ut-sd, root, ut, vet, ve, blow, as

hose, stocking, Ir. assan,
caliga, 0. Ir. ossa,

W.

hosan.

hosen,

Norse

in

onfhad.h.

assa,

soccus,

Cor.

"^ud-sta-

sta, stand.

root

breeze

blast,

uch,

bull.

desisting,

"

(especiallyin verse) ;

prayer

oration.

Ir. os, itas, W.

(O'B.),

os

"^uksen-

; for

mouth

osag,

Ir.

ukshdn,

quoth

osadh,

pronounced

sense

0.

ohan, boves,

(for G.),
OS,

nausea

last

this

(prrtha,

orrtha

root.

elk, deer,

an

(in

orthain,

ace.

Ir.

incantation,

charm

Ir. os, os, uas,

OS, above,
for

charm,

ordtionem, Eng.

Lat.

from

DICTIONARY.

hos

; from

S.

Ag.

hosa^

hosan,

g.

hose,

now

hosa.

and
cdch.
OSCach, eminent, superior (Sh., O'B.), Ir. oscdch ; from
os
the
bold, fierce, Ir. oscar,
oscarach, oscarra,
champion ; from
Oisian
heroic
of
Oscar, son
name
(Ir. Oisin, little deer or os,
Oscar
stands
for
*udscaro-,
"out-cutter,"
q.v.) Possibly
derives
Norse
Zimmer
it
from
root
oisgar, q.v.
scar
'Asgeirr.
Anses
and
Oisian
of
the
from
the
Saxon
or
gods,
spear
should
'0 swine, friend
of the
Anses
give respectively
; which
'

'Oisine, but

and

Asgar

Oscar

and

Oisian.

6sd, csda, tigh

takes

Stokes

OSnadh,

sigh,

Zimmer

Ir.

tigh

from

Ir., 0.

0.

Ir. osnad,

Fr.
W.

M.

osmag,

Aso

osnadh.

ospairn, gasping
q.v.

Cf.

gasp,
uspag,

song,

sob, sigh,

in

Osgar.
from

M.

Fr.

from

Lat.

Eng.

ooste,

hospitium.

oste.

Br.

uchenaid, uch,
and

"

Ir. easnadh,

short

Ssda

this

"

both

are

has

into os, up,

analysed
Lat.
cf.
suspirium,
:
up-breath
;
consider
But
from
uk
*ok-s,
up-breath."

esnad,
ospag,

vowels

Book

hospitium, through

has

breath
*'

inn,

an

it direct
so

initial

Doomsday

osda,

host, hotel, house,

the

an

(root

from

huanad.

of

anail),

sup-spirium,

of och.

Cf. E.

Ir.

moaning.
pang,

Ir. ospog,

uspdg, osmog

; cf.

q.v.

quickly, sobbing,

sighing

; from

os

and

spairn^

uspairn.

also
pronounced
othail, odhail, confusion, hubbub,
(Dial., where
ow-il),rejoicing ; spelt also foghail, fog'hail; root gal, as in
odhail, rejoicing, cf. M. Ir. odhach, ceolmar, also
gal % For

OF

uidheach,
vadati,

THE

music

od,

GAELIC

ved

root

; Lit.

sing, praise

271

LANGUAGE.

Gr.

vadinu,

-uSeo,sing, praise, Skr.

rufe, root, ved,

vad,

uJ,

rufen.

Othar, ulcer, abscess,

otrach,
(

puter,

1), excrement

M.

under

as

; Lat.

^putro-

of

Ir.

Stokes

papp,

popp,
to

"^hhahh,
Lettic

I. E.

"shag,
Lat.

flax

14th

it is

puteo,

*putr.

tassel

bunch,

popp,

from

bab),
which

*hhobh,

inflate.

Eng. bob, cluster,

century,

and

and

are

Eng.

Sc.

has

bob,

bab

clearly connected,
of pab
meaning
say.
in the Sc. pab,pob.
Borrowing
has
been
swell,
suggested.
pap,

hard

The

to

"

refuse

Lat.

pu,

(M'A.)

Ir.

ochtrach

blister, 7r"/x"/)i^,
7ro/x"^o9,
bubble,

Gadelic

; the

borrowed

and

E.

bhemhho-,

the

in

appears

which

appears

papula,

pimple, root
pack, h'.paca', from Eng. ^ac^.

from

Eng.

putej%

Ir.

*bohhu-, '^bhohh-nu-,
Gr.

bean,

ball,

correspondingly
but

Celtic

put,

othrach, dung,

sprig, tuft,

faha,

bamha,

bunch,

Ir.

flax, woolly hair,

refers
Lat.

"^puttr-, root

othar.

refuse

pab, shag,

sick

; root

othrach

pac,

othar,

pit, pu, ^ng. foul, etc.

Ir. otrach, dunghill, 0.
dunghill, Ir., M.

putrid

as

Ir.

Hence

pacarras,

amass

confusion.

of

the

Eng.
by regressive
seemingly formed
paa
;
the
of
adjective pal teach, thirsty, a side-form
analogy from
Lat.
from
drunk.
])6iteach, drinking, bibulous,
poit,
potus,
Ir. paadh
is explained by Stokes
M.
^'spasdtu-, root spas or
as
*sposnd. For
spiro, breathe, W. fun, breath, from
spes, Lat.

pacaid,

; from

packet

padhadh,

Manx

thirst,

phonetics
padhal, ewer,
; cf

pail

piuthar.

see

Ir.

padhal,

Lat.

padell,

pan

from

Eng.

rathad.

adhal, paidhir, staidhir, faidhir,

.

Ir.

heathen,

paganach,

pail, W.

ewer,

paidhneachas,

whence

villager, pagan,

paganus,

penalty, pledge

M.

pdganach, pdgdnta,
;

from

Ir.

Eng.

pagdnta

; from

pagan.

pdigh,

with

leaning

on

peanas.

paidhir,
Lat.

paidir,

pair

English

Cf., for

par.

Lord's

the

pater

; from

; from

Lat.

M.

Eng. peire,
and
phonetics,/a^c?^^V(fair)
so

prayer,

pater

in

pair,

Ir., M.
Pater

Ir.

paiter,

Fr.

paire,

staidhir

0.

noster, etc., which

from

(stair).

Ir. pater,

begins

W.
the

prayer.

paidreag,

patch,

clout

paidrean,

cluster

of

rosary,

necklace

grapes,

; from

posy,

paidir.

string

of

beads,

Ir.

paidirin,

272

ETYMOLOGICAL

pai^h, paidh,

paidhe,

Ir.

pay,

DICTIONARY

Ir.

pail-chlach, pavement,

from

payment
;
pdil-chlach,

Eng.

stone

pay.

pail,

pavement,

from
the Eng, pave,
pahhail, pavement
pavement.
; formed
blow
box
the
with
the
on
a
pailleart, a
palm : "^palm-bheart,
ear,
W.
Lat.
cf.
from
palma, palm ;
palfad, stroke
"palm-action,"
of the

pailliun,

paw,

Ir.

pailliun

Fr.

palm

the

cheek.

M.

Eng.

; from

Lat.

the

takes

Ir.,

tree,

on

from

after

Stokes

wings.

blow

pavilion,
called

being

tents

pailm,

palfod,

tent,

pavilon,
its

Br.

papilionem,

Ir.

from

butterfly
spread out like
"

Fr.

the

; from

pailm

(Barbour),

because

butterfly

it direct

M.

pailyoun

Lat.

whence

palma,

Eng. palm.
Manx

pailt, plentiful, pail teas, plenty,

plenteous, M. Br. paout, numerous,
is

G.

the

; founded

panther

Br.

Pictish

in

collection, as

qel, company,

paindeal,

likelihood

all

in

paot,

word

clann,

much

many,
a

"

pals,
;

qalt, I.E.

root

q.v.

the

on

Cor.

palchys,

panther,

Eng.

M.

Eng.

M.

Eng.,

pantere.

painneal,

painntear,
pantere,
boat

Ir.

paipin,

Ir.

paper,

Eng.

pdipeur,

W.

paipin,

W.

Ir.

poppy,

parrok,

Ir.

M.

Fr.

Ir.

; from

painnter
Hence

pantiere.

M.

Eng.

Eng. painter,

pars,

pahi

pare,

Ir.

whence

papyrus,

Lat.

; from

whence

popaver,

M.

; from

parwg

pairilis, W.
E.

share, part, Ir. pdirt,

partis, a part, whence
less

than

boy,

page,
a

Eng.

park,

parly

; from

Lat.

paralysis,

wrap

Lat.

is from
Gadelic.

lump
the

partli

M.

Eng. part.

from

Ir. pars,

Lat.

point

of

formed

M.

from

Eng.

boy,

page,

Sc.

page.
fit,Ir., M.

Ir.

passionem,

patior,

pais,

Ir.

E.

paiss, passio,

ing
suffer-

suffer.

pasgadh.

lump,

hump,

W.

pairt,

Eng.

now

see

Ir.

minute.

pdisde

fainting

; from

small

Ir.

child,

paisean,

Lat.

Eng. palsy.

time
a

; from

papyr

park.

now

whence
a

W.

pdirc,

pairilis,palsy, Ir., M.

paisg,
pait, a

Eng.,

paper.

Eng. poppy.
pairc, a park,

p^isd,

the

rope,

paipeir,

pairt,

0.

; from

painch, pench, Eng. paunch.

painteur,

birds,

for

snare

panel

Sc

the

; from

snare,

W.

painexd,

Ir.

panel,
Fr. panel.
painnse, a paunch
a

Ir.

pait,

but

the

Ir.

pait,

is fatal

to

; also

Ir.

paiteog,
Skeat
thinks
the Eng.
word
the
being native

mass

Eng. pat.

; from

of butter

Gaelic,

M.

OF

GAELIC

THE

273

LANGUAGE.

p^iteag, a periwinkle (H.S.D., for Heb.) :

shelf
in a rock
(Lewis) ; N. pallr, step, dais.
palla, green
palmair, a rudder, Ir. palmaire ; see falmadair.
Lat. palatium,
palas, a palace, Ir. pdlas, W. palas \ from

whence

Eng. palace.
panna,

pannal,

pan

pannan,

the

Eng.

band

now

panne,

or

pan.

also, bannal,

company,

father,

0.

Ir. papa,

pope,

Eng.

pope,

Ir. papa,

W.,

Br.

pab

M.

Ir.

Lat.

; from

papa,

pope.

rhapsody (M'A.) :
paradh, pushing, brandishing ; cf. purr.
parant, a parent ; from
Eng. parent.
pardag", a pannier (Arm.) :
parlamaid,
parliament, Ir. pairlimeid,
Eng. parliament.
parraist, a parish, Ir. parraisde ; from
paracas,

; from

q.v.

hand.

Eng.
p^p,

M.

from

parish,

Eng.

; from

pairlimint
M.

Eng.

parische.
Ir.

paradise,

parras,

baradoz

partan,

Sc. partan.

faisg,
Lat.

from

Br.

paradwys,
M.

Ir. partan

partaing, ruby 1

bundle, pasg, a faggot ;

a
coverings pasg'an,
W.
last
is certainly
ffasg, bundle, which
pen,

wrapping,

cf. Ir.

W.

pardus,

paradisus,

Ir. partar,

E.

Ir.

(Skye), Ir. partdn, portdn,

crab, portan

pasgadh,

Lat.

from

0.

parrthas,

fasces,

H.S.D.
Eng. spasmi
(H.S.D.) ; from
expiring pang
of a
gives also the meaning
cataclysm applied to the sores
dying person."
Lat. piper^
Ir. piobar, W. pubyr ; from
peabar, piobar, pepper,
Norse
piparr.
Eng. pepper,
peacadh, sin, so Ir., 0. Ir. peccad, g. pectho, W. pechod, ^r, pechet ;

pasmunn,

"

from

Lat.

peccatum,

pea-chearc, pea-hen
peall, skin, hide, E.

pecco,

from

Ir.

the

pell

Eng.
Eng.

peccant.

Lat.

; from

See

pea.

peucag.

pellis, hide,

allied

to

Eng,

fell.

peallach, shaggy,
peall

see

peallaid,

leaning
a

pen,

the

from

sheepskin;
from

punishment,

peanas,

in

hair,

peall, mat, hairy

from

skin

above.

Eng. pelt,

peann,

matted

the

on

so

Lat.

Scotch

pellet,

pellis through

Ir. pionus

from

woolless

sheepskin,

Fr.

Lat.

poena,

with

possibly

English punish.

Ir., E.

Ir. penn,

W.

pin

from

Lat,

penna.
33

274

ETYMOLOGICAL

pearluinn,

Ir. pearsa,

person,
Lat.

from

lace

pearlin^

lace,

of

g.

Eng.

persona,

from

Fr.

0.

Ir. persa,

of

silk

or

Lat.

pourfiier,

Lat.

Eng.

pisum,

pearsan,

jjersine ;

g.

person.

pearsail, parsley, Ir. pearsdil

peasair, pease, Ir. pis, a pea,
from

Sc.

thread.

jilum,
pearsa,

; from

purl, edging

Eng.

thread,

muslin

linen,

fine

DICTIONARY

M.

from

Eng. persil, Eng. parsley.

Br. pi. piz ;
pi. piseanna, W. pys,

pease.

varlet

Eng. peasant.
impudent fellow,
; from
in
of
skin,
gashes
hands, cranny,
chapped
peasg", gash
G.
blisters
is possibly of
Pictish
The
origin.
;
shrivelled, has been
compared.
Ir.
E.
Ir. petta ; Eng.
Both
peata, a pet,
peata,
pet.
peasan,

Gadelic

formed

are

on

of

cognate

some

Fr.

W.

pisg,

Sc.

pisket
and

Eng.

petit, little,Eng.

petty (Stokes).

peic, a peck, Ir. peic, W. pec ; from

Eng. pec.
Ir. pighin, E. Ir. pinginn
peighinn, a penny,
;
Norse

penningr,

Eng.

now

from

penny.

peilig",a porpoise
pellack.
Sc.
cf.
pell, a soft, lazy
peileasach, frivolous
;
peileid, cod, husk, bag :
peileid, a slap on the head, the skull or crown
Sc.

cf.

sense,

In

head-piece.
peileir, a bullet,
descendant

of

pallet,

the

Ir.

roof

stone

of

skins

hide

untanned

L.

Ir.

M.

person,

head

of the

M.

head,

cf.

in

the

Eng. palet,

Eng. pelt.

peler

and

from

allied

French

some

Eng. pellet, 0.

to

Fr.

ball,

cannon

; formed
or

with

from

Lat.

the

from

cloth,

coarse

covered
;

the

slap,"

"

pila, ball,

flat

is

crown

sense

pelote, ball, Sp. pelote,

whose

of

of

peiieur,

Lat.

peilisteir,a quoit,
peillic,a coveting

pending^

Sc.

; from

last

S.

Ag.

skins,

Ir.

Ir.

E.

pelliceus,

above

'?

stem

peillic,
of

booth

basket

pellec,

made

skins,

of
from

pellis.

peinneag,

snare

the

cheekblade,

another

lower

jaw,

filling crevices
to Eng, pin.

form

part

of
of

in

painntear,
the

face,

peirig^ill,
danger,
the
buttocks,
p^ire,
The

; from

peiriacul
Ir.

word

peire

Lat.

(O'K.) ; cf.

peurs,

lente

See

apparently

Sc.

peircioll,

periculum.
Cor.

pedren,

buttock,

perdere (M'A.),

from

from

ciohhull.

connected.

peireid, ferret (M'A.).

peiris, testiculi (H.S.D.)

Ir.

corner,

'^'for-ciohhull,on-jaw'"?

corner:

wall

q.v.

"

Ir.

pedrain.

for

stone

(do.),allied

pinn

pinning,

peinnteal,
peirceall,

of

chip

Fr.

pierre.

W.

is doubtless

OF

peitea^, waistcoat,
tunic
worn
by

men,

waistcoat, peddee,

Sc.

jacket ; from
Eng. petticoat.

short

275

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

petycot,

Manx

has

sleeveless

pettie,flannel

waistcoat.

peithir, a forester
(pethaire, M'D.), peithire, a message
cf.
Sc.
peddir, a pedlar, Eng. pedlar.
(M'A.) ;
peithir, beithir, thunderbolt; a mythic and
metaphoric
beithir^q.v.
peitsea^, a peach

peodar, pewter,
feodar, q.v.

; Ir.

Ir.

peitseog ;
W.

peatar,

from

ffeutar

the

boy
of

use

Eng.

; from

Eng.

Also

pewter.

peacock (Fol.); from Eng. peacock.

Eng. pear.
peur, a pear, Ir. piorra, peire (O'R.),W. per an
; from
peurda, flake of wool off the cards in the first carding :
Sc.
peurdag", piartag^,a partridge, Ir. 'pitri"g(Fol.); G. is from
peucag;,

pea-hen,

pertrik,

Ir. peacog,

side

form

peursair, perchman,
pian, pain, Ir. pian,
Br.

poan

"

of its

herd

shore
0.

Eng. partridge,

Ir.

(Carm

Lat.

perdic-em.

):
po(-iL,

pain,

Cor.

peyn,

; from

paiti.
poena,
Sc. peevjeip, Eng. peewit.

^Ihe

true

G.

horned

one"

; from

pibhinn, lapwing
adharcan,

of

Lat,

'pian, poena,

W.

Eng

(from adkarc,

because

of the

is

ance
appear-

head).

pic, pitch, Ir. pic, W. pyg ; from M. Eng. pik, now

pitch.
the Eng.
pic, a pike, Ir. pice,W. pig, from
piceal, pike, Ir. picill (Fol.); from the Eng
pigeadh, pigidh, earthen
jar, Ir. pigin, W. picyn ; from Eng., Sc.
of Eng. pig, sow.
is a metaphoric use
piggin, pig, which
pighe, pig-heann, a pie, Ir. pighe ; from the Eng.
of Eng. pigeon %
pigidh, robin redbreast
use
(H.S.D.) ; a confused
See piol.
pilig, peel, peeling (Dial.); from the Eng.
skin
which
is winnowed
th-e
cloth
pill,a sheet, cloth,
corn
or
on
;
particular use
pill or pell means
a

pill,turn,

Ir.

of the

pillim,

of
"

the

oblique

form

of

peall, q.v.

M.

Ir.

rug."

better

filliiii
(O'B.);

see

till for

discussion

root.

pillean, pack-saddle, pillion,Ir. pillin, W. pilyn ; Eng. pillion is

All are
formed
allied,if not
borrowed, according to Skeat.
Lat. pellis (see peall). Sc. has
on
pillions for
rags" ; Br.
pill (do.).
M. Eng. pinne,
pinne, a pin, peg, Ir. pionn (Lh.), W. pin ; from
"

now

pin.

pinnt, a pint, Ir. piunt (Fol.); from the Eng.

instrument, Ir. piob, E. Ir. pip. pi. pipai
piob, a pipe, a musical
Med.
Lat. pipa, whence
(Lib, Leinster),(music) pipe ; from
Ag. S. pipe, Eng. pipe, Ger. pfeife, Norse
W., Cor.,
pipa.
and
Br. have
pib, pipe, similarly borrowed.

276

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

'peahar.
piobar, pepper
; see
piobull, the bible (Dial.): see hiohull.
thinks
W.
that
pioc, pick, Ir. piocaim ; from
Eng. pick. Thur.
from
the
Fr.
Romance
picco (point),
pique,
pigo is ultimately
allied
Celtic
but
from
thereto.
Skeat
takes
the
see
or
Eng.
;

Bradley's

Stratmann.

piocach, a saith, coalfish (Wh.) :

piocaid, pickaxe, Ir. piocoid ; from pioc, Eng. pick, a pickaxe, from
Fr. pic (do.). Whether
the termination
the Fr.
is Gadelic
or
word
little
borrowed
at once,
piquet,
pickaxe, Eng. picket, was
it is hard

piochan,
Sc.

to

say.

wheezing,

Manx

asthmatic,

pec/i,pechin, panting, peught,

Lat. pipire, chirp, pipe.
W.

Cf.

pioghaid, pigheid,
from

Sc.

magpie,

Ir,

has

of

spiochan

Onomatopoetic.
pant,

peuo,

pioghaid

diminutive

pyet,

pyat,

Ir,

piaghane, hoarseness,

(FoL), pighead (O'K.) ;

now
pie, M. Eng. pye,

usually mag-pie.
piol, nibble, pluck ; from Eng. peel, earlier,pill,pyll, peel, pluck,
W.
has pilio,
Lat.
spiol, q.v.
pellis. Also
ultimately from
peel, strip,
trim
piollach, (1) neat,
Arm,),
(M'F., H.S.D,,
(2) hairy
side
which
of
it
is
form, H.S.D., etc.),fretful,
( peallach,
a
second
The
sense
belongs io peallach,
curious-looking (M'A.).
the first to piol :
pilled,"
piollaiste,trouble, vexation
state, from piol 1
:
plucked
pioraid, hat, cap ; see hiorraid.
piorbhuic, piorrabhuic, periwig, Ir. peireahhuic ; from the Eng.
piorr, scrape
or
a
(M'A.) ;
dig (H,S,D,), stab, make
lunge at one
the first sense
the
for
from
see
second,
seems
Sc, Eng. pare ;
=

"

"

"

purr.

piorradh,

squall, blast

M.

L.

from

Eng.

pirry, whirlwind,

hir, pir, of
hyrr, root
onomatopoetic
origin (Skeat, "^xiSdpirouette, for Eng.).
Lat.
Ir.
pios, a piece,
piosa ; from
Eng. piece, Fr. piece. Low
Gaulish
pettium, from
"^pettium, allied to G. cuit, Pictish pet
blast,

Sc.

pirr, gentle

breeze,

Norse

(seepit).
pios,

cup,

piostal,

Ir. piosa

; from

Lat.

pyxis,

pistol,so Ir. ; from Eng.

pipheanaich, giggling (M'D.) :
piseach, prosperity, luck, Manx
bishagh,
a

Cf.

Ir, piseog, witchcraft,

charm.
which

piseag,
sea

(Stokes).

box

Cor,

Bugge
a

kitten,

bream.

Ir.

Ir.

witchcraft,

pystry,
refers

M.

to

Lat,

puisin

pyxis,

; from

Ir.

hiseach,

pisoc, charm,
M,

Br.

medicine

Eng.

puss.

M.

Ir. bisech.

pishag,

Manx

pistri, veneiicium,
box
(seepios).
Aran

Ir.

piseog,

pit,hollow

or

277

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

OF

M. G. pit (D. of L.),Manx

pit (Diet,only),kv(t6o"s,
S.
pit, from Lat.
Ag.
ppt, pit, well, now

pitt, Ir. pit ; from

The

force, of. Br. fetan, fountain,fete,kvo-Oos.

meaning is due to the supposed force

For

puteus, well.

Diet,

non-existent

topographicpit discussed in
Pit-, prefix in farm and townland
"farm, portion"; 0. G. pet,

the

of

Pictish
under

pidg,

and

cuid

(B.

pett, g. pette

Deer),

of

cuid.

further

See

pios.

(H.S.D);

plaintivenote

Pictland,meaning

in

Y^.peth, part, Gaelic

allied to

word

article.

next

names

cf. W.

^9mcA, sigh.

Onomato-

poetic1
siur,fiur, g. sethar,fethar, 0. Ir.
huir, Br. hoar : *sves6r,g. svestros

piuthar, sister,Ir. siur, E.

siur, W.

Corn,

chwaer.

(Stokes); Lat.

Ir.

soror

sister ; Lit.

sosor); Eng.

; Skr.

sesu

svdsar.

plab,

soft

noise

as

of

body fallinginto

like

woollen

twilled

Sc.

; from

water

Dial.

plope.

Skeat

plump.
Eng. plop : onomatopoetic
compares
Eng. blab. See plub.
Fr. plaquette,
dish ; through
Sc.
from
placaid, a wooden
("?)
plaque, a plate, whence
Eng. placard, Sc. placad. M'A.
also
the
gives
meaning "flat, broad, good-natured female,"
which
is a metaphoric use.
Sc.
on
plaibean, a lump of raw
flesh, a plump boy ; founded
Cf. Eng. plump.
plope, as in plab above.
Ir.
a
plaide,
blanket,
ploid ; Eng. plaid, Sc. plaiden, coarse
cloth,like flannel,but
invented
but whether
pellis,
Skeat
present doubtful.
says
the case
has
most
to
stands,

Lat.

by
it is

all

English

or

view

Celtic,a
for

it ;
say
Pladdis.^^

Hieland
sheepskin. Dunbar's
Ir.
E.
Ir. pldg, W. pla ;
a
plaigh, plague,
pldigh,
disaster,M. Eng. plage, Eng. plague.
plais, a splash; from Sc. plash, to strike water
"

founded

are

Gadelic

which,

cf. G.

from

on

is at
as

peallaid,
Lat.

pldga,

suddenly, Eng.

plash, splash.

plam, anything
See

curdled

cheek."

M'A.

slaman.

Arg.

has

cf. Br.

gives
"

bainne

plommein,

it the

meaning

plumaichte,"

clot,as
of

"

curdled

of

fat
or

blood.

blubber
soured

milk,

plang,
to

and

plack
"

four

coin ; from
Scots, which

Scots

pennies

Sc.
came

plack, a
with

coin equal
copper
the Flemish, etc.,

plaque, used of coin, though really a

metal
etc."
See
placaid.
dish,
the Eng.
plangaid, a blanket ; Ir. plainceud (Fol.)
; from
Lat.
from
Ir.
plannta, a plant,
planda ;
planta.
Eng. plant,
is allied

to

Fr.

"

(ft

278

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

plaosg,

husk,

^bhloid-sko-,

borrowed

considers

hair

from

Ir.

bleayst, M.

(Manx

form

b/doi, bhle, bhel, swell,

root

'plisg(pL), Br.

W.

plaosg,

plush, Eng. plush, from

an
:
unlikely derivation.

peluche, shag,

hairy, pilus,
blaosg is another

Ir.

fleaym^

Ernault

This

fluakenn.
Fr.

shell, Manx

Romance

Lat.

"

*pilucius,

Seemingly
hlaesc,W. hlisg):

etc.

"^Aoios

Gr.

bladder.
bark, shell, "/)AeScov,
{"^bhlovio-l),
plasd, a plaster, Ir. plasdruighim ; from the Eng.
made
of straw
Sc. plat, plait,Eng.
plat, a sort of cloth
; from
the
Sc.
has
plait. M'A.
meaning
thrust, clap on," from
the
blow
with
the fist, M.
to
ground,
plat, a stroke
Eng.
"

platteii,strike,

plath, pladh,
solus

down,

throw

Ag.

flash, glance, pufF

S.

plaettan.

of wind

svel of

*svl-, root

; from

pleadhag, a dibble, paddle ; also bleaghan, spleadhan, q.v.

pleadhart, a buff'et,blow ; from pa.illeart^
pleasg", a noise, crack, Ir. pleasg {pleasg Lh.)" an Ir. word (M'A.),
Ir. pleasgan
or
pleascdn, noise : cf. Sc. pleesk, plesk, plash,
mud.
or
pleesh-plash, dabbling in water
pleasg, a string of beads
Sc. plett, Eng. plait.
pleat, a plait ; from
bleid.
: see
pleid, solicitation
pleigh, quarrel, fight, Ir. pleidli,debate
; Sc. pley, quarrel, debate,
all from
M.
S.
plega, game,
Eng. pleie, plege, Ag.
fight,Eng.
:

play.

pleoisg", plodhaisg,

booby, simpleton

(mlaisqo-),Skr.
Lat.

mlecchati,

; cf.

talk

W.

bloesg,

merer
stam-

barbarously, mleccha,

/:^Aatcro".
pleodar, pewter
Eng. spelter, with leaning on pebdar.
of Scandinavian
pliad (H.S.D., Dial.),a plot of ground;
origin
Swed.
plaetti, a plot of ground, Eng. plot, plat (Dr Cameron),
pliadach, flat,as of foot (Carm.) :
pliadh, a splay foot ; from Eng. splay.
pliaram, babbling (H.S.D.) ; for ^bliarami, ; see blialum, from Sc.
foreigner,

blaesus,

Gr.

; from

"

blelluni.

plionas, a hypocritical smile (Wh.) :

pliotair (pliodaire M'A.), a fawner,
cajoler ; cf. Ir. pleadaiU
pleading ; from Eng. plead.
bare
pliut, a clumsy foot ; cf. Sc. p loots, the feet when
(Shet.),
feet.
Hence
seal.
See
plootsacks,
spliut.
plmtach, a
block
W.
I
r.
ploc, a round
clod,
block,
ploc,
a
bloc,
(^rare),
mass,
and
Gadelic
W.
from
block, plug, Br. block, block, mass
are
:
Ger.
block, clod,
Eng. block, from Fr. bloc, of German
origin
from
the
balk.
of
root
lump,
Eng.
"

OF

plod,
plod,
plod,

clod

fleet,Manx

Sc.

; from

pool

plodde,

standing- water,

puddle,

water," ploud,

(do.),
plodadh, parboiling

rich

Ir,

"

Sc.

(Grose),

water

plot,

pleasant

floating"

scald

to

hot

wood

wade

to

Sc.

drink

made

down

Eng.

through

plout, plouter

burn

or

etc.

M.

; from

plod

plod, originally

and

"

Also

etc.

floti, }Lng. fleet,float,

Manx,

through

; from

plottie,a

water,

cloves,

Eng.

wade

(Aberdeen).

sod

green

^or^e

from

279

LANGUAGE.

plod, plotid, a

plod;

of
a

GAELIC

THE

with

boiling

of cinnamon,

river.

ploic, the mumps

phdc.
; see
plosg, palpitate, throb, Ir. plosg (O'R., Fol,), blosgadh, sounding,
E.

Ir.

sound

plub,

(""TO

blosc

clos

heart).

of his

sudden

plump,

blosc-beimnech
See

fall

the

chride,"

hitting

hlosg.
into

; from

water

Of.

Eng. plump.

plubraich, gurgling, plunging ; etc.

the Eng. plump.
plub, an unweildy mass
or
lump ; from
plubair, a booby, one
speaking indistinctly,blubberer
;
Hence

plah.

from

Eng.

blubber.

pluc,

lump,

form

of

pimple,

ploc.

M.

Manx

plucan,

Ir. has

pimple

plucc, club

seemingly
Of.

mace.

or

Sc.

side

plulce,

pimple.
the
pluck ; from
pluc, pluck, Manx
Eng,
pluc, beat, thump ; from M. Eng. pluck, a stroke,
Lat. jluxus %
on
plucas, the flux ; founded
Manx
Ir. pluchaim,
ploogli, suffocation
pluch, squeeze,
:
compress,
blub
Ir.
cheek"
from
cheek,
ploc.
pluic, cheek,
:
pluc
puff'ed
pluideach, club-footed
see
pliut.
;
M.
pluirean, a flower, Ir. plur ; from
Eng. Jiour (now flower),
0. Fr. flour (now fleur).
plum, plunge into water
plumb.
; see
stock
calm
who
sits
plum, one
still,dead
:
Ir. plumba
pluma, plumtaa, a plummet,
Eng. plumb, Fr.
; from
a

"

plotnb,

Lat.

from

lead.

plumbum,

plumb, noise of falling into water, plunge

plumbas,
plumbais, a plum, Ir. pluma
now

flour being

for

"

flower

plutadh, falling down,

poca,

as

plotzlich,sudden,

pobull, people,
from

; from

Eng
M.

plump.

Eng. ploume,

plum.

plundrainn, plunder, booty

plur, flour, Ir. Jiur ; from

Ger.

; from

Lat.

bag

Ir.

pobal,

populus,

; from

Sc.

from

M.
of
of

Eng.

same

as

Eng. flower,

wheat."
rain

Sc. plout,

; from

Belg. plotmn,
"^plotz, quickly falling blow."

from
0.

plundering.

Eng. flour

"

Ir.

whence

pock, Ag.

popul, W.,

Br.

pobl,

Cor.

pobel

Eng. people.
S. poca,

Norse

poki,

0.

Fr.

poche.

280

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY

pdcait (F. M.), bag, pouch ;

p6ca, pocaid, pocket, pouch. Ir. poca,
A.
above.
M.
S.
from
pocket,
Eng.
Eng. poke,
as
poca,
M.
the

Norse

p6g, pag",
W.

Br.

Manx

pok
of

part

dare

dimunitive.

; fromLat.

the

the

carry

Communion.

rag,

0.

the

Ir. from

"the

kiss

of

; hence

Mass

peace,"
Celtic

Lat.

liturgies

immediately

datur''

pax

which

Church

in

old

The

Hie

"

pdcnat, osculum,

Ir. poc,

kiss."

the

pot, Br.

W.

the

rubric

(M'D.)

rags

Ir. pota,

p6g,

for

give

"to

generally

Lat.

takes

Meyer

pdcem,

ritual

before

the

Ir.

paag,

means

pacem,

poireagan,
poit, a pot,

K.

poki.

kiss,

poc,

was

is

poket,

Eng.

Eng.

; from

pod

and

Fr.

pot, from

ultimately. See next.

drunk
Lat. potus,
(Eng.
p6it, drinking, tippling, Ir. poit : from
potation, poison, etc.). See ol.
boitean.
poitean, a small truss of hay or straw
; see
Ir., E. Ir. poll, W. pwll. Cor. pol, Br.
poll, a pool, a hole, mud,
Lat.
from
Late
of palus,
padulus, pool, a metathesis
poull ;
It.
marsh
(Gaidoz), whence
paludis,
padula,
Sp. paul.
potare

Teutonic
Ger.

has

and

British

S.

pol, Eng. pool,

Skeat

pfuhl.

padulis,
the

Ag.
that

Latin

considers

the

Latin

or

port, street, -Chester,

poll, pollair, nostril,

pollag, the fish pollock

etc.

Ir.

whiting
name.

of the

The
salmon

pollairean,
{Folklore of
the

bird

or

Ir.

genus,
Irish

Ag.

British

that

pol

was

remains

poel,

seen

H.

0.

G.

pfuol,

Low

from

is

poll

Lat.

from
possibly borrowed
in place-names having

{Principles^ 437).

polldire, poll-srona

lythe

poll

from

pollan,

Sc.

powan^

(Heb.), polidna
Birds)

poll.

; from

gadus pollachius, of

"

pullog

Eng.

genus.
dunlin

S.

Du.

translates

Hence

1
is

alpina.
its

the

cod
the

different

Mr
Gaelic

and

Eng.
fish

"

Swainson
name

as

pits {poll),"an exact

description, he says.
ponniar,
ponach, boy, lad (Dial.),poinneach (W. Ross) ; cf. Manx
'?
fish basket
In Arg. boinnean
a
(Wh.), from
boy, a small
hoinne.
Cf. use
word
of proitseach.
The
for
bonach.
is
p6naidh, a pony ; from the Sc. pownie, from 0. Fr. poulenet {I lost
Med.
Lat.
as
poulain, a colt, from
usual), little colt, now
Lat.
pullanus, from
pullus, foal, Eng. foal, filly.
Norse
or
beans, Ir. ponaire, M. Ir. ponaire ; from
ponair, bean
Ger.
baun, 0. H. G. pona,
bohne, Eng. bean, Du. boon (Stokes'
Celt. Dec).
a
point, note, pongail, punctual ; see punc.
pong,
Ir. p6r, seed, clan, W.
Gr.
seed,
p6r,
; from
spore,
par,
germ
seed, Eng. spore.
(TTtopos,
"

of the

mud

OP

port, harbour,
Br.

porth,
port,

"

catch
from

p6s,

Ir. port,

pors,

porz

from

GAELIC

port,

Ir. port,

tune,

THE

Gaelic.

0. G.
marry,
Lat.
sponsns,

Lat.

Ir.

M.

Lat.

Ir. port^

fort, 0.

harbour,

; from

281

LANGUAGE.

Eng. port.

partus,

Sc.

carry.

"

prelude

ceudport, rhyme,

porto,

Corn.

W.,

carry

is

catch, tune,

port,

Cf.

Lat.
dis-porto.
Eng. sport, from
(B. of Deer), M. Ir. posaim ; from
pusta, wedded
betrothed, from
spondeo, I promise (Eng.
sponsa,

respond, etc.).
the
post, post, beam, pillar,Ir. posda, posta, W. post ; from
Eng.
from
Lat.
PL
for
postis.
shooting (Wh.).
post,
puist, slugs
dishevelled,
prab, discompose, ravel
prabach,
(prab, H.S.D.),
spouse,

ragged,
from

prabal,

above

rabble

and

pracaib,
pradhainn,

idle

Ir.

talk

arrayed,"

suddenly

prdh,

from

See

discompose.

prab,

small

which

tithes,

collector;

tithe

in

paid

were

Sc.

from

kind

(N.

procutor,

H.

Eng.

brothad,
mince

form

; cf.

Eng. fracas 1
business, flurry (M'A.

moment

for

Islay), Ir. praidhin,

priobadh.

see

collops, haggis;

of pronn,

hom.

(M'A.),

pound

prann,

q. v.

prais, brass, pot-metal

M'L., M'E.), Manx
M.
Eng. b/us, Ag.
concubine,

Sc, Eng. fricassee.

; from

of

press

prainnseag",
side

"

procurator.

hotch-potch

0.

Isles), pracadair,

proctor,
pracas,

(O'R.)

word,

vicarage dues,

prac,

prabach

*?

prap

prabar,

Ir.

blear-eyed,

(Arm.), pot (M'A.), prais,

prash,

Ir.

S. brces.

prais, prds,

W.

praiseach,

Hence

brass

(H.S.D.,

pres

bold

from

woman,

meretrix.

praiseach, broth, pottage, etc., Ir. praiseach, pottage, kale, M. Ir.

Lat. brassica, cabbage.
braissech, W. bresych, cabbages ; from
pramh, a slumber, slight sleep
pr^mh,
priam, heaviness
blear-eyed-ness ; cf. Ir.
; properly
srdin, eye-rheum.
:

"

"

praonan,
prap,

earthnut

an

quick, sudden,

prasach,

manger,

Ir.

see

braonan.

prab, M.
crib, frasach,

Ir. prap

(M'Rury)

see

under

priobadh.

flock ; cf. Ir. prosndn, a troop, company

brasgan, a group,
(O'R.) :
trick
prat, a
(Wh.); pratail, tricky ; see protaig.
Ir. preachan,
preachan, a crow,
kite, moor-bittern,
kite,
crow,
Ir.
the
M.
to
prechaUy
(according
adj. applied),
crow,
osprey

prasgan,

raven

34

282

BTYMOLOGiCAL

preachan^

prechoineadha,

Ir.

(M'A.),

orator

mean

DICTIONARY

prsecones

the

from

preachoine,

Ir.

M.

crier,

praeco{n), crier,

Lat.

auctioneer.

preas,

W.

prys,

G.,

which

bush, brier,

of cranni

The

brushwood,
is

covert

*qrst-,root

qer

of Pictish

is doubtless

borrowed,

origin.
preas,

preas,

wrinkle,

fold

preathal, confusion
prighig, fry ; from
prine,

pin

Norse

Manx

cupboard,

press,

; from

of

Eng.

from

the

Eng.

press.

press.

dizziness

see

hreitheal.

Eng. frying.

the

; from

the

mind,

the

prest

prjonji, Ger.

Sc.

M.

preen^

Eng.

preon,

Ag.

S. preon,

pfrierii.

priobadh,

in le prap
na
winking, twinkling (of the eye), Ir. prap
of
the
from
sul, in the
twinkling
(Keating),
prap,
eyes
hi preaba
sula muich
of
sudden, preaba in na
na
(B
Moyra),
M.
Ir. prapwl,
brief
of
the
La
twinkling
(as
eyes).
space

brafad

sula,

prapud,

oXder

compares

where

brahv

The

brathad

brathad

brafad,

Stokes

friha
the

might

(g.

similar
=

sula,

where

brotto), 0.

Gothic

British

phrase
"^brap,

we

Ir.
"

get the

brothad,

moment.

in brahva

borrowed

series

augins,

into

Irish,

could

easily develop into brap ; the difficulty

is the passing of th of brothad
(which gives g. brotto) into /of
Rev.
has
The
G. priobadh
its
Celt.^^ 57).
brafad (but see
vowel
influenced
by preabadh, kicking, that is,breabadh, q.v.
and
Zim.
(Zeit.^'^
brafad
223) cites brofte, momentary,
says
is made
from
bro, eyebrow, falsely.
fellow
Sc. bribour,
priobaid, a trifle,priobair, a worthless
; from
low
beggarly fellow, M.
Eng. bi^ibour, rascal, thief ; from
0. Fr. bribeur, beggar, vagabond, briber, to beg, bribe, morsel
bribe.
Hence
of
an
bread, Eng.
priobaid is from
early
further.
Northern
form
of Eng. bribe.
See
breaban
priomh, prime, chief, Ir. priomh, a principal,primh, prime, 0. Ir.
Lat. primus, first,Eng. prime.
prim, W. prif ; from
Fr.
M.
Eng. and
prionnsa, a prince, so Ir., M. Ir. prindsa ; from
Fr. direct).
prince (Stokes takes it from
M.
Eng. prisoun,
priosan, prison, Ir. priosun, M. Ir. prisun
; from
0. Fr. prison (Stokes takes
0. Fr. prisun).
from
it from
form

pris, price, W.
pretiiim..

brafad

pris

from

M,

Eng.

pris,

from

0.

probhaid, profit ; from the Eng.

procach, a year-old stag (Rob Donn) :
proghan, dregs, lees :
proinn, a dinner, 0. G. proinn (B. of Deer), Iv.proinn,
praind ; from Lat. prandium.

Fr.

0.

prls, Lat.

Ir.

proind,

OF

pr6is, pride, haughtiness

Dut.
Arran

Dial,

proitseach,

has

The

pronn,

food

pronn,

bran,

pronn,

pound,
and

-seach, really

Manx

pronnag,

Manx

Eng.

crumb,

; formed

briinstone.

Dial,

pronndal,

muttering,

propanach,
prosnaich,
protaig, a

))oy (Wh.)

incite
trick

from

the

on

Sc.

pouken,

see

puic,

see,

root

break,

which
Hence

crush.

or

has

form

of Badenoch

from

the

brennisteinn,

pronnasdail.

(Dial, brundlais)

Eng.

prop.

Sc.

; from

prattick, trick, stratagem,

Norse

Ir.

preitr,

pupall,

Ag.
a

W.

the

powk,

Sc.

thrust, dig,

thrust, poke, Eng. poke,

to

S. prcett,

trick.

pahell, pebyll

papilio, butterfly, tent, Eng. pavilion.

poken,

bucaid.
pimple ; see
harm, injury, Ix.pudhar

pudar
from

for

pron,

M.

Ger.

See

pailliun.

Eng. pukken,
pochen, knock.

fuc.

Dial.

pucaid,
pudhar,

Arg.

brosnaich.

jostle ; from

ptic, push,

break

Norse

the
prothaisd, a provost ; from
Eng.
pubull, a tent, Ir. pupal, g. puible, 0.
Lat.

hhrud,

root

brunstane,

craft, prcetig^ tricky, Eng. pretty^

from

Sc.

pounding

pronney,

murmuring

Jr. propa

prop,

from

In

pronachs.

Sc.

brimstone

pronnasg",

one.

Hence

(1) distribute, (2)

means
a

word.

next

see

pronn',

bray, mash,

G.

in

fem.

boy,

g'eamht.

also

prop^

form, hronn, distribute,

thus

The

proinn.

see

boy,

Eng.

balaich, brodan,

cf. brod
is

from

ticular,
par-

proud.

prbiseil.

for

prbtail

termination

propanach,

proud,

preutsch,

boy, stripling ;

brod.

prop,

prootsch,

and

nice

prossie, prowsie,

Sc.

from

283

LANGUAGE.

GAEIJO

THE

; from

Lat.

bribe

Lat.

pudor,

(O'B.),M. Iv.pudar,

shame.

pHtor, rottenness,

Usually

taken

E.
as

Iv.pudar,
borrowed

Eng, putrid.

puicean, a veil, covering, Ir. puicin

the
puidse, a pouch ; from
Eng.
puinneag, sorrel :
puinneanach,
beat, thump
; from
Ag.
punian.
puinse, punch, toddy

M.

Eng.

pounen,

now

pound,

S.

Eng. punch.
the
Manx
has pyshoon.
puinsean, pulsion, poison ; from
Eng.
puirleai^, a crest, tuft, Ir. puirleogach, crested, tufted
(O'B., Sh.),
Irish
See piirlag.
word.
puirleog (O'R.)
an
round
also
M.
pulag,
bulag ; from
stone, ball, pedestal,
Eng.
;

from

"

boule^

ball

pulaidh, turkey

or

cock

bowl,
:

Fr.

now

bowl,

poulet,

Fr.

boule.

284

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

pulas,

pot-hook

punc,

(Dial.) ;

point,

punnan,

punnd,

for

place

Ir.

hunney,
Norse

from

Ir.

pound,

Ir. pone,

W.

pwnc

Lat.

from

Ir.

E.

punnann,

bundin,

punann,

sheaf, bundle,

Eng.

the

Eng.

bind.

bundle,

punnd,

Manx

(Corm.)

pundand

0.

punc^

point.

sheaf,

Ir.

note,

Eng.

punctum,

bidas.

see

punta,

M.

punt,

securing

Ir.

cattle,

stray

punt

pound

from

;
;

Eng.

the

from

pound.

funntainn,

punntainn,

M.

swoon,

purgaid,

Eng.

benumbment

swoghne,
Ir.

purge,

Cf.

"^swog-.

purgoid

cold

by

Sc.

Lat.

from

damp

or

Eng.

cf.

fundy.
Eng.

purgatio,

tion,
purga-

purge.

purgadoir,
from

piirlag,

Lat.

purgatorium,

rag,

tatter,

purpais,

purp,

purpaidh,

thrust,

cat,

put,

the

push

Ir. pus

push,

from

the

from

Eng.

Fr.

buoy,

Scand.

origin

is

cor

porr,

poke

about

from

put,
G.
Sc.

Lat.

W.

purpuir,
old

The

Gadelic

cur.

Du.

stab,
;

further

Eng.

poke,

porren,

Eng.

pore.

Dial,

sheepskin
be

round

short

Eng.

puten,

poult, chicken,

hen, pullus,

puta,

"

(do.), Eng.

pout

M.

butadh.

but,

inflated

of

pout.

thrust,

push,

pulla,

Swedish

pwtyn,

purpose.
Ir.

purple.

Eng.

from

from

Eng.

usually

W.

pudding,

purpuir,

Also

Eng.
M.

thrust,

Sc.

put.

poulet,

large

purren,

moorfowl

of

from

put,

push

now

ptlt, young

Sc.

from

British,

(Stew., H.S.D.)

thrust,

put,

Ger.

cheek

faculty

purpura,

from

Jir. purgator

purgatoir,

purgatory.

Jr.

through

Low

thrust.
pus,

Lat.

Ir.

purple,

borrowed

form,

Eng.

mental

from

E.

gadoir,

fragment

sense,

purpur,

porphor

purr,

Ir. pur

purgatory,

seemingly

inflated

body,

fowl.

young

Cor.

cf.

pot,

of

Eng.
bag,

pudding,
also

oarpin,

putag",

Leddhasach,

putag,
putag,
putan,
puth,

butag
Butt

the

pudding,

Ir.

small

of

rig

button,

puff,

sound

W.

botwn
of

the

from

(H.S.D.)

land

Eng.

power

(M'A.)

from

Am

Buta

button.

Eng.

shot, syllable

from

Cf.

Eng.

onomatopoetic.

p^iff, etc.

puthar,

butt.

Lewis.

of

putbg

from

the

Eng.

power.

Cf.

Eng.

OF

285

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

litigious, Ir. rdbach, litigious,bullying :

rabhadh, a warning, so Ir., E. Ir. robuth, forewarning

r^bach,

latter

*huio-^

from

root

cry,
the root

g.u^

rhyhudd is from
reothairt,
springtide,

heard.

W.

rabhairt,

Ir.

M.

rabharta,

0.

robarta,

rhyferth:

"^roharte),W.

Ir.

royart,

Ir.

be

gu^

Celt^^).

romhairt,

robarti, malinas,

bertio-, "pro-fero,"

ro

Manx

Skr.
Rev.

(Stokes,

qu

Luth,

ro

/^orj,shout,

Gr.

(sing.
hher

root

oi

heir.
ro
rabhan, rhapsody, repetition,Ir. rahhdn, repetition : from
"^6a, say, root, bhd^ Lat. fdri, speak, Eng. fame, fate.
and
talk ; from
ber of abair,
ro
rabhart, upbraiding, senseless

q.v.
idle

talk

rabhd,
rac,

the

*ro-bant,

rakki

Norse

r^C,

rake,

rac,

drake

is due

Ir.

rdca,

rdcadal
noise

the
or

"traveller"

rhacan

Eng.,

; from

earlier

M.

eiidrake.

The

Arm.), racadal

See

racket.

Sc, Eng.
the

G.

to

Skeat
to

rac,

takes

make

the

tiger,

Lit.

onomatopoetic.
a
bandy or crooked
sail
hoop ; see 7'ac.
racas,
Ir.
rach, go,
rachad, I
rachd,

r^aklat, cry

rekti, cry,
stick

racan,

veniam

Ir.

Eng.

from

like

geese

noise

of geese

of d

word.

next

rakat, rakal, croak,

as

loss

(M'E.),

See next
(H.S.D.) ; cf. Sc. rackle.
racain, noise, riot, mischief, racaireachd, croaking, Ir.

cry

rake.

Eng. rahe, Eng.

Eng.

(Sh., H.S.D.,

Gaelic, referring

Br.

; from

sracadh.

; cf. the

racail, noise

the

mast,

rotacal.

see

ducks.

the

to

in rabhan.

as

article.

the

W.

the

; from
to

yard

say,

(do.).

racadh, tearing ; see

racadal, horse-radish
racaid,

the

ring keeping

ha, speak,

root

and

will

reg, stretch.

; root

vexation,

moan,

; cf.

as

hen

rak.

root

The

words

; cf.

racan

; Lat.

raccare,

greatly

are

rac.

Ir. ragat,
go, E.
See eirich for the

Ir, rachd,

word.

fit

of

as

ibo,

0.

doreg,

connections.

root

crying

Ir.

tears

or

cf.

racaid.

rachd, strength (Carm.) :

mantle-wise
rachdan, a tartan
plaid worn
racuis, rack, roasting apparatus, Ir.
M.

Eng.

radan, a rat ;
radh, saying,
Got.

; from

raca

the

Eng. rack,

racke.
from
Ir.

Sc.

rddh,

ration,
0.

Ir.

M.

Eng.

raton,
I

now

rat.

speak : I.
rddhayati, brings about

rdd, rdidiu,

rodja, I speak ; Skr.

re-dh, re-, of Lat. reor, think, ratio,

reason.

E.

rodh-ejo ;

; root

redh,

286

ETYMOLOGICAL

radharc,

Ir.

sight,

dare

(O'B., etc.);

rag,

unwilling,

"^razgo-,root

reg,

straight. Lit.

rezgu,

rag,

; from

rag

dare

ro

; for

Lat.

rag,

see

roc.

stiff,Ir. rag (Fol.);

rigeo, rigid, Eng. rack, N. ra^r,
Manx,

rag,

Hence

knit.

rogaim

(so Ir.

in

Lh., etc.),

(Cam.).

wort

sneeze-

rodarc

radarc,

behold.

wrinkle, Ir. rag

benumbed,
stiff",

rag,

Ir.

E.

radharc,

deare,

see

DICTIONARY

the

Eng.
villain

from
in
Eng. rack, as
ragair, extortioner,
;
from
Dial. G. has rogair, for and
rogue."
choice
see
roghainn.
ragha, raghadh,
;
raghan, churchyard (Sutherland) ; cf. Ir. rath, barrow,

rack-r^nt.

"

same

rath.

G.

as

the

raghar, radhar, an arable but untilled field (H.S.D., Dial.) :

raichd, impertinence, idle prating (M'F., etc.):
raideil, inventive, sly, Ir. raideamhuil, cunning, sly :
raidhlich, rag, cast off clothes (Suth.) ; Lat. reliquiae.
raidse,

rainig,

Ir.

came,

0.

rdnaig,

foul

from

; M.

earth,
for

rop

the

as

gives

seize.

The

raisean, goat's

the

rap,

pig

and

; for

r-dnic,

ro-dnic

food

(O'Cl.),E.

Ir. rap
Lat.

rah, srah,

root

*rapno-,

as

draw

root

has

of Lat.

rap
also

been

to

them

(Corm.,
sorbeol

rapio,

suggested.

; for

season

rddhte,

participialformation,
affiancing (Suth.) ; see rath, rdtkan.
Ir.
year,
of the

rdithe,
year,

M.

Ir. raithe

appointed

"^

time

ratio-, from

for

worship,

(ratu) do.),

Zend

raith, a threatening :
raith, prating largely (M'D.)
raithneach, raineach, fern,
0.

reden,

B.

raten,

papartis, Buss,
ramachdair,
ramair,

like

that

saying, dictum
raiteach, covenanting,
raith, a quarter of a
rtu,

animals
its

rapach, slovenly,

mouth,

raffen, seize, snatch,

Ger.
tail

foul

rah-tho-,

stem

ft-, Skr.

Ir.

etc.):

cows,

Stokes

ramasg,

Br.

coarse

Ir.

roenv

(peTfxos

raithneach, raith,

raden, Gaul,
Eng. fern.

rhedyn,
*pratis ;

Cor.
Lit.

; cf. ramalair.

"^rdmo-

Eng.

0.

Ir.

; root

rudder

rdme,^ W.
ere, re,

Skr.

ro

rhaw, spade.

Corn,

; Lat.

(*resmo-);

remus,

rev,

aritras.

humorous,
noisy fellow ; from
Badenoch
Dial., ramalair, rambler.

ramhlair,

ratis

W.

romp

rdmha,
:

Br.

fellow

tangle
oar,

an

Ir.

paporoti

blockhead,
sea

oar,

Gr.

rdiiie,venit

raipeas,

mouth,

foul-mouthed

ramh,

radh

on

Ir.

thdmig.

see

raip, filth,

raite,

; founded

fellow

prating

Eng.

rambler.

Also,

OF

r^n,

roar,

rangoir,
rann,

0.

radn,
par,

Br.

per

rann,

quatrain,

above

of

(perf.pass,

7r"7rpo)TaL

is

Ch.

SI.

frog.

rdna,

Ir. rami,

W.

rhan,

Cor.

'''

(p)rannd,

Gr.

later

ran,

^pratsnd,

root

supply,

iropdv,

iropdv).

Ir.

stave,

(rann, stave,

cf. Lat.

partis, portio

pars,

crying

Eng.

partimonia

rannou,

Lat.

; and

the

on

division, portion, Ir., 0.

sound, rdyana,

ran,

; founded

wrangler

28*7

LANGUAGE.

rat, scold

Lettic

sonitus,

raru,

rd, bark,

; Skr.

cry

GAELIC

THE

Ir.

E.

ranyi,

in E.

mas.

Ir., the

ivom.

rand',

rann,

other

is

7'a7in

rann

fern.).

ranndair, a murmuring,
complaining (H.S.D., Dial) ; cf, ran.
Norse
rannrannsaich, search, scrutinize, Ir. rannsuighini ; from
whence
ransack.
saka, search
ransack,
a
house,
Eng.
of territory : "division," from
extent
ranntair, a range,
rann.
raog", a rushing (H.S.D., Dial.) ; cf. ruaig.
wild
sound
of bull ;
raoic, raoichd, hoarse
or
roaring, as
cry,
raibheic
"^ro-heuc.
:
(M'A.), pronounced raoi'c, roar
calf ; cf. Sc. rJiind, as
that
had
barren
in
raoine, a young
cow
rhind

raoir,

in

as

compared,
Cf.

raon,

last

raoir,

an

root

raoit,

Ger.

mart,

also

night,

riamh
but

plain
Norse

a,

raoir,

St.).
phonetics

Ir.

areir, "^prei-ri,

rdtri, night,

Skr.

suit, and

not

reithneach.

Suth.

reir, 0

The
do

In

also

has

Lat.

been
retro.

uiridh.
; from

mirth

field,plain, road,

Ir.

(Asc,
the

earar,

indecent

rind, cattle, beeves.

"^roves-no-,
rein,

Ir., E.

of

0.

road,

Ir. roen,
Lat.

land,

riot.

(do.),Eng.

riot

1
"^roves-jd

strip

so

Sc.

ruris

rus,

the

suggests

Ir.

roe,

roi,

Eng. room.
possibility of
;

^roino-.

Gadelic

rapach, dirty-mouthed ; see raip.

r^pach, noisy, rapal, noise, Ir. rdpal, noise, bustle ; founded
on
rabble.
Eng.
or
M'E.), Ir. ras
(O'B., etc.) :
(M'F., not M'A.
ras, a shrub
rasanach,
noise,
discordant, Ir.
harsh,
grating
loquacity,
rasan,
talkative

rdscack, clamorous,

rasdail,

rake,

E.

harrow,

hoe, rastruni,

from

cf

Ir. rastal

rddo, scrape,

ultimate

for

ran

Lat.

; from

Eng.

rastellus,rake,

rash,

raze,

root,

etc.

of frying meat
rasdail, sound
; cf. rosd.
rath, prosperity, so Ir 0. Ir. rath, gratia, W. rhad, grace, favour
:
"^rato-n, root
rati, gift, rds, rayis, property,
rd, give ; Skr.
,

Zend

r^th,

root

gift ; Lat. res.

ratkannaibh, (on)

rata,

raft,

Ir.

is the

same

as

that

(F. M.)

rafts

of rdmh

ret, rdt

Ir. rath
rath, rathan, surety, vadimonium,
rath
; cf. 0. Br. rad, stipulationes,which
Ir.

rath,

and

says

that

it

is from

Lat.

Lat.

latis.

The

here).

(O'B., O'Cl.), 0.

Ir.

Stokes
rdtum

equates with
{ratum facer e
=

288

DICTIONARY.

ETYMOLOGICAL

"ratify"),
Lat.

has

t rath,

W.

road,

space,

0.

of

Ir. re,

devil, r^eabhradh,
rdbeln,

Swiss

Stud.^

Cf. Zim.

from

*rektu-,

loud

reamhar,

fat,

thick

; root

ravi,

S.

sun.
e

form

Hence

q.v.

the

genitive.

disporting,

(O'CL), reabhach, mountebank,

rebrad, boys
M.

Ir.

H.

playing, sporting

G.

reben,

which

to

recht,

; Lat.

add

W.

stir,

move,

Eng.
Br.

rhaith,

right,

rectum,

0.

wrinkle

rank,

rabble.

reiz, just
rego,

(alsoG. rachd),

rachd

series

E.

ramhar,
be

thick

Ir.

rule

E.

Ir.

of M.

(Jr.

Trpefivov,

the

or

face

; from

rheng,

rib

"

early

0.
;

7^enk

Br.

ramr,

H.

;"

Sc.

W.
rhef,
(^re7)iro-),

ramor

Norse

alternatives

furm,

in

W.

Ir. ranc,

the

Sax.

Ir.

sorrow,

to

rem,

brave,

Eng. roade, road, Ag.

(Corm.).

reck.

Eng.

gives

reang,

G. *?(Rhys).

fellow, reabhradh,

noisy,

reg

Ir. reamhar,

Stokes

Ir.

be

root

keen

sob,

; cf.

recht

reang,

from

right.

Eng.

reachd,

g. rdtha,
ha.t. prdtum,

Ir. ramut

the

reabh

Ir., 0.

so

the

; ct

84.

83,

reachd, law, statute,

ultimately

are

the
"^revesi-,

compares

brawl,

to

E.

"^revi,Skr.

subtle

E.

Bez.

reb, play.

root

M.

from

governs

reabh, wile, trick, reabhair,

as
boys (Badenoch), Ir.
the

; borrowed

spot
;

Hibernian

rath, rdith,

:
g. ree, space
discussed
under
7^aon,

which

during,

re,

prep,

Ir.

Ir. re,

^rovesjd,

Ir. roi,

G.

*rdti-s, "^rdto-n

(O'CL),

0.

and

E.

rdtk^

luna

Ir. re,

objects.

(see radii),

rod

ramhad

Ir., 0.

moon,

re, time,

rdthad,

Ir.

; cf. M.

rdd

re, the

Ir.

cleared

rhath,

Ir.

Lat.

case

any

ratin, Argento-ratum

mead.

rathad,

in

Loth

The

surety.

root

same

which

to

fortress, residence,

Gaul,
a

for

rata

the

from

derivation

stark.

sound,

G.

fram,

vrom,

stem,

thick

end.

see

boat-rib.

reang,

reiik,M.
Fr.

strong,

E.

eng,

rank

now

renc.

(Sutherland), reang, a bar, pole (Carm.) ;

Norse
from
a
ship-rib. See rong.
rong,
g. rangar,
kill,starve
(M'F.), E. Ir. ringim, I tear, reangadh, to hang,
reang,
See
tarruing.
piercing or tearing.
reng,
starred
;" see reannag.
reannach, spotted, striped :
reang,

boat-rib,

rangan

"

reannag,
sidus
Ch.

star, Ir.

a
:

'^'rendi-,root

Slav.

r"du,

0.

reanndn,
ordo

red,
;

Gr.

Ir.

rd,

rind, constellation, signum,

order

Lit.

fixed
eprjpcSerai,

rinda,
; Lat.

row,

order,

ordo

(Fick,

Prellwitz).
reasach, talkative, prattling (H.S.D., Dial.),Ir. reascach,
see

rdscach

rdsan.

reasgach, stubborn,
reic, sell, Ir. reic, a
renim,

sell

irascible, restive
sale,
root

0.

per,

Ir.

recc,

through,

:
a

over

sale,

("

reccaim

(vb.), also

sell

sea") ;

over

Gr.

289

LANGUAGE).

GAELIC

THE

OP

1 bell ; Lit.
sell, pass
through, Tmrpdu-KM, Trkpviijxi,
Gadelic
The
and
Lit. show
a
secondary
pirHi, perhh, buy.
Trepan),

Gadelic

perk, prek,

root
Gr.

give

Trepvrjixi

0.
"^[pyrek-kd,while
pernd-, prend- (Ir.).

stem

r^ic, roar, howl (HS.D.) :

reidh, plain, smooth, Ir. reidh,
0.

roed, M.

Br.

Got.

bereit,
Gaul,

reilig,a

Br.

roez,

allied

reda, waggon,

ground,

r-elic{c),
relec{c),0.

Ir.
rouez

ordered.

garaids,

burying

0.

Br.

Ir.

to

Manx

reid,

W.

Ir.

0. W.

rhwydd,

"^reidi- ;
:
Also
0. Ir.

and

renmi

ruid,
Ger.

Eng. ready,
riaclaim,

ride, Ger.

drive,

reiten, etc.

Eng.
7'uitiick,Ir. reilig,roilig,E.

reilic,cemeterium

; from

Lat.

Ir.

reliquioe^

relics.
Ir. reim

r^im, dominion, power,

reim, course,
order, Ir.
"^reid-s-mien-, root

re^(i

0.

reim^

of

Ir.

reinimi,inf.

reidh,

0.

Ir.

to

rethim,

drive.

riadaim,

run

rengh, spring, leap (cf.

W.
rhamu, soar), Gr. ptp^cjia,
quickly, Ger. ge-ring, light, Lit.
rengtls, hurry ; or root ret, run
(see ruith),"^retmen,or, rather,
Strachan

suggests

"^ret-s-men,which

alternates

as

would

root

only give

reir, a reir,according

to, Ir.

reis, a

Eng. (H.S.D.).

r6is,

; from

race
a

Ir.

span,

measure

the

reise

span,

root

remm.

reir ; dat. of riar, q.v.

Cf. reise,span,
E. Ir.
o.

r'eir,do

from

prendsid,

sprend.

aprestt,

to

sprend (Strachan).

reisimeid, a regiment ; from the Eng.

reit, reite, concord, conciliation, Ir. reidhteach
terminal

Lit.

; from

reidh,

with

-tio-.

reithe, reath, a ram,

i^eriet-),Umbrian

Ir.

reithe,E.

Ir. rethe

*retio-

(from eri-),Gr.

erietu

; cf. Lat.

aries

epccfios,etc.,

as

in

earb.

reodh, reotha, frost, Ir. red, reodhadh, E. Ir. reo, reod, 0. Ir. reud,
W.
Stokes
rhew, Corn, reu, gelu, Br. reo, rev.
gives the stem
forms
borrowed
as
are
*r"yu-,even
suggesting that the Gadelic
from
the
Cymric ; 0. Ir. reud he refers to *presatu-. I. E.
whence
Lat.
pruina, Eng. freeze, has been
suggested,
preus,
but
the
vowels
do
not
immediately suit [preus would
give
in
rbor
G.) ; yet *prevo-, a longer form
(with or
ro-^
rua-,
Celtic
without
of
for
the
forms.
account
can
s)
preu-s,
reub, riab, tear, wound, Ir. reubaim, re'abaim, E. Ir. rebaim, reproot
"^reibbo-,
:
gaeth, rending wind
reib, Eng. reap, ripe, and
rip C?).

Stokes

dash
kpetTTdi,

rampi, rifa,
and

force

on

gives the
down, Lat.

break.
Lat.

G.

stem

as

*reip-ii6-,root

reip

Eng. rive, rift, Norse

reubainn, rapine, leans for

rifna,

ripa,

rapiiia.

W.

rheibio, seize,

of Gr.

its

is from

rapio.
35

form
Lat.

290

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

reubal,

rebel

reudan,

timber

ret^

moth

rud,

now

Eng.

the

; from

reusan,

Ir

reult,

reilte,E.

g.

retyland {^^ret gle, bright

g.

"^

ret, thing, and

reumail,

recula,

from

thing,

; from

Ir. reuauu,

M.

reim,

Ir.

retla^ g. retland,

thing," Corm.) ; perhaps

glanz (see gleus).

Ger.

gland, shining,

(Arms.)

constant
reason,

small

q.v.

reul, pi., reultan, star,

retglu,

Ir. retan,

; of. O.

course.

Ir. resuri,

M.

from

i^eisun,now

Eng.

reason.

reusbaid,

root

-wards,

0.

Ir. ri,

; Lat.

fri,

in

raibas,

roaban,

/WY/i-, /Ws-, /re-,

Br.

orth,

^vrti,

ouz

against, to, verto,

turn

Eng.

mottled

stripe : ^reibdko-,
raibs, motley, 0, Pruss.

Ir., M.

so

riab,

from

riabhach.

Ir.

Lett,

grey,

striped.
"

break

notch,

(Gr.

etc., Ger.

reihe,

that

is

7'iach

row), yet

strioch,

of

I.

is

E.

raikf/ti,draw

Lit.

tear,

Eng.

variant

there

Although

epecKw,

row,

one,"

grey

it

probable

most

seems

reiko-,
furrow,

q.v.

distributing :

riachlaid,

Cor.

re-,

versus,

riabhag, a lark, Ir. riabhog,

the
surface, graze.
riach, cut

riachaid,

composition

etc.

riabhach, brindled, greyish,

Lit.

rascal

contra,

versus,

turn

vert,

(Arran),

brat

beggar's
ri, to, against, Ir. re,
W.
gwrth, wrth,
a

tattered

(Suth.) :
garment
riadh, interest ; from an older Had, running, course
(see reidh
running."
root). Cf. for force M. Ir. i^ith,interest :
riadh, a drill (as of potatoes, Badenoch) : "course, running," as

for

"

the

of riadh

case

riadh, a snare
riaghailt, a

rule,

Ir.

swing,

rig

riaghail,
Hence

rule.

riamh.

See

"^reigo-,root

reguia, Eng.

riaghan,

above.

swinging

in cuibhreach
0.

Ir.

riagul, riagol

riaghail,

also
;

Ir.

cf

rule

riagh,

; from

gallows, riaghadh,

H.S.D.

the

gives

meaning

W.
riomh, 0. Ir. rim, number,
riamh,
before, Ir. riamh,
ever,
I. E.

preimo-,
per

See

; Lat.

rhif,

belonging

pri,

pri- (in pris

cus,

in

as

Ir.

0.
as

primus,

"

direamh,

riam,

see

series, number,"
q.v.

antea
to

case

pr"",

etc.),Lith.

Ir.

"^reimu-,

before,

pri.

Got.

Ir.

rian,

and

fri-,

roimh.

rian, order, mode,

manner

pri,

of

Lat.

thou,

hanging, gibbeting, 0. Ir. riag, gibbet. Cf. riadh, snare,

M'A.
for
riamh, a drill (of potatoes, turnips, etc
Skye)
riadh.

in

sobriety, Ir. rian,

^rtiyio-,root

rei ; Lat.

way

or

ritus,

path,
Eng.

E.

way,

rite

(Strachan).
voluntas
*pr%jard
:

riar, will, pleasure, Ir. riar, 0. Ir. riar,

(Stokes), root pri, love, please ; Eng. friend,

Got.

frijon^

to

OF

love

SI.

Ch.

GAELIC

THE

prijati,be

291

LANGUAGE.

favourable

^Vv.priyate,be gratified,

pri7idti, enjoy.
: "^reik-so-,
asunder, riasladh, mangling, tearing asunder
break
Gr.
?
Cf
tear
riastradh, riach ;
ipeiKO),
reik, notch,
;

riasail,tear
root

and

riaghan, a swing.
with
riasg, dirk-grass, morass
dirk-grass, Manx
reeast,
E.

Ir.

riasc,

butcher's

land,

mangled

; cf.

Sc.

Ir.

with

riasg,

Lat.

sedge

moor

or

fen,

or

{"^roiscum1),
marshy
grass,

rusciim

reesk, coarse

G.

is from

riasglach,

rush.

Eng.

broom,

covered

wilderness,

; *reisko-

morass

land

sedge,

(H.S.D.,

carcase

from

Dial.) ;

of

stem

riasail.

riaspach, riasplach, confused, disordered

; see
riastradh, turbulance, confusion, wandering,
For

root,

cf. riasail.

W.

M.

ribheid,

Eng.
a

line, anything

long

riban,

0.

Fr.

reed, bagpipe

M.

Eng. reod, now

ribhinn, rioghann, a

Ir.

See
Ir.

riban

tangled,
(Br. ruhan).

reed,

musical

words,

tassel,

ribeog, rag,

ribin.,riband

note,

Ir.

tortion.
dis-

(Hend.).

next

; from

ribheid

from

reed.

lady, quean,
rigan, a
righ, king.
queen,
by proper
etymology, on righ-bhean.
rideal, a riddle ; from the Eng.
of a
ridhe, field, bottom
valley (H.S.D.) ; better
E.

riastrad,

rhyvjstro, obstruct

riatach, wanton, illegitimate ; cf. Eng. riot.

Ir. ribe, ruihe, hair, whisker.
rib, hair, snare,
ribeag, rag, tassel, fringe, ribean, riband,
ribleach^

word,

next

E.

nymph,

young
derivative

Ir.

of

Ir.

rioghan.,

Gaelic

righe.

leans,

See

ruighe.

ridir, a

knight,

Ir.

ridire,

E.

Ir.

ritire, W.

rheidyr

; from

Ag.

S.

ridda(n), knight, Ger. ritter,knight, Norse

from
the verb
ride (see reidh).
riddari, rider, knight
righ, a king, Ir. righ, 0. Ir. ri, g. rig, W. rhi, Gaul, -rix,pi.-riges:
*reks, g. regos ; Lat. rex, regis ; Got.
reiks, ruler, Eng. rich,
-ric ; Skr.
rajah.
raj, King, our
stretch
death
righ,
(on a
bed), Ir. righim, stretch, reach, E. Ir.
rigim, Lat, rego, etc., as under
7'ighinn.
ruithil.
righil, a reel, dance
see
;
righinn, tough, pliant, tenacious, Ir. righin : ^reg-eni-; root reg,
eirich.
See
stretch, Gr. o/aeyw, stretch, Lat. porrigo, rego, etc.
Ir.
0.
Ir,
W.
rinn, a point, promontory,
rind,
rinnd, rind,
rhyn,
It
has
been
penrhyn,
ro-ind,
as
fore-end,"
analysed
cape.
E. Ir. ind, end, Eng. end.
Cf. reannag,
however,
from
and
rinn, did, Ir. rinn, 0. Ir. rigni, fecit
ro
gni of m, will
ridere, horseman,

"

',

do,

q.v.

See

also

gniomh.

292

ETYMOLOGICAL

riochd,

*rktu-

(I);

Ir.

form,

appearance,
for

root,

DICTIONARY

that

see

0.

riochd,

Ir.

richt, W.

rhith

^riktu-,

of dorch.

sea-gull (Lewis) ; N. rytr, sea-gull.

riodag,
rioluinn, a cloud (Smith) :
riof, the reef of a sail ; from the Eng.
(Munro's Gr.) :
riofa, brimstone
Ir. rimheighe^ finery, delicateriomhach, fine, costly, handsome,
kind

of

'^'rimo-,

reannach,

rionnach,

"

measured

"

ness

; root

mackerel

star, constellation.

See

of aireamh

rim

spotted," from

"streaked,

reannag.

riopail, mangle, tear (H.S.D.) ; founded

on
Eng. rip.
in the back
riplis,weakness
(Suth.) ; Sc. ripples.
in
rireadh, a rireadh, really,
earnest, Ir. rireadh, da
ririhh,

risteal,

'''ro-fhir,
very

; from

revera

reann,

rireadh

or

true

surface

in
the
Hebrides, drawn
plough, used
by one
and
horse
the
coulter, Sc. ristle ; from
having a sickle-like
Norse
ristill,ploughshare, from
rista, cut.
rithisd, rithis, ris, a rithisd, etc., again, Ir. arts, 0. Ir. aritkissi,
a

afrithissi,

Ascoli

rursus.

(see deis).
Jitkissi,absidas, fithis, a

vestigium
0.

Ir.

Others

beginning

ro,

for

is

ar-

"^frith-eisse,from

suggests
have

derived

The

root

thus

^frith(s/i)issi-,resistere, backness."

well

may

orbit.

circle,

*ar-frithissi^ that

be

sta,

from

it

Ir. rd, 0.

Ir.

{Ro-smeyta,

ro-

verbal

and

ro-,

W.

Ro-danos,

stand, reduplicated

; Skr.

rhj/-, Br.

.0. Br.

re,

for

so

roc,

particle;

roc,

on,

q.v.
:

Lat.

which

; Gr.

pro

root, the
runt

rock

old

pra,

Eng.

; from

M'K.,

Eng.

hoarse

G.

voice
crow,

rocas,

groan,

Br.

before

irpo,

for
; cf.

rob."

"

robhadh

rocdn,
fold
on

Norse

hrokr,

which

covered

rock

(Heb.),

rok.

N.

; founded

roc^ha,

q.v.

tempest

roc,

from
Ir.

crease,

is both

rout

the

rabhadh,

of

derives

who

wrinkle,

form

Gaul.

ru-,

before.

wrinkle, fold, Eng. ruck,

a

the

*sistio-

to

?o-,

hair ; founded
r6b, coarse
on
Eng. rope.
robber
from
the
Ir. has rohail
The
robair, a
Eng.
;
about
robhas, notification, information
anything lost

at

is, air, by,

etc.) : "^ro-,*pro-,

intensive

an

Eng. fore, for

roc,

"^ar-Jithis,

The

"

very,

robhd,

eis,

rug

the

; from

(Thurneysen).
the

Norse

rook.

Stokes

refers

ht
W.
to

Norse
See

hrukka^

rug.

okr, rook, croaker,

has

rhoch, grunt,
*rokka, Gr. pkjKoi,

snore.

rocail, tear, corrugate

and, probably, the
however,

racadh.

; in

the

first

latter

meaning

sense,

it is from

is of the

same

roc,

wrinkle,

origin.

See,

OF

rocas,

r6chd,
rod, a

GAELIC

cough, retching (Dial.) ;

rode,

Ii'. rod,

road,

way,

E.

see

Ir.

S.

Eng. rook, Ag.

M.

hroc.

roc.

rod

Ag.

; from

S.

M.

rdd,

Eng.

road.

now

cast
on
quantity of sea-weed
Ir.
E.
shot
rout.
(O'R.),
r6d, a rood (of land or mason-work)
timber
on
growth
rodach, sea-weed

rod,

293

LANGUAGE.

hrokr, rook,

Norse

; from

crow

THE

the

shore

; cf. Ir.

the

; from

under

rod,

cast,

Eng.
water

rod,

cf.

sea

weed.

rodaidh,
of

ruddy,

ruadh,

stem

*ro-gu,

correlates

with

the

; from

Ir.

rogha,

root

rotaide

"^rud-do-, root

rud,

roud

Eng.

the

Lat.

rogo,

E.

roghan,

g.

of

gus

gu,

and

*rog6n

as

Ir.

q.v.

rog", rogair, a rogue

roghainn, a choice,
rogu

M.

darkish,

taghadh,

root

as

rog,

ask.

Bez.

Ir.

rogain,
Stokes

q.v.

Ir.

pi.,0.

n.

gives

the

{^Bez.Beit.^^)he

which

Lit.

rogduti,

; cf.

ropach

suggests

to

cost.

r6ib, fifth, squalid beard,

filth

about

the

mouth

for

root.

but

r6ic, a sumptuous
Sc.

rouch

unrefined

applied

as

to

feast

feast

"

seemingly
"plentiful

founded
but

on

rough

the
and

ready."
have
rocail.
r6ic, tear (H.S.D. ; Sh. and Arm.
roic) ; see
roid, bog myrtle, Ir. rideog (O'R.),M. Ir. raidleog, darnel, raideog,
Cf. ras.
bogmyrtle (St.): "^raddi.
before
roid, a race
a
or
leap, a bounce
spring : "^raddi-, *raz-di-,
in
1
root
as
race
Eng.
ras,
rolled
of a sow
roilean, snout
; really the
up part of the snout,
and
so
possibly from
Eng. roll.
confused
roileasg, a
joy, roille,a fawning or too cordial reception ;
cf. Ir. rothoil, exceeding pleasure, from
Also
G.
toil, will.
"

"

roithleas.

roimh, before, Ir. roimh,

in ro
as
{=pro) ; in

0.

Ir.

"^(pjrmo- (Stokes), root per,

allied
to
form, nearest
Eng. /rom. Got.
In
Lit.
before.
the
fruma.
pirm,
pronominal
compounds,
the
the
and
where
mediate
inters begins
m
s
develop an
pronoun,
coincident
with
the eclipse of the s : rompa
"^romp
su--^sds
p-shu, where
(see sa).
roin, roineag (also roitin, roinneag"), Ir. roine, roinne, a hair,
especially a horse hair, W. rhawn, coarse
long hair, Cor. ruen,
rem-

Br.

reun,

ruain,

hair

hair, bristle, Skr.

of tail of

roinn, division, share,

an

i stem

from

cow

or

Ir. roinn,

from

rann,

roman,

hair,

etc.

horse, ruainne,
M.
q.v.

Ir.

roinded,

^rdni-

; cf. Ir.

hair,
divided

"^ranni-^

294

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY

the Sc. roset, Eng.

rdisead, rosin ; from
roiseag, a small potato (M'D.) :
the impetus of
rciseal, surge of a wave,
the

; from
stream

Sc.

roisgeul,

in

rouse,

In

sea.

Norse

roose,

an

assault,

ing
boast-

Norse

rost,

current,

or

the

"

of

sense

it is

boast,"

boasting.

rausan,

rhodomontade

romance,

the

boat,

tide

strong

roust,

current

or

from

Sc.

rosin.

; from

and

very,

ro,

sgeul, a

tale, q.v.
roist, roast, Ir. rdsdaim, W. rhostio ; from
0. H. G. rost, craticula.
rostir, from
roithlean,

rol, rola,

wheel, pulley, Ir. roithledn

roll,volume, Ir. rolla ; from

rotula

Lat.

rolaist,

meal

romhan,

and

Roman

ron,

as

the

old

seal

joining
a

spar,
M.

; from

hrung

words

q.v.
Fr.

roUe,

Sc, Eng. rigmarole.

? from

row

W.

romance.

seal,

moelron

be

must

from

hreinn, reindeer, Ag.

Mac

Teutonic.

S.

hrdn.

Cf.

Ronchon.

boat-rib, rong^as, rungas

(Dial.),Ir.
of a ladder, runge,
Eng. ro?ige, rung
Ag. S.
rung

and

reang

Eng.

rung,

Eng.

now

from

Ir. ramas,

romance,

ronis,

Norse

Ronoc,

Rondn,

rung

Fr.

"^rdno-;
(before 900),
:
holds
r6n
(W. Meyer, Zeit.^^ 119). Stokes
from
Ag. S hron or hron, hrdn, whale, while

suggests

names

roth,

Eng. rolle,0.

Ir. rdn

ritinis, Lettic

Lit.

rhamant,
0.

borrow

Zimmer

rong,

W.

Ir. ron,

rohns,

an

M.

0.

roast,

whisky

Cf.

seal,

Lettic

; from

(Sutherland) :
talk, raving, rigmarole (Dial.);

wild

the

; cf.

romance,

romach,
romag',

Eng.

now

Eng.

roll.

exaggeration
hairy, rough :

the

N.

main

rong,
"

or

rang

rangan,

The

rafter, pole.
from
boat-rib," are

the

Norse.
the

rong,

vital

spark, life :
lounger ; cf. next

rongair, a
rongair, rong,
The

Sc.

lean

has

word,
; from

person
in

rung

this

sense

''

rong,
:

rung

like

ladder."
animal

ugly, big-boned

"an

"

or

ronn,

person

slaver,

cf.

r6p,

Eng.
rope,

Eng.

spittle,E.

running

of the

nose

"^runno-;

run.

Ir.

rdpa

M.

from

Eng.

rope,

Ag.

roop,

S.

rdp

now

rope.

ropach, slovenly, squalid,

Eng.

Ir. ronna,

Ir.

rupach,

slut

young

"^rouh-tho- ; cf.

rub.

a
dealing extensively with
family in provisions, etc. ;
liberality (M'A.) :
for it),Ir. ros,
seed, ros
lin, flax seed (Armstrong's only use

roram,

ros,

flax

seed, M.

Ir.

ros,

genealogy,

E.

Ir.

ross

lin, flax

seed

THE

OP

(Corm.),
frasts,
word

genealogy,

ros,

seed

ultimately

are

and

Strachati

also

Dr.

shower,"

"

means

whence

usual
both

but

dew,
e'/ocriy,
epcn^,
Trpdcrov,leek

Gr.

Gr.

compared

Cameron

(iot.

compares
child.
A

(Stokes), a

pro-sto

"^verso,flow,

from

male.

ap"Tr)v,

which

fras, which

is

^95

LANGUAGE.

to

fra-sst-s, from

for

for

GAELIC

C^prso), Eng. furze.

ros,

Tr.

promontory,

(South

Ireland

wood;

; its

usual

the

former

in

before,"

out

root

especially Skr.

ros,

(North Ireland), wood

promontory
E. Ir. ross, promonIr. meaning),
tory,
from
sense
*pro-sto-s, "standing
Lat.

stand,

sta,

prastha, plateau.

the

In

stand,

Eng.

sto,

"wood,"

of

sense

etc.

ros

word
as
generally regarded as the same
ros, promontory,
which
is
with
nemorosum,"
explained as
promontorium
W.
Br.
rhos, a moor,
waste, coarse
compared
highland,
ros, a
is

"

knoll.

rds,

Ir, r6sa,

rose,

M.

Ir. ros,

W,

rhosyn

from

M.

the

word
The
ros
Ag. S. rose, from Lat. rosa.
of
erysipelas."
phoric meaning
(Carm.) :
ros, knowledge
evil
rosad, mischance,
spell : ^pro-stanto-,

Eng.

also

has

the

rose,
meta-

"

obstruction,"
rosg",

an

clear

seq,

in

as

say,

belch, bursting

oculus

{"^regli-)
; Lit.

Stokes).
(to battle),war

root

Ir. rose,

root
"^rog-sko-,
(Bez.
regiu, I see
:

dorclt.

sgeul, cosg,
of

as

Ir. rosg,

ode,

incitement

rosg,

before,

standing

f'a""said.
0.

roi"g,

reii,

See

apud

rot,

Ir.

Ir.

see,

rog,

Cf.

sta.

eyelid,

eye,

reg,

root

"

E.

Ir.

^ro-sqo-,

q.v.

(H.S D., Dial.) ;

waves

rose

Fr.

from

rot.

Sc. rotcolL
rotacal, horse radish ; from
rush
at starting, a running
:
rotach, a
rotaehl
rotach, rough weather,
{LiQwm) ; N. rota, storm.
rattle
to frighten cattle
rotach, a hand
:
rotach, a circle of filth on one's clothes
(M'A. for Islay),rotair,
sloven

rotadh, cutting, dividing

show

to

rotal,
roth, a

ret,

work

the

; cf.

wheel,

0.

rot

Ir.,

Lat.

rdthas,

; from

be

to

ship's wake

Skr.

rota,

done,

Kng.

Ir.

rut,

roth,

w^heel

waggon.

Sc.

rot, lines

furrow,

to

rhod
rad

; Ger.

Same

Lat.

route,

W.

Ag.

"^roudo-

S.

Lat.

read, Eng.

red

rufu%,

richer

',

; cf.

rut

the

on

rdtas,

ruith,

"^roto-,root
Lett.

q.v.

roll

thou,

swathe.

W.

rhudd.

Corn,

epvOpos

(Sc. reid, Reid)

rut.

ruptd.

Lat.

Gr.

ground

Eng.

i^od

as

rotha, a
(of tobacco), rothaich,
vice :
screw
or
a
rotha,
ruadh, red, ruddy, Ir. ruadh, E. Ir. ruad,

drawn

(f.),Br.
;

root

roll

ruz

; Lit.

raudd,

Got.
red

7'a

ts ;

Hence

rud,

Br.

rauj?s.
colour.

296

ETYMOLOGICAL

ruag",

ruaig", flight, Ir. ruaig (n.),E.

pursue,

ronic,

ruaim,

root

Lat.

rou,

from

roud-s-men,

ruaimhsheanta,

the

on

Ir. ruaic

*rounko-,

fall.

rush,

rtto,

of anger

flush

DICTIONARY

face,

*roud

Ir.

ruaim,

ing
redden-

ruamna'lh,

of ruadh.

and

jolly though old (M'A. for Islay) :

(M'A.) ; from the Eng.
ruaimill, rumble
In
G.
water
ruaimle, a dry pool, muddy
(Sh.), Ir. ruaimle.
word

hale

also

means
"

ruaimle

muddy

as

ruaimneach,

the

pool

active,

strong,
; Lat.

"^rous-men-

same

ruo,

ruaivi

as
"

also

may
M.

Ir.

whence

above,
Of.

be.

Sc.

E.

ruamach,

the

indeed

drumblie.

Ir.

C?):

ruamna

rush.

ruais, a rhapsody (M'A.) :

dig, delve, Tr. rdmhairim,
roghmhar,
ruamhair,
digging, E.
Lat
root
dig, rata, minerals
Tumnor
dig ;
;
ru,
rou,
ruo,
reu,
Lit. rduti, dig up.
ruapais, rigmarole (M'A.; :
Ir., E. Ir.,riiathar,
ruathar, violent
onset, skirmish, spell,so
rkuthr,
Lat.

rub,

rub

rubail,

*routro-,

root

rush

to

rou,

W.

on

rush,

ruo,
;

insultus

impetus,

Ir.

the

from

Eng.
(M'A.)

Eng. rumble.
(M'E
etc.),a rick of hay ;
(H.S.D., M'A.), rue, ruean
rue, rucan
Sc. ruch, Eng. rick, ruck, Norse
from
hraukr, heap,
kind
fondness
of
jostling
rueas,
the
throat, wheezing ; cf. Sc. roulk
ruehan, ruean,
rouk),
(
tumult,

rumbling

; formed

on

Fr.

hoarse,

ruehd,

belch,

grunt,

erilgere,spit out.

rud,

thing.
hospitable,
a

roud

Ir.

promontory,
"

before

from

blush,
in

E.

ruadh,

root

bu

*ruuto-

rubha,
of the

Ir. ruidiud

Lat.

from

Cf.

0.

rath,

*rentu-s

rd

of

?'ube

"^pro-bio-, being

see

bi.

short

root

q.v.

E.

Ir.

verb

; from

"to

be

"

rud,

root

form

of

q.v.

searching, groping,

wrinkle,
ruck,

raodaeh),

(Arran

see

and

riithan, peat

meaning

are

up.

rudhraeh,
rug,

belch,

Ir. ret, g. reto

rudhag", rudhag (Suth.), a crab, partan :

rudhagail, thrift (M'A.) :
of corn
stack
rudhan, a small
(H.S.D., M'E.)
with
which
and
with
this form
rtican
heap,
made

belch,

ructo,

ruck,

Sc.

rudach

(Arg., Arran),

tendon

raucus.

belch.

Ir. rud

knuckle,

rudha,

rvgiu,

noise

(g. roda), raod,

rdtna, property, goods ; also

Skr.

rudan,
rudha,

Lit.

Lat.

from

rumbling

raod

Dial,

hoarse,

rauque,

Ir. rug

crease.

; from

Ir.
Norse

rudhrach,
hrukka,

darkening

a
a

wrinkle,

fold, Eng.

OF

rug,

where

ucc

Ir. rouic

tiilit,0.

rucc,

"^ud-gos-a,root

297

LANGUAGE.

Ir. rue,

E.

Ir. rug,

caught,

GAELIC

THE

ges,

Lat.

carry,

"^ro +

ucc-,

See

gestum.

gero,

thug.
Swed.

rugadh,

(M'A.) ;

cloth

rough

ruga,

from

Eng.

Eng. ruggi, hairy,

M.

rug,

ruggig.
of

greedy grasping

cleared

rookit,

; from

anything

rook, deprive of,

Sc.

out.

rugaid, a long
(H.S.D.) :
rugair, a drunkard
(H.S.T).says Dial., M'A.
For
Eng.
phonetics, cf. rac, drake,
rather
but
rudha,
rugha, a blush ; see
reddening (O'Cl.).
fondness
ruic, undesirable
(M'D.) :
neck

ruicean,

pimple

"^rud-ki-,from

N.)

says

(Corm.)

rucce

rud, roud, red,

shame,

ruadh.

in

as

the

; from

ruithii
ruidhil, ruidhle
(Arg.;, a dance
; see
ruidhil, a yarn reel ; from M. Eng. reel,hreol, Ag. S. hreol.
ruidhleadh, rolling ; from ruith, roth.
ruidhtear, a glutton, riotous liver ; from
Eng. rioter.
ruididh, merry,
ruideis, a sporting
frisky, Ir. ruideiseach, from
mood.

Cf.

ruidhtear.

ruig, half castrated

ruig, reach, arrive
which

Deer), E.
ruighe, an arm,
ruighe,

the

[r.

Hence

stretch,

riccim,
gu

forearm,
Lat.

Ir.

riccu

ruig,

E.
as

Ir.

; from

far

as

part

and

ro

0.

as,

rig,

G.

iccim,

for

gonice (B.

of

forearm

root
"^regit-,

ruigheachd.

base

or

of

foregoing

mountain,

the

; from

reach, reaches

of the

case

Ir.

See

7ige, rigid, a
the

in

E.

righ,

etc.

rego,

outstretched

ground,

Eng. rig, ridgeling.

Ir. corrici.

stretch,

reg,

at, 0.

thig.

see

; from

ram

shealing
root

reg,

words.

ruigheachd,

ruighinn, reaching, arriving, Ir. righim, I reach, inf.

riachdain, rochdain, E. Ir. rigim, porrigo : ^rego ; Lat. rego,
is Eng.
erigo, porrigo, I stretch
d/oeyw,stretch ; further
; Gr.
right,

ruighean,
ruinn,

See

etc.

wool-roll

eirich.

ready

to

the

; from

spin

root

same

uis,

rash

ruiteach,
ruadh.
but

; formed

from

ruddy, E. Ir.
(Stokes Eev.

this

would

Ir.
ruith, run,
(d. riuth),

the

rhedu,

Eng.

rutech

give G.
riothaim,

W.

as

ruighe.

rinn.

point ;
ruinn.se,a long stick or stake, an animal's
tail,rump
ruinnse, a rinsing, rinser ; from Eng. rinse.
see

Lit.
.

*rud-tiko-,

Celt.^

Cf

russuSj

from

366) explained

it

root

rud.

of
i^ud, roud
"^rudidech,
as

ruideach.
0.
to

Ir.
run,

rethim,
rhed^

perf. rdith,
race,

Br.

inf.

redek,
36

rith
Gaul.

298

ETYMOLOGICAL

petor-ritum,

wheeler

four

"^re^o ;

roll,

Lit.,Lett,
Lat.

ritu, I

roll ; Lat.
round.

Eng.

rotundus,

roth.

See

ruithil, a reel, dance,

wheel,

or

Ir. rum,

room,

marsh

the

rotula,
and

*retoli-,root

little wheel,

(Skeat).

reel

way,
bobbin,
M.

Eng.

The

ret, run,

rotulare,revolve,

borrowing
be

reel, dance,

be,

may

the

same

the

Eng.

as

'^roteli 1

Ir. rum,

floor

(O'Gl.);

from

; from

tail,rump

rtin, intention, love,

0. H. G., Norse
root

Eng,

other

reel, a spindle

rumach,
rumpull,

; Lat.

Hence
the

however,

righil, ruidhil

also

in ruith

as

roll.

Eng.

rtrni,a

rotula, Eng.

wheel,

rota,

DICTIONARY

the

Sc.

Eng.

runar,

rumple, Eng.

Ir. run,

secret, Ir.,0.

runes

W.

rhin

ipevvdw,

Gr.

rump.

^riines-

Got.,

seek

out

search.

revo,

rusal, search, turn over

things, scrape, rusladh, risleadh, rustling,
about
moving things
(Perth) ; from Eng. rustle ; for ultimate
root,
rusg,

above

see

word,

fleece, skin, husk, bark, Ir. rusg,

rhisg, cortex, Cor. ruse,
cortex, Br.

0.

"^rusko-

Fr.

; whence

Pied,

rusque,

rusca,

old
probably an
rush, Eng. rush,
vowel

does

borrow

the

ruth,

desire

rtithan

horn

of

(Carm.)

; but

Celts

the
from
the
:

Teutonic

M.

The

; this

0.

Fr.

H.

rusche,

G.

Cor.

is

rusche,
and

to

seems

bark

Celtic

the

"

unlikely.

Gadelic

Br.

imply

themselves.

Norse

hrutr,

ram.

Eng.

(Carm.).

riit, ram

roebuck

the

from

rushes

thinks

Stokes

tally with

not

borrowing among
rilta, a ram,
ridgling ;
rutachd, rutting : from
mtaidh,
surly (Carm.)
rutan,

bark.

rusk,

rusgenn,

(of bark),

beehive

ruche,

cortex, W.

Ir. ruse,

(better rughan),

hrugi, heap,
rutharach, quarrelsome,
Arms.), Ir. rutharach

heap (

peat

dais) ;

fighting (H.S.D.

(O'R.); from

marks

the

from

it

Norse

obsolete

ruathar.

-sa,

to personal
pronominal particle attached
and
to nouns
:
preceded by the possessive pronouns
pronouns
mi-se, I myself, thu-sa, sibh-se, i-se (she),e-san, iad-san
;
So also modern
mo
Ir.,
cheann-sa, a cheann-san, his head.
that
0. Jr. -sa, -se (1st Pers.),-su, -so, pi.
is esea7i
save
esan
:
-St
(2nd Pers.),-som, -sem
(3rd Pers. m. and n., sing., and pi.),
-si (3rd Pers./.). All are
of the pronominal root
cases
so-, -se ;
Gr. 6, the
See
( o-o); Ag. S. se, the (m.),Eng. she.
so, sin.

-se, -san,

emphatic

OF

THE

GAELIC

Sabaid, a brawl, fight ; see tahaid

S^baid, Sabbath, Ir. Saboid, M.
whence

sabbath

Eng.

299

LANGUAGE.

; from

Ir.

sapoit

Hebrew

Lat.

; from

sabhatum,

shabbdth.

sabh,
samh, q.v.
; better
sabh, ointment, salve ; from Sc. saw, Eng. salve.
sabh, a saw, Ir. sabh ; from the Eng.
sauail, Ir. sabhailim
sabhail, save, .Manx
(sdbhdlaim, O'B.) ; from
Kuno
Lat. salvare, to save.
Meyer says from Eng. save.
M.
Ir.
sabhal, a barn, so Ir.,
saball, Ir. Lat. zabulum
; through
Lat. stabulum, a stall,Eng. stable.
Brittonic
from
Cf. M. Ir.
steferus zephyr,
sabhd, a lie,fable (H.S.D., Dial.),straying, lounging; cf. saobh.
Ir. sabhsa
the Eng.
sabhs, sauce,
; from
founded
the English word.
on
sabhsair, a sausage
;
sach ; from
Ag. S. sacc, Eng.
sac, a sack, Ir. sac, E. Ir. sacc, W.
sorrel, Ir. samh

sack,
sac,

Got.

Lat.

sakkus,
Ir.

load, burden,

saccus.

sacadh, pressing

into

sack

Fr.
(do.); from
.sac,
pillage, the
all
borrowed
from
sack
a
sack, plunder,
saccax,
sachasan, sand-eel :
from
sad, dust shaken
anything by beating, a smart
Lat.

same

saccare

Low

bag.

or

Eng.

as

bag.

or

blow, sada

!h,

dusting, beating.

sad, aught (M'D.

sag'art,

Ir.

priest,

Cha

'n' eil sad

0.

sagart,

whence

agam,
Ir.

sodal,

from

saidh,

blade

in the

of

prow

handle

Lat.

from

Ir.

soidtalta, rude, ignorant

ship, a

handle

or

the

part of

saidh, bitch ; see saigh :

saidh, saidhean, the saith
virens,

f, sacardd

sacai

q.v.

upright beam,

an

naught)

sacerdotal.

Eng.
saidealta, soidealta, shy, bashful,
sacerdos,

I have

(Arg.);

fish

from

N.

sei"r, the

gadus

sei.

now

of the
Eng. hai/ by the influence
article {an t-hay becoming
a
supposed de-eclipsedsay).
of a falling body, a crash, noise
saidse, Lound
(Badenoch Dial.
doidse, a dint) :
:
saigean, a corpulent little man
saigh, a bitch, Ir. saith (Con., Lane, etc.),sagh, saighin (O'Br.),

saidhe, hay

M.

Ir.

; formed

sogh, sodh,

saighdear,

W.

Sc.

sougeour,

saez

E.

Ir.

soldier, archer,

Sagittarius,

early
saighead,

the

from

borrow
an

; from

now

Lat.

from

Lat.

soldier

sawdwr,

sodger,

arrow,

:
sod, bitch, she-wolf
Ir. sdighdiur
(do.), M.

so

soldier, confused

in

Ir.

Eng.
Gadelic

saigdeoir,
soudiour,
with

an

seth,

Br.

Sagittarius,archer.

Ir., 0.

sagitta.

M.

from

Ir.
For

saiget, W.
root

see

saeth.
ionnsuidh.

Cor.

300

ETYMOLOGICAL

sail,

Ir.

beam,

sail

DICTIONARY

*spali-,allied

Ger.

to

spalten, split,Eng.

spill^split.

Siil,

heel, Ir.,

has

lately

stand

0.

Ir.

sdl, W.

revived

; but

the

old

initial

st

Br.

sawdl,

seuzl

derivation

does

in

not

from

Ascoli

*sdtld.

root
"^std-tlo-,

words

native

sta,

became

in

Gadelic.

saill,

fat

; Lit.

salt, etc.

saill,

salt

saldiis,sweet.

Ir., 0.

thou,

pickle

saill, fat, bacon,

See

*saldi-

further,

salann

sailliin,condio, "^saldio,salt

Ir.

Eng.

*salni-

salann.

see

sailm,

Ir.

fatness,

or

decoction,

oak-bark

decoction

; founded

M.

Eng.

luxury, sensuality, Ir. sdimhe,

pleasant : '''svadini- ; Eng. sweet,

peace,

pectoral

on

saimhe,

blood,

staunch

to

Gr.

sumption
con-

salve

salfe, now

Ir.

luxury, E.
tjSvs, etc.

sdim,

But

cf.

sdmha,ch.

saimir, the
sainnseal,

trefoil

clover
New

handsel.

hansell,

i.e.

Ir.

seamar

gift ;

from

So.

(A. M'D.),
Year's

back

svel ; Lat.

saluni,

sea

clioalen, salt). Shrader

salt, the sea, and Lat. salum,
stercora,

dirty

0.

so

Br.

Eng.

0.

neck

M.

Eng.

Ir. sal, sdtle

H.

Ir.

saith,

*svdlos, root
who

(Stokes,
Gadelic

equates

also

sval,
refers

Gr.

with

As,

sal.

root

halatvg, halog,

W.

Cor.

halou,

(adj.), root sal, to

salo, dusky, dirty, sal, filth,

haloc, lugubri
0.

backbone,

O'B., etc.) :

Ir., salach,

sallom,

or

swell

Eng.

Br.

salach, dirty, Ir.,

seaynrag.

handsel,

deliver,

hand-sellan,

saith,
bone, joint of the
joint of neck or backbone
(Lh
sal, also sail, saile, sea, Ir. sdile,E.
the

see

G.

'''saldko-s

is used.

salann, salt, Ir., 0.

"^

C^salen-):
salt, Ger.

salldair,
0.

salm,

samh,

salz ; Ch.

salt

halen.

; Lat.

Cor.

haloin,

aAs, salt,

sal ; Gr.

Sc.

god, giant (Carm.)

a

clownish

person
"

appearance,

samhach,
0.

Ir.

wooden

stand).

Eng.

chalder, Eng. chalder, chaldron,

from

from

Lat.

Sc.

cf.

soiv,

makes

who

one

dirty

pig."

haft, handle,

suiiKiigim,
Cf.

sea

caldron.

and
Br.
salm
psalm, Ir., 0. Ir. salm, W.
;
psalmus, Eng. psahn.
Lat. saltare, dance,
saltair, trample, Ir. saltairim
; from
ill odour
samh, the smell of the air in a close room,
:
Ir.
samh
samh, sorrel,
:

samh,

halenn

Br.

SI. soil.

; from

chaldron,

W.

sala7in,

salanno-s,

chalder

Fr.

Ir.

.sawi,

pono

Ir.

(which

together,

samhthach,
Ascoli

0.

refers

of saDihuinn.

Ir. samthach
to

*stam,

root

; cf.

sta,

OF

from

sdmh,

(samh), pleasant, still,E.

mild,

0.

G.

H.

quiet

like,

^sdmo-.

Ch.

Stokes
SI.

haual

allied
and

the

root

Zend

Eng.

samr,

soft,

Eng.

to

with

somr,

Ir.

sain

lidma,

same

or

W.

like

luival, avel,

Corn

amal,

o/xaAo?,

(jr.

ness,
like-

like, samhuil,

samhail,

hafal, similis, 0.

*samali-

rest, quiet,

same,

sdim/ie.

tame.
TJjjiepos,
samhail, samhuil, likeness, like,

W.

sdm,

connection

suggests

Of.

Ir.

sfunjan, please

ipse, Norse,

samu,

Gr.

simile,

has

Possibly

samfto, softly. Got.

samhradh.

Br.

samhach), still,pleasant,

Ir. mmhach

sdim,
of

(Coneys

quiet,

sdmhach,

301

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

similis

; Lat.

Eng.

same.

samhan,
Ag.

S.

samhnan,
samhradh,

savine,

Corn,
Zend

year,

hama,
Gr.

summer,

samhuinn,

sam,

Ir.

hurt

van,

Dr

(Eng.

same

assemble;
the

as

fuin,

the

was

Tara
"

1st

November,

first feast," held

Ir.

simul,

on

samplair,

*vo-

end,

favours
into

it

root

whence

som,

Eng.

"assembly"

mean

while
1st

sam-

fuin, Kluge

ox

the

from

Lat.

analyses

*samani-

makes

on

pattern,

copy,

and

Ascoli

samain

takes

sainain,

Zimmer

suffer) ;

and

Eng.
(n.).

summer-end,"

fuinim,

(Stokes).

6/"tos,like,

Gr.

at

'''sam-fuin,

sdmd,

rado-n

"

sam,

further

samuin,

end, sunset,
q.v.

; Skr.

rad

Ir.

((^ot. wii"nan,

samhuil),

gathering

for

(Eng. wound)

same,

see

Ceitein,

samplair,

samhain,

Stokes, however,

year

am,

E.

sam.rad,

*samo-

termination

comhnuidh,

suffer

*wen,

fo-in-.

in

as

nes,

suggests
Skr.

and

summer,

root

neso,

The

day.

rjfi^pa,

Ir.

E.

hanv

Arm.

usually regarded

from

Br.

haf,

summer.

Hallow-tide,

fhuin

our

Br.

(H.S.D., Dial.) :

trout

samhradh,

samhradh,

M.

haf,

saveine,

Eng.

M.

Eng. savin,

river

large

Ir.

summer,

; from

sabina.

Lat.

samhnachan,

W.,

"

Ir. samhdn

savin-bush,

Cet-shamain,

May.

sampla

Eng.

from

sampler^ sample.
-san,

in

as

sanas,

whisper,

"^sanastu-,
to

sannt,
Br.
Gr.

ipse, iadsai)

esan,

secret,

root

sven

see

Manx

-sa.

sannish, whisper,

; Lat.

Eng.

sonare,

Ir., E.

Ir.

; Skr.

sound

sanas

svdnati,

sound.

desire, inclination, Ir., 0.

c'hoant

'^svandstd,

Ir. sant,

desire,

Eng. sweet,
saobh, erroneous,

saobhaidh,

den

Cor.

whans,

Skr.

svad,

relish

; further

etc.

apt

sdib, soib, later

wavering,

chvjant.

svand, svad, desire, please:

root

avSdvii),please, rj8v^,sweet

W.

err,

dissimulation,

saeb, falsus, pseudo-

W.
of

to

chwifio, turn,
a

wild

beast,

whirl
fox's

den

Ir. saobh

(adj.),0.

^svoibo-s, turning

Eng.
:

sweep,

swoop.

Ir.

aside,

302

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY

(Arg.), Ir. saod,

saod, journey, intention, condition, good humour
0.
Ir.
W.
send, journey,
h^nt, Br. hent,
journey,
set, way,
hint : "^sento-s ; Got
0.
Br.
0.
H.
G.
sinjys, journey, way,
send.
Hence
smd,
Eng
saodaich, drive cattle to pasture :
Cf. soad, drive
animals
slowly (Shet.),N. saeta, waylay, sat,
ambush,

saog'hal, the

world,

Lat.

from

an

life, Ir. saoghal, 0. Ir. saigul, saegul ;

from
*sai-tlom, allied to W,
race,
age,

age,

saeculum,

life.

hoedl,
saoi, saoidh,

worthy

suad

good,

generous

man,

scholar,

^su-vid-s,

'.

warrior,
pi. saoithe, E.
of

vtd

root

Gorm.) prefers su-vet-,

(Ifart.

man,

Ir.

scholar,

Ir.

sdi, sui,

Jios (Thurneysen).
vat, say (see faith).

root

saoi,
sage,

Stokes

Rhys

agrees.

saoibh, foolish,

saoibhir,rich,

Ir. saobh
(do.) ; see
perverse,
Ir. Kaidkhliir, E. Ir. saidber,
from

^su-adber,
bring,
saoibhneas,

saobh.

opposed
(Lat. adftro), root

"^ad-beri-

daidber

to

bher

of

beir,

q.v.

peevishness, dulness;

saobhnds,

bad

manners

from

but

G.

seems

Ir.

saobh.

saoibh,

has

derivative

pure

of

saobh.
saith
young
mark, seal ; see

saoidhean,

saoil, a
saoil, think, deem,
Eng.
saoitear,
saor,

saor,

from

carpenter,
"^
root
sapii'o-s.,
a

(Suth.) ;
(

su

Ir.

be

may

saiwala,

allied

Lat.

to

Ir.

W.

Cor.

sair

*sairo-s, from
sapio, sapientia, wisdom, Ag. S.

(Stokes, who

sense

"^su-viro-s, good
"

soer

viro-s,fear, q.v.

saer.

skill,Lat.

sap,

soir,

thinks

the

Brittonic

Ir.

sdithar,

borrowed).

be

saothair, labour, toil, Ir. saothar,

sdithir

Got.

; cf.

taoitear.

see

so-) and

saor,

sefa, understanding,
may

sdilim

Ir.

suggests

Ir. sder, 0.

E.

sao?'.

free;

Kluge

tutor

oversman,

man,"

E.

saoilim,

sai.

root

free, Ir.

seiitfr.

; cf. N.

seul.

Ir.

which

soul,

saeculum,

(Lewis)

*sai-tro-n

sai, trouble, pain

*sai-ra-

; Lat,

; also
;

saevus,

Ir.

Ir.

E.

Got.

E.

Ir.

; Lit.

sapair, sapheir, sapphire,

Eng. also.
oppression, saraich, oppress,
sar,

saphir

0.

sbeth

sdeth,

*sai-tu-

Eng. sore, Ger.

sharp, rough.

S. sdr,

sair, Ag.

wild

sdethar^

siws,
; from

Ir.

Lat.

sapphirus,
0.

sdruighim,
W.

Ir.

sperno

(Stokes).
from

Ir.

Eng.
The

spurn

W.

(Stokes)%

has

Lit.
the

spirti,
a

kick

pretonic

short

Skr.

sehr,

whence

sdraigim,

sarhded,
violo, contemno,
sdr, outrage,
contempt,
*sdro-n, *spdro-n, root
kick, spurn
:
;
sper,

tumelia

g.

root

con-

Lat.

sphur, jerk

; is it borrowed

OF

303

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

hoer, positive, stubborn,

S^r, excellent, Jr.,E. Tr., 0. Tr. sdr-, W.
"^sagro-s,
:
assertion, Ogmic Netta-sagru, Sagarettos,Sagramni
root

strong,

sieg,victory
sardall, a sprat;

6xvp6"i,strong,

; Gr.

seg

; Skr.

Ger.

sdhas, might.
the

from

mrdin^.
(Bailey),now
sds, a trap, fixing ; from

sardel

Eng.

S^S, straits, restraint, hold, E. Ir.

transfix, q.v.
sasaich, satisfy, Ir. sdsaighim, 0. Ir.

sath, plenty, satiety,

fast, e'xw, have

Ir.

sdsaim

sdtk,

sdtk, q.v.

; from

Ir. sdith

sdith, E.

sath^

*sdti-

; Got.

so}),

satiety, Ger. satt (adj.); Lit. sotis ; Lat. sat, enough, satur,
Eng. satisfy, etc.
full,whence
s4th, thrust, transfix, Ir. sdtha'lh, a thrust, push, M. Ir. sdthud,

(L. U.), 0. Ir. im-sadaim,

driving, thrusting, E. Ir. sddim
jacio,W. hodi, shoot ; possibly from .so, se, hurl, as in siol :
na
sath, saith, bad (Dial, maith
saith, math
na
sath),M. Ir. sath
maith) :
(Lecan Glossary), saith, 0. Ir. saick {cid saich no
*saki-s,

svak,

root

Sathairn, Di-sathairn, Saturday

s6, s6a, sia,
*sveks

six, Ir. se, 0.

; Lat.

e^

schwack.
under

see

Ir. se, W.

; Gr.

sex

Ger.

weak,

svag,

chvech.

Got,

di-.

Cor.

six ; Skr.

saihs, Eng.

seabh, stray (M'A.) :

seabhach, trim, neat (H.S.D., Dial.)
seabhag, a hawk, Ir. seahhac, E. Ir. sehac,
E. W.
hebauc
Ag. S. heafoc, now
; from

cliouec^h

vjheh, Br.

shash.

seahhaid.

see

Norse

haukr,

I. E.

haf,

root

0.

Lat.

qai",

Ir.

sebocc,W. hehog,
hawk, Ger. hahicht,
allied

hawk,

capus,

to

capio.

seabhaid,

an

^sibo;

error,

wandering,

short

form

Ir.

wither,

seac,

further

seach, by, past,

Corn,

by,

has

and

seachd,
seiz

Ir.
seven,
:

error,

folly,wandering

Ir.

seachlach,

"

Ir. seachd, 0.
Lat.

siccus.

Ir. sech,

out.
ultra, praeter, W. heb, with: *seqos ; Lat, se,cus, otherwise,

Ir. secht

W.

n-,

septem. ; Gr.

; from

heifer

Lat.

calf."

septimana,

barren

seachluighim, lay

past

Lat.

to

(Eng. prosecute, etc.) : Gr. eVo/xat,I follow,

Hence
G.
sdcd, with, together, Zend
haca, out, for.
G.
and
Ir. seachain, avoid.
seachad, past,

sechmall, prseteritio (
Ir.

sychu,

I follow

*septn

sizun

W.

seasg.

Ir. seach, 0.

eTrra

saith. Corn,
Got., 0. H.

Eng. seven
septyni ; Skr. saptd.
; Lit.
seachduin, a week, Ir. seachdmhain, 0. Ir. sechtman,
Br.

'?

of saobh

root

heb, Br. hep, without

sequor,

Skr.

Corn,

under

seabhdid,

seccaim, secc, siccus,

seygh, Br. sec^h,dry ; from

E.

seacaim,

dry, sych, dry.

See

of the

Ir.

though
=

from

of age

sechm, past,
aside.

H.

seach-la, surviving,

seyth.,Br.
G.

Corn,

siban,

seithum,

septem.
bear

to

and

ell,go,

S. D.
still

calf ; cf. 0.
as

suggests

Ir.

tadhal),
seach-laogh,
in

spared (Suth.).

304

ETYMOLOGICAL

wandering,

seachran,

seach

from

an,

seadh, yes,
seadh, sense
Seagal, rye,

for

Ir. secul

Ir. sechrdn

"^sech-reth-

'?

is eadh,

seagh,

of

spelling

Jr., M.

so

fieachrdn, E.

ruit/i,run

'seadk,

usual

Ir.

error,

and

it is, Ir.

DICTIONARY

; from

it is ;

is and

see

it.

eadh,

q.v.
Lat.

secale, whence

also

Br.

segal.

seagh,

esteem,

Ir.

(O'Cl.),

M.

sense,

learned

might
seal,

further

Gr.

space,

Ir.

while,

Br.

hoel,

du

"

Ir.

; Norse

pith

strength,

seagh, regard, esteem,

e'xw,have

moins,

compares

Lettic

cf. Gr.

craXevo), 1

W.

sel,

svel,

root

swalstit, move

E.

Eng.

sell.

Ir.

Gr.

take,

Windisch

(pronominal

and

(apud

thither

Stokes)
which

to

toss.

Ir. selainn, I

take,

sdhas,

versio, turning,

Bez.

turn.

Skr.
;

hold,

chwyl,

W.

^sego-^

sego-

sieg

segh,

hither

sealbh,

possession, ownership

hdw,

Ger.

I. E.

Ir.

possession, cattle, luck,

sealbh,

strength,

seg,

sigr, victory,

seal, 0.

strength, seaghdha,
Gaul,

has

E.

Ir,

sclb, 0.

Ir.

*seivd, possession,

kXdv,

take

compared

; Got.

selbad,
sel,

root

saljan, offer,

silba, Eng.

Got.

self

sve).

root

usually regarded as for searbhag,

herb
bitter
(cf.Eng. sorrel from
sour). The change of r to
due
be
it may
/ is a difficulty,but
to the analogy of wiea/^Aat/.
1
throttle
the
sealbhan,
"^svel-vo-,
throat,
:
Eng. swallow
(*svel-ko-)
sealg, a hunt, Ir. sealg, 0. Ir. selg,W. hela, hel, to hunt, 0. W.
sealbhag,

Ir.

sorrel,

"

"

helghati,

Cor.

venare.

"^selgd,a hunt,

sealg, milt, spleen,

Gr.
cnrXayxva,
lien

also

Eng.

seall, look,

Ir.

hemin,

Solway

now

; Ch.

SI.

Lit.

slezena,

bluznis

nail,

meaning

prosper."
good

See

Celtic

*seg-s-men,
M.

as

an

small

riveted

small
:

the

to

view,

gaze,

*stilna6,

as

Br.
see,

H.S.D.),

rivet

syllu,

root

riveted

nail, E.
seg,

Ir. seomuirlln

Arms.),

nail,

Ir. semmen,

segh, hold,
;

from

Ir, seamh

"enchantment

the
;

to

small

see

make

as

stout

W.,
in

M.

seagh,

Eng.
seimh,
one's

M'A.
friends

seamhas.

luck,

seannsail, lucky

also
; from

seanns,

Eng.

good

chance.

chance,

;
;

a-TcXirvos,shining.

chamberlain,
its

W.

"^selgd,"^spelgd;

viscera, (nrX.t]v,
spleen {*splqhen)

gives

mild, peaceful (seamh,

gives

Ir.

spleen

Stokes
Gr.

Ir. seaman,

person,

seamhas,

plihdn,

solus.

(seaman,

S^amh,

higher

forbid, enjoin

seum,

seamarlan,

sealg, M.

the

Selgwae,

(see sealbh).
selg, Br. felcli

sellaim, sell, eye,

the

comparing

W.

Ir.

British

lung.

E.

sellet ; cf.

seaman

helhia,

sel, capture

root

; Skr.

Lat.

S^am,

sealbhog

seamhsail,

OF

seamlach,

that

cow

THE

gives milk
Sc. shamloch,

sillyperson
;
Lothian)
(West
years

or

two

(adj.),E.

without
a

(M'A.), Ir.

seamrog^

(B.L.) :
hesitation, quibbling, delay, sham
seamsan,
Northern
Eng. sham, a shame, trick'?
Senoold

0.

Ir.

"^seno-s,old

; Got.

calved

not

for

M.

Ir. semrach

the

Eng. sham,

Br.

hen,

sewzmor

Ir. sean,

old,

sean,

fr.

has

that

cow

impudent

calf, an

her

seamair

shamrock,

seamrag^,

305

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

Corn.,

W.,

sen,

; Lat.

g.
seneschal

i^enex,

sinista,oldest, Eng.

; from

and

0.

senis, old
; Lit.

Gaul.

; Gr.

man

Skr.
;

senas

evo?,

sdnas.

seanachas,
conversation,
story, Ir. seanachas, seanchus, tale,
history, genealogy, 0. Ir. senchas, vetus
historia, lex, 0. W.
Stokes
refers
this
to
hencass, monimenta.
^seno-kastu-, "old
Stokes'
and
story," from *kastu-, root leans,speak (see cainnt
of
derivation
derivative
others
of it). Regarded
as
a
by
pure
*senoGot. siyteigo,
its longer stem
"^seneko- (Lat. senex.
or
old,
Skr. sanakds, old), that
Hence
*senekastu-.
seanachaidh,
is,
reciter

which

of

ancient

favours

seanadh,

senedd,

Corn,

second

the

sened,

historian,

Ir.

seanchuidh,

form

derivation.

Ir.

synod,

senate,

lore,

Br.

seanaidh,

seanadh,
; from

senez

E.

Lat.

the

Ir.
sy

senod,

nodus,

W.

now

Eng. synod.
old-fashioned, knowing

seanagar,

seanair,
"old

Ir.
.

seanathair,

M.

Ir.

henwr

W.

senfha,

senathair,

literally

father."

slender,

seang,

Ir.

grandfather,

; cf

lean,

Ir.

svangr,

slender, thin,

supple,

allied

seangan,

an

to

Norse
"^svengo-s
;
schwank,
swack, supple, Ger.
Ir.

seng

Eng. swing.

(S.

ant

E.
seang,
Sc. swank,

Inverness

Perthshire

and

Manx

snioghan),

sniengan, Ir. seangdn, M. Ir. sengdn, E. Ir. segon (Corm.) ; cf.

Gr. a-Kvixlf
root
skene,
or
kvlxJ/,
(tlong), gen. (rKVL"f)6s
crKviTros,
kene, scratch
(kittling),
(see cndmK), Lit. skaniis, savoury
^^
Stokes
refers
it to ^stingagno-, Eng.
{Bez
65)
sting, Gr.
it from
o-Tifw,prick ; K. Meyer derives
seang, slender.
luck

seanns,

see

S^ap, slink, sneak

seamhas.

off, flinch,

Ir.

seapaim

"

turn

tail

;"

see

next

word,

seap,
sear,

tail,an

eastern

animal's
see

tail

hanging

down

(as a dog's when

cowed

ear.

Sc. serviter, servet,

searadoir, a towel
(Sh. searhhadair) ; from
napkin, from Fr. servietta,from servir, serve, Lat. servio.
searbh, bitter, Ir. searbh, 0. Ir. serh, W. chiverw, Corn, wherow, Br.
c'houero
sour

; Lit.

"^svervo-s ; 0.

H.

G.

sweran,

dolere,

Ger.

sa%er,'^Eng.

sivariis,
salty.
37

306

ETYMOLOGICAL

searbhant,

Ir.

wither,

searg,

Lit.

maid

servant

sergu,

DICTIONARY

from

the

Eng.

0.

Ir.

sercim,

serg,

illness

0.

Sax.

swercan,

seargaim,
ill ; O.H.G.

am

swercan,

servant.

"^sergo;

become

gloomy.
searmon,

Ir.

sermon,

sermonis, Eng.
secirr,

searrach,

E.

bottle

W.

Ir.

0.

Ir., E.

so

serrach

; founded

the

on

officer

serjant, Lat.

in

serviens,

; Lat.

sta

Skr.

sthd.

seasgan,

seasgann,

W.

Ir. has

sers^nach,

sto

tair(sh)issim,E. Ir.
I stand, *sistamo(n.),
stand
set
;
; Eng.
ccrryixi,

Gr.

Ir.

sefi/ll,
stare. Cor.,

Ir.

dry,

dry

cosy,

shock

sevell,Br. saf,

Br.

hesk,

E.

seasg,

and

truss

or

root

seq,

whence

Ir.

W.

sesc,

wet

seat, satiety of

siccus

hesk, hesp

sit-cus)^

Ir.

comfortable,
seasg.

land

of corn,

skin

Romance

or

food

seiceal, a

heckle

heislan,

from

tear, Lat.

scortum

force
and

to

seasgann

brain

Eng.

seasg,

pellicle;

(Lewis)
Sc.

heck,

(for flax); from

Eng. hatchel.

cf. for

; cf.

sedge,

I. E.

dry, though

seid.

see

of rushes
; from

reed

land,

(Dial.) :

belly-full,flatulent

corpulent

refers

marsh

seich, seiche, a hide, skin,

Norse
sigg, callus, hard
etc.

sescha,

hide, peritoneum,

or

seic, meal-bag made

seic, a rack, manger

Br.

hysp,

; from

quiet

warm,

Zimmer

cut.

it denotes

seid,

come

gleaned
:
Ir. seisgeann, E. Ir. sescenn
fenny country, marsh,
;
'*'s"sc,
sedge, Ir. seisg,sedge, W. hesg (pi.),Cor. hescen,

Br.

seco,

soldier.

foot

(Suth.).

sessim, 0.
"^sistami,

Ir.

an

Fr.

serjeant, from

from

seic, a

epa-au,

sergeand,

sergean,

sit-s-qo-,root
*sisqo-s,from
sit, dry ; Lat.
dry, sitis,thirst ; Zend
hisku, dry.
in
comfortable
seasgair, one
circumstances,
seasgair,

serra.

(Stokes).

barren,

seasg,

Lat.

justice,Eng.

citation

sisto, stop,

The

*stam

from

sermo,

"^serso- ; Gr.

Sc.

the

M.

etc.

seasamh

G.

sessom,

of

court

searsaigeadh, charging,
seas, stand, Ir. seasaim, E.
root

Lat.

Eng. jar ?
from
Eng. charge.
seirseanach, auxiliary
overseer,

charge or load '(as a gun) ;

searsanach, a sheriff officer,estate
(Arm., Sh., O'B.) ; Gaelic is from

inf.

; from

serr

Ir.

sears,

inferior

; from

strmon

lambs

searrag^,

Ir. serr,

foal, colt,

young

M.

sermon.

sickle, saw,

searmoin,

Ir.

Sc.

Gr.

sekk,

hack.

and

Eng.

The

Ir.

sack,

SeeTnext.

also

seithe,E.

skin.

N.

seich.

see

heckle.

seche, g.

root

Sepfxa,skin,

is I. E.
from

W.

The

seched

^seket-;

Lat.
se^, cut,

8ei/o(o,
flay,Eng.

sker, Eng. shear, etc.

by tympany,
swelHng, seideach, swollen
corium,

from

is

OP

seid, a

of

truss

in the

hay,

latter

seid, blow,

GAELIC

THE

bed

sense) :

307

LANGUAGE.

spread
*seddi-

the

on

(especiallyseideag

floor

seidim^ E. Ir. setim, W.

chwyth, a blast, M. Br.
Cor.
huez,
c^houeza, blow.
ivhythe, to blow : *sveiddo-,
sibilare ;
*svizdho"^sviddo-,from "^sveizdho-,
; Ch. Slav, svistati,
Ir.

Br.

Lat.

sibilus,whistling ( sidhilus),Eng.
seidhir, a chair, from Eng. chair.
=

seilcheag^,a

snail,

seilide,seilchide, seihnide, slimide, 0. Ir.

cf. Gr. o-ecrtAos (tlong), creo-i^Aog,
a
crecrtAtTr/s,

Ir.

selige, testudo

snail.

gives

Stokes

sibilant.

slekas, earthworm,
seleti,creep,

the
0.

root

Br.

sel,allied

to

slayx (do.).

Pruss.

seile,placenta (Carm.) :
seileach, willow, Ir. sailedg, E.
Corn.

as

Ir.

Lit.

sail,g. sailech,W.

Br.

Stokes

in ^.C.^

elestr.

Cf.

L.

^saliks

Lit.

now.

helyg, willows.

salix ; Gr.
salix,
helige7i,
(pi.):
eXiKrj(Arcadian) ; Eng. sallow.
s^ileann, sheep-louse, tick :
Seilear, a cellar^ Ir. seileir,M. W. seler ; from Eng. cellar.
seilisdeir,yellow iris or yellow water-flag, ir. soileastar, feleastar
(O'B.),elestrom (O'B.),M. Ir. soilestar,W. elestr,fleur de lys,

iris,0.

halek

saleti, creep,

Stokes

Lat.

; Lat.

(Ernault,

alestrare, humectare

329).
seillean, a bee, teillean (Perth), tilleag (Suth.),W. chwil, beetle;
root
svel,turn, as in seal ? W. telyn, harp "?
s6iin,a squint :
S^imh, mild, placid, Ir. seimh (O'R.,FoL), seimh
(Con.) :
seinn, sing, Ir. seinnim, M. Ir. sendim, 0. Ir. sennim, play an
Stokes) ; root
instrument, psallo, perf. sephainn {"^
sesvanva,
sound, as in Lat. sonare,
Eng. sound, Skr. svdnati,
sven,
sonus,
sound.

seipeal,

chapel,

chapele,

so

Eng,

now

Ir.,

M.

Ir.

sepel ;

M.

from

Eng.

and

0.

Fr

chapel.

seipein, a quart, choppin ; from the Eng. choppin, from Fr. chopine^
Ger.
chope, a beer glass,from
schoppen.
seirbhis, service, Ir. seirbhis ; from the Eng.
seirc, love, Ir. hearc, seirc,0. Ir. sere, W. strch, Br. serc^h,concubine,
M.

Br.

Ger.
"^serkd, "^serko- ; Got. saiirga, care,
surkshati, respect, reverence,
Eng. sorrow
; Skr.

serch

sorrow,

about

thought
it to

something.

The

Gr. (TT"pyo}j I love, which

burdoch
(Carm.) :

derivation

favourite
would

seircean,
seirean, a shank, leg, spindle-shanked

give

person

G.

; for

sorge,
take

is to

ally

teirg.
connections

see

speir.

seirm, sound,
labor

'j

musical

Celtic

root

noise, ring
sver,

sing,

as

I.

E.

bell, 0.
sver,

Ir.

sound

sibrase, modu; Skr.

svara.

308

DICTIONARt

ETYMOLOGICAL

soiind, music

Eng,
speech, Eng.

sermo,

also

swear,

Got.

answer,

W.

The

sermon.

; Lat.

swear

svaran,

chwyrnu,

snort, is

hum,

allied,

seirsealach, robust
(seirsealach, H.S.D.), Ir. seinean, a strong
for origin.
(O'R.) ; cf. searsanach
person
seis, one's match, a friend, sufficiency,Ir. seas, ship's seat, Lewis
seis, bench,

; cf. Norse

seat

sessi,bench-mate,

from

oar-mate,

ship's seat (I. E. root sed, sit),

Ir. seis,pleasure, delight :
seis, anything grateful to the senses,
root
*sved-ti-,
sveda, svdd, sweet
; Gr. eSavos, sweet, t^Svs(do.);
Lat. suavis, sweet
; Eng. sweet,
the
seat
seis, anus,
(Suth.) :
the Eng. siege.
from
seisd, a siege ; formed
Lat.
seisean, session, assize, Ir. seisiun ; from
sessio,sessionis,a
a

sessa,

sitting,session.
seisreach,a plough,
Ir.

seisreach,
; from

team

seist, the

of

root
sven-s-ti-,
helmet
se6c, seocan,
a

feeble

shachlin,
shackle,

se6d, siad,
M.

From

helmet

; from

shackle,

seis,a

; cf.

the

Sc.

shuffle

in

of se, six.
musical
strain

shock.

Eng.

shochlin, waddling, infirm,

allied

walking,

Eng.

to

jewel,

and

fro,

seod, a jewel

Ir.

dandle

send, jewel,
shog, M. Eng. shoggin,

Sc.

; from

see

Ir.

way,

; E.

steer

method

se6l,a
Ir.

seol,course

doing

of
; W.

thing, sedlaim,

hwyl,

condition.

course,

seol,sail.
sail, Ir. seol, 0.

huil

In

case

gen.
have

been

Br.

*seghlo- (root

to

should

we

neither.
siuil

seol,seol,seol,g. siuil, W.

seglo-,sail (also from

either

have

Ir.

referred

usually

Teutonic

the

on

Ir.

suggests

*s^l,

that

analogy of cebl,etc.
from
by a borrow

effected

seagh)

borrowed
^seghlo-),

expect

Strachan

of

W.

into

*hail,

or

; while

W.

velum

W.
to

Celtic.
but

is formed

se6l

Lat.

0.

hwyl,

hwyl

we

from
may

(Cor.guil,

goel).

sedmar,

Fr.

Ir.

chamber,

chamhre,

Lat.

M.

Ir.

sort

; from

the

stump,

the

se6mra,

seot,

short

tail

or

worst

shot, rejected sheep ("shot "from

the root
of Eng. shoot.
boat, from
skoita, dangle.

seomra

; from

M.

Eng.

and

camera.

sort, kind, Ir.

seorsa,
a

plume,

plough,

sesrech, plough

shocken.

direct,

Ir.

of

Ir.

E.

derivative

a
ditty, M.
song,
seinn.
sven,

verb

to

sedl, method,

seol,

persons,

six horses

horses,

person

hero,

Du.

six

the

shake.

swing

seog,

of

seiseir,six

melody

plough,

plough

"^

seochlan,

six-horse

Eng.
beast,

sprout

; from

Sc.

of a
slioot),shoot, stern
Cf. Norse
skott, fox's tail,

THE

OP

seotal, shuttle
seth

in

seth,

"by

(M'D.)
severally,

309

LANGUAGE.

of trunk

gu

se-cum

GAELIC

(after negative)

neither

cf.

Lat.

one-self."

of lonmhuin)
seuchd, a tunic or lei7ie (Oss. Ballad
:
Ir.
Ir.
0.
seud, a jewel, treasure, hero,
seud,
set, pi. seuti, pretiosa,
Med.
Ir., Lat. sentis ; from
*sent-, real, "being," I. E. sents,
etc. ;
root
being, participle from
-sens, ipraesens,
es, be ; Lat.
Gr.

et's.

seul, seula, saoil, a seal, Ir. seula, M. Ir. sela, W.

from
Lat.
sigillum, M. Eng. and Fr. seel,Ag.
earnest

seum,
seun,

entreaty

defend

charm,

see

magic

preservative

S.

Br.

siel ;

sigle.

seam.

Ir. seun,

by charms,

blessing, sign, luck,

sel,0.

0.

Ir.

; from

sen,

Lat.

E.

good luck,

benedic,
signum,

W.

swyn,

sign,

"

Ir. sen,

charm,

sign

of the

cross."

refuse, shun,

seun,

from

the

seanaim,

M.

Ir. senaim

probably

above.

sianan

seunan,

Ir, seunaim^

in

breac-sheunain,

freckles

Islay); from seizure,crisis ?

perfection (M'A.
the Eng.
sgab, scab, sgabach, scabbed
; from
killed for winter
sgabag, cow
provision (M'F.) :
bashed
Sgabaiste, anything pounded
or
(H.S.D.), Ir. sgabaiste,
robbery :
Sgaball, a hood, helmet, M. G. sgahall,a hood or cape (M'V.) ; Ir.
scabal, a hood, shoulder
guard, helmet, a scapular ; from Lat.
scapulae, shoulder-blades, whence
Eng. scapular.
from
the
Sffabard, scabbard
Eng.
;
Sg'abh, sawdust, Ir. sgahh (Lh.) ; Lat. scobis,sawdust, powder.
the
Sc. skaith, Eng. scathe, scath
Sgad, a loss, mischance
; from
ska"i, scathe, Ger. schaden, hurt.
(Shakespeare), Norse
Sgadan, a herring, Ir. sgaddn, E. Ir. scatan
(Corm.), W. ysgadan
king of herrings," Ag. S. sceadda, Prov.
(pi.); cf. Eng. shad,
seusar,

acme

for

or

"

Ger.

schade.

Sgadartach,

(M'A.)

set

of

ragamufhns

(H.S.D.), anything

scattered

Eng. scatter.
man
Sgafair, a bold, hearty man
(H.S.D., Arm., O'B.),a handsome
(MA.), Ir. sgafaire, a bold, hearty
(H.S.D.),a scolding man
the Eng. gaffer %
fellow, a gaffer ; from
man,
spruce
Ir.
filter,
sgagaim, filter,purge
Sgag", split,crack, winnow,
; cf.,for
; from

root, gag.

sgaipean, a ninny, dwarf

Sgail, a shade, shadow,
cortina,

Sialic, a
a

curtain

sgdile,scdil,M. Ir. scdil,0.

*skdli-, root ska of sgdth, q.v.
Ir.

Br.

esceilenn,

slap, skelp, Ir. sgailledg; root skal, make

Ger.
skella, slap, clatter
(skjalla),
by hitting ; Norse

smart

noise

blow,

310

ETYMOLOGICAL

schallen,
So.

Cf.

Sgailc,

resound
M.

and

Eng.

scallach,

bare,

is

sg'all,baldness,

bald

Norse

from

skalti,

Ir.

sgallta, bald,

bald

head,

skala, peel, skal, husk,

skallig, bald,
sgailc

skali% give tongue

(as a hunting dog).
Also
skeip.
sgailleag.

; Lit.

pate, baldness,

bald

DICTIONARY

possibly

M.

from

Eng. scale.
scalc^ scalp ; but

Eng.

Swed.

The

G.

Sgall

is

clearly Norse.
skkad, sked, skha,
Sgain, burst, rend, Ir. sgdinim : "^skad-no-, root
Gr.
Skr.
cat
scatter
rend,
a-KeSavvvfit,
skhddate, split,
split,
;
;
the Lat.
Sgainneal, a scandal, Ir. scannail, M. Ir. scandal
; from
scandalum.

sganradh

sgainnir, scatter,

(n),

Ir.

scanruighim, scatter,

scare

to scatter.
Eng. squander,
Sg^innteach, a corroding pain, pain of fatigue ; from sgdin.
Sgaird, flux, diarrhcea, ir. sgdrdaim, I squirt, pour out : *skardo-

allied

cf.

skerdo-

I. E.
=

mus-scerda-

sucerda, swine-dung,

; Skr.

sham.

Eng.
Br.

; Lat.

vomit

chard,

Another

form

is

skoarz, skarz, void, cleanse,

; Ch.

*skart,
Gr.

muscerda,
SI.
W.

mouse-dung

skar"du, nauseating

ysgarth, excrement,

a-KOjp,

g. cr/caros,

Skr.

gdkrty

dung,

Sgaireach, prodigal (Sh., etc.) from

old
gull, young
Sgaireag, one
year

the

root

skar

of sgar.

scart

from

Norse

skdri,

sea-mew.

young

Sgairn, howling of dogs,

Sgairneach, a continuous
sound

of such

crowd,

tumult,

loud

stones

noise

murmur

of

see

loose

sgairt.

stones
heap
falling (sgairm, M'A.)
See
sgairn.
(Ayr).

on

hill

cf. Sc.
Badenoch

side,

the

scarnoch,
Dial.

sgarmach.
1
root
sgairt, a loud cry, Ir, sgairt : "^s-gar-ti-,
gar
Sgairt, activity, Ir. sgairteamhuil, active : root skar, skip, spring ;
Gr. a-Katpo),
fhar, spring.
a
skip, cTKapos,
leap, run
; Zend
skar
scairt
of
Ir.
intestine
caul,
Sgairt, midriff,
:
separater," from
"

sgar

"?

skata.
the Eng, skate, Norse
Sgait, a skate ; from
Sgaiteach, sharp, edged, cutting, sgait, a prickle, a little chip of
in one's
wood
flesh (Dial.) ; from
sgath, lop.
Ir,
M,
Ir,
seal, root skal, sound, cry ;
Sgal, howl, shriek, yell,
sgal,
Norse
skjalla, clash, clatter, skvala, squall, squeal, Ger.
schallen
(as a dog) ; Gr. o-KvXa^,
skaliu, give tongue
; Lit,
sound, allied to sqel, split,hit 1
a
whelp : I. E, root sqel, make

prate, babble, spread, root sqvel, sqval.

rustic, M. Ir.
Sgalag, a servant, Ir. sgoldg (fern.),husbandman,
Norse
scoloc
skdlkr, servant,
{=gille), E. Ir. scoloca ; from
Ger.
schalk, knave, Eng. marsAa^,
slave. Got, skalks^ servant,
Cf.

W.

chwalu,

OF

seneschal.

THE

It could

GAELIC

hardly

311

LANGUAGE.

be

Lat.

from

scholasticus,as

Skene

(Celt.Scot'^ 448) thinks.

Sg^lain, scales for weighing, Ir. scdla, a balance, scali (B. of Dr.) ;
from
the early Eng. scale,Ag. S. scale,Norse
skdl, a balance.
skdli, a
Sgalan, hut, scaffold,Jr., M. Ir. scdldn ; from the Norse
Stokes
*scdnlo-,
hut, shed.
(Bez. Beit.^^ 65) refers it to a stem
with
Gr.
a-Krjvij(Dor. a-Kdvd),a tent, roof, skhd,
cognate
shade.

cover,

Sgald, burn, scald, Ir. sgall,scald, singe ; from the Eng. scald.
Sg'all,baldness, Ir. sgallta, bald, bare ; see under
sgailc.
Sgalla, an old hat (M'A.) :
dish
of a tree
cut
out
Sg^lla, a large wooden
(M'A.) :
from
the
Norse
Sgallais, insult, contempt;
skoll, mockery, loud
laughter, skjal, empty
talk, skjall, flattering (H.S.D. gives
as
a
flattery"
meaning) : allied to sgal, q.v.
Ir. sgamal ; from
Lat. squdmula, squdma.
Sg^amal, a scale, squama,
In G. and
Ir. Bibles, Acts^
Scales
fell from
his
18,
eyes"
"

"

"

sgamail.
above,
Sgamal, effluvia,phlegm, Ir. sgamal : same
as
Sgamh, dross, dust ; see sgabh.
W.
Sgamhan, the lungs, liver, Ir. sgamhdn, lungs, M. Ir. seaman,
Ir. seaman,
ysgyfaint, lights.Cor. skefans, Br. skevent ; from
levis, W.
ysgafn, light. Cor.
scaff,Br, skanv, light (cf. for
force
Eng. lights, Buss,
legkoe, lungs, from
legkii,light)

^skamnosgann,

; cf. Norse

skammr,

drove

multitude,

Sg^aog",

G.

H,

scam,

short.

Ir, sgann
membrane,
Sgann,
film, skaeni, film, membrane
a

Sganradh,

short,

0,

; cf, Norse
;

dispersing, terror ; see

foolish, giddy girl ; cf.

skdn,

"^skad-no

thin

membrane,

sgainmr.
Sc,

skeich, s^ez^^, skittish, Eng.

,

Sgaoil, spread, scatter, let go, Ir. sgaoilim, M, Ir., E. Ir. scdilim ;
cf, W.
chwaht, disperse,strew, root
sqval, sqvol, allied to root
sqel, split(as in sgoilt,q.v.). Bhys says W. is borrowed,
%
If
for sgeum
Sgaoim, a fright, a start from
:
fear, skittishness
I
E, Ir, scingim, I start
o-Ka^d), limp,
so, for
; Gr.
sceng-men,
Ger,
hinken
S
kr,
cTKLfifSd^d),
khanj (do.).See sgeun.
limp;
(do.)';
Sgaoth, a swarm
(as of bees), Ir, scaoth, scaoith : ^skoiti-, from
Lat. scindo
skhfdt,separate ; Ger. scheiden, Eng. shed ; further
(from root skheid, split),split.
Sgap,

scatter,

Ir.

scapaim

^skad-ho-

rtLK^ o-KeSdvwixL,
scatter),developing into
becomes
^^i^^^il;-

sgapl

But

consider

Eng.

Sgar,

sever,

ate, 0,

separate,
Br,

Ir.

scarat,

sgaraim,
di udicari

0.
:

Ir,

skhad, divide, Gr.

skabb, which, as skabb-th,

(from

scape,

escape.

scaraim,

"^skarao,

root

W,

ysgar,

sker,

separ_

eparat

312

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY

skiriu, separate
shear, cut, Eng. shear ; further
sunder

Lit.

the

from

Sg^arbh^ cormorant;
Sgarlaid, scarlet,

Ir.

take

Sgat,

it direct

from

H.

G.

M.

Ir.

N.

scar/(Shet., etc.).

Sc.

scarloit

M.

from

Stokes

scarlatum.

scheren,

etc.

cut,

Ketpd),

skarfr,

Ger.

sceran,

and

K.

Eng.

Meyer

Lat.

(Dial.);

skate

Lat.

0.
Gr.

Norse

sgdrloid,

scarlat, scarlet, Med.

sgait.

see

off, Ir.

sgathaiin, E. Ir. scothaim

skath, cut ;
Sgath, lop
; I.E., root
Gr. d(rKr)Oii]s,
unscathed, crxa^w, cut ; Eng. scathe, Ger. schaden,
hurt
chd, lop. The root appears
variously as skhe, ska,
; Skr.
skhei, skhe (Gr. crKeSavvu/xc).It is possible to refer sgath to
the root
See
sgiaii.
seq, cut, Lat.
seco, Eng. section.
0.
Ir.
Ir.
scdth, W.
ysgod.
sgath, scdth,
Sgath, a shade, shadow,
Cor.

Br.

scod, umbra,

Eng.

shade.

skeud

shade,

skadus,

Got.

*skdto-s

Sgath (Sh., Arm., sgath, H.S.D.), a

sgeach, sgitheag, hawthorn
berry,
Ir. see,

Cor.

shadow,

darkness

a-Koros,

Ger.

; Skr.

schatten

shadow.

chdya,

E.

Gr.

g.

spedhes,

sciach,
Br.

also

g.

Ir.

Ir.

pi, sciad,

spezad, fruit,

Sgeadaich, dress, adorn,

wattled

sgeach, sweet-briar,
W.

currant

sgeaduighim,

door

hawthorn,

yshyddad,
:

^skvijat-

adorn,

mark

haw,

with

white

speck, white
sgeadach, speckled, skyspot,
gead, spot :
Sgealb, a splinter, Ir. sgealpog, splinter, fragment,
sgealpaim,
Cf.
Sc.
make
skelb,
smash,
split,
splinters of; see
^olb.
skelf, a splinter,skelve (vb.).
Ir.
Ir. scell, a
mustard,
Sgeallag, wild
sgeallagach, M.
grain,
kernel
Stokes
sqel, separate, Eng. shell, etc.
equates
; root
Lat.
Ir.
with
scilla, squill, sea-onion, Gr.
scelldn, kernel,
sgead,

spot,

coloured

0"K

Sgealp,
Sgeamh,

A Aa.
a

Also
M.

; also

Sc. skelp, M.
slap ; from
Eng. skelp.
scemdacht
yelp, Ir. sceamh, E. Ir. seem,
G.
which
to
sgiamh,
sgiamhail,

Br.

sgeamh,

hueual,

severe

reproach

cry

shame,

sham

Gaelic

*skemo%

cutting

or
:

like

The

; Norse

word

; cf.

word.

next

Ernault

compares

fox.
Ir.

language,
skamma,

Sgeamh

to

also

sgeamhaim,
shame,

scold,

scold, Eng.

to
"

means

disgust

"

in

the
eye,"
speck on
membrane."
Also
Ir. (and G. ?) sgeamh,
polypody.
Norse
cleanliness, polish ; cf. for origin
skina, Eng. shine.
Sgean,
S^6an, sudden
fright or start, a wild look of the face ; see sgtun.
kind
of sea
from
a
weed, so called
resembling a knife
Sgeanag,
blade
(Arg.).
a
a
stare, gazing upon
thing :
Sgeann,
"

also, according

to

M'A.,

"a

OF

Sgeap,

beehive

GAELIC

THE

; from

the

Norse

carrying basket,

313

LANGUAGE.

Sc.

skep,

skeppa^

M.

skeppe,

Eng.

skep,

measure.

Sgeig, mockery, Ir. sgige,M. Ir. scige : ^skeggio-:

of strong, straight
Sgeigeach, having a prominent chin or a beard
hair
Norse
skegg, a beard, from
skaga,
(Sutherland) ; from
jut out, Eng. shaggy.
sgeilcearra, supple, active ; cf. sgiolcarra.
Sgeile, misery, pity, Ir. sceile (O'Cl., Lh. as obsolete, O'B.),sceile
(O'R.):
Sgeileid, a skillet,Ir. sgilead ; from the Eng.
Sgeileas, a beak, thin face, talkativeness
(H.S.D.) ; see sgeilm.
Sgeilm, boasting, prattling (H.S.D. Arms.), a thin-lipped mouth,
Root
a
sM,
(M'A.) ; also sgiolam, sgeinm.
prater's mouth
,

in

as

sgaL

Sgeilm, sgeinm, neatness, decency ; cf. sgean.

attack
Sgeilmse, a surprise, sudden
:
Sgeilp, a shelf ; from Sc. skelf,Ag. S. scylfe,now
Sg^imh, beauty, Ir. sgeimh ; see sgiamh.
Sgeimhle, a skirmish, bickering, Ir. sgeimhle :

Sg^innidh, twine,

shelf.

sgainne, a skein or
clue
thread.
of
The
Sc.
(pronounced
skiny, pack thread
M. Eng.
is from
G. ; Eng. skein
skeenyie) is apparently from
Gaelic.
derives
the
skeirie,0. Fr. escaigne. Skeat
Eng. from
The
G. alone
to *skein, from
sghein, sghoin^
might be referred
Gr.
Lit.
Lat.
funis,
geinis,string,
string,
rope,
crxoivos.
in the
Norse
Sgeir, a rock in the sea, skerry ; from
sker, a rock
of Eng.
root
cut
off," from
:
Eng. skerry, scaur
sea, whence
flax

; cf, Ir.

thread

hemp

or

"

shear,

G.

sgar.

Sgeith, vomit,
clioueda

g.

Sgeoc,

Sgeop,

of foolish

torrent
a

tale,

Ir.

seq,

say

"vv"7roj,

Lat.

E.

Ir.
Ir.

refers
SI.

sceim, sceithim,

cnrariyr],

(Heb.)
also

words,
sgeul,
"

0.

Ir.

ko-) :

see

Sgeog

thin

W.

chivydu, Br.

excrement

as

in

vein.
ceo.

chwedl.

seel,W.

Cor.

ivhethl,

^sqetlo-n (sqedlo-n, Rhys),

inseque, die, inquam

dixit
tell, eVt-cTTre,

; Ger.

in-squam

sagen,

Eng,

V),say
say

I ;
Lit.

say.

dread, disgust,

M.

Gr.

cf.

quehezl {([ue-hezl,que

sakyti,
Sgeun,

Ir.

Sgiach, haze, dimness

long neck ; cf. gedc.

root

Gr.

E.

(Bez.). sgeith-feith,varicose

Sgeul, Sgial,
Br.

sceithim,

"^sqveti;

diarrhoea
Sgeo,

Ir.

seen,

look

affright:

fright, wild look,

sgean,
^skeng-no-, from
skeng, start, spring,
of

fear,

Ir.

scingim, start, spring (for root see

sgaoim). Strachan
it to *skakno-, root
skak, spring. Lit. szokti, spring, Ch.

skakati,

Norse

skaga^ jut

out.
38

314

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY

movement,
Sgiab, a snatch, sudden
0.
Ir.
sgiamh,
Sgiamh,
beauty,
skeima, a light, Ag. S. scima,
further

Sgiamh,
Sgian, a

squeal, yell, mew

Ir.

knife,

chd,

off,

cut

split,cut.
a

scena,

Gr.

Br,

0.

Pruss.

Norse

sgiohag.

*skeimd

skimi,

sgeamh.

Ir,

sciaii, W.

skeja, cut

(T\d^(ii,
cut,

Gr.

sciam

see

Lindsay
priest's knife,

Got.

cf.
of

gleam

light,

o-xaw

slicer,scimitar,

ysgien,

"^skeend,

Gadelic

refers

shield,

0.

Ir.

see

E.

I.

side-form

Others

have

skeo,

is

skhe, skha^

root

Lat.

to

from

sacena,

compared

; Skr.

cut

'^scend, allied

to

whose

vb.

Lat.

seco,

scio,know,

cut.

Keioi,
a

Ir.

0.

sgiath,

Br.

scoit,

skoued
Norse

scaytan,

(Schrader)
be

E.

sgian,

Eng. section, saw.

cut,

Sgiath,

off, Br.

ysgi, cutting

sgioh

shimmer.

shine,

Eng.

Ir.

sciath,

*skeito-

W.

Ch.

queries

0.

ysgwyd,

ski^, firewood,
Bez.

which

; to

Ir.

SI.

billet

if Lat.

W.

stitu,

of

wood,

scuit^
shield

{^skoito-

scutum

tablet

T)

allied.

Sgiath,

of

the

Cor.

shoulder,
shoulder-blade
Skr.

chid,

which

sgiathdn, sgiath, E. Ir. sciath [sciath n-ete,

wing), 0. Ir. sciath, ala, pinna, W. ysgwydd,
scuid, scapula, Br. skoaz : ^skeito-, "^skeidd,
sqid, Lat. scindo ; Gr. crxt^w, split;
; I. E. root
Ger.
scheiden, divide
(I. E, shheit),
; further

Ir.

wing,

shoulder

cut

with

agrees

the

Gadelic

form,

Sgibeach, Sgibidh, neat ; see sgiobalta.

the Eng.
Sgid, a little excrement
(M'A.) ; from
sgiodar.
Sgideil, a plash of water
; see
skill
from
the
Sgil,
Eng.
;
Sgil, unhusk, shell, Ir. sgiollaim,sgilc,shellings of corn, sgilice,the
^skdi-, I. E. sqel,
:
operation of the mill in shelling corn
See
skilja, separate, Eng. skill, shell, etc.
separate ; Norse
Cf.

scoilt.

Sgilbheag,
Eng.

Sc.

chip

shillin, shelled
slate

of

or

(Arg.)

unhusked

; from

grain.

Sc.

skelve, a

thin

slice,

shelf.

Sgilig",shelled

grain (Dial.),from

Norse,

whence

Sc.

shillin,which

Ir.

sgilige,sgileadh, sgiolladh, shelling grain.

Ir. sgillin,shilling, M.
Ir. scilling,scillic,from
Sgillinn, a penny,
Ag. S. scilling,Norse
skillingr,Ger. schilling.
mouth
Sgilm, a
expressive of scolding aptitude (M'A.); see
see

under

sgil.

sgiolam.
Cf.
Sc. skemmel.
Sgimilear, a vagrant parasite, intruder
; from
sgiomalair.
Sginn, squeeze
out, gush out, Ir. scinn, gush, start, E. Ir. scendim,
spring ; Skr. skand, leap ; Lat. scando
; Gr. crKavSaAov, Eng.
scandal.

Arm.

has

sginichd, squeezing

Badenoch

Dial,

has

OF

Sging,

squeeze,

THE

GAELIC

hardship.

SI 5

LANGUAGE.

There

is

E.

an

Ir.

scingim,

under

sgaoim.
spring, from skeng, discussed
Norse
from
the
skip, a ship.
Sgioba, ship's crew
;
in
snatch, sgiob,
or
Sgiobag, a slap given
play, a hasty touch
Sgiab, snatch, Ir. sgiobaim, I snatch, W. ysgip, ysgipiol ; cf.
Manx
skibbag, skip, hop, from
Eng. skip.
the
Sc. skippare, Eng. skipper, Norse
Sgiohair, a skipper ; from
skipari,

mariner.

Sgiobal, Sgiobal (Suth.),a barn, Ir. sgiobdl :

Sgioball, loose folds or skirts of a garment
:
Manx
Sgiobalta, clever, neat,
skibbylt, active, a skipping, Ir.
sgiobalta, active, spruce ; also G. sgioblaich, adjust the
Cf. Norse
dress, etc., tidy up.
skipulag, order, arrangement,
Gadelic
The
in
is borrowed.
order, Eng. ship shape.
skipa, put
Sc.
Sgiodar, a plashing through bog and
mire, diarrhoea
; from
scutter, skitter.

Sgiogair, a jackanapes, Ir. sgigire,a buffoon, mocker

sgeilm ; also giolam.
talk, also
Sgiolam, forward
talk
skjal.
sgiol (Lewis),empty
; N.
in
out
or
Sgiolc, slip
unperceived ; cf. Eng. skulk.
sgiolbhagan, fibs (Wh.) :
off a
take
instrument
the
to
suet
Sgiomalair, an
from

see

See

pot

sgeig.
sgeilm.

(M'A.)

Eng. skim ?
smithereens"
Sgionabhagan,
(Arg.) ; from sgian ?
Sg^ionnadh, starting, eyes starting with fear ; see sginn.
a
Sgionn-shuil, a squint eye ; from Eng. squint, with
leaning on
G. sgionn, sginn, start, protrude.
Ir. sgiordadh
Sgiord, squirt, purge,
(n.),sgiurdaim (O'R.) ; either
from
Eng. squirt (Stokes' Lis.).
cognate with or borrowed
Ir.
sciorrairn
Sgiorr, slip,stumble,
:
of
Sgiort, a skirt, edge
a
Eng. skirt.
garment, Ir. sgiorta ; from
O'Cl. has
shirt.
Ir. sguird for tunic
or
Norse
M'A.
Sgiot, scatter
skjota, shoot, skyti, shooter.
; from
the
word
does
Highlands ; Arm.
belongs to the North
says
have
Ir. has
it.
not
:
sgiot,a dart, arrow
something shot."
from
S,
shire, O.H.G.
scir, county, now
Sgire, a parish ;
Ag.
scira,
charge.
black
Sgirtean, a disease in cattle
spauld or quarter-ill(H.S.D.) :
stumbling disease," from sgiorradh 1
Sg'ith,tired, Ir. sgith, weariness, 0. Ir. scith. Corn,
sqwyth, skith,
Br. skouiz, skuiz : *skUo-, *skUtoing
(Brittonic *skvitto-, accordbeside
skhei
to
root
khsei, decay, destroy, Gr.
Stokes) ;
(f"OLw,decay, ":f)dLa-L"i,
kshi, destroy, kshiids,
phthisis, Skr.
exhausted
(Strachan, Bez. Beit.^'^ 300).
"

"

"

"

316

ETYMOLOGICAL

hut

Sgithiol, a shealing
sltjbl, shelter,
a

Sgiiican, sgiuchan,
sgiugan, a whimper
Sgiunach, a charm

(Carmichael) ;

Dan.

and

the

Swed.

cackUng

; cf. the

for

one's

into

DICTIONARY

of

sheal.

moorhen

word.

all

fish

the

amidst

neighbours (M'A.) :
woman
Sgiunach, a bold, shameless
from
the
a
Sgiurdan,
squirt ;
Eng.
Ir. sgiur.-^aim^W.
Sgiurs, scourge,
Lat.

plaint

or

boat

own

skyli, a shed,

skjul, shed, Eng.

above

getting

Norse

from

about

the

(H.S.D.)

land
head-

or

of

amazement

the

M.

; from

ysgors

boat

Eng.

scourge,

excoriare.

sgiuthadh, a lash, stroke

North) :
says
Sglabhart, a blow on the
Pro

sclaff, a blow,

v.

with

side
Fr.

whip (H.S.D.

of the

head

; from

beat

to
esclaff'a,

says

Sc.

Dial.

M'A.

sclafert (do.),
Med.

(Ducange),

Lat.

eclafa.

Sglaib, ostentation
(Hend.) :
Sglaim, questionably acquired wealth, sg'laimire, usurper
see

(M'A.)

glam.

Sg'lamhadh,

seizing greedily

greedily, scold ; also G.

a
sglamhruinn,
scolding, abusive
seize

abuse,

Ir.

bedaub.

sglamhadh,

scold

of

anything, Ir. sclamhaim,

sglamadh
(M'E.) ; see glam.

upon

sglamhadh
a

sudden

words
means

; cf.

Sc.

also

(M'A.).

sclourie, vilify,
"scold,"

Sc.

has

and

G.

sklave,

to

calumniate.

Sglamhradh,
sgleamhas,

clawing
meanness,

one's

skin

for

itch

(M'A.) ;

sordidness, sgleamhraidh,

see
a

damhradh.

stupid

or

mean

fellow.

gleamaic, plaster (vb.),daub

filthily(M'A.), sgleamaid, snotters
(M'A.) :
to flatter,
Sgl^ap, ostentation, Ir. sgleip ; M'A. gives the force of
stare
at one."
open-mouthed
of the eyes,
Sgleo, dimness
:
vapour
Sgleo, boasting, romancing, Ir. scleo,boasting, high language :
Sgleo, misery, Ir. sdeo (O'Cl.):
sgle6bach, sluttish :
Sgleobht, a chunk
(M'D.) :
Sgleog*,a snot, phlegm, a knock
:
Sgleogair, a troublesome
prattler, liar :
Sgleoid, a sillyperson,
slattern, Ir. sdeoid
\ also gle6id :
Sgliamach, slippery-faced (M'L.) :
M.
slate.
Sgliat, slate, Ir. sddta
Eng. sdat, now
; from
Sglimeach, troublesome, as an unwelcome
guest :
Sgliobhag, a slap (Dial.); cf. Sc. sdajf, sdaffert.
"

THE

OP

Sg^liurach (sgliurach, H.S.D.),

G.

also

young

sea-gull till

sgaireag^.
they become
Sglongaid, a snot, spit ; see glong.
Sgob, snatch, bite, sting, Ir. sgohallach,
Sgobag,

small

gob,

from

Sgoch, gash, make

Sgod, the corner

SgOg",

the

incision

an

of

scoti, sheets

sheet,

; from

sheet

Norse

when

G.

; also

formed

gobet, morsel,

Fr.

0.

fop, flatterer :
Sgoid, pride, conceit,

Ir.

scoth

gober,

of

"kaut,

the

Got.

foolish,

sgoid

G.

sgath.

see

sheet

hood,

rope,

for

the

fool, idler, sgogach,

piece
Seemingly

dram.

(cf.

mouth

bill,

small

old,"

year

Eng. gobble).

devour,

cloth,

wound,

one

morsel,

The

syliurach.

Ir.

slut, gossip,

the

of

"

means

317

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

sheet

of

corner

or

Eng.

skauts, hem,

sgogaire (O'R.), W.

Ir.

Sgoideas,

Ir.

M.

sail, a sheet-rope,

square

sheet.
ysgogyn,

tion
ostenta-

pageantry,

Sgoid, drift-wood
Sgoil, school,

(Lewis)
Ir.

schola,

ski"a.

N.

E.

sgoil,

whence

scol, W.

Ir.

Br.

ysgol,

skol', from

Eng.

Sgoileam, loquacity : see sgiolam.

Sgoilt, split,Sgoltadh, splitting, Ir., M. Ir. scoiltim,
[r. diuscoilt, scinde
O.
[St. Gal. Incant.), Cor.
Lit.

sqvel ;
split : "^sqolto, split, root
Norse
skillu, split;
skiljan, separate, Ger.

faouto,
shale,

skill

Gr.

crKaAAco, hoe, o-kvXXo),

Sgoim, wandering about, skittishness

sgoinn, care, efficacy,neatness
:
Sgoirm, throat, lower
parts of a
force,

under

see

Sgoitich, a quack,
Sgol, rinse, wash
Dan.

wash,

Sgolb,

Lat.

school.

scoltad,

felja, Br.

skelto, split,

schale, shell, Eng.

tear.

(Hend.)
hill

inf.

cf.

sgaoim.

Ossian) ;

(MT.

for

latter

sgairneach.
mountebank

from

Norse

Swed.

skola, wash,

skolja, rinse,

skylle.

ysgolp,
splinter, Ir. sgolb, M. Ir. scolb, a wattle, W.
Br.
skolp : "^skolb-,root
skel, skol, split (see sgoilt),
splinter,
fuller
Gr.
root
Kokof36"^,stunted, o-KoXoxp (o-koAottos),
skel-g ;
stake
Swed.
also Got.
skalks,
halks, halt, Eng. shelf,
a
piece,
;
spelk (Perrson Zeit.'^^ 290 for Gr. and Teut.).
a

Sgonn,

block

of

"

boy

sgonsair,

"^skotsno-,

Sgop,
Sgor,

section

avaricious

an

foam,

froth

mark,

rascal

(M'D.)

notch,

notch, tally (G.

blockhead

wood,

Ir.
is

"

sgonn-balaich,

the

; from

(M'D.)

root

of

lump

of

sgath.

sgor

; from

possibly

Eng.

direct

from

score,

Norse

Norse).

skor, mark,

318

ETYMOLOGICAL

Sgorr,

Sgor,

Scandinavian

Sg6rnan,

Sc.

from

Norse

Ir. scorndn

Sgot, a spot, blemish,

ground.
Sgoth, a boat, skiff, a

small

S.

0.

See

score.

cliff,of

scar,

H.

G.

scorra,

further.

sgeir

farm

; cf. Sc.

skiff;

Norway

skiita, a cutter, small

skude, Norse

Eng.

scaur,

sker, skerry

Eng. shore, Ag.

throat,

origin,

; further

rock

rock

sharp

DICTIONARY

shot, a

spot

Scandinavian

from

of

plot

or

"

Dan.

craft.

fsgoth, a flower, Ir. sgoth ; Lat. scateo, gush (St. Zeit.^'^).

Sgrabach, rough, ragged, Ir. sgrdbach, sgrabach (Lh.) ; from
Eng.
scrap,

Norse

scrappy,

skrap,

scraps.
hence
Sc.
;

dove

scraher.
sgrabaire,
Sgragall, gold-foil,spangle (Sh., Lh., etc.; not M'A. or M'E.), Ir.
sgragall :
M'A.
Ir. sgraideog.
morsel, diminutive
Sgraideag, small
woman,
and
H.S.D.
or
sgraidht
gives sgraid, a hag, old cow
mare,
(do.). Cf. Sc. scradyn, a puny,
sickly child, scrat, a puny
Norse
skratti,wizard, goblin,
person,
the

hit

sgraig,

one

Greenland

blow

(sgraill,H.S.D.

), rail at, abuse :

a
scowling look, niggardliness ; I.
Eng. shrink ; Gr. KpdfxfSos,
blight.
Sgraist, a sluggard, Ir. scraiste (Lh., etc.):
sgrait, a shred, rag :
of
minute
sgral, a host, a large number
sgraill
Sgraing,

E.

shrink

sqrengo-,

(Heb.) ;

things

cf.

sgriothaiL

Sgrath,

skin

outer

rind,

or

what

pares
scroll

skin,

off, ysgrawen,

(^skrava), Sc.
Ir.

Sgrathail, destructive,
Sgreab, a scab, blotch,

root

(Dumfries).

sgraiteayiihull(O'R.):
Ir.

crust,

cry, Ir.
skri, skrei ; 0. H.

screech,
; Lat.

screech

sc7rd

dry, parch
shrink, parch,

Sgreag,

sgreabdg,

crust

from

Eng.

; from
Swed.

sgread,
G.

M.

scrlan,

screjo),a
the

Ir. scret
cry,
hawk.

Ger.

Scandinavian

skraka,

great

"

*skriddo-,

W.

schrei, Eng.

ysgri,
scream,

skrekka,

Norwegian

dry tree, Eng.

shrink^

(from Scandinavian).

scraggy

disgust,

abhorence,

Sgreamh,
skrei

divot

sera,

scrape
a

I pare
off the surface, W.
ysgraf,
hard
crust
skrd, dry
; cf. Norse

sward, sod, sgraithim,

green

Sgread,

(for roofing, etc.),Ir. sgraith,

turf

Norse

skrcema,

Ir.

scare

screamh
awaj^,

"^skrimo-,
Swed.

root

skrdma,

skri,
Dan.

skrcemme.

Sgreamh,

thin

Sgreang",

scum

wrinkle

(Dr Cameron).

or
:

rind, ugly

^skrengo-,I.
See sgraing.

skin

(M'A.) ;

E. sqreng^

root

shrink

skr
;

of sgar.
Eng. shrink

OF

Sgreataidh,
q.v.

N.

skrati,

Sgreubh,

dry up,
Sgreoth, parch

source

skriv-, 0.

base

"

skrypa,

waste

Sc.

or

sgriach,

*skreikd,

root

from

the

same

from

the

S^reunach,

who

has

Scandinavian

pine, Norwegian

screpa,

withered

person,

Ir.

sgreach,

old

withered

screech,

scream,

in

skrei, as

sgread,

Ir.

screch

screech, shriek

Eng.
ysqrech

q.v.

(not stem).

E.

W.

are

borrowed

seems

Eng.

*sqreng-no-

the

boisterous

(Arran),

(of weather,

Arg.)

sgraing,

see

side

cf. strioch.

(Dial.) ;

scratch
of

hill

(Arm., M'A.);

shore

or

skrid'a, pi. skrid'na, a

Norse

for

landslip

sgridhinn,

on

hill-side.

sgrlodan.

Sgrid, breath,
Sgriob,

dry,

(M'A.,

shrivel, from

Eng.

Northumbrian

scrae,

root

Sgriach, a score,
Sgribhinn, rocky
See

shivering

from

S^reath

skrae.

shoe, Norwegian

Sgreuch,

cf.

cloth);

as

sgreamh,

of

Scratch."

Old

"

drought,

by

skri

^skritto-, root

monster,

crack

319

LANGUAGE.

horrible

disgusting,
Cf.

GAELIC

THE

last

breath

scratch,

Norse

Ir.

write,

skriva, skrifa

Sgriodan,

torrent,

scriob, E.

; from

0.

of

run

mountain

Ger.

stones,

Sc.

Sgrios,

(from

destroy,

root
"^skr-sti-,

the

skar

of

sgar,

a
on

Prov.

also

ysgrifo, Br.

of

mountain

side

from

hill-side,skrid'a, to

English

screes,

sliding

Gaelic).
Ir.

M.

scriosaim,

W.

on

glide,

Ir.

scripad,

whence

notch.

track

skrifa, pi. skrid'7ia,a landslip

scriddan

lines,

side,

Norse

sgread.

scrih,mark,

draw

scribaim,

stones

schreite?i, stride

Ir.

of

w^ite.

mountain

on

Ir.

skri

root

ysgrif, a

scribo,

Lat.

continuous

W.

write,

sgriobhaim,

ravine

stony

*skriddi-,

scribo, write,

Lat.

skrifa, scratch,

Sgriobh,

life

line, Ir.

furrow,

; from

scratching

of

scrisaim

"^skrissi-

for

q.v.

scread.
Sgriotachan, a squalling infant ; from
items
sgrioth, gravel (Islay),sgriothail, a lot of small
(Badenoch)
(do.) as of children
(Wh.) : "^skritu-,root sker ; cf. Eng. short,
I. E.

skrdh, little,short.

Sgrob, scratch,

Ir.

scrobaim

scrobis, a ditch, scrofa,

Lettic

skrabt,

Sgroban,
Sgrobha,

a
a

the

sgrog,
vb.

bird's

Sgrog,

scrog,

so

scrug,

sgruigean.

or

SI.

Ir. ; from

on

Eng.

of

skreb,
; cf.

the
head

the
the

from

skrob,

scratch

pig ("scratcher up");

Ir. scrobdn

side

put

Ch.

scrape,
crop,

screw,

head

*skrobbo-,

bonnet

shrug.

In

Eng.

; Lat.

scrape;

scrape.

Eng.

Ger.

crop,

kropf.

Eng.
a
(in ridicule),

firmly,
the

sense

bonnet

or

; from

scrog
of

hat

"

head

the

Sc.

"

compare

320

ETYMOLOGICAL

or

cow

shrivel

Sgrog,

ewe,

bush,

shrivelled,

anything

sgvoga,g,

Sj^rog,

DICTIONARY

; from

stunted, Eng.

scroggi/,

shrivelled

scraggy,

old

the

Sc.

Dan.

skrog,

old

woman,

stunted

scrog,

Swed.

skrokk,

Norse
skrokkr.
anything shrunken,
Scandinavian
Sgroill, a peeling or paring, anythin^^ torn
off; from
Dan.
of
skrael, peelings or parings
apples, potatoes, Norse
"

mob.

shrill, a

sgrubail,

hesitate,

Sgrub,

alach, scrupulous

Sgrud, examine,

neck

Sgruit,

scriidaim,

bottle,

the

Sgriithan (sgrii'an),a
hay-cock.
Sguab, a broom
scopata,

shock

of

ysgub,

scandal

Sguch,

sprain,
depart, root
Sgud, lop, snatch
squirt,

(Carm.)

G.

etc.

Sguidilear,

Sguir,

"

"

cf. cut.

sgugach,

the

from

flax,

Ir.

sguitsim

footboard

in

wanderer

0.

shirt.

boat

"

an

invention

Eng.

see

cleanse.

scutch.

Ir.

scorim,

see

sgar.

apron,

Ir.

desist, unyoke

sguird

from

Eng.

(scuite, Shaw)

Scotti

from

(Glenmoriston)

person

skirta,

fellow

boorish

soft

scudler, scudle,

Sc.

Ir.

skirt, Norse

derives

quean:

sguirim^
stop,
sker, skor, separate
Sgiiird, sguirt, the lap, a smock,

Sc.

Eng.

person,

dress

cease,

the

from

"^skorio, root

Sguit,
Sguit,

scoptha,

scopa.

possibly

Ir.

is borrowed.

scullion

Sguids, thrash,
Sguillear, rakish

(Arg.)

joint

clumsy

coarse

Lat.

skruf,

0.

I. scuap,

; from

Norse

Ir. scuckim,
I
cf. E.
spring
;
skak, Lit. szdkti, jump, spring (see sgeun).
ysgutlt, scud, whisk, Eng. scud, Sc. scoot,
; cf. W.

strain

:
Sgud, a cluster
from
the
Sgud, a scout
;
Sgudal, fish-guts, offal ;

Sguga,

E.

from

; cf. siitrsach.

*s-quean-seach
slur,

old

an

; cf. Norse

person

(Assynt)

sguah,

Bi*. skuba

sgruta,

scroll.

corn

Ir.

besom,

or

Ir.

person,

contemptible

old

Sguaigeis, coquetry ; cf. guag.

Sguainseach,
hussy, hoyden
Sguan,

Lat.

cf. sgrog.

thin

person,

skrudda,

W.

; from

(in ridicule),Ir. sgruigin,

person

sgrutach, lean, sgrut,

shrivelled
a
skin,

man,

scrutaim

Ir.

C).

neck

short-necked

shrivelled

old

an

of

bottle,

Ir.

sgrub-

scruti7iy.

neck
of

from

search,

Eng.

scrutor,

Sgruigean,

hesitating, Ir. scrub, hesitate,

Eng. scruple.

of

Macpherson's
his

own

scuta,

whence

he

OF

Sgillan, a large
In

basket

means

for

shjola,

oval

of

basket

Norse

"

basket

shallow
"

sgulag

Sutherland,

Scandinavian

; from

sheil,tub, skull,

Sc.

bucket,

wicker

321

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

form.

holding

the

linen."

Sg^ulanach,flippant,evil tongued (Carm.)

Sgum,

foam

scum,

; from

Ger.

scum,

Sguman,

"skimmer'"?

Sgur,

Ir.

scour,

Sgtirr, sharp
si, she, Ir., 0.

Eng.

; from

sguraim

Ir. si ;

head-dress,

Cinderella

hill ; Heb.

sia, six, Ir. se ; see

slab, wipe, sweep
drifts

foam,

M.

Eng.

now

scum,

rick

corn

sgiim,

from

(Arran).

sguman

fire-shovel,a

skum,

foam.

schauTn,
skirt, tawdry

Sgumrag,

Norse

for

see

the

English.

sgorr.

^.

se.

along, puif

*sveibbo-,root

sweep.

sveib, Eng.
siabh.

Also

siobadk, blowing into

sveipr, sweep,
; Norse

Ir.

away,

sweep

siaban,

Hence

sand

drift,

sea-

spray,

siabh, a dish of stewed

periwinkles (Heb.) :
siabhas, idle ceremony
:
siabhrach, a fairy,siobhrag (Arran),siobhrag (Shaw), sibhreach
(M'A.), Ir. siabhra, E. Ir. siabrae, siabur, fairy, ghost, W.
Guinevere
hwyfar in Gwenhwyfar,
(V): "^seibro- :
siabunn, siopunn, soap, Ir, siabhainn
(FoL), W. sebon ; from Lat.
sapo{n),from Teut. saipo, whence
Eng. soap, Ger. sei/e,Norse
sdpa.

siach, sprain, strain a joint :

form
of siochair.
siachair, a pithless wretch
; another
Cf. Eng. shite.
siad, a stink : ^seiddo-, blow ; see seid.
siad, sloth, Ir. siadhail, sloth :
soft music
sian, a scream,
(Carm.), Ir. sian, voice, shout, sound,
E.
Ir. sian : *sveno-, which
Stokes
59) explains as
(Zeit.^^
sound
root
(see seinn).
sven,
^sesveno-,
of barley, Ir., E. Ir. sion, foxglove, W.
sian, a pile of grass, beard
Br.
fion, digitalis, ffuon, foxglove, 0. W.
fionou, roses,
Celtic
Stokes
foeonnenn, privet.
as
gives the
*s(p)edno-.
Gadelic

sian, a charm
sian, storm,

M.

H.

sianan,

see

W.

root

G.

allied

to

Lat.

thorn.

spina,

seun.

rain,

tempestas,
*se?i^

be

might

se

Ir.

sion, weather,

hin,

weather,

(sei)as

in

sm,

storm,

season,

M.
sior

Br.

hynon,

; Norse

0.

fair

Ir.

sin,

weather

seinn, slow, late,

seine, slowly, Eng. sith, since,

breac-shianain,

freckles;

from

sian,

foxglove^

seunan,

39

See

322

ETYMOLOGICAL

siar, westward,
west, and

siar,

under

sibh,

going

rheumatism

you,

Br.

ye,
choui

(T(f"(OL,
you
The

form

0.

Ir.

siar

"

s-iar, see

melancholy

(Dial.);

two.

Got.

Lat.

izvis

is for

from

sciatica.

sibh, 0. Ir. sib, si, W. chivi,0.

"^sves, for s-ves
(Brug. ; Stokes

sibh

iar^

(Suth.) :

wining
; from

Ir.

from

suas.

backwards

siasnadh, wasting,
siatag",

siar,

languishing, siarachd,

siaranachadh,
"

Ir.

aside,
s-

DICTIONARY

{iz-vis)
; the

W.

hui.
has

why,
Gr.

"^sves);

is allied

ves

Cor.

Lat.

to

vos.

"^svi-svi.

sic, the prominence of the belly (H.S.D.), peritoneum (M'A.) :

sicear, particle,grain (Carm.) :
Sc.
Lat,
sicir, wise, steady ; from
sicker, M. Eng. siker, from
W.
sicr
M.
is
from
now
Eng. sure.
Eng.
securus,
tide :
weather
after
^sizdi-,
sid, weather,
storm,
peaceful
Ir. has side in the sense
of "blast,"
settling,"root sed, sif?
N. tic^^
from
Also
seid.
tid, which
suggests borrowing from
tide.
tide, time, Eng.
sil,drop, distil, Ir. silim, perf. siblais, stillavit, Br. sila, passez :
*svili6.
Stokes
as
stil, Lat. stillo, drop, Gr.
gives the root
silt, a drop. Cf. Eng. spill; *spild,
o-tlXt] (do.). Hence
destroy, spoil,
sile,spittle,saliva, Ir. seile, 0. Ir. saile, W. haliiv, Br. hal, halo :
* saliva
Stokes
that
they appear
(Stokes) ; Lat. saliva.
says
"

borrowed

be

to

borrowed

Lat.,

from

while

thinks

Wharton

the

Lat.

is

Gaulish.

from

siliche, a lean, pithless creature

:
"seedy," from siol 1
Ir.
siomaide
simid, a mallet, beetle,
:
Ir.
similear, a chimney,
seimileur, simnear, simne ; from
Eng., Sc.
chimley, Eng. chimney.
word.
the next
simleag^, a sillywoman
; from
Lat.
simplex,
simplidh, simple, Ir. simplidhe, silly,simple ; from
whence
W.
sym,l.
Eng. simple,
0.
W.
0.
Ir.
hen,
sin, that, Ir.,
hinn, W. hyn, hwn, hon, Corn,
sin,
hon
Gaul,
sosin
from
root
Br.
hen,
so
(sjo),
{
(fem.),
so-sin)
;
=

in -sa,

as

so,

q.v,
Ir. sinim

sin, stretch, Ir., 0.

sino,
Allied
Lit.

sine,

situs ;

Gr.

is root

"^seno-,root
Cf.

send.
It^jxl,

sei,sei,si,mittere,

se,
sir

Norse

let go

mittere,

; Lat.

(from *sero-, long).

sitSr,long, seinn, slow,

seinyti,reach,
teat,

Ir.,

E.

"^spenio-, root

Ir.

spen

spenis, teat, Norse

sine, triphne,
of

speni,

sineubhar,{gin,juniper

tree

Lit.

three-teated
udder

spenys,

teat, Du.

speen,

(Suth.);

Fr.

udder,

'^svenio- for

teat,
Sc

genievre.

0.

Pruss.

spain, wean

OF

sinn, we,
W.

Ir.

us,

sinn^

nes), accusative
s

nyni,

Br.

allied

to

ni

0.

nos,

the

ni, sni, snisni, sninni,

Ir.

"^nes

Lat.

with

analogy

323

LANGUAGE.

sinn, sinne,

Ir.

ny,

to

Stokes

Skr.

Gr.

sinser, elder,

Ir.

ancestor

sinnsear, ancestors, an
*senistero-,a double
:

minister, magister)

siobhag",a straw, candle wick :

sioblach, a long streamer, long
Siobhalta, civil,peaceful,

from

Ir.

sibhealta, from

siochdin,

Ir.

peace,

(dat.pi.),E.

M.

seta,

civil

swthchdnt

been

peaceful,
sith.

; from

sithcuiraibh

and

sith, fairy,

; from

able,
peace-

has

i,

sidchauta, peaceful
sidhcaire, fairy host,

Ir.

form

siabi

siothamhuil,

Eng.

peace,

Ir.

q.v.

; from

Ir.

from

E.

person,

Ir.

Ir. sithchaire

(Ger. heer, army,

Sioda, silk, Ir. sioda,
Lat.

prothetic

cf. siab.

(M'A.)

person

Ir. sidainail.

siodhchan, atonement,
Siochair, a dwarf, fairy,M.

from

The

comparative

old,

sean,

Borrowing
suggested {Celt.Mag.^^ 169).

siochaint,

gives

vw.

else

elder

Sinte, plough traces, from sin.

sinteag, a skip, pace ; from sm,
siah.
Siob, drift as snow
(M'A.) ; see
siobag", a blast of the mouth, puff, Ir. siobog ;
siaban.
of waves
crest
sioban, foam
on
; see
siobail, fish, angle (M'A.), sioblach, fishing :

E.

nas,

sihh, or

of

(Brug. ;

is).

sinnsear, ancestors,

(likeLat.

GAELIC

form,

is due

(cf.is-se,he

E.

Cor.

ni, nyni,
of sni

THE

cuire, host

Eng. herald).
E.

Ir. sita, W.

bristle, hair

sidan

L.

from

; whence

Ag.

S.

Lat.

seta, silk,

side, silk, Eng.

satin.

Siogach, pale, ill-coloured, Ir. siogach, streaked, ill-coloured, siog, a

streak,

shock

of

corn

siog^ach,greasy
(M'A.), lazy (M'F.)
siogaid, a starveling, lean person
;
Siol,seed, Ir. siol,0. Ir. sil,semen,
Lat.

siola,a
siola, a

Eng. seed, Ger. saat

gill; from the Eng.
wooden
collar for
a
plough
semen

Swed.
Sc.

sela,

sele,a

wooden

wooden

W.

hil

to

*selo-n,

root

sow

se,

; Lit.

pa-s'elys,a sowing.

horse

collar, Norse

collar

siccus

Lat.

from

Scandinavian

from

seli,harness, sili,a

tie cattle

to

the

"

strap,

stalls.

siola, a syllable,Ir. siolla,E. Ir. sillab ; from Lat. syllaba, whence

Eng. syllable.
Sioladh, straining, filtering,Ir. siolthughadh, E. Ir. sithlad, W.
hidlo, hidl,
from
"

Lat.

situla

subsiding,"

sith, peace.

filter ; also

and

0.

Ir. sithal

(Stokes Lismore).
leans

for

its

meaning,

Lat.
G.

situla, a

sioladh,
if not

its

also

bucket
means

origin,upon

324

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

Siolag, a sand-eel
:
siolc, snatch, pilfer :
siolgach, lazy, dwarfish
:
chwyl ;
sioll,a turn, rotation
(M'A.), W.
whifF, glint,syllable ; root of seal.
sknlk
siolp, slip away,
(Skye) :
small
wild
duck
Siolta, a teal,
Eng.
; from
sioman,
a

of straw

rope

cord,

rope,

S.

"^stmon-, Ag.
well

ropes

simmen

seio-,bind,

bond, band,

(Orkney), Teut.
Gr. tjuovta
(ilong),

seamlach.

see

simon-,

siolla,

sinia, g. pi. simna,

Norse

heather

simmonds,

Ir.

teal 1

the

sima, fetter, Shet.

; I. E.

rope

siomlach

Sc.

; from

hay

or

Cf.

seal.

see

Sion, something,

also

anything;

"weather,"

whence

sian,

for

of
possibly this meaning
anything" comes.
sionadh, lord
(M'Pherson's FingaV-., 341) : if genuine,
"

sen., old

be

may

; cf.

sionn, phosphorescent,
achain.

sionnach,

For
valve

root

of

From

sir.

Eng.

senior., now

root

teine-sionn-

also

sionn, phosphorus,
next.

see

Irish
bellows, pipe-reed, piob-shionnaich,
root
spand,
spend, swing, play, Skr.

Gr.

quickly.

Lat,

solus

the

o-cfieSovr],
sling,

Lat.

pipe.
bagmove

Eng.

hang,

pendeo,

pendulum.

sionnach,

fox,

Ir., E.

so

Ir. sinnach,

vulpecula :
sionnsar, bagpipe chanter, Ir.
siop, despise ; cuir an siop, turn
siopunn,

soap

see

tail

(Hend.)

on

chanter.

Eng.

the

from

see

seap.

siahunn.

sior, long, continual,

Ir.

hwy, Cor.,

compar.

siunsoir

sinnchenae,

Ir.

0.

sindach,

sior, 0.

Br.

evening, Eng. soiree;

hir

Skr.

Ir.

"^sero-s ; Lat.

sei^us,

See

sciyd,evening.

siorra

sia, W.

sir, comparative

late, Fr.

sian,

hir,
soii^,

sin.

sheriff,
(H.S.D.), a
(M'A., M'E.), siorraimh,
siorrachd, siorramachd, county, Ir. sirriamh, M. Ir. sirriam
;
Sc. is
M.
The
from
Eng. shirr eve, now
sheriff,"shire-reeve."
shirra
usually.
siorradh, a deviation, onset : *sith-rad, from sith 1
*sir-rad, eternity, sior.
siorruidh, eternal, Ir. siorruidhe
; from
siorram

sios, down,
los,

Ir.

sios, 0.

Ir.

sis

*s4s,

from

.s-

and

(see suas)

is, or

q.v.

siosar, a scissors, Ir. siosur

siota, a blackguard, a pet
sir, search,
foot

Ir. sirim

it ; Norse

spilren,

(Eng.

trace,

spurn

;
;

the

from

from

Sc.

(sirim. Con.),

E.

Eng.
shit.
Ir. sirim

spyrja, ask, track,

further
track, also

etc.
allied),

'I he

vowel

Sc.

root
'^s{p)eri-,

spere,

Eng.

spur

ask

; Lat.

of sir is short

sper,

after,

Ger.

sperno

(otherwise

OF

chwilio).
siris,sirist,a cherry,
0.

Fr.

siris,W.

cerise,Lat.

71,

Pray.^

Manx

Ir.

325

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

Diet., Rhys

Stokes'

from

THE

ceirios

cerasus,

W.

compares

Eng. "^cheris,

M.

from

Gr.

who

Kepaa-o"s.

Cf. N. saeti.
siteag",a dunghill ; from the Eng.
sith, a stride, onset, a dart to, Ir. sidhe, gust, M. Ir. sith, onset
;
cf. Ir. sith-, intensive
prefix (O'Don. Gr. 277), ^setu-, seti-,
root
(Bez.^^ 123), E. Ir. sith, long, W. hyd,
maybe
es, ervixos
ad, Br. hed, length,
hit, longitudo, usque
to, as far as, 0. W.
N.
si"r,
during
"^seti,root se, as in sior, long (Stokes). Cf
long, Eng. sith ; root sit.
sith, peace, Ir. sith, sioth, E. Ir. sith, 0. Ir. sid : *sedos
(neut. s
settle
sed
Lat.
(sed) of suidhe, q.v. ;
sedo,
stem), root
; Lit.
:

seddti, sit.

sith,

W.

hedd,

fairy, sithich

sigheog (do.),0.
sid ; in

(do.),
Ir.

side

sid'',fir

sidh,

Ir.

side, dei

fact, side, the

fairy dwelling

is from

peace,

whild
its
mound,
"^sedos,g. sedesos, as

its

temple

or

statue, literally an

(Stokes)

homonym

sides, noven-siles,the

"

whose

is the

or

is

fairy hill, sigh,

terreni,

fairy powers,

which

sed.

sing,

gen.
in
;

fairy,
dwelling is called
pi. (gen. s. 1) of sid,

the

abode"

of

case

"

or

gods imported

in

appears

peace,

Gr.

eSo?,

;" Lat.

seat

mnd

sUh,

sed, sed,

root

noven-

Rome.

Thurneyhas
Lat.
sen
sidus, a constellation, "dwelling of
compared
the gods."
Hence
knoll, fairy knoll.
sithean, a green
sithionn, venison, Ir. ndh and sidheann
(O^R.), M. Ir. sieng, sideng,
deer, W.
hyddgig (
hydd, stag, red
stag's,flesh"), from
deer
referred
M.
Ir. segh
is to
be
"^sedi-,deer ; to which
:
( agh allaidh, O'Cl.),E. Ir. seg ( oss allaidh, Corm.).
which
the corn
is dried
sitig, the rafter of a kiln laid across,
on
:
roller
for
boat
a
sitinn,
:
sitir,sitrich, neighing, Ir. sitreach : cf. seid, blow
{^svid-tri-).
siubhal, walking, so Ir., M. Ir. siubal, for '^siumcd, W.
chwyf,
new

to

'^

chivyfu,

motus,

move

svem,

syfiyd,
siubhla

siuc,
siucar

;
a

move,

see

stir,M.

move,

O.H.G.

Eng.

sivimman,

stir ; root

swirn.

Cf.

W.

called

are

Ir. siucra, W.

sif.gr; from

M.

Eng.

waddle,

0.

Sax.

sucre.

swinging

skuddian,

Jinval,

Inighe-siuhhla.

horses
by which
(siucar, H.S.D.), sugar,

siudadh,

Jifual, now

stir.

word

s\igre, Fr.

S.

Ag.

Br.

shake,

slug",call to drive away

siunas, lovage plant ;
siup, a tail,appendage

from
0.

Sc.

Du.
hens

see

; cf.

siotais.
cf.

showd,

schudden

seap.

Eng.

swing,

(do.),Eng.
shoo

shudder.

326

ETYMOLOGICAL

siursach,
-seach

whore;

DICTIONARY

the

from

Eng.,

with

the

G.

fern,

termination

(see binnseach).

siuthad,

begin, go on
say away,
Cf. trobhad, thugad.
tu'l

*seo-tu,

"

here

you,"

from

so

and

slabhag", pith of a horn : So. sluch 1

sea-weed, sloke, Ir. slabhacdn
slabhagan, a kind of reddish
; from
Eng. sloke^ Sc. sloke^ dahe.
Norse
slabhcar, a slouching fellow (Suth.), a taunter
slokr,
; from
slouching fellow, whence
Eng. slouch.
slabhraidh, a chain, Ir. slabhra^ 0. Ir. slabrad
*slab-rad, from
:
I
slab, root lag. of Gr. Aa/x/^avo), take, catch, Eng. laich.
slachd, thrash, beat, Ir. slacairim
slag, sleg, or slg, E. Ir.
; root
I. E., slak, as
sligim, beat, strike, slacc, sword
*sleg6,beside
:
in Got.
slaha, strike, Ger.
schlagen (do.), Eng. slay (Stokes
Lat.
for sligim) ; further
lacerate, lacerate, Gr. XaKt^o), tear
Hence
slachdan, beetle, rod.
(Kluge).
Ir.
Stokes
slad, theft,
slad, M. Ir. slat : *sladdo-.
gives the Celtic
stldta
"^stlatto-,allied to Lat.
as
(stlatta),pirate ship, and
modern
The
forms
Eng. steal.
^sladdo-, for
point to Gadelic
allied to Eng. steal 1
"^stl-ddo-,
sladhag", a sheaf of corn
(H.S.D.) :
ready to be thrashed
bread
sladhaig'eadh, a kind of custard
(M.'D.) :
spread over
hollow
North
slag",a
Eng. hollow.
(Lewis) ; N. slakki, slope.
Idban.
Skeat
refers
it is
slaib, mire ; see
Eng. slab, slime, but
likely native
(cf.slop, etc.).
slaid, a munificent
gift :
Ir. sloitire,rogue,
slaightear, slaoightear, a rogue,
sloitireachd^
M.
Ir. sleteoracht,theft
(O'Cl.); from slad (Ir. sloit),
roguery,
rob.

slaim, great booty, a heap : from the Sc. slam, a share or possession
seize
not
to
acquired
rightly, slam7iiach,
anything not
Swed.
slama, heap together.
entirely by fair means,
slais,lash ; from the Eng.
slam, a lock of hair or wool, Ir. sldmi, E. Ir. slamni
*slags-men,
:
Gr.
Xdxvos, wool, Xdxvf], down
(otherwise Prellwitz, who
vel
Gr. to *vlk-snd, root
of olann, q.v.).
refers
curdled
Ir.
milk,
slamanna,
clots, flakes
slaman,
(O'Cl.),E. Ir.
slaimred
(na fola). Cf. lommen, gulp.
slan, healthy, whole, Ir., 0. Ir. sldn : '^sl-no- (Brug.), *ssldno-s
( sl-vo-, Brug.), safe, sotidus, firm,
(Stokes); Lat. salvus
( croAFo?); Eng. silly,originally
Eng. solid ; Gr. oAos, whole
=

meaning
all.

W.,

"blessed,"
Br.

immediately

holl

allied

Ger.
is

to

referred

Lat.

Skr.

selig, blessed;
here

by

sollus,whole,

sdrvas, whole,

Stokes,

all.

etc.,

more

slaod, drag, trail,

E.

float,
W.

Ir.

THE

GAELIC

Ir.

slaodaim,
slide

sldet, a

327

LANGUAGE.

OF

draw

after, slide, slaod,

^sloiddo-,

Celtic

slid

schlitten, slide,

Ger.

S.

raft,

sleid,

root

slidan,
slide, Ag.
*slid-d-.
Stokes
Gr.
Lit.
smooth,
oXtcrOavo},
slidus,
(n.)
sledge
;
explains the d of slaod as for dd, from -dno- : *slaidh-nd-.
warm
slaop, parboil, slaopach, parboiled, slovenly, Ir. slaopach, lukenext.
see
(O'R.) ; also slaopair, a sloven, for which
slapach, slapach, slovenly, Ir. slapach, slovenly, slapar, a trail or
Scandinavian
Norse
train ; from
sldpr, a good-for-nothing,
laxa
et
(Jamieson), sloppr, Eng. slop,
slaepa, \estis promissa
Sc. slmipie, slovenly, Dutch
slap, slack, remiss, Ger. schlaff.
slapraich, din, noise ; from Eng. slap.
slat, a rod, twig, Ir. slat, M. Ir. slat, slatt,W. llath, yslath, Br.
laz : *slattd
W.
M.
lath
is from
Eng. latte, Ag. S.
; Eng.

litthro, Eng.

"

laetta, 0.
latte

H.

G.

mattock

for

of ladle

kind

but

(Thurneysen),

sleabhag,

latte

latta, Ger.

Kluge

digging

(Lewis)

them

regards
carrots,

up

N.
; cf.

Celtic

also

are

cognate.

as

(Carm.)

etc.

Fr.

borrows,

sleidheag,

sleif.

sleag^h, a spear, so
sleg : "^slgd ; Skr. srj, hurl, sling.
sleamacair, sly person
(Lewis) : cf. N. slaemr, bad.
sleamhan, stye (Carm.) :
sleamhuinn,
slippery, smooth, Ir. sleamhuin, 0. Ir. slemon, W.
0.
limn
Br.
llyfn, smooth,
(in compounds) : ^slib-no-^, root
sleib
Norse
slib,
sleipr, slippery, Eng. slip, slippery ; Gr.
;
oXifSpos,At/3po5,slippery. See sliabh also.
sl^igeil, dilatory, sleugach, drawling, slow, sly ; also
leug,
Ir., E.

laziness

from

Ir.

Sc.

the

sleek

sleisneadh, back-sliding (Heb.)

slide

?
:

root
'^sleid'-s-,

of

slaod

and

Eng.

sleuchd, kneel,
sliabh, a moor,

Ir.

sliabh^

sleib,slib, glide, down,

slip, Norse

from

Ir. slechtaim

Ir.

mountain,

*sleibos, root

0.

sleachdain,

platform, loft,
sliachdair, spread

sleipr, slippery
allied

seems

to

G.

see

from

mountain,
I. E.

Lat.
0.

flecto.
Ir.

sliab

sleig.o; Eng. slope,

sleamhuijin.

W.

llwyf,

sliabh.

substance

soft

by trampling, daub
:
slikr, smooth, Eng. sleek, Ger.
"^sleikto-,
sleig, Norse
schlick,
idea
like
the
soft
mud.
Cf.
being
original
greasy,"
grease,
any

"

E.

Ir.

sliachfad, smoothing,

preening.

(sliaisd, Dial.),thigh, Ir. sliasad, 0. Ir. sliassit,

of the root
of slis,q.v.
poples : a diphthongal form
Ir.
sloven
cf.
sliobair, drag along ; from
slibist, a
slip,
Eng
;
sliasaid,

sliasad

sloven.

slige, a

scale

of

slice,lanx,

balance,

ostrea

shell, Ir. slige,a grisset, shell, 0.

^sleggio-,root

sleg, for

which

cf. slachd.

Ir.

328

ETYMOLOGICAL

slighe,

sligim,

Ir.

I strike
See

weaver's

sleg being
Eng. sley
tile

slind,

which

shoulder

cleaned

blade, shoulder,

slighe

the

hewed

sliseag

slachd.
both

M.

Ir. slinden
E.

slibad, whetting,

W.

Ir.

cf.

Ir. slind-

whetstone-

glide, Eng. slide,

slind, imbrex,
;

0.

splid, splind, Eng.

slinnean,

refers

Cf.

further.

slid, slei"I,smooth,
Stokes

"^sleg-s-ni-,

and

refers

root

splid, splind, split,Eng. split,splint

sliob, stroke, rub, lick, Ir. sliohhaim,
whettened,

of

deg

slind^ pecten,

stem

slate-polishedC?),slind-glanait,

"^slindi-,root

of

Ir.

Ir.

tile,Ir. slinn, slate, tile,also

slidiis,smooth.

Lit.

and

slinn

Stokes

sley, to

slinnean

smooth-sharp,

ger,

that

as

slcuj,smite.

slind, imbrex,

Ir.

root
"^deget-^

sley, M.

for

suggests

root

weaver's
See

selgatar rotu, they

reed, Ir. slinn,

to

and

split,splint.
slinnean,
0.

or

same

alhed

slige,g. sliged

further.

slachd

sley
the

Ir.

{ro sligsetar,ro

slige,pecten,

also

E.

dighe,

ways).

out

slinn,

Ir.

way,

DICTIONARY

to

the

root

sliseag.

see

polish,
yslipan,

M.

Ir.

burnish

slipthe,
;

from

Norse
make
sHpa, whet,
sleek, Ag. S.
Ag. S.
Ger.
M.
L.
M.
Du.
slipen, sharpen,
slipan, slip,glide,
slijpen,
polish, sharpen.
sliochd, posterity, tribe, Ir. sliochd, M. Ir. slicht, trace, track,
0. Ir. slid, vestigium
root
sleg of slighe and slachd.
: "^slektu-,
Ger.
similar
For
origin, cf.
geschlecht,race, lineage.
Ir.
sliogach, sleek, fawning, sligtheach, sly; from
sliogach, sly,
sUkr, smooth
sleig,glide (see
Eng., Sc. sleek, Norse
; I. E.
Norse

or

"

sliahh).
the

sliom, sleek, slippery, slim,

gloss

flatter^ smooth,
slender,
0.

slim,"

"

now

slim,

Du.

awry,

over

buttercup
;

sliop, a
slios, the

slessa,W.

of

man

ystlis :

slim,

slim

slim, naughty,
schlimm,
crafty, Ger.

G.

side

Eng.

Sc.

sliomaire, weakling,
Eng.
lip ; from
lip,blubber

Hence

from

(Carm.), Ir. sUomaim,

or

craven.

lip.

beast, flank,

^stlisti-,root

sly, crafty,
o'er,gloss over,
bad, cunning.

Ir.

slios,0.

stel,extend,

Lat.

Ir.

sliss,pi.

stldtus,IdtuSy

wide,
stelja,spread.
from
slis, sliseag, a chip, Ir. slis, sliseog, E. Ir. sliss : "^slissi-,
root
splid. Eng. split,splice,splint, Ger. spleissen,
*splid-s-ti-,
etc.
compared, Eng. slit,root slid, which
Eng. slice has been
forms.
could
also produce the Gadelic
slisneach, a plant like the slan-lus (Carm.) :
sing,
sloe, a pit, slough, Ir. sloe : *slukko-, for ^slug-ko-, root
derives
hence
Skeat
swallow, as in slug, q.v.
Ag. S. slbh.,
Ger.
schlucht, hollow, ravine, is referred
Eng. slough.
by
lubricus.
the
root
Kluge to
slup,
Ch.

SI.

OF

slod, a puddle,
sldcan, sloke ;
sloinn, surname,

THE

Ir. slod

Ir.

significo, slond,

lod.

see

Sc.

the

from

beat

sloke.

Eng.

or

sloinnim,

name.

sea-like,

against

name,

W.
istlinnit, profatur,
ystlyned, kindred, ystlcn,

W.

speak,

slondim,

M.

W.

name,

Ir.

0.

name,

significatio, 0.

clan
cy-stlwn, family and
sex
*stlondid,
: "^stlondo-,

sloisir, dash,

329

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

daub

slaister,

Sc.

from

to
move
clumsily through a miry
liquid mass,
road, also slestir (Badenoch Dial, sleastair, bedaub).
llu, Corn, lu,
sluagh, people, Ir. sluagh, 0. Ir. sluag, slog, W.
Gaul,
slogi in Catu-slogi : *slougo-s; cf. Slav, sluga^ a servant,
Lit. slauginti.
shovel
next
a
sluaisreadh, act of mixing (lime, etc.) with
; see

bedaub,

wet

Cf.

word.

Eng.

slubber.

:
sluasad, a paddle, a shovel
sluasaid, a shovel,
E.
Ir.
Ir.
slucim, slocim ;
slugaim,
slug, swallow, slugadh (inf.),
schlucken^ to swallow,
"^sluggo,root slug, lug, swallow
; Ger.
the hiccup.
W.
Gr. Av^w, AvyyatVw, have
M.
H, G. slucken
:
Br.
0.
ro-luncas,
llwnc, gullet, a gulp, llyncu, to swallow,
Ir.
allied
E.
Br.
to
M.
longad, now
lloncaff are
guturicavit,
of the
form
root
is a nasalised
slug^
longadh, eating, which
lug.
Ir.
Ir. smacht, M.
0.
smachd, authority, correction, Ir. smachd,
law
the
:
smachtaigim, I enjoin, smacht, fine for breaking
be
I.
E.
root
magh,
"^smaktu-, from
strong ; Eng.
mag,
s-mag,
Gr.
able
be
Got.
(see mac).
means
jw-'^X^^j
;
may,
magan,
Sc. smad,
From
stain"
smod).
(see
smad, a particle,jot :
spot,

Ir.

"

smot,

stain, Eng.

M.

also

Ir. smot,

Ir.

smut.

Ir.

scrap,

spot,
sm^d, threaten, intimidate,

has

smotdn,

boast

Lettic

hill,Eng.

sm^l,

snufF

sand.

water

Cf.

smut.

ysmot, patch,

sm6l

Got.

mal

smal,

root

field, smelalis, sand,

sand, Norse

mdlma,

(smel,

melr,

sand

mole.

candle,

Ir.

smdl,

embers,

of

snufF

candle

; cf.

the

word.

above

smalag,
smaoin,
smarach,

block, W.

dust, sm'elynas, sand

smdlkas,

smells,

soot,

a
sm^g, smog,
; see
smog.
paw
Ir. smdl,
dust,
blemish,
smal,
spot,

met). Lit.

smaddn,

the
think

mar,

young

saith

young
;

see

lad,

mer,
man,

Gr.

or

cuddie

smuain.

youth (Badenoch)
jxdpa^,boy, Skr. maryakds,
growing

Lit. marti,

bride

; also

W.

; root
a

from

smar,

mannie,

morwyn,

mdryas,
girl, merch,
40

330

ETYMOLOGICAL

daughter,
smarag,

either

Ir.

Ir.

child

marlach^

of two

to

Lat.

; from

whence

smaragdus,

emerald.

smeach,
smakrs,

Lettic

smakra,

Ir.

smaragaid
Eng.

through Fr. comes

the
chin,
smeachan,
Lit.

Aran

sex.

emerald,

an

Cf.

merc^h.

Br.

five years,

DICTIONARY

E.

smeachan,

chin, palate

Ir. smech

; Skr.

"^smekd

tache.
mous-

gmacru,

smeadairneach, a slumber, light sleep :

smeallach, smealach, remains, offals,dainties :
sm^id, beckon, nod, Ir. smeidim, beckon, nod, hiss : '^^smeiddi-^
root
smeid, smile, Gr. /xetSaw,smile, Pruss.
smaida, a smile,
smile.

Eng.

0.

nutus,

W.
Br.

amneidio,

enmetiam,

beckon,
do

innuo,

0.

nod,
not

enmeituou,

W.

vowel

in

agree

with

Gadelic.

pale, ghastly, smeilean,

smeileach,

pale,

puny

person

cf.

meileach.

smeoirn,

end

the

end

of

of

(Wh.),
Ir.

thrush,
from

the

Eng.
smiar,

smeur,
Br.

root

Ir.

chin,

berry, Ir,

for

smear,

smiot,

of

Norse
in

H.

W.

*smugal-,
mivt/alch,

tit-mouse.
; from

smear

Ir. smer,

W.

mwparen,

Ir.

air

smeice

"^smiddi-,

(O'C.) : *smeggi-,

for

smig,

(M'A.)

feast

smior,

smero,

smjorr,
the

Ir.

smeid

in

Ir. smid

word,

smigeadh

Also

miog,

"^smiggi, root

q.v.

smeddum.

Ir.
G.

as

smeid.

see

Sc.

marrow,
; 0.

throw

formed

E.

in smeachan

as

which

refuse

smear,

"^smeru-

derives

grease,

smeur^

mouth,

M.

S7nig,

spirit ; from

smiolamus,
smior,

of the

smile, smiling,

S7ni,smile,

smiodan,

meur.

smek,

"^smek-gi, root

smigeadh,

W.

smolach;

moualch

7}ieise,
Eng.

smearaim,

smid, smeid, smile, laugh,

the

Stokes

Ir.

(pi.):

mouar

root

M.

Br.

(Sh.,

spit, broach

back

smior.

see

smeuraich, grope ; from

smid, a syllable,opening
smig,

Ir.

smear,

bramble

smdl,

moelh,

^meisalko-,

For

smeirne,

Ger.

smeoirne,

bowstring,

(see much) ?

smiar, anoint,

smeur,

Corn,

mug

from

blackbird,

Ir,

smolach,

blackbird,

^smugl-,

the

next

arrow

head

arrow

O'R.) :
a
smeorach,
mwyalch,

an

E.

grease,

smolamas.

see

Ir.

smir,

Ag.

S.

g.

W.

smera,

smeoru,

mer

lard, Eng.

butter.

with

one

hand

and

strike

with

the

other

Eng. smite.
smiotach, crop-eared, short-chinned
(B.D.),Ir. smiot, ear :
See smeur.
from
the
Sc.
smiur, smear
Eng. smear.
;
smear,
smod, dirt, dust, also (according to M'A.) drizzling rain ; from
See smad.
smot, Eng. smut.

on

Sc,

OF

GAELIC

THE

smodal, sweepings, crumbs,

; cf. above

scrap

smag,

smog,

S.

Ag.

331

LANGUAGE.

Ir. smot,

M.

fragments, smattering,

word.

paw

Norse

cf.

Eng.

creep,

smugan,

smjuga,
smuggle.

through

creep
For

hole,

smag,

also

see

mag.

smolamas,
smuain, a

Ir.

thought,
; Ch.

remember

smuained

Ir.

thought,
smuairean, grief, dejection : "^smoudro-, root smoud
smuais, marrow,
juice of the bones, Ir. smuais,

to

cause

Cf.

M.

above

(Strachan).

mysli-, thought

^smoudn-,

remind,

gamaudjan^

Got.

SI.

brolamas.

cf. strolamas,

M.

smuai7ieadh,

moud

smoud,

root

of victuals

trash, fragments

Ir.

muaidnig^

smuas

E.

marrow,

Ir.

Ir.

smuais, smash,
smuc,

of

snivel, a

smuais,

in

shivers,

sound

nasal

in

(smuch,

for

M'A.);

smash.

Eng.

; from

pieces

root,

see

smug

(*s-muc-c).
drizzle

smoke,

smucan,

smudan,
smudan,
smudan,

particle of

small

; from

dust

block

smoke

root

is

root

mug

for

which

see

smuid,

smoke,
"^smuddi-,
which

by-form

stock, block, log

of muq,

smujaid

smug,

Lat.

in

seen

mucus,

ihe

wipe

emungo,

srriuid,

Cf.

smud.

root

thinks

makes

E.

Ir.

Eng.

Gadelic

the

smuit,

"^sinwjgo-,

nose.

The

m.ucus,

etc.;

Ger.

borrowed

this

There

smutcheo

smutgur,

smut,

unlikely.
smoke^'
on
European ground denoting
(Eng. smoke)
smoulder), smiig or smaug
smuig, a snout, the face (in ridicule): from
meaning

muc.

Ir.

Zim.

spittle,Ir.
; Lat.

mucus

mug,

smug,

Ir. smotan,

smiiid.

smugaid,
snot, spittle,

smug,

smoke.

smod.

see

of wood,

see

Eng.

schmutz,

dirt

allied

are

"

smugh

"

and

(Gr.

roots

o-fxuxo),

(G. smiiid).

smud

the

the

from, though
three

Eng.

yiiug,

ugly

face.
Ir.
snout
:
smuilcin, a small
smuilc, glumness, dejection ; M.
snoutyness.^'
smurach,
dross, peat dross, smuir, dust, a particle of dust,
smuirnean, a mote
; cf. Sc. smurach,
peat dross, smore,
smurr,
dense
a
smoke, Eng. smother
drizzling rain, M. Eng. smore,
O'R.
has smur
from
( smorther), 0. Du. smoor.
Sh., and K.
M.
Ir. smur-chimilt
as
Meyer translates
"grind to dust."
the
from
smusach,
extracting
juice
(Suth.):
"

smut,
snag,

Ir. smut,

bill,snout,

little audible

snag,

hiccup

cf.

knock,

large

flat nose,

wood

pecker (snagan-daraich),

Eng. snock,

snag, snagardarach,
snaidh.

knock,

snaghairdara,

and
wood

snout

the

next

pecker,

word.
seems

Ir.
Ir.

from

332

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

snagaireachd,
Eng.

cutting
a

snagger,

for

active

with

S7iagging or

Sc.

knife

that

off snags,

cutting

large knife,

snagger-snee,

Dial.

; from

is

snee,
snicker-

off branches.

cut

snag,

sneg,
snag^arra,

tool

knots, etc.,

branches,

wood

hacking

or

; from

the

above

; cf. s7iasmhor.

roots

(O'D.) E. Ir.
chip, shape, Jr. snoighim, snaidhim
snaidim, snaisi, peeled, W.
hew, chip, cut, 0. Cor.
naddu,
nedim, ascia (W. neddyf, neddai, adze, Br. eze, neze),M. Br.

snaidh,

hew,

*snad6

ezeff:

Swiss

schndtzen

flesh

(Bez. apud

border,

schnat,
Swab,

cut.

KvaSctAAw,

Gr.

Ger.

Strachan

kvwSwv,

wood

in

the

suggests

twig,

young

incision

schnatte, an

Stokes).
scratch,

schnate,

sknad,

root

Hence

(see cndmh).

tooth

or

regularity.

snas,

Sc.
in walking, etc., snaikin,
snaig, creep ; from
snaik, sneak
Cf. Ir. snaighim, I creep.
sneaking, Eng. sneak, snake.
naidm,
snaim, a knot, ir. siiaidhm, E. Ir. snaidm, d. snaidmaimm,

bond,

nexus

"^nadesmen,

nah,

tie, naddha-s,

band

; Lat.

snamh,

for

nodus,

Ir.

swim,

tied

; Ger.

nestel, lace,

noz-dos,

sndmhaim,

E.

Ir.

nawf, natatio, noflo (vb.), M.

I

(n.),sndo,

swim

Lat.

; Gr.

nestila, a

nasg.
ro

neunv

flow

vaw,

W.

swam,

sno,

neuff, Br.

ndre

no,

; Skr.

nedh
G.

H.

(inf.),

sndm
Br.

0.

See

knot.

E.

I.

bind,

ned,

root

*sndmu,

Skr.

sndti,

float.

bathe,
snaodh, head,

chief

snaois, a slice,piece ; cf. E.

snaoisean, snuff, Ir. snaoidn,
the

pouder,

snaomanach,

old

snidn

(Carm.)

chief

snaisse, cut,

Ir.

; from

robust

fellow,

fellow, hearty : "knotty,"

bier, Ir. snaoi :
a

Ir.

snaidh.

Eng. sneezing

in

sneesivg

sneezm.

snaomdnach,

"^snadm-

from

from

caesus,

snuff",Sc. sneeshin,

for

name

strong,

head

ceann-snaodh,

stout, jolly
"?

of snaim

snaoidh,
snap,

the

snas,

regularity, elegance,

trigger

snaidh

sn^th,

; E.

of

Ir. snass,
Ir.

thread,

; Gr.

snathad,

allied
a

needle,

notuid,
snath
Ger.

sneachd,

Br.

above

and

Ir,

; cf.

cut,"

from

of

snad

cut.

0.

sndthe,

Ir.

the

sndthad,

nadoz,

snap.

"

S7ias

W.

noden,

evvvT^ro^,

sniomh

Ir.

English
good
:

ysnoden, lace, fillet,

Br.
neudenn
"^sndtio-,
:
vitta,
snod,
string
spin ; Skr. sndyu, sinew, bowsne, wind,
See
schnur, lace, tie.
well-spun ; Ger.

snath,

noden, thread. Corn,

^sndto-7i,root
snd,
the

the

from

gun

nadoez

Eng.

word

next

0.

below.

Ir. sndthat,
"^

snatantd,

needle,

Goth.

W.

0.

nodwydd,

sndteijd,
ne}"la,

0.

from
H.

G.

Corn.

sndt

of

nddala,

nadel.
snow,

so

Ir., 0.

"^sniqtaio-,"^snibi-

Ir.

(Welsh),

snechta, pi. snechti, nives, W.

I.

E.

snigh, sneigh

; Got.

nyf:
snaiws^

Eng.

it
v"Lcf)eL,

sneadh,

vL"^a (ace),

; Gr.

nivis

nix,

^nizh.
sninga (vb.),snegas, snow
; Zend.
nits, Corn., nedhan,
sneagh, 0. Ir. sned, W. yiec/o?,

Ir.

nezenn

; Lat.

schnee

333

LANGUAGE.

; Lit.

snows

nit,

Br.

Ger.

snoWj

GAELIC

THE

OP

"^sknidd

S.

Ag.

tii^, Ger.

hnitu, Eng.

wiss

; Gr.

KovtSe?, nits.

snicean, a stitch of clothing (Arg.) :

snigh, drop, fall in drops, ooze
through
E.

Ir.

I. E.
to

sneigho-,

snih, snehati,

; Skr.

wet

snidhim,

di-nou, melt, thaw,

di-neu, effundere, Br.

W.

snigim,

Ir.

drops,

in

humid.

to

be

Allied

Ir.

snimaire,

sneachd.
M.

sniomh,

spin, wind, twist, Ir. sniomhaim,

spinning: *snemu-, root, sne,
sniDi,

sndtk
In

W.

further.
the

Corn,

has

nyddu, nere,
"sadness," there is

of

sense

ne

E.

spindle.

v^/xa,yarn.

; Gr.

See

nethe, Br. nezafi.

distress, Br.
snim,

Ir.

niff, chagrin,

snod,

affix

the

hook

fishing

hair

line

which

to

veco,

snoigeas,
on

snu,

s7iood,
fillet,Ag. S.

; root

Sc.

wind,

snuadh.

see

.mu,

Norse

from

the

snua,
snog,

turn

up

Ir.

flow,

turn,

Got.

snarl,

snag,
the

snuadh,

in

nose

stream,

sniwan,

Gr.

go.

flout.

smelling

; founded

snout.

hue,

beauty,

appearance,

flow,

stream

SO,

snuff

attached,

is

Sc.

smile

Eng. snot,

testiness

Eng.

snuadh,

tree

boat

g'aire,a

swim,

snot, smell,

of

motion

of

hook

the

; from

snood.

sn6"/, fillet,Eng.

snodan, rapid
snodha, snodha
snodhach, sap

snooid

line, Manx

the

to

as

in

E.

Ir.

Ir.

M.

snuadh,

snuad, hair,

head

of

Ir. snuad

hair,

Ir.

; root

snuadh,

(see snodhach).

here, this,

Ir.

so,

E.

Ir., 0.

Ir. sea,

so

*sJo-(beside *so, as
sie, she, they, 0. H.
:

-se),Skr. si/d,sd, the, this, Ger.

siu, she ( Skr. syd, G. si).
SO-, a prefix denoting good quality, Ir. so-, 0.
Zend.
Br. he- ; Skr.
ku-.
sur-, good,
s6bhaidh, so'aidh, turn, prevent, 0. Ir. sdim,
-sa,

in
G.

discussed

under

Ir. so-, su-,

inf.

sood,

W.

root

Ay,

sov,

iompaidh.

sobhrach, sobhrach, (M'L.), primrose, Ir sohhrog (Fol.),somhaicin

(O^B.), sobhrach
(O'B.), E. Ir. sohrach, g. sobarche
SOC, forepart of anything, ploughshare, snout, Ir. soc, E. Ir. socc,
W.
swch
(m.) : *sucro-, snout,
(f.).Cor. soch, Br. soc^h, souch
hivch. Cor. hoch, Br. hou'ch
pig's snout, *sukku-, a pig, W.
(Ag. S. sugu, Eng. sow, Lat. siXs,etc.). So Thurneysen [Rom.,
clinches
his argument
112), who
by E. Ir. corr
being both
"crane"
and
"beak."
Fr. soc, ploughshare, Eng. sock are
Celtic.
from
Stokes
suggests the possibilityof Celtic
being
:

334

ETYMOLOGICAL

from

Med.

Lat.

secare.

SOCair,

ease,

Lat.

0.

deacair,

is

convenience,

SOChair,

vomer,

soccus,

Ir.

easy,

DICTIONARY

socair, easy,

Ir.

root

deccair

ease,

M.

Ir.

cor,

q.v.

sochor, good

M.

H.

G.

cuir.

in

Ir.

Hence

sochar,

opposite

from

*acar,

acarach.

emolument,

(Sench. Mor)

contract

seh, vomer,

Ir. soccair

*di-acair, *so-acair,

place, as

cor,

0.

to

secure,

benefit, emolmnent,

allied

or

wealth,

; from

and

so-

pliant,
yielding disposition, socharach, simple, comIr. socharach, obliging, easy,
W.
hygar, amiable, Br.
dear.
and
The
Ir. is also
hegar, benignus ; from
socar,

sochar, silliness,a

from

sochar,

ease.

Ir. sochd

sochd, silence,
(O'R., Sh.), M.
of suain
(Dr Cameron).
of
noise
sod,
boiling water, steam
boiled,

boiled

so^, broth

boiling porridge,
sod,

awkward

an

in

water

Sc.

seethe, sod,

sodden,

of

Ir. sod, boiled

meat,
or

Ir. socht

meat

setter,

boil

(O'B.) ;
has

stout

person,

source

W.

; from

person

Sc.

sot, Fr.

ffothyll, pustula,

made

SOg,

trotting

mirth,

sogan,
form

pusiula,

of the

root

SOgh, luxury, riot,

*su-ag-,

root

ag

of
Ir.
of

Skr.

sotla, pride,

adduced
Stokes

to

phutkar,

the

as

"^sput-tlo-,

puff (Stokes),

(Sh., Lh., etc.),Ir. sodar, trotting

horse

humour,

good

heavy

of cloth,

Ir.

0.

been

has

According

sot.

Lat.

this

sodan, caressing, joy, joyous reception

sodar, trotting,

sod,

woman,

sotli, animositates
Eng.

Norse

from

boiled, Eng.
of
slowly, sottle, noise

clumsy heavy
clout
Sc. sodds, a saddle
from
pillion,
soda^,
;
sodal, pride, flattery, Ir, sodal, sotal, sutal,
of

is

meat

been

insolence,

svop

etc.

sodick, soudie,

person,

which

in

water
meat

which

*sop-tu-, root

from

tipsiness;

*sugg,

short

sugradh.
sogh,

M.

Ir.

sodh,

E.

Ir.

suaig,

prosperous

aghaidh, agh.

td, ignorant ; see saidealta.

soidealta,
sod.
soidean, a jolly-looking or stout person
; see
soighneas,
soighne,
pleasure, delight, Ir. soighneas :
bashf

root

so-gne-,

gen.

soileas, officiousness" flattery,Ir. soilios ; from Lat. sollicitus

:
soilgheas, wind, a fair wind
and
I'eir.
soilleir
The
Ir.
from
so:
soilleir, clear, visible,
due
to the
analogy of soillse.
soillse, brightness, so Ir., 0. Ir. soillse,soilse : *svelnestiosolus

soimeach,
seems

for

II is

see

connections.

prosperous,
to

combine

easy,
0.

Ir.

easy
somme,

circumstanced,
dives,

and

good-natured,
0.

Ir.

soinmech,

OP

lucky, good,

Ir.

Stokes

derives

latter

is

GAELIC

THE

soinmhench,

so-nem-ech,

root

Ir.

soineann,
; the

sonend

the

from

Ir.

east,

(^ *are), on,

sin

soir,

from

is

E.

sair

soinean,

soir, sack, vessel, bottle ; cf. searrag.

soirbh, easy, gentle, soirbheas, success,
soirbh,

reb

the

for
M.

Ir.

root.

for

su-sin-

and

(see suas)

.s-

E.

(Stokes).

rain

Ir.

0.

wind,

soirb, facilis,opposed

flatulence

air

(Arg.),

root
doirb, difficilis,

to

reabh.

rib, manare

Gaelic
(Ascoli). But compare
Sc. sosh, snug,
sois, snug, fond of ease
(M'A.) ; from
soise, a ball of fire in the sky, a portent (M'A.) :
SOisgeul, gospel, Ir. soisgeal, soisgeul,0. Ir. soscele ;
or

Ir.

soinend,

doinionn,

is

from

M.

q.v.

Ir.

neamh.

sian, weather,

now

Ir.

the

meanmna.

soinionn

of

former

iomadh

see

; cf. sdnraich

Ir.

weather,

opposite

du-sm-enn,

enn,

SOir,

fair

which
under

nem,

somenmnach,
good-spirited,
soin, esteem
(n.),soineil, handsome
soinionn,

for

The

happy.

fortunate,

so-imbi-s,

from

335

LANGUAGE.

social.

from

and

so-

sgeul.

soisinn, taste, decency, rest, stillness ; from Sc. sonsp ?

soitheach, a vessel, Ir. soitheach, M. Ir. soith^ch, saithech : *satiko- :
seimh
i
So
soitheamh,
docile, gentle : "^so-seimh, from
tame,
Munro,

who

writes

soisheamh,

sol, ere, before, Ir., E. Ir. sul ; root svel of seal.

solach, highly delighted (M'A.; sollach, jolly,Arms.);
solas.
Arm.^s
word
from
on
seems
Eng. jollf/.
solar, a provision, purveying, preparing, Ir. soldthar
;
and

founded

from

so-

lathair.

solas, joy, comfort, solace, Ir. solas ; from Lat. so/a^mm, Eng. solace.
sollain, a welcome, rejoicing, Ir. sollamhuin, a solemnity, feast,
Lat. sollennne, Eng. solemnity.
rejoicing,E. fr. sollamain
; from
Ir.
M.
E.
Ir. solus,
solus, light, Ir.,
solus, bright : "^svlnestu-,root
svel ; Ag.
S.
o-eAas, light,
sultry ; Gr.
svelan, glow, Eng.
"T"X7]vr),
eXdvT],torch ; Skr. svar, sheen, sun.
moon,
with
abundance,
SOmalta, bulky, large, placid ; from M. Ir. soma,
soimeach
further.
See
-ail and
ta.
adj. terminations
somh, convert, upset (Carm.) ; cf. Ir. sdm.
son,

sake,
er

; from

son

happy,

SOna,

SOnn,

stout

captains,
men,

air

cause,

son,

E.

Ir., E.
root
man,
"

Ir. sona,
of

hero
staves

picked
tuaighe was
or

"

na

Ir. son,

gna

of,

account

on

word

(root

opposite

Ir. son,
sven

of

of dona

ar

son,

M.

Ir. son,

seinn) 1
*so-gnd-vo-s,
"

doing"
well-

gniomh.

; from

of
marines
ursainn

sonn,

club, staff,M.
Cf.

battle."
on

the

chatha

N.

forecastle.
nan

Ir. suinn

stafn-buar,
Cf.

Camshronach."

the

Tdillear
See

catha,
stem

dubh
sonn.

36

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

sonn,

Ir., E.

staff,cudgel, beam,

spand, draw,
the

allied

^spundo,

stem

sonraich, appoint, ordain,

0.

Norse

to

Of. M.

spioz, spit, spear.

sunnraid,

j^on, 0. W.

fonn

a
orcfievSovri,
sling, cr^eSavo?, vehement
Stokes
move
(Rhys).
pendo, hang
; Lat.

Gr.

*spondo-,

W.

Ir. sonn,

Ir.

spj(it,a
sonrach.

sonraighim,

gives
0.

lance,

sponda, trabecula,

Lat.

; Skr.

H.

G.

repagulum.

special,E.

Ir.

Ir.

sainriud, especially,sainred, proprietas, sain,

"^sani-, especially ;
han, alium
:
singularis, proprius, 0. W.
Got.

Ir.

wisp,

Norse

Ir.

; Stokes

takes
derives

favours

sopen

W.

sopp,

Zimmer

ball

sob,

E.

sop,

soppa.

sponge,

W.

sine, without

; Skr.

without.

sanutdr,
sop,

; Lat.

sunder

sundro, privately, Eng.

Eng.

Norse

from

Norse

it from

; from

sopen

Ir.

the

Eng.

an

sob,

svoppr,

besom.

sopr,

The

source.

:
s6r, hesitate, grudge, shun
soraidh, a farewell, blessing, Ir. soraidh, happy, successful,

E.

soraid,

Ir. soreid

; from

sorchan,

so-

or

Ir.

M.

reidh.

opposite of dorch,
support, foot-stool, light stand, peer-man

t sorcha, light,bright,
rest

and

Ir. sorcha

Ir., E.

sop,

v.

; from

sorcha.

sorn,

Lat.

SOS,

spad,

Ir.

flue, vent,

furnus,

sluggard,

spado,

eunuch

; cf. W.

eunuch.

spatula,

forn

; from

from

(cf.spairt),

clod

ysbaddu, exhaust, geld,

"^spad

limb

soss.

of

of

benumbed.

spaid, spade 1
animal

an

Lat.

from

cut

off;

L.

from

shoulder

spadula,

Corn,

ffwrn.

spaid, spad,

spadanta,

Hence

spad-, flat,Ir. spad- ;

spadag, a quarter or

Sc.

; from

benumb,

spaidim,

W.

Eng. furnace.

mixture

or

kill,fell,Ir.

Ir. sornn,

whence

oven,

mess

coarse

E.

s6rn,

Lat.

blade, spatula porcina, leg of pork,

Cf.
shoulder, spadlaris, a quarter of a beast.

also
W.

shoulder.

yspaud,,

spadair, fop, braggart

Norse

; cf.

spjdtra,

behave

as

fop.

See

spaideil.

spadal,

paddle, plough-staff, so Ir.

paddle, dim. of spade.
spadhadh, a strong and quick pull, the
a

arms,

Stokes'

pull, span.
spag,

claw

footed

clumsy
tomfool

or

or

cut

grass

paw,
awkward

leg, W.
(Wh.) :

; from

by

limb

of
in

ysbach,

an

the
a

from

utmost
one

Lat.

(Bad.)
right spadh
theory were
Cf. Eng. swath.

stroke

scythe's
If

the

animal,

M.

Eng.

extent

of

spaddle,
the

stretched
out-

scythe-stroke, spadh, .a
spatium.
Meyer objects.
could

be

from

root

club-foot, sp^gach,

spa,

club-

legs, Ir. spdg, claw, club-foot,

claw
buffoon,
; spciga-da-ghlid,a

OF

GAELIC

THE

spagach,

indistinctly,spag^adh, obliquity

uttering words
mouth, spaig",a wry

mouth

spagluinn, ostentation, conceit

spaid, a spade, Ir. spdd ; from
Spaideil, foppish, well-dressed
in

below

spaisdear

337

LANGUAGE.

of

the

:
:

the
"

Eng.
strutting," from

Cf., however,

Lat.

spatior,

as

spadair.

spailp, pride, conceit, spailpean, fop, Tr. spailp^ spailpin, rascal,

mean
fellow, spalpeen
:
Manx
Norse
sp^in, a spoon,
spain ; from
spdnn, sponn,
spoon,
is
chip, M. Eng. spon^ Ag. S. spon, chip. Ir. spundg, spoon,
from
the Eng.
spairn, an effort,straggle, Ir. spdirn, sbdirn, wrestling, struggling ;
"

"

from

the

kick,

spurn,

Norse

kick

sporna,

with

the

feet, struggle,

sperna,

derived
it from
Eng. spurn.
Hennessey
Eng.
sparring (Atkenceum, 15/8/71).
trousers'
in the
spairiseach,foppish, spairis, having the hands
Sc.
pockets (M'A.) ; founded
on
opening of the fore
spare,

part

of the

breeches.

spairt, a turf, clod, a splash, Ir. spairt ; verb spairt, daub, plaster,
splash, brain, Ir. spairtim : cf. N. spard'a, pole-axe, whence
M.
Eng. spert or spart.
spaisdear, spaidsear, a saunterer, spaisdeireachd, sauntering, Ir.
spaisdeoireachd, promenading, walking ; Norse
spdzera, walk,
Dan.
Ital. (i3th Cent.), spaziare:
spadsere, Ger. spazieren, from
all from
Lat.
spatior, walk, promenade.
spal, a shuttle, Ir. spot ; from Norse
shuttle, M.
spdla, a weaver's
Eng. spole, now
spool, Ger.
spule, bobbin, spool. Hence
spdlag, pea pod.
thin plate of metal, spangle ; from
Norse
spang,
g. spangar,
spong,
M.
S.
a
now
a
spangle,
Ag.
spangle,
Eng. spang,
clasp,
spange,
Ger.
spann,

divide,

sever,

prevent,
spann,

spang,

buckle.

spange,

wean

confused

with

hinge, hasp ;
a
hasp ; or

spennir,

grasper,

(a child);
M. Eng.

from

Sc.

Ag.

the
S.

spannen,

Eng.

spannan,
to

spenn,

Sc.

from

spain,

spane,

stretch,

wean,

span.

spangle, Ag. S.
spang,
to
clasp, Norse
spenna,
a

button.

spaoill, speill,wrap, swathe

*sveil,as in till,etc.
'''svil,
:
spardan, a roost, from spdrr.
wedge, spear, E. Ir. sparr,
sparr, a joist,beam, roost, Ir. sparra,
Norse
from
beam,
a
sparri, a spar, Swed., Dan.
joist
sparr
e,
0. H. G. sparro,
a
bar, balk, Ger.
Eng. spar.
sperreri,
spar,
Hence
G. sparr,
drive
nail or wedge, thrust, Ir. sparraim ;
as
a
,

G.

sparrag",

spathalt,

limb,

bridle

a
a

bit,

clumsy

"

limb

little bar."
; cf.

spoil.
41

338

ETYMOLOGICAL

the

sparsan,

of

dew-lap

DICTIONARY

Ir.

beast,

(Lh., O'B.)

sparsan

see

spursan.

speach,

connspeach,

wasp,

heel

beach,

from

bee,"

connspeach

(T"j"i]^
; for

The

referred

is

conas-beach,

for

by

phonetics

wrangling or dog
for
is eircbheach.
"wasp"
(Di.ct.302) to ^spekd, Gr.

Ir.

Stokes

cf.

"

also

piuthar,

padhadh,

and

speir

speal.

Speach, a blow, thrust, stitch in the side, Ir. speach, a kick :

speach, door step (Carm.).
foot
or
spead, a very small
leg (M'A.), speadach, sheepshanked
cow's
spead means
a
or
(M'A.), kicking (Badenoch, where
instrument
sheep's kick) ; cf. M. Ir. spedudhud, a musical
(^),
Root
Kuno
sped-do-, spend-.
Meyer's
King and Hermit."
Ir. spel :
speal, a scythe, Ir. speal, scythe, reaping hook, M.
Gr.
further
xpaXk, shears, root
"^speld,
spal, clip, pull,
Eng.
"

(so Stokes).

psalm

speal^,
M.

E.

Sc.

from

splinter ;

spelke,

spelk, a splint attached

fracture,

spjalk, spelkur, splint,

Norse

splinter,

to

Du.

spalk.

spealt,
M.

from

splinter ;

H.

G.

Teutonic

splinter, Ger.

spelte,a

spearrach, a cow-fetter, a
speic, a spike, Ir. speice ;
Ger.

W.

speiche.

speil,cattle, herd,
to

Lat.

Ger.

for

from

now

spill,

spalten.
wild

Norse

goats
spik, a

speireach.

see

spike, Eng.

spike,

ysbig.

speil, herd

of cattle

swine

or

^speli-,allied

(Stokes).
;

Sc.

from

or

ham

of

speil, play, bonspel, curling

cattle, claw, talon,

leg, Ir. speirr,hough,

human

shank

ffer, ankle, ber, leg,

di

fetter

spelde,

Eng.

game,

spielen, play,

speir, hoof
the

skate

has

Ir.

spolium

sp^il, slide,

M.

"

pherid

sp2ir,

"^speret-,Gr.
Lat.

spurn,

*rich, tie, for

which

speireag, sparrow-hawk
hafoc,

speis, esteem,

last

sbesa.ilie,
special, from

*s-peri- ;
E.

crus,

from

speis, M.
Lat.

foot

heel

fetter

; founded

M.

; from

Ir.

fer,

thereabouts

of
W.

compare

Ir.
root

seir, heel,

Eng.

sper,

from

speir

Eng.

on

Lat.

sptritus.

sper-hauk,
and

sparrow

Ir. sbeis

species,look

Ag.

S.

spear-

haivk.

M. Ir.
seemingly from
(cf.Eng. respect).

branch
spiac, diverge, divaricate, tear asunder,
; from
S.
spaik, a spoke (in a wheel), Eng. spoke, Ag.
spdca.
Ir,
speucldir, a glass, spectacles ; from
speuclair, spectacles,

speuc,

Latin,

and

buarach.

see

courage

sparrhaukr,

liking,

acfivpov, ankle,

cow-fetter,

sp^iread, strength, force,

Norse

ham

and

etc.

sperno,

speireach, spearrach,

Cor.

ankle

Sc.

the

OP

the

speur,

heaven,

GAELIC

THE

Ir.

firmament,

339

LANGUAGE.

the

from

speir ;

speur,

L.

Lat.

planet), celestial region,

hemisphere, circle (of each
Gr.
Lat.
a-cfiaLpa,
sphaera, a sphere (whence the Eng.), from
Cf. Sc. spere,
globe.
sphere, circle, the speir of the moon."
Hence,
spid, spite, Ir. spid ; from the Eng.
spideig or spideag,
spera,

"

taunt.

spid, speed, haste ; from Eng. speed.

spideag, nightingale (spideag, M.F.), Ir. spideog, robin:
creature
spideag^, a delicate or slender
(Arms, spideag) ; from Sc.
chievous
misspitten, a puny,
spitj a little, hot-tempered
person,
Eng. spit.
person,
spideal, a spital,hospital, Ir, spideul, M. Ir. spidel ; from M. Eng.
spitel,from

Fr.

O.

spidean, pinnacle ;
spidean
spiligean, a seedling, dwarfish
"

spioc,

Ir.

spigot,

hospitale.

teampuill

an

person

"

mean

(O'K.) ;

spiocaid

dastardliness, spiocach,

meanness,

spiocaid,

Lat.

ospital, from

Eng.

from

sources

"

M.

Eng. spigot, Eng. spike.

spiochan, wheezing, Ir. spiochan ; see piochan.
spiol, nibble, peel, pluck, Ir. spiolaim, spialaim, snatch, pluck.
See

piol.

spiolg",mihusk,

shell

Cf.

spilkinSj split pease.

spion,

pluck

examine

spionnadh, strength,
spiontag,
rain
from

a
or

or

'^sven

currant,
flake

Lat.

;
a

Sc.

Ir.

spionaim,

Ir.

spin,

Ir.

spionnadh,

see

spilkj pilk,

shell

pease,

etc.,

spealg.

pull, tear,

up,

; cf. M.

"^sphen

the

from

thorn,

from

probe, pluck,

teaze,
Lat.

thorn,

spina,

spionnamhail,

(Keat.)

strong

faod.

particle in

of snow,

Ir.

the

throat,

maggot,

spiond7i, a gooseberry,

M.

Ir.

drop
spinan

of
;

spina.

spiorad, a spirit,so

Ir., 0.

Ir.

spiurt, spirut
Corn,

; from

speris, Br.

Lat.

spiritus,

Eng, spirit.
yshryd,
speret.
0.
Fr.
spiosradh, spice, Ir. spiosra ; from
espicerie,
Eng. spicery,
spices, from Lat. species.
Norse
spiris, a hen-roost, hammock
a
rafter,
; from
sperra,
spar,
with
a
leaning on G. iris,roost.
spisniche, pillar,support (Carm.) :
bit of wood,
spitheag, a chip, spelk, small
bite, Ir. spiothdg, a
at an
for throwing
finger stone
object (Con,, Sh.), spitheog, a
flake of snow
borrowed
word
belonging to the Eng. group
; a
from
Norse
spike, spigot,but likely taken
spik, sprig, spike.
splang, a sparkle, flash, Ir. splanc :
Ir. spleangaid (O'H.) ; a
side-form
of
splangaid, a snot, mucus,
aid
%
sg long
W.

has

340

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

spleadh,
spleadh,

foot

splay

; from

Eng. splay.
false
ostentation, romance,
flattery, Ir. spleadh ; from
M.
display.
Eng. spleien, display, from
displeien, now
eels ; see
spleadhan, a sort of wooden
paddle to dig up sand
pleadhag.
spleuchd, spliachd, stare, squint, spread out by trampling :
spliuc, fluke of an anchor
on
YiUg.fluhe.
(M'A.) ; founded
spliuchan, spliucan, tobacco
pouch, Ir. spliuchdn, a pouch, bag,
a

leather

spliug,

; hence

purse

snot,

Sc.

Cf.

spleuchan.

icicle, anything

W.

bhvch,

down

hanging

box.

Cf.

^s-cluig?

cluigein.

spliugach, splay-footed :
countenance
spliuig*,a discontented
lame
hand
spliut, a
or
foot, splay
spoc,

spoke

spoch,

address

the

foot

pliut.

see

Eng.

quickly and angrily, intimidate, aff'ront,attack,

spochaim, provoke, aff'ront,rob ; cf. spoth.

Ir.

spog",

; from

spag-,

spoil, a

one

claw,

(as

quarter
Ir.

meat,

limb,

Manx

paw,
of

spolla,

spald, shoulder,

spatula, shoulder,
hence.

Cf.

spolladach,

old

from

whence

piece

ysbach

piece

joint

or

Sc.

; from

meat

espaule, espalle,

spaul,
L.

spolla

Ir.

epaulet.

of

Lat.
also

is

spadag, spathalt.

sottish

sploit,squirt, spout,

when

of

Fr.

Eng.

spolt, mangle, slaughter, hew down

the
splutter ; from
English.
Sc.

W.

spdg,

sheep, M'A.), spold,

spodkla,

Ir.

spaag,

boiling

stirred

or

battle, also

in

Cf.

(Dial. Badenoch)

Eng. splatten, cut

M.

of

spoltadh, drops flying out

open,
vessel

carelessly.

W.
E. Ir. sponge,
yshwng, sponge,
tinder, Ir. sponc,
sponge,
Corn,
Lat.
Br.
from
spongia, sponge,
sponenk ;
spone,
spong,
from
Gr.
allied to Lat. fungus.
(nroyyia,
for a horse
a
claw,
talon, Ir. spor, M. Ir. sbor, a spur
spor,
spur,

spong,

from

Norse

spori,

spur,

foot

spot,

Ag. S. spora
Eng. spur,
sporadh, inciting, scraping

sporre,

Hence

trace, Dan.
root

the

sper

earth

spore,

speir,

of

Swed.
etc.

hen), Sc.

(as

Ir.

sboran,

spur.

tinder, flint,gun-flint ;

spor,
sporan,

ysbur

purse,

Ir.

*s-burr-

whence

Eng.

spardn,
from

purse,

from

Eng.

spordn,

*burs,

bursary,

from
;

spar.

L.

(M'F.) :
(Fol.) ;
the Eng.

sport, Ir. sport

spors,

spot,

crumbs

spot

from

from

Lat.

originally

hide.

sporracan,

the

M.

sbarrdn,

Eng.

from

bursa,
Gr.

W.

purse,

/Svpcrrj,
a

OF

spoth, geld, castrate,

Br.
M.

Ir.

Ir.

spochad

is

M.

Ir.

Eng.

whence

Stokes

by

(n.),W.

spochad

spado, eunuch,

thought

341

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

spothaim,

Lat.

; from

spaza

THE

be

to

from

dyshaddu,
The

spay.

Br.

spacliein

(inf.).
spracadh,

strength, sprightliness,Ir. spracadh

lively,Norse
comes

spraehr,

lively,Swed.

Norse
Eng. spark
severe
reprimand ;

Spreadh,

of

blast, report
spraki, a report.

Norse

burst

sprinkling
spreang'an,

the

cloven

also

gun

of.

spraich,

Sc.

cry,

bursting, kill, Ir. spreidhim,

loudly while
for
{spreiyhim, O'B.), E. Ir. spredaire, brush
spread.
holy water; from M. Eng. spraeden, now
wound
cattle
stick
of bled
for closing the
;

sound

burst,

spread,

speaker

sprack.,

Norse

spreig.

see

loud

Eng.

; from

sparkr.

"

Spraic, a
spraidh,

; from

from

rod.
with
flexible
Eng. springe.,twig, rod, snare
M.
Ir. spre,
spreidh, cattle, Ir. spre{idli),
spreid, W.
praidd, flock,
Hence
Sc. spreith, booty,
booty ; from Lat. praeda, booty.
Ii'.
founded
M.
spreig, blame, reprove,
on
incite,
spreagaim ;
Eng.

spraechen., now

speak,

Ger.

sprechen.

spreig'h, scatter, burst ; see

spreadh.
hreall ?
from
Spreill,blubber
*s-hreill,
lip
of a wreck
spreisneach, the remains
spreochan, weakness, weak
being
; for '^s-hrebch-,
person
:

in root

breoclaid

as

spreod, spreod

(H.S.D.), a projecting beam,

; from

M.

Du.

the

same

M.

Eng.

spriet.

Hence

spreot,

sprit
spreoid, a bowsprit ; Ag. S. spreot,

crann

sprit, now

spreod,

incite.

sprochd,

Ir. broc,
dejection, sadness, Ir. sprochd : *s-broc, M.
?
for root
hron
anxiety (also shrog). Cf. murcach
sorrow,
; or
sprog^aill,dewlap, bird's crop, Ir. sprogaille, shrogaill,
sprogan,
also sgrohan, sgrogul, neck
See
: *s-hroggo-.
hraghad.

spronnan,

crumb

; from

proitn.

stick

sprot, single
(Lewis) : N.
brushwood,
firewood,
spruan,

sproti, stick.
Ir.

sprudn

sprudhan, fragments.
the
sprudan, fingers,sprouts ; from
spruileach, spruidhleach, crumbs,
M'A.

"^s-bruan,

from

bruan.

has

crumb,
spruan.

fragment,
M.

spiudhaille

Ir. has

sweepings, ysborion,

also
refuse

Eng. sprout.
Ir.

fragments,

(Lh.),

M.

Ir.

spuirech, fragmentum,
of

spruiUe{ach),

shruileach.
W.

Cf.

ysbwrial,

fodder.

Ir. spruiseamhuil
the
neat,
spruiseil, spruce,
Eng. spiuce.
; from
spruithean, claw (as of eagle) :
of the head, a pinnacle, callosity,blister, Ir. spuaic,
spuaic, crown
welt, callus, pinnacle :
a

342

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

spuidsear, baling ladle

spuill, spoil, plunder

(N.H.)

spulye, lay waste, plunder, Eng.

spoliare. W. has ysbail, a spoil,
Sc.

; from

spolier, Lat.

spoils Fr.

Eng. spudge.

cf.

of
form
spuill,
spilinn, spoil, plunder, Ir. spuini7n ; another
borrowed
directly from Lat. spoliare ?
Ir. spuirse ; from
the
milkweed,
Eng. spurge^
spuirse, spurge,
M.
Eng. sporge.
spull, nail of a cat, a clutch, spullach, nailed, greedy (M'A.) :
a
gizzard, Ir. spursdn ; cf. sparsan,
dewlap,
spursan,
the Sc. spool, Eng. spout.
sput, a spout ; from
the Eng. :
srabh, a straw
; from
srabh, falling water
(Carm.) :
srabhard, strife (Suth. R.D.) :

for

srad,

rap-ko-,

ster,

from

sraid,

fire,Ir.

the

whence

Eng.

which

itself

sraidean,

the

rapio

racadh

also

*srakho-,

from

*sraddd,

Gr.

has

acrnqp.

M.

Ir.

strad

Ir. has

str-d, root

or

srab-tine, lightning,

root.

same

Ir.

street,

srad

G.

of Lat.

rap

Eng. star,

in

as

root

of

spark

sracaim

rob, Ir.

tear, rend,

srac,

E.

srdid,
K.

street.

Lat,

from

derives

Meyer

from

comes

srdit

(via),

strata

Norse

it from

straeti,

Lat.

plant shepherd's

Ir.

purse,

sraidin

{srdidin, (O'B.);

cf. srad.

sraigh,
sramh,

the
a

root

nose,

the

cow's

sneeze

(M'A.)

udder,

Ir. sramh

ster,

E.

of Lat.

(see

Stokes

snore,

further).

sreothart

*strenv6,

cf. root

of srbn.

(srdmh, O'R.)

str, strew.

buzz, Ir. srann,

*stre-s-no-,root ster, pster

srann,

sraon,

the

cartilage of
jet of milk from

like

Lat.

Ir.

srand,

0.

Ir.

sterto, snore,
makes

the

srennim,

sterto

sternno,

sneeze

Gadelic

to

be

sternuo.

forward
violently ; cf. Ir.
step, rush
sraoinim, defeat, overthrow,
scatter, M. Ir. srdined, dragging

stumble,

down,
root

sraonais,

make

defeat,
ster, strew,
a

huff,

E.

false

Ir.

hurl, drag,

sroenim,

(Eng. strew, etc.).

has
sroin,
; M'A.

scatter

snuffiness

defeat

huff

^sroino-,

from

srbn,

nosel

srath, a valley, strath,

of a
along banks
israth,

in

Ir., M.
river

gramine,

W.

planities : *stratu-,

root

from

; Gr.

sterna,

I strew

Ir.

loch,

or

ystrad,

Lat.

stratura,

from

often

meadow

land

swampy

(Joyce),

strath,

E.

W.

holm

or

0.

Ir.

istrat,

strat,
Lat.

spread,
stratus,
;
scatter
oTopkvwixi,
spread,
ctt/owtos,
;
ster,

Eng. strew, strand

(J).
srathair, a pack-saddle, Ir., 0.
Med.

srath,

Ir.

stratum,

scatter

srathar,
sterno,

W.

ystrodyr

spread.

from

OF

sreang,

string,

Gadelic

streg

streg and

roots

order, join

ser,

sreathan,

it

sreothart,
trew,
root

for

sneeze,

or

sraing,

sors,

unborn

(H.S.D., etc.).

calf

vessels

covering

root
*srito-, "^sr-to-,

lot.

ystrewi (vb.),Br.

Ir.

(Stokes), further
(do.).

srian,

E.

Ir.

When

earlier

strefia, strevia
Lat.

ster, pster,

W.

srian,

ffrwyn

W.

sreod,

(vb.),
sternuo,

from

Lat.

(through W.).

frenum

srideag,

sreth

sneeze,

Trrapwixat

bridle,

Ir.

0.

sraoth, sraothfurtach,

streu, pstreu
Gr.

ultimately,

Ir.

sneeze,

ystreiv,

allied

are

series, row,

covering

used

was

; Lat.

skin

filmy

dried,

srian,

series, Ir. sreath,

row,

a-rpccjio),
turn),

(Hend.).

lie, embroidery

sreath,

stregh

Gr.

strick, string (I. E. streg).

Ger.

stringo, bind, draw,

I. E.

The

Ir. sreng
*srengo-, strengo-,
:
allied
either
to Eng. string,

E.

sreang,

stream.

immediately
Strang (I. E. stregh,

Ger.

strengr,

Lat.

to

or

Ir. S7'ang,

root

Norse

Ag. S. stream, Eng.

checking by the nose

from

curbing

blear-eyed, Ir. srdm^

(F. M.). Stokes
blear-eyed, sremach

srdmach^

rheum,
eye
derives
this

sreamadh,

343

LANGUAGE.

(M'A.), a wrinkle, sreamach,

rheum

sream,

GAELIC

THE

drop,

*sriddi,

spark,

white

streaked

with

dark

of srad.

srd

root

srideach,

the English.
on
sringlean, the strangles ; founded
founded
smth.
of quick words
on
sruit, a torrent
;
small
of
srobadh, a push (Sh.),
liquor (A. M'D.)
quantity

see

sruab.

sroghall,

whip,

ffrowyll

srol, a

Ir., E.

so

Lat.

; from

"^frol,*Ji6r, Fr.
sron,

Ir.,

nose,

*sroknd

(Stokes,

Ir.

srdn,

Gr.

Cor.

(Lismore)

velours, velvet,
0.

Br.

snore,

/oeyx^j

sruab,

water

sup,

up

with

*srouhbo-,

lap

up,

Ch.

of

noise
root

SI.

the

sreid) 1

^srognd ;
:
peyKw), "^sprognd
W.
has
compared,
froan

snort,
been
trein.

lips,pull hastily
Cf.

Lat.

strait, tapestry, W.
form
suggested
a

has

ffroen, Br.

W.

; from

jtour,velveted.

Lat.
has
(Strachan),to which
spargo
also trwyn
{^trugno-or trogni-).Cor.
drink

srogill (gen.), W.

srol, satin, byssus

whence

Stokes

mat.

Ir.

silk,

stragulus, coverlet, pall,

ystraill,

Ir.

flagellum.

banner,

streamer,

sraigell,0.

Ir.

srub,

srubati, swallow,

and

out

Lit.

Lat.

of

the

sriaubiu,

sorbeo, Eng.

absorb.
shortbread

sruan,

srub,

cake

having

five

(M'A. for Islay) :

spout, M. Eng. strupe, throat,

corners

the Sc. stroup,

spout ; from
the
when
strjupi,
spouting trunk
Hence
Swed.
sruban, a
strupe, throat.
a

Norse

the
cockle.

head

is cut

off,

344

ETYMOLOGICAL

sruth,

-Br.

alveus,

flowing,

froud

the

to

sruth,

*8rutu-,
stream,

root

srotha, W.

g.
root

spreut,

Some

frot^

Ger.

pva-ts,

Norse

stream,

referred

well,

Cor.

Gr.

Eng.

have
to

spreii,

ffrwd^

flow

sreu,

flow

/jew,

sravju, ^ow.

; Lit.

words

Ir.
:

pevfxa,

straunw

0.

Ir.,

stream,

DICTIONARY

the

Celtic

spriidel, a

well,

sparks, drizzle, further

Eng. spurt, spout.
Ir.
sruth.
sruthladh, rinsing, half-washing,
sruthlaighim ; from
from
the
1
founded
use
on
Eng.
sta, advantage,
stay
;
Ir.
wide,
asunder,
stabhach,
straddling,
stahhaighim, straddle
:
attitude
of the
head
stabhaic, a wry neck, a sullen
(M'A.) ; see
in Arg. staoi'c, staghaic.
stidchd.
Pronounced
Lat.
the
stabull, a stable, Ir. stahla ; from
stabulum, through
emit

sprilhen,

"

English.
stac,

Swed.

stump,
columnar

stad,

position,

Stat, stands

standing,

(
stadh

(better stagh),
Norse

stag

stadhadh,

(Cormac)

Ascoli

founded

of

a
a

Norse

Ir.

status,

stad'a,a

astaim,

sisto

suidhe).

bend

sadden

Lat.

on

Cf.
0.

compares

stay, a certain
(do.), Eng. stay, Dan.,

larch,

sed

root

stack.

(Hennessey, Stokes).

position.

ad-sad-to-,

--^

Ir. stad

stack

Sc.

stack,

stack

(F.M.), stacc,
(of hay), stakka,
(Shetland, etc.) stack,

stacc,

stakkr,

rock, Eng.

Ir. stad, E.

stop,

Norse

stack,

isolated

Ir.

M.

hill,

precipice, steep
pile, piece ; from
a

in

rope
Ger.

ship's rigging

from

stag.

Lat.
statio
staid, state, condition, Ir. staid, M. Ir. stait ; from
(K.
Lat.
Ir. staid
W.
has
be
status.
ystdd, from
Meyer).
may
word.
See
next
the
from
Eng.
stdideamhail
Ir.
Eng. state, stately.
staideil, stately,
; from
Ir.
M.
the
Ir.
stair,
staigre
staighre,
staidhir, a
Eng., and
; from
G. is possibly from
Eng. stair, just as
Ag. S. stdeqer. The
from
pair and fair (Dr Cameron).
paidhir iind /aid hir are

stall, a bandage, strap :

sialic, stubbornness, stop, stump,

Ir. stailc

tailce
; cf.

; cf. N.

stilkr,

stalk.

stailinn,

steel

peg,
Sc.

small
and

pole,
staing, a well-built
boorish

staipeal,

(pi.),Ger.

weapons

steel.

stahl, Eng.

staing,

stdl, steel, stdlin

Norse

from

pointed rock
Eng. stang.
person
Ir.

person,

stopple,

Ir.

or

Norse

; from

animal

(M'A.), staingean,

stainc, incivility;
stapal

(O'R.)

stong, g. stangar,

from

from

the
the

staple, bar

from

obstinate

above.
Sc.

stopple.

staipeal, stapuU,

Eng. staple.

stappil, Eng.

OF

345

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

in a river.
Dr
Cameron
stair, a path over
a
bog, stepping stones
waterside
Du.
has
with
steiger,
stairs,
suggested connection
'?
stair.
For
from
*^ar, cross
(see thar)
Eng.
s-tar,
also
noise ;
dairireach, q.v.
stairirich, a rattling, a rumbhng
For

stdirn,

s-dairirich.

grain, star,

st^irn,

from

(as

noise

tread
for

noise

beam

cross

"

creating

Ir.

considerable

furore."

"

; for

great

stalan, a stallion, Ir.

Ir.

root

stail ; from

the

Norse

stallr,any

from

Ir. tairsech

E.

transverse.

tarsimm,
; from

Eng.

start

stat.

men

; see

see

tailce.

English.
s-talc ;

; for

"

; from

^s-tairn

stern

tairseack,

see

clatter, din.

staitean, great

man,

stale, stiffen,stalcanta, firm, strong

dash
as
gives stale
meaning
thread
stare."
a
hook, thump,
the word
the Eng.
is from
stalla, an overhanging rock, craggy
bank

particle,

ostentatious

Eng.

distance, trip (M'A.)

or

push

stathruim,

threshold,

stone

or

Stairt, a
Stait, a magistrate

Cf.

violent

(Suth.), conceited,

stairsneach, stairseach,
"

horses), a

of

root.

stiirneil, stairneanach
stdirn,

Sc. starn,

; from

star.

the

tairneanach

see

quantity (Perth)

particle,small

one's
In

foot

the

(Islay),

against
of

meaning

M'A.

"stalk,"

steep, precipice,stall,a peat

block

shelf

or

on

which

another

thing is placed, pedestal, step of a mast, stall,stalli,an altar,

Eng. stall,Lit. stalas, table.
stallaehdaeh, stupidly deaf, heedless
(Wh.) :
stalladh, dashing against, thumping (M'A.) :
the Eng.
stamag, a stomach
; from
stamh, sea tangle, staf (Lewis), N. stafr, staff.
reduce
to
stamhnaieh,
in, drub
order, subject, break
(M'A.),
N.
stannadh, subject (Heb.) ; from
stafr, a stick, stafa fyir,
rule, fyrir stafni, aim

stamp, stamp, trample,

Eng. stamp.
t stan, tin,

st^n, below,

of a'

Stang,

stdn,

W.

(for ^stagnnm

tin

st^n,

Ir.

from

^fhoghar,
ditch, pool

Lat.

at, stafn,

Ir.

stampdil,

stamping, prancing

ystaen. Cor., Br.

; cf. Ital.

down
a'

^samhradh,
Sc.

stean

stagno).

; Sutherland

; from

stem

stank,

0.

of

bhan,

stannum,

on

analogy

now

etang,

Fr.

estang,

stagnum.

Sc.
sting, from
stang, sting (as a bee), a
Eng. sting.
stanga, prick, goad ; further
Stangarra, the fish stickleback
stang, sting.
; from

stang,

Lat.

staoin.

See

form
etc.

from

; from

sting,

Norse

42

346

ETYMOLOGICAL

stanna,
M.

Eng.

stannart,
"

vat,

tub,

Ir.

from

Eng. tun, ton,

tunna.

standard, yard,

barrel

vat,

stanna,

See

to7ine.

DICTIONARY

limit

; from

the

It

Eng.

also

means

affected

coyness."
Norse
steik,
staoi^, a collop, steak, Ir. staoig, M. Ir. stdic ; from
steak
K.
Eng.
Meyer),
(Stokes,
stan.
staoin, pewter, tin ; see
staoin
staoin, juniper, caoran
:
laziness
staoin,
:
shallow
staon, bent, awry,
:
(Hend.), Ir. staon
staorum, bending of the body to a side ; for staon-um.
Sc. stappack (do.),
of meal
and
cold water
stapag*, a mixture
; from
stap, mix, hash, Norse

stappa,

bray

in

mortar,

staplaich,
sea
:
stapull, a bar, bolt, staple ; see staipeal.
starach, cunning, deceitful
(Suth.) :
starachd, romping, blustering (M'A.) :
fellow
starbhanach, a strong, robust
:
firm
Norse
from
starcach,
starkr, strong, Eng., Ger. sta7''k.
;
Starr, shove, dash, starradh, pushing violently, dashing against,
tion,
a
failingor freak, cnap-starradh, a stumbling-block, obstrucball on
of a spear
the end
a
; cf. starr-{shuileach).
starr-f hiacail, a tusk
starr
or
gag-tooth, Ir. stairfhiacail; from
loud

and

noise, noise

of the

fiacail.

starr-shuileach,

(M'A.)

the

having

; cf. Norse

distorted, stard,

eyes

starhlindr,

blind

with

moon-eye
0. H. G.

cataract,
"

Sc.

stare,

stiff,Starr, sedge, star, a speck on the eye.

the
st^t, pride, haughtiness, Ir. stdtamhuil, stately ; from
Cf. stdideil,stdta.
Lat.
status.
state, M. Eng. stdt, from

Eng.

starahlind, Ger.

st^ta, the
steach, a
tech,

state

or

starr, stiff,Eng. stare,

; from

Government

steach, (to) within, into,

E.

teach.

steadhainn,

Ir.
Cf.

isa

the

Ir.

"

fixed

Eng.

steach, a
"^in-san-tech, "into

tech:

look,

steach,
the

M.

house;"

Ir.

is

from

stigh.

firm, pointed

or

punctual

in

speech (M'A.)

; cf.

Eng.

steady.

steafag, a little staff or stick, Ir. steafog ; from Eng. staff.

steairn, a blazing fire (Perth), a drop in the e'e
:
Ir.
to
steallaim, squirt,
steall, spout, cause
out,
spout, pour
I
Lat.
from
stillo,
a
drop, Eng. distill.
sprinkle, steallaire, tap ;
with
St ear, a pole to kill birds
(Carm.) :
stearnal, a bittern, sea-bird, an inn-keeper's sign :
Norse
st^idh, foundation
staed'i, staeS'a, establish, Ork.
; from
"

steeth,foundation,

steethe,to found.

"

steill,a
steilleach

pin

or

peg

OF

THE

GAELIC

for

things hung

347

LANGUAGE.

; cf. Sc.

steli,a

(steilleach,M'F.), lusty, stout, ruddy

steady, solid,from
steinle, the itch, mange,

prop,
; cf.

steidheil,

steidh.
Ir. steinle

(Lh.,etc.);from

teine, fire*?

or
thing standing (or sticking) upward, an
person
any
attendant
(steocair also) ; from Sc. stog, stug, stook, stubble,

steoc,

horns, stok, Eng.

stumpy
Stedrn, guide, direct, manage

stick.
;

from

Norse
See

steering, rule, Eng. stern, steer.

steud, a horse, steed, Ir. stead (O'R.), M.
steda,,Ag. S. steda, M.

stiall, a
board

Eng. stede, now

stjorna (do.),stjorn,

stiuir.
Ir. sted

Ag.

; from

S.

steed.

strip, stripe, streak, Ir. stiall,E. Ir. stiall,girdle,strap,

W.
astell,M. W. ystyll,shingle, plank, Corn, stil^
; cf
.

rafter,
0.

H.

G.

0.

Fr.

esteil,pole,

Lat.

astella, splinter,

or

from

stihhil, pole, post.

Sc. sticl-,
Stic, a fault, blemish, pain ; from
a
bungle or botch,
Eng. stick,stitch (oldersticke).
stic,adhere, stick ; from the Eng.
stic, ghostly person,
"imp" (Carm.) ; N. stygr, shy.
Manx
stid, peep,
steetagh, to peep ; see did.
stidean
cat is called
a
(stidean, H.S.D.), a cat, the word
by which
and
to one
tididh, from Sc. cheet,ckeety, puss,
(also stididh
cat, Eng. chit, cub, youngster ; from
cat, like kitten).
Norse
stig, a skulking or abject look or attitude ; from
stygr,
shy.
stigh, a stig'h,inside, Ir. ^stigh,astigh, E. Ir. isfig,istaig,isintig;
"in
the house," from
house.
for "^in-san-tig,
tig/i,
stinleag, the hinge of a box, hasp :
the Eng.
stiobull, a steeple ; from
the Eng. anyway.
stiocach, limping: "sticking'"? From
cloth
Sc.
in
from
steik,Eng. stitch,
stiog, a stripe
(M'A.) ;
stiom, stim, a head-band, snood :
M. Eng. stirop, Ag. S. stigrdp.
stiorap, a stirrup, Ir. stioroip ; from
stiorc,stretch (at death, Arg.) ; from Eng. stark ?
emaciated
an
stiorlag",a thin, worn-out
stiorlan, a
woman,
rag,
thin
stiorlach, thin
gruel (M'D.) ; stirlean, thin
person
;
stuff
gruel or watery
(Bad.) :
stiornach, sturgeon (M'A.), stirean ; from Lat. sturio(n),
whence,
through
Fr., Eng. sturgeon.
stipean, a stipend ; from the Eng.
the Eng.
stiubhard, a steward, Ir. stiobhard
; from
Ir.
M.
stiurad
Ir.
stiurad
or
stitlir,steer, gu.ide,
sdiuirim,
; from
Norse
S.
Got.
stiurjan.
Ag.
steer,
styra.
steoran, steer, now
In the
latter
stiup, a long tail or train, a foolish person.
sense,
the G. is from
Lat. stupidus.
Sc. stupe, from

348

ETYMOLOGICAL

stiuireag, gruel
sturoch, a

from

the

Sc.
meal

drink,

warm

DICTIONARY

stooradrink, stourreeUj
mixed, from stoor, to

stooram,
and

water

stir,agitate.

stob, thrust, stab,

Ir.

Cf,

Norse

thrust

; from

stob, a side-form
Eng. stub, M. Eng.

of

Sc.

stobbi,a stump,
the Eng.

; from

stove

(So.),
Eng.

(as a stake), stob, a stake, stick, stob

stobaim, stab,

stab.

stobh,

fix

stob.

stock, pillar,stump, Ir. stoc ; from Eng. stock,

cf. Sc. stock-home,
8t0C, a trumpet, so Jr.,M. Ir. stocc, E. Ir. stoc
of a sheep's thigh-bone inserted
stock-and-horn, a pipe formed
stoc,

',

the

into

smaller

stock.

end

Gadelic

Eng.
stocain, a stocking, Ir.
stoim, a particle,whit,
Sc.

stoirm,

of

reed,

from

Eng.
glimpse of anything (Dial.);

from

oaten

is borrowed.
; from

stoca

faintest

the

Ir.

storm,

Ger.

stoirm

from

Norse

wooden

stoop,

stiihl.

vessel

for

pail ; from
gallon, Norse

Eng.

Hence

vb.

liquor,a
Sc.

Ir. stopa,

stoup,

stoup, M.

staup,

Ag. S. stol,now
stol, settle.

Eng. stope,

"

that

stoup,

now

from

an

early

0.

Fr.

strupe,

is, "^stropet,from

Lat.

stoup

"

or

Du.

stoup.

stoth, lop off,cut corn

high :
toth.
stoth, hot steam, vapour
; see
strabaid, a strumpet, Ir. strabdid ;
stupre, from

stool,

from

stop, stop, close up, Ir. stopaim ; from the Eng.

Norse
teeth
starr.
Stor, a steep cliff,broken
; cf. stiirr,
M. Eng. stor.
storas, store, wealth, Ir. stor, storus
; from

strumpet,

Norse

storm,

sturm.

stoll,Ger.

wooden

M.

Eng.,

stoite, prominent ; cf. stat for origin,

stol, a stool, settle, Ir. stol,W. ystol ;
a

an

stymie.

stormr,

stop,

with

horn,

cut

form

stor.

of

Eng.
concubinage,

stuprum.

Sc. strake, Eng. stroke ;

stroke, ship or boat plank ; from
G.
Sc.
from
comes
straik, strait-edge for measuring corn,
strac
whetstone, is from
(do.). Similarly G. strac, mower's
strake ; all are
of Eng. stroke, strike.
from
the root
Norse
strdkr,
fellow, gossip,wanderer
stracair, troublesome
; from

str^C,

vagabond, etc.
straic, pride, swelling
a

with

anger,

straighlich, ratthng,

Ir. strdic

sparkles ; root
great
sprag,
sparg,
crackle, Eng. spark, sparkle, Lit. sprayeti, crackle,
straille,carpet ; from Lat. strdgulum, coverlet,
strang'air,a lazy,quarrelsome fellow, Ir. strangaire ; cf. dreangan.
streafan, film, carpet (Carm.)
Streap, climb,

Streodag,

strive

little

noise,

against obstacles,

liquor (Skye)

Ir.

dreapaim

; cf. dreimire.

349

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

OP

streud,

(Suth.);

line

row,

from

Streup, str^apaid, strife,quarrel

Eng.

street.

; from

Lat.

strepitus.

streit.
Ger.
Norse
strid',Ag. S. strid',
stri,strife,contention
; from
strianach, a badger :
strioch, a streak, line, Ir. strioc ; from Eng. streak.
Striochd, yield, Ir. striocaim, striocail (inf.),fall, be humbled,
submit

strioghach, prodigal (Rob.) :

Striopach, a prostitute, Ir. striopach ;
Lat.

from

Str6dh, prodigality,
M.

all

in

st

stro^

strogh ; seemingly

borrowed

cases)

strew, Ag.

Eng. strawen,

Fr.

strupe,

(because

rather

from,

than

streoivian,Got.

S.

binage,
concu-

violation.

dishonour,

stuprum,
Ir.

0.

from

of

served
pre-

allied

straujan,

to,

I. E.

struidheas, prodigality, squandering.

st7oic,
stroic
asunder, a long rag, strip torn off,Ir.
(stroic, Arm.), tear
confused
stroicim, strdicim, sroic,a piece : ^srakki-,from
srac,
strodh

with

G.

Hence

stru.

*?

strolamas, mess
(Glenmoriston) :
stropach, wrinkled
(H.S.D.) :
struidheas, prodigality ; see strddh.
struill, a baton, cudgel, Ir. sroghall^ whip, rod,

0.

Ir.

sraigell;

sroghall.

see

strumpaid, a strumpet ; from the Eng.

Lat.
strutkio, whence, through
struth, ostrich, Ir. struth ; from
0. Fr. ostruche
Eng. ostrich.
( avis struthio),
and
made
St. Michael's
his day
eaten
eve
on
on
struthan, cake
=

(Carm.)
stuadh,

gable, pinnacle, scroll,Ir. stuadh^ gable, pinnacle,

wave,

scroll,stuaidh-nimhe, rainbow,
leim, leap
0.

Ir. tuag,

stuaic

of

the

E.

waves,

bow, belonging
stuaichd

(M'A., Arm.),

Ir. stuaic

promontory,
has the meaning
boorishness," which

"

to

M.

Ir.

stuag-nime

Ir.

stitag, arch

the

same

root

(H.S.D. ),

^s-tuag, from

tiiagk,axe.
little
hill, round
as

stuadh

*s-tuag-c, from
and

(do.),stuaid-

above.

M'A.

sullen

wry-neck
countenance,
is usually represented by stuic.

extreme

Stokes

gives the Celtic as "^stouhki-^Br. stuchyaff^ to feather, Lit.

stugti,set on high, Eng. steep.
stuaim, modesty, Ir. stuaim, device, mien, modesty : "^s-tuamm-,
"^tous-men,root tus, teus of tosd, silence.
stuc, stuchd, a little hill jutting out from a greater, a horn, Ir.
"

conical
stucdn, a small
N.
stiika, wing of

stouke, a
Ger.

shock

stitke

cf. stuaic.

of

hill, stucach,
a

Sc,

; from

Eng.

projection), a

bundle,

Teutonic

stook,

(12 sheaves), stooks, small

corn

(properly

building

horned

M.

horns.
bunch.

Eng.
Low
But

350

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

stuic, stuichd,

projecting

stiic

from

an

crag,

threatening aspect;

or

angry

above.

stuidearra, studious, steady, glum, Ir. stuideurach, stuideur, a

study.
stuig, incite, spur on dogs ; from Eng. stick.
M. Eng.
stuird, huffiness, pride, Ir. stuirteamhlachd
(Con.) ; from
quarrelsome, Sc. sturt,
sturte, impetuosity, sturten, impetuous,
vexation,

stuirt, vertigo,

drunkenness

dust

stur,

from

Sc.

rugged

turr

stiff.

starch, Eng.

suacan,

the

on

the

together awkwardly,

(Lh.), an earthen
suaicean, a bundle
see

suaicheantas,

F.

the

in

head,

estourdi, dizzyLat.

extorpidire.

straw

or

staurr,

Sc.

from

stiffing.,

stifinn.
:

hung in
(Arm.), a basket
to
dry (Dial.),anything

clay (M'A.),

as

Ir.

suachga7i

suath

twisted

hay

together,

deformed

sugan.
Ir.

ensign, escutcheon,

suaichnid,
from

known,"

; from

pot
of

standard, escutcheon,
Ir.

0.
from

N.

has

wood

containing

chimney

person

water

Eng. stuff.
(vb. and n.) ;

starch

Perthshire

Cf.

(Suth. R.D.)
sweeping blow
earthen
furnace
(M'F.),
pot

wrought

0.

*?

tdrr, q.v.

Stuth, stuft',metal
; founded
stuthaig", dress with starch,
a

from

sturdy,

by

Sc.

*s-tu7T, from

suahag,

caused

sheep

Eng. sturdy.
stour, M. Eng. stour, tumult.
or
hill, sturrach, rugged
point of a rock

comes

; from

the

sturr,

in

of start.

etourdi, giddy-headed

now

Fr.

From

form

disease
;

headed,

side

anger,

suaitheantas,

(K. Meyer),
su-aithne,
easily

colours

su-aichintus, ensigns,

"

for

clear, demonstratio,

streamer,

aithne, knowledge.

suail, small,
(M'F.), Ir. suaill, E. Ir. suail, a trifle :
Ir. suaimhneach,
peaceful, gentle,
suaimhneach,
genial, secure,
1
"^su-menmnach
See
meamna.
peaceable :
liun.,Br. hun :
suain, sleep, Ir. suan.^ E. Ir., 0. Ir. suan., W.
^supno-s, developing into *sofno-, ^sovno, ^souno- ; I. E. root
i^ttvos,
sleep ;
sleep ; Lat. sopor, sleep, somnus
; Gr.
svop,
svep,
Skr.
svdp7ias.
Ag. S. swefn, dream, sivefan, sleep ;
suaineadh, twisting, rope-twisting anything, a line for twisting
funis
round
:
anything, E. Ir., 0. Ir. suanem,
g. suaneman,
inconsiderable

root

sognemon-,
trace

soga,
saga.
beside
root

;
a

Romance
linear
Stokes
segno-

sug,

soga,

rope,

finally

segh, hold, Eng.

refers

E.

soga,

soga,

sail), Lit.

rope,
rush
to

suanem

Ir. sen,

trace,

sug,

Ital.

Port,

measure.

(whence

Br.

soug,

net

for

W.

syg,

leather

band, Sp.
Churwalsch

rope,
a

"^sogno-

stem-root

catching

segh, fasten,

chain,

birds, gin,

saga,

sledge.

This
Of.

suaip,

suaineadh

divorces
W.

hwyuT/n, hoeni/n, a
resemblance

faint

of the

351

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

OF

from

G.

hair

from

swoop

flash.

or

suaip, exchange, swop

suairc, civil, meek,
"^'su-arci-

the

; from

Ir.

E.

Ir.,

so

Sc.

Eng.

swap,

swop.

suarc{c); opposed

duairc

to

Ger.

sour,

uasal,
Gr.
for
M.

and

rein"

sveg,

Eng.

^'sura.

sauer,

Ir.

upwards,

up,

suaiteachan, wagging (tails)

(Suth.); from suathi
suanach, a hide, skin, fleece, coarse
"plough
garment,
(Suth.) ; cf. Ir. sunach, a kind of plaid :
Suarach, insignificant, careless, Ir. suarach
^svogro-, root
:
Cf.
Ger.
schwach, weak, siech, sick, Eng. sick.
sug,
Suas,

q.v.

ments
linea-

or

svipr,likeness, look,

Norse

countenance,

cast

sivap,

swaup,

sugan,

tail,gin.

horse's

So.

; from

and

suaicean

the

0.

suas,

prefix

siias

s-, allied

the

e^, TT/oo?, etc., and

"^ens, Gr. els,from
Fray.'^156).

Ir.

en,

and

final

the

to

initial

^s-uas,

of Lat.

from

of Lat.

sub,

super

"to"

"into,"

meaning

uas,

in

as

abs,

ex,

possibly
(Rhys'

Suath, rub, mix, knead, Ir. suathaim, knead, mix, M. Ir. suathaim
cf.
(do.), E. Ir. suata, polished down, root
sout, sut, mix;
Eng. seethe, Norse
sjod'a,cook, seethe. Got. suaths, a burnt
offering.
subailte, supple ; from the Eng.
subh, subhag
sui'eag",Dial.) a raspberry, subh,
(suibhea^ or
fruit
Ir.
suihh, a strawberry, sugliog, raspgenerally (Arg.),
berry
(Fob), 0. Ir. subi, fragae, W. syji,strawberry, Br. sivi ;
side form
in siigh. Cf. Gr. v"fi"ap,a kind
of
to root
a
as
sug
mistletoe.

subhach,

merry,
dubhach
:

Ir., E.

so

Ir.

subach,

"^so-bv-io-, well-being,"
"

etc.).
SUbhailc, virtue,

Ir.

sualchi

altram

(Dr Cameron).

'''su-alich

(pi.):

suchd, sake, account

(M'A.) :
(Dial, sid),yon, Ir. sud, E.
{h-wnt), other, yonder, Br.

sud

sudh,
a

(Rhys).

suture
sow,

(only
Eng.

Sllg, sugradh,
sug,

suck,
See

imbibe

sugh.

opposite of
bit, be (see bu,

root

(Asc,

Ir. sut,
hont

planks

the

used
sew,

mirth,

from

joy

Zini.^

0.

Ir.

54),

root

sualig,
at

siut,illiid,illic,W.
the

; from

root

of

so

of

hwnt

; sud

ud.

between

seam

syja,

Also

Ir. sube,

{subhailce, Con.),

subhailce

virtus,

s-ut

0.

Ir.

; from

for

the

of

clinching

from

Norse

ship

of

ship's boards),from

sud',

suture.

sugadh,
Sc.

sugradh,

E.

Ir. sucach

souh, sooJc,Eng. suck, Ag.

S.

sucan.

352

ETYMOLOGICAL

corra-shugain,

sugan,

sugan,

suag,

rope,

Ag.

S. sucan,

sug,

such,

SUgh,

swing,

suck,

^sugo,

Eng. suck,

W.

Lit.

sugdn,

of

light

wall

or

of

straw

from
:

straw

of

soug

in

ropes

any

house

suagan,

soak.

W.

Ir.

up,

has

hay

or

suaineadh,
which

grain

of the

Lat.

sugh^ sughaim,

Lat.

suck

sugo,

juice, sugno,

sug,

suck.

(Stokes).

sucus

motion

supti, swing,

suck

*si2go-, juice ;

Lat.

from

sug,

(A. M'D.),

wave

circle

(as vb.) drain,

also

sugim

Ir.

roof

Ir.

straw,

suigean,

a
kept
sugh, juice, sap,

E.

the

of

rays

barn.

in

is

from

of

(O'R.): ^souggo-, root

rope

Hence

q.v.

reflection

twisted

of

rope

the

body

luminous

moving

DICTIONARY

(H.S.D.)

waves

dissipo,

root

sup,

scatter

on
Siiicean, gag
sug, Sc. sook.
suidh, sit, suidhe, a seat, sitting, Ir. suidhim, E. Ir. suidim,
sudim, 0. Ir. suidigur, suide, a seat : ^sodeio, "^sodio-n, root

for

sed, sod,

calf ; founded

W.

seddu,

e^o/xat,eSos,

seat

Br.

sedd,

sit ;

azeza,

\ Lit.

sit, seat

Eng.

^suli-s,allied

Lat.

sedeti

sedeo
Skr.

Gr.

sddati,

sddati, sit, set.

siiil,eye,
held,

Ir., 0.
sun,

Ir. suil
Cor.

heuul,

Br.

heaul

to
\

^sdvali-s, sun,

Lat.

sol,

sun

W.
Gr.

haul,

y]\io%,

Got.
Lit. sdule
( sdvelios),sun;
sauil, sun;
(do.).
suilbh, cheer, hospitality, geniality : "^su-luhi-,root
luhh, please,
It
of
Lat.
love.
influences
the
libet, Eng.
love,
meaning
suilbhir, originally "eloquent."
suilbhir, cheerful, so Ir., M. Ir. suilbir, 0. Ir. sulbir, eloquence,
=

E.

W.

helabar,

hylafar,

eloquence
labhair, speak :
easy-spoken."
Ir. suim, W.
M.
3uim, a sum,
Eng. summe
sum,
now

from

su-

or

so-

and

"

sum,

; from

Lat.

summa,

chief.

suim, attention, respect, Ir. suim ; a metaphoric use of suim, sum

(Dr Cameron),
Ir. suipeir ; from
the Eng.
suipeir, a supper,
Ir. suire
suire, a maid, nymph,
(O'CL), a siren (suire,O'B., Lh.,
Lat.
siren, with
etc., mermaids) ; from
leaning on suirghe,
1
Gaelic
finds
The
word
doubtful
is
only
courtship
; H.S.D.
an

Ossian

Ballad

to

quote.

or
suiridhe, a
suireach,
(bettersuirtheach
Ir.
also
I
M.
so
Ir.,
surighim,
a
MA.),
suirge,
wooer,
woo,
*su-reg-,root reg, direct, etc. ?
:
wooing, suirgech, procus
M.
Ir. sust, suiste,W.
Suist, a flail,Ir. suist(e),
^ust, N. thust, sust,

courting, suiridheach

flail ; from

Stlith, soot,
huddygl

Ir.

Lat.

fustis,

suithche,

M.

club.
Ir.

suithe,

(cf. hudd, dark), Br.

sed, sit, settle ; Eng. soot, Ag.

huzel

0.

Ir.

suidi, fuligine, W.
(Fr. suie): *sodio-, root

S. sot, Norse

sot.

Doubtful.

OP

353

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

Norse
sdlair, the gannet ; from
^illa,sulan, the gannet,
Eng. so^a?i-goose.
of suilhhir %
sulchar, cheerful, affable ; side-form
suit, fat, fatness, joy, Ir. sult^E. Ir. suit : *sultu-, root svel
swell

swellan, Eng.
cloth

suma^,

below

; Lat.

pack-saddle

pack-saddle, whence
sumaich, give the due
Sc.

sumaid,

salum,

Fr.

Eng.

sommier, mattress,

(as

number

cattle

of

L. Lat.

from

ultimately

Ag.

S.

a-dXos. tossing.

; Gr.

sea

whence

sauma,

sumpter.
from

pasture);

for

soum.
a

from

billow,

Ir. sumaid

summit.

Eng.

The

M'L., sumaid)

and

(O'R.

also

G.

seemingly
senses"

"external

means

(H.S.D.).
sumain,

summon,

the

; from

summons

Eng.

sumainn, a surge,
; see
sumair, the drone of a bagpipe :
Stimhail, close-packed,tidy ; opposite of ddmhail, q.v.
sunais, lovage" a plant, Ir. sunais ; also siunas :
sunnd, sunnt, good humour,
cheerfulness, Ir. sonntach, merry
(O'Cl., O'B.), sonnda, bold, sitntaidh, active, E. Ir. suntich,
spirited: *sondeto-, Eng. sound 1
straw
an
:
easy-chair of twisted
sunnag,
supail, supple (M'A.) ; from the Eng.
cf. W.
Stird, alacrity, cheerfulness
ckwardd, laughter, Corn.
;
Lat.
wherzin, ridere ; root
sing, speak ; Eng. swear,
sver,
M.
Ir. sord, bright {"^surdo-),is
whisper, etc.
susurrus,
referred
to the
same
by Stokes
origin as Lat. serenus.
billow

of

vent

SUrrag,

surram-suain,
asleep :

a
a

kiln

sumaid.

; cf. sbrn.

sound

susbaint, substance,

sleep ;

snoring

surram,

Ir. suhstaint

; from

Lat.

Ir.

allied

suth,
is root

milk
su,

suthainn, eternal,
and

Ir.

; Gr.

vet,

beget,

0.

suthain,

tan, time, q.v. ;

it rains
Ir.
0.

as

; root

su,

in

sugh, q.v.
;
suth, offspring,Eng. sun.

Ir.

as

suthain,

suthin

of

one

substantia.

susdal, a bustling, pother, affected shyness :

suth, anything (Dial.),
Ir.,E. Ir. suth, weather
E.

noise

; from

produce,
Further

su,

so-

(Stokes see).

su-tan-is

T
0. Ir. tdu, to, sum,
ta, tha, is, Ir. td, E. Ir. td, is,tdim, I am,
fd,
tda, est, especiallyattda (at the beginning of a sentence), est
which
is":
( ad-tdt, Lat. adsto) and itd, itda, "in
"^tdjo,
stand
Lat.
*tdjet, root std,
sto, stat, stand, Fr. ete, having
;
been
Ch.
SI.
I
stand
stoja,
Eng. stand, Gr. larT7)fxi
;
; further
=

set,
(for(TL-a-TdiiL),

Lat.

sisto.

See

seas

further.
43

354

ETYMOLOGICAL

tabaid, fight,brawl

; Br.

Sc.

t^bar,
tabh,

DICTIONARY

has

tabut

of like

force

sabaid.

see

Cf.

debate.
Ir. tabdr

tabor,

the

sea.

Ag.

sea,

haaf,

open

S.

the

from

; from

ocean

open

Eng.

From

haef.

Swed.

haf,

Norse

Norse

haf,

also

Dan.
the

comes

hav,
Sc.

the

(Shet.)

sea.

tabh, a spoon-net
tabhach, a sudden

Norse

from

pock-net.
eruption,
forcing, a pull, Ir. iabhach, sudden
I compel,
Ir. tobach^
E.
compulsion, tobhachaim,

eruption,

hdfr,

levying, distraint, from dobongaivi : for root see buain.

Ir.
M.
tabhachd,
substantiality, effectiveness, Ir. tdbhachd,
tabhuchta
(Meyer) :
tabhair, give, so Ir., E. Ir. tabraim, 0. Ir. tabur, do, post-particle
form

of

dobiur^

bheir,

G.

now

q.v.

inf. tabhair

t, so

Ir.

See

thoir.

tabhal,

sling,

Ir.

Cor.

jacere.

tabhall,

toida,

fire,sling ; cf.

to

t^bhairn,

Br.

Ir.

taol^

taball,

W.

tafl, a

cast, blow

tajlu,

cast,

root
'^'taballo-^

tab,

stab.

Eng.

tabhairne

Ir.

inn, tavern,

an

E.

Lat.

; from

taberna, Eng.

tavern.

t^bharnach, noisy (Suth.) :

tabhann,
barking, Ir. tathfan
seinn).
tabhastal,

tedious

nonsense

tac, a lease,
tacaid, a tack, tacket,
tack

tacan,

root

sound

sven,

(see

; from

short

while,

*to-sven-,

tack.

Sc.

Ir. taca

time

the

; from

; from

Eng.

tac.

(tacar, H.S.D.), provision, plenty, support, Ir. tacar, a

Cf. N. taka, income,
collection, gleaning, contrivance.
Manx
accident, Ir.
tachair, meet, happen,
taghyrt, to happen, an

tacar

tachair,

arrived

he

; from

at

to-

and

car,

turn,

tacharan, a ghost, yelling of a ghost, an orphan,

tachas, itching, scratching, Ir. tochas :
tachd, choke, Ir. tachdaim, 0. Ir. tachtad, angens.
the

root

choke, Cor.,

anger.

Boot

tachras, winding
*to-cert-, root

tacsa,

Br.

to-acht,

into

and

tak

as

refers

angh,

tak
yarn,

as

in
Ir.

Lat.

Lat.

as

in

inf.

frequenting,
of

visiting,

taidliMj doaidlibem,

Ir.

Gr.

gives

(and ystagu\
analyse tachd
Eng.
ayx^j

(Prellwitz).
M.

Ir.

tochartagh :

ceirtle.

(Dial.),support, substance;
ledge, layer ; cf. spadh.

tacas

tadh, a
tadhal,

tagu

tocharais, tochardadh,

qert, wind,

Stokes

Ascoli

choke,

ango,

tacere

W.

and

Brugmann

taga.

root

also

it

to

Ir. tachardn

cf. taic.

tadhall,

0.

visitabimus,

Ir.

tadal,

adall,

dat.

tadill,

diverticulum

THE

OP

*to-ad-ell

GAELIC

^elno

from

Lat.

ela,

root

earn,

tagh,

choose,

root

Ir.

0.

toghaim,

choose,

gus,

noise, echo,

noise

of

Ir.

goir, agair.

electio

; Gr.

taste

gusto,

mode

*to-gusd,

taste

yeuw,

cascades,

water

invocatio

togairm,

by listening to the
toghairm, summons,
petition,
to- and
gairrn.
divination

of
Ir.

; from

taghan, the marten

:
tagradh, ghost (Suth. R.D.) :
taibhs, taibhse, an
apparition, ghost,
M.
Ir.
0.
tadhbais, phantasma,
"^tad-bat

tadbat, demonstrat,

speak,

I. E.

taunt

bhd,

and

phantasm

taibid,

eligo,

Ir.

0.

tacraim,

in

as

gar^

togu,

; Lat.

taste

Ir.

E.

choose.

Eng.
taghairm,
0.

Ir.

"^to-ad-gar-,root

eXavvio, drive,

Gr.

walk,

ambulare,

proceed ; likely also Fr. aller, go.

tadhal, goal, hail ; from Eng. hail.
tagair, plead, Ir. tagair (imper.), tagraim,
tacre, argumentum

elwyfi, iero. Corn.

W.

M.

(Stokes),go,

yllyf,

355

LANGUAGE.

taibhse, vision, ghost,

taidbse, demonstratio,

*to-ad-bat,

or

in

as

phantom

ban,

q.v.

G.

the

to

see,

"jidvTao-jj.a,
Eng.

Gr.

closely allied

are

bat, show,

root

teabaid.

see

taibse, propriety

bhan

Ir.
Ir.

of

speech

precision,"E.

"

Ir. tepe,

cutting

see

teabaid.

taic, support,
aicc,

fahan,

; Lat.

seize

Zend

etc.).
taidhe, attention, heed,
(see

Thoir

accounts
accent

being

The

uidh,
Lat,

root

Lat.

fast,

the

to

0.

Ir.

of

Eng. fang. Got.

is a triplet pok,
Eng. page,
pango,
"

root

of agus,

aig.

oid, did, con-oi,

G.

is

due

dare,

to
t
further).
Take
heed
thoir
do
aidhe)
(
thy
word
is practically restricted,

on

vowel

short
the

of

the

G.

and

and

Ir., the

servat

Skr.

the

"

the

root

desire, audeo,

aveo,

The

the
for

bind.

peace

"

taidhe

which

joa^c,

Ir. aicce

Ir.

watch,

av,

dill

agree,

make

E.

refers

"^audi-, root
favour

pag,

iriqyvvixL,

Zimmer

prop,

aicce, relationship : *akki-, *pakki-,

Ir.

paciscor,

(Gr.

pagh

pag,

E.

bond,

bind

pak,

to

surety, fastening, toice,

Ir.
M.
firm, aice, support, food, near,
taca,

wealth, tacamhuil,

prop,

"

Ir.

proximity,

av,

phrase
phrase
which

sentence

verb.

taidheam, meaning, import ; see oidheam.

taifeid, a bow-string :
taig, attachment, custom
; cf. aig, at.
Sc. haggis, 0. Fr.
taigeis, haggis ; from

hachisj Eng. liash, from

hack.

taighlich, chattels
tail, substance,

(Heb.)
wages,

taile,salarium,

W.

side

taileas,

form

of

wages,

tdl, payment,

teaghlach.
Ir.

Cor.,

tdille, wages,
0.

Br.

M.

tal, solvit,

Ir,
root

356

tal, tel,take,
toll ; Lat.

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

'

hold

raXavrov,

; Gr.

talent, Eng. talent^ t^Xos,

tollo,lift,Eng. thole, etc.

Ir.

tailce, strength,

talcdnta, strong,

talce, tailce

Ir.

E.

Gr.

*t-alkid,

alk, strong,
olXk-^,strength, aAe^w,
tailceas, contempt ; cf. tarcuis.
table,
taileasg, backgammon,
chess, Ir. tdibhleis, backgammon
M.
Ir. taijiis,draught-board,
tables, W, tawlback-gammon,
M.
fwrdd,
Eng. tables, backgammon,
draught-board ; from
root

from

table, Norse

tailebart,
which

halberd

chess,

tajl,game,

Ir.

Ir., M.

from

the

Eng.

The

regards

as

derived

from

Stokes

defend.

tail.
taileas, wages
; see
tailgneachd, prophecy ; for tairgneachd,
taille, apprentice fee, premium
(M'A.,

hallebard.

Fr.

the

halabard,

is

q.v.
who

tailleabh);

has

see

tail.

taille, tailleabh
cf. M.

Ir.

as

(M'A.),

haithle, after, as

thereafter

dthle,

taillear,a

tailor, Ir.

tailor, taylor,

tailm,
W.

tailmrich, bustle,
from

cursus,

Ir.

Br.

noise

teiliwr

; cf.

however,

Skr.

tdmh,

the

; from

tailmh,

0.

M.

Eng.,

sling, E.

G.

Eng.

cross,

E.

Ir.

(Stokes) ;
tairmrith,

(see tkay-),and

trans

tdmyati, choke,

E.

Ir.

Ch.

ruith,

tdm, plague

SI.

(do.),

Ir. tailm

"^talksmi-

"^tairmrith,

tailp, a bundle, bunch

(Sh., O'R.) :
taimli, death, mortality, Ir. tdimh,
death

sin, thereafter,

Deer), aithle, remnant,

of

talm, sling

; for

tairm-,

of ;

account

tailleur.

Fr.

tebn, laqueus,
tluka, strike,

taille, on

haithle

tailiur, W.

tool, sling, noose,

SI.

(B.

from

air

consequence,

toniiti,vexare.

Ch.

trans-

run.

*tdmo-,
Cf.,

rest,

taimhlisg,
(Carm.) :
tain, cattle, drove, Ir. tdin, cattle, spoil, E.
traduce

root

ag,

taing, thanks
tailineamh,

drive,

Lat.

; from

the

root

ten

as

in

root

tairicim,

; from

ic of

tairbeart,
cross)

an

^to-ag-ni^

thank.

tennue,
See

tana.

Ir. taip ; see

taip, a mass,
tap.
tair, contempt, Ir. tdir, E, Ir. tdr ;
Ir. tair, come
tair, get, obtain, come,
venies

tdin

etc.

Eng.
(Arran), Manx

thaw

evanescit,

ago,

Ir.

I arrive

Ir.

tionadh,

E.

thou,
at,

Ir.

tinaidy

aiteamh.

*to-shdr

for

0.

sdr.

see

catch,

come,

(do.),tair,

Ir. tair
for

*to-air-ic,

thig, q.v.
isthmus,

and

ber

tairbhe, profit,so
'*bv-id,root

peninsula

of beir

Ir., 0.
bu,

be

^tar-bertd,

"cross-bringing,

Ir. torbe:

(see bu).

from

tar

(see thar,

portage."

*to-for-be,where

-be

comes

from

THE

OF

GAELIC

tairbheartach, profitable,so

Ir.,

from
"^to-air-ber-,

the

tairbhein, surfeit, bloody

flux

up

tairg, offer, tairg^se,an

Ir. tairbert,

E.

verb

yielding, giving

beir, bring.

(Carm.)

offer, Ir. tairgim^ tairgsin,

tharscin

(dat.): *to-air-ges-,root

agusi

Ascoli

0.

compares

oblatio, tribuere,

357

LANGUAGE.

from

Ir,

ic of

in

afFero, tairciud,

taircim,

to-ad-ro-ic,root

tairgim,

(Lat. gero), as

carry

ges,

Ir.

E.

thig.

tairgneachd,

tailgneachd, tairgire, prophecy, Ir. tairrgire,tairgire, prophecy, promise, 0. Ir. tairngire, promissio : "^to-airind-gar-idfroot gar as in goir.
tairiosg, a saw
tuireasg.
; see
the
cf. 0. Ir. tairissim^ sto,
tairis,
dairymaid's cry to calm a cow
:
from
in seas, q.v.
^to-air-sess,
sess
as
tairis, kind, loving, Ir. tairis, loyal, E. Ir. tairisse, true, loyal :
"

stable,"

from

to-air-sess, from

tairisgein,peat-spade ; see
tairleas,turlas, cupboard
wicket,

tairm,

Fr.

sess,

stop, stand,

(Perth)

aumrie

or

(Sh., O.R.)

necromancy

Sc.

tirless,lattice,

taghairm.

see

Ir. toimeach,

toirn

Taxi-magulus %), root

; further

tali,weak,
Lat.

for root, etc.

torrunn

see

tairng, tarrang, a nail, Ir., E. Ir. taimge ;

tais, soft, Ir. tais, E. Ir. taise, tasse, weakness
Ti]KO),

q.v.

toirsgian.

trellis.

tairneanach, thunder,

melt

in seas,

as

melting,

tabes, Eng.

tamdng

from

"^taxi-,soft (Gaul.
Gr.

thaw.

(do.),
Bezzenberger

raKcpos

rdyyjvov,a melting pot, saucepan.

suggests
reveal, Ir. taisbeaiiaiiu, E, Ir. taispenim,
Gr.

taisbean,
0.

Ir.

Gaelic

asfenimm,
root

is

(see taibhse).

testificor, doairfenus,

fen, ben,

which

may

be

exploravi
cognate

to

taissfenim,
;

the

Gr.

old

cf^atvo)

the
b by
regarded the s as put before
metathesis, the word
origin as taibhse.
being of the same
taisdil
taisdeal, a journey,
(Cars.),journey (v. imp.) Ir. taisdiol,:
"^to-asdel,
"^ad-sod-,root sod-, as in astar.
taisealan, taisealan
(M'E.), saints' relics,E. Ir. taisse :
taisg, deposit, store away,
tasgaidh, depository, Ir. taisgim,-K. Ir.
Zeuss

taiscim, doroisecht-sa, id deposui : *to-ad-sec-,root

seq, follow,
beside, as in seach, past ; the idea of the verb
being
put
"

past." (Ernault Zeit. Celt.^ 384. segh).

taisgeal, finding of anything, taisgealach, a spy, Ir. taiscealladh,
spying, betraying, M. Ir. taiscelad, 0. Ir. taiscelaid,explorator,
from
to-sce'l-,
sgeul,
pi. taisceltai,do-sceulairn, experior ; from
Hence
taisgealadh,
news.
(Windisch).
story
taitheasg, a repartee, Ir. taitheasg,aitheasg (O'Br., etc.),0. Ir.
taitkesc, answer,
aithesc, admonitio, W.
ateb, a reply : *atiin
sgeul.
seq, say, as
seq, root

ETYMOLOGICAL

Ir.

taitinn, pleasing,
shining,

Ir.

E.

fire

taitnim,

Ir

tait- and

taitnemach,

shine, taitnemach,

*taith-tennim,

Pictish

nem,

bright,

shining,

0.

Ir.

ten

of

to-aith-tenn, root

{Bez. Beit}^,

Stokes

(Windisch).

into

taitnem

M.

to.ithneamhach,

taitnem, lucina, light

teine,

DICTIONARY

112),

divides

albus.

namet,

tal, adze, Ir., 0. Ir. tdl : *to-aglo- (rather t-aglo-%),Got. aqisi,axe,

Eng. axe
(Strachan). Stokes
gives a pre-Gaelic '^tdkslo,root
Ch.
SI.
Lat.
telum
Gr.
tek,
tesla, axe,
( tex-lum), weapon,
=

carpenter ;
tdkslotdk, and

T"KTa)v,

form

cf. Lat.
Lat.

but

pdla, spade,

does

tek

would

not

produce

root, and

for

side

Foy).
(tokslo,

tall

for

have

to

appear

phonetics

G.

But
and

tore

porcus.

talach, complaining, Ir. talach, dispraise,reproach :

Norse
taladh, enticing, hushing, caressing ; from
tdl, allurement,
root
ddl, del, Lat.
bait, trap, Ag. S. tdl, calumny,
dolus,
hurt
(Dor. SaX-eofxat).
guile,Sr/Aeo/xai,
Sc. halland, hallon.
talainte, a partition or dividing wall ; from
Dial.

G.

talamh,

tallaid.

also

has

earth,

0.

Ir.,

so

Ir.

talam,

talman

g.

*talmon-,

for

^tel, flat ; Gr.

(for tel-us),
T-qXta, a board ; Ag. S. thelu, board
(root tel); Skr. talas,
level
ground ; Ch. SI. tUo, pavement
(root tl). Stokes
joins
Celtic
Gaul.
here
talo-s, brow,
Dubno-talos,
Argio-talos
W.
Cor.
Br.
tal.
tdl, brow.
tdl,
(Pictish Talorga7i),
Ir.
of
talan
feats
talan,
(O'B., Sh., etc.); see
chivalry,
arms,
for

tdlanii

t^lann,

tel ; Lat.

root

tl-mon,

origin.

talent,

Ir.

tallann,
tdl and

talfuinn, a hoe ; from

talla, a hall, Ir. alia,
allied

Ir. talla.nd

Lat.

; from

talentum,

ceall, q.v.

(Carm.)

Celt}%

rest, Ir. tdmh,

stand,

E.

blockhead,

hall, holl, Eng. hall,

*tdmo-,

referred
;

see

to

tamall, reproach, root

crreixfSo),
shake, misuse,

(Stokes,

stamp

stamina

brownie

Gr.

stamp,

Ir. tdm

are

Br.

tdmailt,

stengo,

station,

tdimh, death,

tamhasg,

Ir.

crro/^ew,scold, Eng.
365).

abuse,

Norse

insult, oftence,
I. E.

fonn.

Ir, all ; from

honour

stemh, abuse,

Eng.

M.

G.

to

talmaich,
tamailt, an

and

0.

talent.

Eng.

tamh,

tellus, earth

Usually

seas.

tdmh,

rest,

root.

same

For

amhas.

see

Eev.

std, sta, stand,

stdm,

root

the

Jubainville

termination,

cf.

uruisg, tan7iaf"g.
tamhladh,

tamuU,

a
a

gulping

while,

movement

space

melno-, linger, Gr.

of

(M'D.)
time,

Ir.

tamall

/xeAAw, linger (Stokes).

^to-ad-melno-,
See

mall.

from

OF

tan, time,

quando

quum,

Root

tana, thin, Ir,, 0.

; Skr.

time

*tand,

tan, 0.

an

tan, ten, extend,

Ir. tana.

raw-,

thin

Cor.

Ir. tan,

duration,

tan,
in

as

tana,

q.v.
but
tanaw,

; Lat.

SI. tmuhU

t^naiste,

; Skr.

tinually.
con-

tana,

Br.

tanoiv,

intain, intan,

tenuis, thin, tendo, stretch ;

long, stretched, retVo),stretch ; Eng. thin,

*tanavo-,
Ch.

Ir. tan,

tan, when,

an

359

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

W.

teneu

Gr.

ravao?,

Ger.

diinn

tanu.

tenant,
heir, tanist, anything second, Ir. tdnaiste, lieusecond
heir
in command,
apparent, 0. Ir. tdnaise,
talionem
secundus,
innimthdna,
:
alternation,
imthanu,
of ath, "re," Skr.
root
"^to-atn-,
at
at, also ^at-s-men, of dm,
next

time,

q.v.

(Strachan).

with

tancard,
tannas,
a

tu

till,Lat.

tan,

an

{Celt. Br.^, 308) suggests

Rhys

Ir. tancdrd

tankard,

tannasg",

taobh,

W.

tenus, root

; from

ten

(no

the

root

root

tan

nection
con-

?).

Eng.

apparition, ghost

; from

of tana

side, Ir. taohh, E. Ir. toeb,tdih, 0. Ir. toih^W., Cor., Br.

*toibos, root
steibh, sti, stiff, standing ; Lat. tibia, shin-

bone

staibus, strong;
(pi.); Lit. staibis,post, shin-bone
(pi.),
Lat.
(TTicfios,
stipes,log.
Eng. stiff,
strong ; further
Ir.
taod, a halter, cable, hair-rope,
te'ad,a rope ; see tend.
taodhair, an apostate, Ir. taodhaire
(Lh., O'B.) :
taodhal, frequenting ; see tadhal.
taoghas, the grave :
taoig",a fit of passion (Sh.,O'R.) :
W.
taois, dough, Ir. taos, E. Ir. toes, 0. Ir. tdis, massam,
toes, Br.
Gr.

toas

*taisto-, ^stajtsto-, root

(g. cTTatros).
dough,
stiria,a drop.

crreap

staj,

concrescere

for

(g. (rrcdTO^

Gr.

crrai?

*stdjatos,*stdjntos)
;

Lat.

taoitear, oversman,
Eng.
taom, pour

See

tutor.

(Sutherland, etc.);

tutor

from

Lat.

tutor,

saoitear.

(n.),taoim, bilge-water,
(n.), E. Ir. t6em, a jet,
(taodhmaiTn),
taeim, sentina, 0. Ir. tuismiud, delivery, *to-fo-ess-sem: "^to-adlet go, from
root
(as water),
sm-men,
se, Lit. semiu, draw
sem,
Lat.
ladle
simpulum,
(Stokes). Cf. 0. Ir. teissmim, I pour
Norse
from
out
( to-ess-sem-im). Borrowing
tomr,
empty,
Eng. toom, is not to be thought of.
:
taom, a fit of rage, Ir. taom
(O'B., etc.),M. Ir. taem
full
Ir.
of
exact
a
taosg", a pour, rush,
liquid measure,
taosgaim, I
Ir. toesca, spilling, taescaire, a
drain, pour
out, E.
baler,
Ir.

out, empty

(vb.),a jet,torrent
taodhm

taomaim

pumper

*to-ad-sem-sko-, root

taosnadh, horseplay (R. D.)

tap,

tow

or

Ir. tap,
Sc.

tap.

wool

tapdn

on

the

; from

seyn

as

in

distaff,forelock,
M.

taom

Eng.

"busk

top, tuft

of

hair

hook," (Arg.),
or
flax, top,

360

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

tapaidh, clever, active,

top, sudden

from

Ir., E.

so

the

alertness,

(Stokes).

obann

as

(R. D.).

tattoo

taplach,

wallet, repository,

Ir.

taplaigh

tap-lach,

for

from

tap,

etc.

tow,

tarachair,
taran,

the

tarbh,

of

(^^rdpfos);
Prellwitz

tarbh,
*tarvos

tauris,

tora.

Celtic

the

to

root

W.

tarw,
Lat.

buffalo,

Corn,

SI.

Ch.
to

tacharan?

Gr.

ravpos

auroch,

ttiru,

Gr.

Br.

tarow,

etc.,

ravpos,

(stu gives Eng. steer).

tu

tau,

for

taurus

allied

not

talcuis, contempt.

tarcusul

targadh,

Ir.

tarvos

the

refers

also

tarcuis,

E.

Pruss.

thinks
he

See

of

tarbh,

Gaul,

tarv,

tarathar.

authority (Hend.) :
unbaptised infant (Sh., O'R.);

an

Ir.

bull,

which

staff

or

ghost

taro,

Ir. ; for

so

augur,

truncheon

taraid,

tapad, suddenness,

root

same

tap-dubh,
a

Ir.

M.

Ir.,

Ir.

E.

tarcuisne,

Ir.

ruling, governing,

assembly

Ir.

; from

(Lh., etc.),Ir. targadh

Eng.

targdid
targaid, a target,
Ir.
tairrghirim ; see
tairgneachd.
targair, foretell,
tharladh.
it
see
tarladh,
happened ;
tarlaid, a slave, thrall ; from
Eng. varlet ?
tarmachadh,
producing, originating, source,
dwelling, Ir. tormach,
an

increasing,

tdrmach,

an

(Skeat),

ptarmigan,
Also

tarmachan-de,

for

bearing,

*to-for-mach,

of

Ir. tarmochan

tarman,

white

dislike

tarmus,

ripe

root

magnifying,
mag,

0.

Ir.

(Eng.

power

etc.).

might,

may,

tarmachan,

growing

increase

from

Eng. ptarmigan
murmur
(Carm.)

tarm,

butterfly (Carm.)

"^to-air-meas

see

food

is hence

meas.

tarnach, thunder-clap ; see

L. Lat.
tahernator, tavern-keeper,
inn-keeper ; from
Lat.
taberna, Eng. tavern.
Norse
tarp, a clod, lump (Sh., O'B., etc.),Ir. tarp, tarpdn ; from
torf, a turf, sod, Eng. turf.
t^rr, lower
part of the belly, tail,breast, Ir. tdrr, belly, lower
part
E.
W.
0.
Br.
Ir.
Br.
of the
tar
"^tarsd,
:
belly,
tarr,
tor,
tor,
Sc.
Ger.
tarmsd
thairm,
darm,
belly, gut, Eng. tharm,
;
bowels
Gr.
Stokes
tail,
entrail,
hip joint.
gives the
;
rpafxts,
Celtic
"^targsd,allied to Lat. tergus, back.
tairneanach.

tarnadair,

tarrag,

nail

Ir.

ringim,

stretch

tarraid,

see

tdirng.

pull, draw,

tarruing,
E.

also

so

hang,

Ir., E.
tear,

(see ruighe).
t^arraid, sheriff

Ir.
from

tairrngim
reng,

*to-air-rengim, from

nasalised

officer,tipstaff(Dial.);

form

see

of reg,

earraid.

OF

tarsuinn, transverse,
tarsnu,

across

ursainn,

GAELIC

THE

Ir. tarsna,

across,

from

361

LANGUAGE.

tar,

tarsa,

and

thar),

(see

across

M.

trasna,

Ir.,E.

Ir.

sainn

of

q.v.

durst,
tart, thirst, Ir., 0. Ir. tart : *tar{s)to-; Eng. thurst, Ger.
Gr. rkpa-ofxai,
become
Lat.
tostum
{^torstum),
dry;
torreo, burn,
Skr.
Zd.
I.
E.
taresh
toast
tarsh,
thirst,
:
Eng.
ters, dry.
;
Fr.
tartan, tartan
tiretaine, linsieEng., Sc. tartan, from
; from
wolsie.

tartar,

noise

t^san,

tedious

reduplication
discourse

with

century
"

and

queries meaning)

Sc.

testan,

tasgaidh, depository,

testoon,

silver

{teste)on
Mary's head
it, the
inglis
8 shillingsScots, Eng. tester, worth
6d ;
the coins
from
XI [. (1500) with
of Louis
them.
tete, head) on
Thou
treasure
: "A
thasgaidh"
treasure;

"

attach

tataidh, attract,

(Perth),tame

oneself, tadadh

to

one

'^tad-dam,

(inf.),taiteadh

of aidich.

dam

root

join (M'F., Lh.), Ir. tdthaim, tdth, solder

todi, construct, join : *tdto-, "^stdto-,constitute,

tdth, cement,
W.

tathaich, visit,frequent, tendency to

from
M.
Ir. aithigim ; formed
of tiagaimn as
than
a
compound
again). Stokes
"^ati-tig-,
go back
under

discussed

tathunn,

barking

(O'Donovan
"),

article
he

sta,

0.

and

(Hend.),Ir. tathuiyhim,

vomit
the

imthich,

in

rather

aith, back,

prep,

imich

our

prefers

root

she

who,

at, go,

(that is,
formerly

tdnaiste.

tabhunn.

see

female,

woman,

who

glue,

or

root

stand

of the

coin

taisg.

see

te,

slow

tasanach, tedious,

worth

(teste,Fr.

head

his

Ir.

tbirneanach.

in

tor

"

being
originally so called
testane

tar,

scolding,

or

it obsolete
(Lh. marks
tasdan, a shilling; from
16th

of root

Ir.

she,
either

says
Ir. inti,

"he

means

is(qui),indi

enclitic

the

ti,

an

she

or

ea(quae),

particle -i,

for

which

te, he

an
"

who
ani

or

person

id(quod)
n\, and

see

who

"

the

cf.

t\,

who.

of teas ; cf. tepid.

root
t6, t^a, insipid,slightly fermented
; from
teabaid, a taunt, repartee (Dial.),teab, a flippant person's mouth
:
cutting," E. Ir. tepe {to-aith-be,
(M'A.), teibidh, smart
'''tad-be
:
Stokes), a cutting, 0. Ir. taipe, concisio, brevitas
root
be, cut, imdibe, circumcisio, etc.,
[ to-ad-be),reduced
"

bi, bin,

root

teach,; a
0.

house,

Br.

(rreyw,

in

as

Ir.

bean, touch,

teach,

teg, tig, ti, now

cover

; Lat.

0.
ti

Ir.
:

q.v.

tech, teg,

^tegos, g.

tego^ cover,

g.

tige,W.

teges-os ; Gr.

tectum,

house

ty. Cor.

roof,

reyos,

Eng.

ti,

thatch,
44

362

ETYMOLOGICAL

Ger.
for

(lack
usual

teachd,
in

tighinn,

arrival, Ir. teachd,

Br.

lex

Ir.

M.

^tenctio-,

thing,
dele, cha

Ir.

techt, aditus, itio, W.

"^tiktd,root

thig

it from

stig, steig,as
Hence

tig, q.v.

or

tenhu,

dele,

techta, techta, 0.

root

Ir.

become,

tenq,

chance,

befall,

techte, fitting,

chance,

Lat.

produce,
Dial.

tempus.

q.v.

teachd, teuchd, sillyboasting (Arg.).

teadalach, slow, dilatory :
Sc, Eng. tether,tedder,
teadhair, a tether ; from
Swed.

tigh

messenger.

Lit.

form

derive

Some

legal, lawful,

Eng.

See

sthagati, cover.

0.

tiz,diligence, haste

q.v.

teachdaire,
legalis,

; Skr.

cover

case.

nom.

coming,

teachd,

stegiu,

; Lit.

taith, iter,

DICTIONARY

Norse

tjdd'r,tjor,

tjuder.

teagair, collect, provide, shelter, Ir. teagar, provision, shelter,

teagairim, store, provide ; cf. eagar.
teagarach, warm,
snug,
doubt, suspense
theagamh.
teagamh,
; see
teag'asg, teaching,

Ir.,E.

so

Ir. tecosc

*to-aith-co"c-,for

which

see

cai"g.

teaghlach,

family, household,

tela. Corn,
and

teilu, familia
The

sluagh.

persons

"

really
used

is also

youth
people," just as
noun
a
youth."
teallach, hearth, forge, Ir. teallach,

in

of

stems

W.

tigh

makes

single objects

for
"

teulu, 0.

*slougo-s

from

used

are

man,

young

"

Ir.

-lach

which

nouns,

oglach,

as

termination

collective

abstract

teglach,W.
the
*tego-doxigo-,from
Ir., 0.

so

youth,"
Eng. as

or

"

or

youngconcrete

"

"

lach, from

teine, fire,and

E.

terminal

Ir.

tenlach,

-lach

tellach

*tene-

(see teaghlach).

(M'F.) :
lusty or bunchy woman
Ir.
teamhair, pleasant, Tara, E. Ir. temair,
pleasant,
locus
delightful, omnis
conspicuus : "^stem-ri- '?
teamhair, time (Suth.) : Lat. 1
or
teamhall, slight swoon
darkness, 0. Ir.
stun, Ir. teimheal,
teallaid,

teamhaidh,

temel

(do.), Skr.

tdmas.

rashly,
teampull, temple, church,
Corn,

teanacadh,
teanchair,
of

tean^a,

; from

Ir.

Lat.

deliverance,

Lat.

tainsa,

teampoll,

0.

tenebrae, temere,

Ir.

tempul,

W.

teml.

temiplum.
teanacas,

succour,

healing

*tind-ioc,

\oc, heal,

from

0.

tempel

Lit.

Ir.

smith's

pincers,

tenchor, forceps

teine, fire,and

teangadh,

"^tengot-, from

cor,

seen

tongue,

tongs, Ir. teanchoir, tongs,

"^ten-cor,"fire-putter," from
in
Ir.

stengji, sting

pincers,
the

stem

cuir, put.
teanga,

0.

Ir. tenge, gen.

(Eng. 8ting, Ger.

tengad

stengel, stalk),

OF

363

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

Lat.
dingua, Eng.
(1ng:h,whence
?
Stokes
Oct.
has
compared Lat. tango
{Academy^
'91)
tongue
the
(so Windisch, Scot. Celt. Rev., 34). Rhys has considered
W.
with
tafod, Corn,
tavot, Br. teod^
probabiHties of alliance
older
in Manx
teaut
Pray.^, 136-7.
{"^tebato-)
which

teann,

is

from

zdng.h,

tight, tense,

stretched

Lat.

tendo,

Ir.

0.

to, Ir. teann,

near

*tendo-

from

terbaim,
which

W.

terfyn

for

tearr,

life

Eng. run
teas, heat, Ir.
for

See,

teasairg,

SI.

"

fail,for

(inf.), Ir.

teich,
W.

root

teplo, hotly
Ir.

defendo

end

"

iers,

of

race

(Ducange).
E.

Ir.

^es-rn-, root

rri,

heat

be

tap,

which

dpKeo) (do.).

help (Carm.)

See

"

teithim,

techu, skulk,
teq-, flow,
Zd.

run

E.

'^tesiu-,

tap,

fever.

tessurc,

ark,

Eng.
burn.

defend

servo,

Lat.

ad/iarc.
Ir. testa,
Lat.

deest,

fails ;

deswn.

Ir.

tescaim

^to-ess-sc,root

sec,

saw.

:
see

Ir.

0.

*to-ess-arc,root

off, Ir. teasgaim,

Eng.

hot,

warm,

Zd.

teasach,

Hence

tez

tejjeo, be

; Lat.

; Skr.

tes, Br.

Corn,

teasargaim,

me

Gr.

off;

seco,

takti, runs,

root

tjara.
teamaim,

I escape

ernaim,

escape,

Ir. tess,
g. t'^sa, W.,

irresolute

flee,Ir.

for

landes

Termoii

or

terve, Norse

Eng.

tep, burn,

preserve,

teibideach,

be, cut,

termain, termonn^

Ir.

teasdaighim, die, fail,M. Ir., 0.

from
"^to-ess-td,
td, I am.
Cf., for force,

cut, Lat,

Ir.

ter{s)qo-s,rare,

Ir.

cut

terpiid, E.

root

Ir., M.

so

t^arnadh

deliver,

ward

teasdam, I
teasg, cut,

Ir.

a-Tevo^s.

tersquo-s),deserts.

tep, teine, teth.

from

dumesurcsa,

teasd, die,

lands"

M.

an

teas, 0.

save,

arceo,

M.

of tana.

ten

; Ch.

also

church

escape,

"^tepstu-,root

tepid

Gr.

termo{n), terminus, end,

Lat.

ternaini, ternam,

tesqua

; from

save,

"^

Ir. terc

protection,

by reaching

tar, Ir. tearr

t^aruinn,

Lat.

from

',

E.

tearc,

sanctuary,

stretched

Ir.
tearc, scarce,
rare,
dry (as in tart) ;

tearmann,

Cf.

tight,

tyn,

root

reduced

Gadelic

^ter-be-,

teabaid

see

from

; in

terbud

W.

stretch, tentus,

Celt.^'^,
(Stokes,
case
124)
any
Foy gives sten ; N. stinnr, rough, hard.
tearb, separate, Ir. tearbadh
(O'CL), severance,
Bev.

tend,

halting, failing;"

cf. Ir. tebim,

disappoint,

theab.
E.

Ir.

M.

Br.

; Ch.

taka-,

techim,

0.

tecktt, flee
SI.

teku,

teichthech, vitabundus,

Ir.

"^teko,"^tekko, flee,

run.

Lit.

tekii,flow

I. E.
Skr.

course.

teididh, wild, fierce (H.S.D.), wild fire (M'A.) :

teilg",a fishing line : "a cast," from
tilg,cast, Ir. teilgeayi,casting"?
telu
teilinn, musical
teilig, a chord
or
instrument,
(Carm.), W.
Cf. seillean,
telyn,harp.

teilleach,a

blub-cheeked

fellow

(Dial.);

cf. meilleach.

364

ETYMOLOGICAL

teine, fire,Tr. teine^ 0.

tan
names
(in proper
tep, hot,

te, from

which

said,

produce

Ir. tene^ g. tened, pi. tenti,W.

tan, Cor., Br.
also
tanet): ^tenet-,*tenos, Celtic root
in teas, q.v.
Not
for '^te{p)ne-,
as
which
nor
give teine now,
'^'tepsne-,

as

would

tenne

DICTIONARY

now

usually
would
teine-

teine-siojuiachain,phosphorescence,

Jionn, will o' the

wisp (Suth.).
teinn, calamity, strait ; an abstract
noun
teirig, fail,be spent, die, teireachduinn

from

teann.

Ir. teiricim
(O'B.),
(inf.),
E. Ir. tarnic, it ended, from
*tar-ic, transire
{tar,across, and
ic or
nic of thig, thainig). Atkinson
joins it with tairicim,
arrive
in tair,but
the meanings scarcelysuit.
as
( to-air-ic-),
teiric,hake, herring hake (Carm.) :
teirinn, t^arn, descend, Jr. tearnaim, turnaiin, E. Ir. tairnim, 0. Ir.
'''endo,go, root
tairinnud, dejectio ( to-air-innud),from
end,
I.
E.
Lat.
G.
ed,
uidlie,q.v).
etc.,
ped, go (Eng. /oo^,
pes,
teirisi ! the dairymaid's cry to calm
tairis.
a
cow
; see
M. Eng.
from
teirm, a term, Ir. tearma,
earlier, terma("M.)',
=

from

terme,

Lat.

tiormasg,

tearmasg,

be

for

terminus

mistake,

Fr.

through

mischance

the

of

; cf. eirmis.

teo-,

testamentum.
to- ess,

in

as

teasairg.

tyst, Br.

test

Ir. verb

is

; from

teighim,

teaghadh.

teo-chridheach,

warm,

hot,

root

tep

as

in

warm-hearted
Cf.

teth.

teo-ghrddhuigheas, qui
teo a comparative.
teom, a dole (Carm.) :

amat,

teoma,

"^tepu-, Skr.

skilful,expert, teom, cunning

teotha
(G.
teth, hot, Ir. teith,comp.

where

(Carm.) :
Ir.),M.

and

The

Atkinson

congeal,

M.

Ir.

as

be

parched,

in

Ir.

teas.

tnichdaim,

siders
con-

Ir. te, comp.

0.

Ir.

*teps C?),
tep, hot,
fervidus, pi. teit,from
"^tepents,g. *tepe7itos,Lat.
root

tapus,

Keating's {Three ^Shafts,282),

ardentius

teuchd,

te

to, do.

de, on
analogy
may
air ; see
seist for derivation.
teis,a musical
Lat.
teismeid, last will and testament
; from
teis-meadhon, the exact or very middle
; teis
Ir.
0.
Ir.
teisd.,teist,
teist,W.
teist,testimony,
Lat.
testis,Eng. test, etc.
The
warm
teb-,q.v.
teo, teodh, make
; from
inf.

Here

is

teou

tee, te,

tepens.

curdle,

Ir.

coagulate,

concretionis

coiteichtea,
0,
techtaige, frozen,
I. E. tenq, firm, fast; Eng.
tight,

"^tenkto-,from

Ger.

dicht,

close.

teud,

Skr.

string,

Ir. teud,

tead,

tdntn, tdnti, cord

0.
root

Ir. tet, fidis,W.

tant

ten, stretch, thin,

:
as

battle, contest, disease, Ir. teagmhdil,

In
comhdhail.
retribution
: *to-egc-co7n-dhdil,
see

teugmhail,

"disease,"

see

ew^a*7.

tntd, chord

in tana.
a

the

meeting,
sense

of

OF

teum,

Corn,
Lat.

Br.

pi. tyrnmyn^

tarn,

E.

snatch, wound,

sudden

bite,

tinea,

tondeo, shear,

365

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

tamm

te7rim, W.

"^tendmen,

worm

Ir.

bite

tend,

root

revSa),

Gr.

tam^

gnaw

cut

Ch.

SI.

t"ti,caedere.

th^,

is ;

The

ta.

see

where

sentences,

thainig,

veni

tdnac,
Skr.

the

I have

reached

has

dnamca,

is due

the

to

Ir.

Ir.

tdnic, rdnic, venit,

The

thig.

see

which

aspiration

follow

tairis, over

The

it.

he,

e,

relative

in

ta

reduplicated perfect ;
brought : root
enk,

-qveyKe,

perfects

tairis, E.

Ir.

"

which

for

of other

analogy

thairis, over, across,

or
(tkar) and
se

come

G]'.

(?iank),attain, bring,

iiak

of

use

0.

thdinig,\Gmt,

"^ananka,

the

to

is intervocalic.

Ir. thdnaic,

came,

is due

aspiration

do.

it, him

; from

due

aspiration is,

to

tar

sup

do

or
a.
pressed, or supposed suppressed,
Ir.
0.
Ir.
tall
thall,
thall,
thall, over,
beyond,

quam,

ille

thallad

thalla,

stands

root

interjection : thalla
thar,

Ir.

across,
root

Ir. tar,

tharladh,

Ir.

accidit,

*to-ro-la,

the

(Ascoli).
theab, nearly

did
"

"

la

near,

in

as

(with

to

root

theid,

w411

mang,

go,

fall

their, will
thig, will
veniet

"

on

say

; Gr.
;

come,

q.v.

root

Ir.

tigim,

*t6-icc,

of adhlac

and

0.

come,

It

Ir.

Gr.

Lat.

failed

teabaid

0.
has

E.

eyK

tcit,venit,
go,

tarla

accidit,
Ir.
also

dol

(O'B.) :
tecmang,
root

ecmaing
been

ang,
from

referred

fly,

nanciscor.

^to-eit,*ent6,

fall ; Lat.

tic, ticc,venit,
come,

reach,

ijveyKa,brought
; Skr.

it

pet,

seek,

fin}"an, Eng. find.

Ir.

ice, *enk6,

attain, bring ;
reduplicated perf. from
nank

buain.

pass

in

as

*to-ex-com-ang,
takes

fall ; Got.

from

Ir.

he

se,

in

0.

plu,

root

tecmaing,
for

Meyer

pet, pent,

ttltttio,

deir.

as

tar-,

rtiay, etc.

goes,

see

nank,

of

root

teid,

cut,

Skr.

dorla,

theib

Ir.

track, beyond,

of

do

accido,

Eng.

mag,

tor a,

remains

0.

perhaps,

reach,

"^pento, go,

form

troiynh.

dorala,

"^tehb,graze,

hang

Ir.

Ir.

inf.), Ir.

cumhang,

ad-com-bangim,

ol,

Lat.

tra-, over,

See

E.

do-e-cm-aingiin,

eventus,

The

see.

terminus

trans,

the

being

grazed
theagamh,
mayhap,

which

! well

W.

dar,

bore.

tarla,

it, from

! well

Lat.

through, past,
through,
ter, pass

ter,

I. E.

"

! thalla

0.

tar,

ol, el, ol,

; root

age," thallaibh
(pi.),E. Ir. tallaim,
tel, bear
(see tldt/i,tail, etc.). Also

"

along,

"^talno,

away,

eile, other,

Ir.

thall-ud.

for

come

come,

take

Also

olle), alius.

ultra

ultra, al,

indoll, altarach,

*t-all, 0.

dnamga,

root

G.

attained

0.

Ir.

tic/a,

enk, nak,

thainig), a
;

further

366

ETYMOLOGICAL

thoir, give, G.,

crushed

thud,

of

Swed.

hut, whence

from

do-fuc,
root

Ir.

carry,

ges,,

also

whence

W.

chugad,
thun

ti, any

with

tiachair,

gen.

Ir. ti ;

tiamhaidh,

Ir.

M.

afraid

dark,

tiamda,

(Uist

fountains

is

dongas.

to

him

to

you,

chun,

for

156-7)

Zeit.^^

gu,

gun,

for
q.v.

ti, an

intends
a

te

te, ni.

see

(Glenmassan
Ir.

dwarf,

MS.)

tiachair,
E.

tiachair, troublesome,

Ir.

perverse

tiachaire,

Ir. tiadhan,

stone,

Ir.

dark

tiamdha,

testicle

stone,

E.

(O'CL),

Ir.

; cf. tiorail.

tiarmail, prudent
tibirt,

duk,

Ir. tuc, tucas,

*e-ges-s-t,"^e-ges-s-m,

Br.

thee,

to

thun

lonesome,

gloomy,

hoot, hoot-toot,

is borrowed,

aorist

s-

an

^z

ar

hill, small

little

Sc.

analogy

tense.

chum.

affliction,peevishness
a

etc.,

Similarly

(O'Cl.,Lh., O'B.),
tiadhan,

bore,

on

toir, a

for

the

(1st pers.), E.

Cor.

ill-disposed,sick,

perverse,

G.

is

past

gcssi (Zimmer,

Ir. ti, person,

Ir., E.

ti, intention,

he

is for

person,

one,

The

gero,

thuige,

etc., q.v.

thug,

"^ud-ge, from

dug,

thugaibh,

thugad,

hoot.

Lat.

its

impatience

or

thug, thugas

ucc,

uc,

aspirated

is

of

G.

The

q.v.

this

especially
dislike

Eng.

brought,

gave,

and

tabhair,
and

interjection of

an

thug",

tabhair, give thou,

Ir.

form

hheir, gheibh,

of

DICTIONARY

Hend.)

tiohart.

see

Icel. tic^,Sc, Eng. tide, Ag. S. tid, Ger.

zeit.
tide, time ; from
teach.
tigh (for taigh), a house, Ir. tigk, 0. Ir. teg, tech ; see
Ir.
0. Ir. tigerne, W.
tigheama,
tighearn, tighearna, lord, master,
0.
Cor.
British
0.
W.
-tigern,
tigernus : ^tegerno-s,
teem,
teyrn,

tegernio-s,root teg of tigh, q.v.

tighil, call when
passing (M'A.) ; the
tighinn,

stair

; Skr.

cast,

out,"

"let

out,

cast

has

till):

chwyl,
tim,

time

timchioll,
from

Ir.

around,
I. E.

TT^A-o/xat,
go,
o'o.

See

tigh, the

word

0.

tiagaim,

Ir.

tiagu,

steigh, stigh,

root

Ger.

steigan, ascend,

steigen,

stride,

Ir.

vomit,

Ir.

"^tigo,"^teigo,from
Got.

E.

come,

stighnute,

0.

teilgim,

Ir.

teilcim

toes-leic,

original of G. leig, let, q.v.

tillim
(Keating), fillim, pillim (O'B.) (Ulster

course,

the

from

tighim,

^svelni-,

turn,

in

as

the

from

till,pill, return,

being

tadhal.

itichtin),adventus
Gr.
o-Tet'xw,walk

Eng.

tilg,

of
Ir.

coming,

ttchtu
go

variant

seems

turn

while

round,

W.

(for

which

chwylo,
see

turn,

seal).

G.

revolve,
C^f. fill.

Eng.
a

qel,

circuit,
move,

go

so

Ir.,
; Lat.

0.

cola, tend,

attendant
be, djjLcpLTroko'i,

huachaill.

Ir. timchell

; Skr.

*to-imm-cell,

celer,

swift

cdrdmi,

Gr.

move,

OF

tinn, sick,

Ir.

teinn.

E.

tinn^

Cf.

THE

0.

Ir.

Ir.

367

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

tind

^tenni-, root

tinaim,

ten

Lat.

evanesco,

of tana,

teann,

attenuo,

Eng.

attenuate.

tinne,

chain, link, piece

tinde, ring, link, bar,
a

of tana.

tioba,

Cf.

Norse

ftiobartj

well,

Ir.
tiobrad,
*berv6, seethe,
burn.

Ir.

]nnd,

tinne, chalybs

0.

"^pkap,cfipmros,a

boil ; Gr.

q.v.

Lat.

grasp
soft, timid, G.

eagerly,
tioma,

soft, timid, timme,

timid

fear, Eng.

tiomnadh,

will

the

ne,

or

of

ne

snatch

Lat.

to

doubt

of
the

temppu-,

hrunne7L,

; Skr.

0.

Ir.

tindnacul,
nank,
to-ind-nank-, root

; also

enk

root

adhlac,

and

Ir.

tiolpaim

thig,

in

as

q.v.

Ir.

tenderness,

fear

testament,

tern, faint,

faint, Zd.

Ir.

Ir.

time, fear, E.

"^temmi-, root

taw,, to

tam,

0.

tiomna,

tim,
timeo,

Lat.

perish.

Ir. timne

*to-imm-

mittere
of -an-, mandare,
being the remains
Ir. adroni, deposuit, iminerdni,
delegavit, G.

tympannm^

difference

; Ger.

(Ascoli); cf. 0.
aithne, command,
q.v.
instrument"
tiompan, a musical
cymbal, drum, E. Ir. tiompan,
from

tidnacul,

tiodhlaic, bury,

space,

tiolp, snatch,
tiom,

Ir.

yianciscor, obtain

also

short

well

tobar.

gift, Ir. tiodhlacadh, E.

traditio, do-ind-naich, distribuit

tiolam,

ten

diaphragm.

Hence

root

G.

See

bring, get,

the

from

; from

E.

Eng.
tiodhlac,

0.

Ir.

tinne, flitch, E.

Ir.

M.

column,

Eng. h''a,por G. iohl

of Deer), Ir. tiohar,
tiprat (gen., Bk.
tipra, d. tiprait, *to-aith-br"vant-,Celtic verb

Jieap (Arg.)

of

connection

chord

Ir.

tiompdn,

stringed

drum

Ir. and

E.

; and

string.

or

small

timbrel,

between

meaning

cymbal,

(Windisch).
Lat.

has

Stokes

Lit.

tabor,

instrument

gives the
tcmpiii, stretch,

caused

some

Celtic
Ch.

The

root

as

SI. tetiva,

chorda.

tiomsach,

collecting, bringing

timmsugud

together,

"^to-imm-sag-,root

Ir.

E.

tiomsughadh,

Ir.

in

ionnsuidh, q.v.
tindlaim, tinolaim, do-in-ola,

sag

as

tionail, gather, Ir. tionolaim, 0. Ir.

ola
is referred
to
applicat : "^to-inola-im, where
by Stokes
*oklo-, *poklo-, joining, uniting, Ger. fiigen, to fit,filge, joint ;
paciscor, bargain, bind ; Skr. pdcax,a knot, Zd.
Ascoli
regards it as *to-in-od-lu,root lu, plu of dol,

Lat.

would

rather

Corn,

mean

cuntell, 0.

borrowed

tionnail,

"

from

likeness

Lat.
of any

go
Br.

out,"

"

go

contidlet,

oflf." W.

but

cynmdl,

according

are,

pac,

bind.
*od-lu-

gathering.

to

Ernault,

contuli.
person

or

thing

^t-ionnail, from

ionnan,

like.
Ir.
tintuda
tiontodh, O, Ir. tintuith, g
tionndadh,
turning,
of iompaidh, q.v.
root
su
tintathigh,interpretes : "^to-ifid-sout-,

368

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY

devising, tionnsgal, ingenuity, Ir.

tionnscnadh,
a
beginning, device, plotting,tionsgiodal^managing,
( to-ind-scannaim), I begin,
industry, 0. Ir. tinscnaim
tindscetal, a beginning, root
sqend, start, spring, Lat. scando,
The
W.
has cy-diwyn^
ascend, Skr, skandati, hurry, spring.
-scetal is for sqen-t- (?).
ortus
{*sqen6). The form
tiop, pilfer (M'A.) ; cf. tiolp.
tior, dry (as corn), kiln-dry, Ir. tiortha, kiln-dried
(Con.),M. Ir.
E.
Ir.
from
the
of tioram
to
root
tir,
tiradj kiln-drying,
dry ;
(0. Ir. tirim).
sheltered, Ir. tioramhuil, cosy ; W.
tiorail, warm,
tirion,
cosy,
pleasant, a familiar
object ; cf. Ir. tioramhuil, tiorthamhuil,
Cameron
Dr
tir.
homely, national, from
regarded it as
taken
from
the
of
which
is
root
tioram,
ultimately the
that
of
from
tir.
as
same
Borrowing
Eng. cheerful is
unlikely.
Ir.
tioram, dry, Ir. tirim, M.
tirimm, 0. Ir. tirim, tir (vb.) :
in
also
See
for
tir
*tersmi-, root
tart, q.v.
ters, dry, as
phonetics.
deliver
ark
of
from
tiorc, save,
peril : "^t-erc-,*to-arki-, root
tionnsgainn,

beginning,

teasairg,

q.v.

:
tiort, an accident
tiosan, water-gruel

Gr.

from

; from

irna-avri.

tiot, tiota, tiotan,

Gaelic

from

Ir.

cf.

Lat.

giota, something
Eng. jot.

whence

iota,

is t-iot.
Ir.

tir, land, earth, Ir., 0.

*tersos

further

The

tir, terra

''

is

tir, W.,

Lat.

{^terses-)
;

torium.
of

while

moment,

jot, appendage,

small,

ptisana, barley water,

Eng. i^tisan, Lat.

dry

Corn.,

Br.

{*tersd),
dry,
to
sea.
opposed

terra

is ters, be

root
"

land

tir, tellus, la
Oscan

tit, an

interjection expressive of
(H.S.D.) Eng. chut ?
let us
from
tiugainn, come,
go;

as

tart

terri-

teerum,
in

perceived

being

wet

terre

; the

idea

suddenly

chugainn,

for

tiugh, thick,
Br.

tew,
dick

tiurr,

teu

; Gr.

beach

eyrr,
Dan.

o-reyvos,
of

gravelly
tiur,

tlachd, pleasure,

Ir.

so

us,"

"to

0.

*tloq-, of

attach.

thick,

Eng.

teu, obtuso, Corn.

Norse

}"ykkr,

Ger.

fast, tight.
reach
bank
mark

Ir., M.

Ir.

will, q.v.

tew, 0. W.

W.

tiug,

"^tegu-, thick

out

orr.

thugainn,

q.v.

tiugh, E.

Ir.

deaspirated

of

by
of

the
a
sea

sea

river

or

on

Ir. tlacht

for
a

an

t-iurr, from

promontory,

Norse

Swed.

or,

shore, tear, stamp (Carm.).

toil,
tl-ko-, willing," from
'"

todlugud, petitio, tothlaigim,

desire,

is from

OF

tUm,

of

stem

as

allied
tldg-s-m-)

"^tlagm (read

Stokes

and

Strachan

wool.

of

369

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

(wool),handful

teaze

the

THE

to

give

Jiocke^flock

Ger.

wool, Eng. jlock.

{tldith,O'B.), tlath, E. Ir. tlaitk,W.

tlawd:
tel, bear, endure; Gr.
*tldti-,"long-suffering," from
tAt^to?;xAaw, endure
tollo^raise,txd% Idtus (for "^tldtus),
; Lat.
borne
; Eng., So. thole.
tligheachd, liquid,spume
t-lighel
:
Ir. tlusach, wealthy, W.
M.
tlws, jewel
tlus, pity, tenderness,
(Stokes),E. Ir. tlus (S. n. R.) ; from root tl, tel of tldth, q.v.
the
root
tnuth, envy,
ten, stretch :
Ir., E. Ir. tmith ; from
grasping]"
Stokes
to-, do-, verbal prefix to, ad, Ir.,0. Ir. to-, do-.
compares
tUth, mild, smooth,

Ir. tlaith

"

Gothic

do,

to, from

du-

Jyu (\).

W.

has

Cor.

du-, dy-, y,

did,

Br.

da.

her of heir.
root
tobairt, flux, diarrhoea
to-fo-od-ber-t,
:
spasms
Sc. tappin.
of wool
flax on
toban, wreath
or
a
distaff; from
hhur,
tobar, a well, Ir. tohar, 0. Ir. topur, fons : *to-od-hur, root

bhru,
fervid

; Skr.

bruith
the

tobha,

and
her

root
a

Lat.

boil

well,

to

hhur,

move

bhrev

in

of

Sc.

mix
(jivpia,

quickly
tiobar.

ferveo, well, Eng.

; Lat.

further

Some

see

root

referred

have

(obair).
toiv, rope, Eng. tow, pull, Norse

inbhir,

from

rope,

; Gr.

bhru

in

tobar

to

abar

tog, rope,

duco.

Norse
tobhta, tota, turf, roofless walls, knoll ; from
toft, topt, a
enclosed
clearing, a space
by roofless walls, Eng. toft,tuft,
and

top.

Norse
tobhta, tota, a rower's bend ; from
Jjopta.
the Sc. hough.
toch, hough or thigh of an animal
^t-hoch, from
:
cladh.
"^to-cladh ; see
tochail, dig, Ir. tochuilim, tochlaim
:
Ir.
Ir.
tochar, tochradh, dowry,
tochar, M.
tocra, (ace.); cf. 0. Ir.
idea
The
is
tochur, placing, from
something
cuir, put.
one."
Hence
Sc.
tocher.
to
assigned
volume
tdchd, toch, an unpleasant smell, tochar or tachar, dense
of smoke
(Arg.) ; root stou, as in toth.
disease
of the eye in cattle ; cf. Sc. hock
t6chd, a
(H.S.D).
0.
Ir.
tochmarc
"^to-com-arc
t tochmharc, a wooing, so
Ir.,
:
; see
"

for

root

iomchorc.

tocsaid, a hogshead ;
tuft
of
todan, small

from
wool

the

Eng.
(Lewis) ;

N.

toddi,

tod

of

wool.

So

Badenoch.

todhar, manure,
a
bleaching,
bleach-green, tuarachan, a
todhlair, mastiff, better tobhlair

seaweed

bleacher

for

manure,

Ir.

tuar,

45

370

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAI.

tog, raise, togail, lifting, Tr. togaim, tdghhail, E. Ir. tdchaim

from
"^to-od-gab-im-,
gab, gabh, take, q.v.
togair, desire, Ir. togairim, please, choose, G. inf. togradh,
togra

'^to-od-gar,root

Ir.

goir.

of

gar

of taidhe.
toghaidh, attention, care
(H.S.D.) ; a variant
toghlainn, exhalation
(M'A.) ; cf. toch.
toithbheum, reproach, blasphemy, Ir. toibheim, blemish, reproach,
Ir. toibeim

E.

from
"^to-beira,

beim,

that

is, beum,

q.v.

toic, wealth, riches, Ir. toice ; cf. taic.

toic, a swelling, a puffed up state of the face :
toiceil,purse-proud ; from toic.
toichiosdal, arrogance
(Sh., O'B.) ; see tostal.
toigh, agreeable, cordi (mihi est),docha, preferable,is docha leam,
I prefer, 0. Ir. toich, acceptus,
root
tochu, acceptior : "^to-gus-,
in tagh.
It has
also
been
analysed as *c?ogus, choose, as
seck,

roots
'^'do-fech,

or

seq,

*togi-s,root tag, take,

toil, will, Ir. toil, 0. Ir.
Lat.

tollo,tolero

toill, deserve,
later

toimhseachan,

0.

etc.

^told,

root

tel, take, lift,endure

riddle,

Ir.

tlachd, tlath.

See

(Thur., Strachan).

sli

from

from

this

tuilliTn,atroilli,asroille,meruit,

Ir.

toimseachdn,

toimhseil,

riddle,

measure

from

toracht,

successus,

tvinna, twine,
of meal
Ir.

From

efficiency,bounty,

tairbheartach

^omAas.

; from

for

the

for

toir,

thread, Eng.

twist

Ir.

twine.

grinding (S. Argyle)

toruigheachd,

toireacht
Cf.

eirich.

processus

i^to-iarm-fo-racht).
Tory.
toirbheart,

(Suth.)

sensible

Norse

; from

toinneamh, the miller's share

toir, torachd, pursuit, Ir., E.
of
"^to-fo-racht,root
reg

toirleum,

tango,

derives

q.v.

twist

see

Stokes

Eng. thole, tolerate,etc.

toimhsean, good sense,

toinisg, understanding
toinn,

tol

Ir. tuillim,

do-sli,meruit,

tomhas,

Lat.

veq

0.

Ir.

Rhys agrees.
( to-racht),tiarmdracht, pursuit
Ir. toruighe, pursuer,
comes
Eng.
=

Ir.

toirbheart, gift,

munificence

roots.

Ir. tairlingim, jump

out
of, jump
mighty leap
"^
leum.
off, alight, turlaim
to-air-ling-,for which
see
(inf.):
Hence
toirlinn, alight (M'A.).
toirm, a noise, Ir. toirm, tormdn, E. Ir. toirm, tairm : "^tors-men,
root

; cf. E.

Cf.

declaration.

toirmisg,

forbid,

"^tarmi-sc,
and

sc

Cf.

of torrunn.

tor

or

toirn, toirne,

from

sec,
a

so

say,

W.

twrf, tyrfan, tumult.

Lit.

tarm'e^

seirm, foirm.
Ir.,
tarmi,
as

in

M.
the

Ir.

tairmiscim,

composition

prohibit,
form

of

root

tor

tar,

hinder
across,

caisg.

great noise, sound,

Ir. tdirn

of torrunn.

OF

toirnichte, foetid,

toirp, a

sod

"

(M'A.)

THE

"

high

(Wh.)

torf^ Eng.

Norse

; from

toirrcheas, conception (Bible) :

toirsgian, a peat-cutting
spade,
from

Norse

371

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

turf.

(M'A.)

toirpsgian
and

torf\ turf, peat,

G.

torf-

Norse

Cf.

sgian.

hybrid

skeri, peat-cutter.

toirt, respect, value, taste, Ir. toirt,quantity, value :

See
toirt, giving ; for tahhairt.
tabhair, thoir.
toiseach, the beginning, front, Ir. tosach, 0. [r. tossach,
See

the

toiseach,

word.

next

beginning,

Ir. toiseach,

chief,

leader,

W.

tofisac and

tovisaci

root
(Lat.) "^to-vessiko-s,

toisg",

0.

Ir. has

occasion,

an

Ch.

SI.

also

do-fedim,

ved, lead, bring

M.

0.

toisgeal,
left,unlucky :
for finding a
toisgeal, reward
toit, smoke, fume, Ir. toit, M.

state,

toisc,necessity

Ir.

seach.

in

as

bring,

toisg, circumstances,

Ir. toisc, business,

follow,

seq^

vddhayeiti,

Zd.

Ogmic

I lead,

Ir.

opportunity,

journey, business,
"^to-sech,root,

duco

veda^

Welsh

princeps,

wedit, lead,

lead.

dux,

tywysog,

Ir. toisech,

0.

captain,

praestans,
Lit.

initium.

the

steami

Eng.
toitean, a

flesh,"

Ir.

scarcely

heap

; from

toitean,

Ir. tutt,

taUgeal.

; see

smoke

In

the

Eng. tuft.

this

derived

be

to

thing

root
'''tutto-,

tu, stu,

toth.

See

little

lost

t6it, roast,

from

is

from

Fr.

tot,

"

of

sense

piece

of

(see t(,it),

smoke

hastily roasted,

Lat.

from

tostus.

tolg, tulg,
tolc, W.

toll,

hollow

tolc.

in

says

Ir.

toll, W.

pierce, punch

; Gr.

Ir.

dent,

Br.

twll,
hammer

tvkos,

E.

tolc,hole, crevice,

Ir.

is borrowed.

W.

Rhys

hole, Ir., E.

metal,

toull
Ch.

*tukslo-,

Slav,

tuk,

root

tuk, pierce,

root

is-tiiknati,efFodere, tukalo, cusspis.

toll-dhubh,
tolm,

hilloch

"inch,"
Ger.

tom,

tollbooth,

holm,

hillock,

gaol

round

of
Sc.

holm,

the

; from

form

Eng.

Eng.
Norse

; from

holm,

Ag.

S.

holmr,
holm,

islet,

holm,

billow,

mound,

hill.
Ir. torn, M.

'^tum.bo-,hillock

Gr.

high, height
regarded as from
tunga,

Ir. tomm,

torn, Br.

rvfifBos,cairn, mound,
Lat.

; further

the

W.

Eng.

Eng.
W.

tumulus.

tomb.

But

das-turn, to heap

stom,

tomb

tom

has

Skr.

Skr.
been

stamba,

"busch."

tomad, tomult, bulk ;

tomh, offer, threaten,
minationes

see

somalta.

M.

Ir.

^to-mat-,

root

tomaithim,
mat,

throw,

0.

Ir. tomad,
Lit.

metii,

g.

tomtho,

throw.

372

ETYitfoLOGiCAL

tomhas,

measure,

{^messu-)

Eng.

mensus,

tomult,

bulk

teuk, Ag.

E.

Ir.

S.

peoh,

^tunnel,

root

further

Lat.

the

(as

beat,
t tonn,

swell

tunna,

cask,

woman's

terebra

give,

rat, ra,

boar,
Br.

0.

Ir.,

turch

Celtic

species

torr,

Skr.
a

of

so

E.

tonn,

Ir.

the

tundo,

Lat.

skin,

hair

of the

(9th cent.)

tunica.

*taratro-

Cf.

Ir., 0.

Ir.

torad

rath,

q.v.

torain,

tor, bore,

Ir.

M.

Ir.

W.

tore,

car,

Ir. tor,

break

means

(O'B.),

sound

to

torch,

uircean,

in

torr,

with

Ir. turcan%

(vb.),

Ir.

pieces, crndmi,

"crowd"

of

hold

in

q.v.

I. E.,

Stokes

(Carm.)

tor

tower,

chair, fell, 0.

tor

break

W.

is
G.

possibly
and

twr.

E.

Ir.

difficiscor,root
see

Cor.

enclose,

the

that

crion.

torrunn.

tver, hold,

root

rr,

tourc^h,

*turco-s.

as

carrot,

; from

Some

Br.

Eng. farroiv.

form, heap, castle, Ir. tor, tower,

I. E.

tordn

tuir, d. turid,

tower.

G.

Cor.

twrch,

Lit. parsza-s,

porcus.

^raio-,

from

toral

in

*orko-,

from

Lat.

reperpov

maggots

W.

tarater,

*to-rad,

corn

as

Cor.

Gr.

thar.

as

0.

tarathar,
in

in

(Carm.)

purling

TvpcTLs,

also

Ir.

bere, biforked

*turi-, *turet-,
Lat.

Lat.

Low

Lat.

"^torko-s,Jubainville

as

hill of conic

E.

it with

fell,doro-chair, cecidit, ara-chrinim,

torchar,

torghan,

swell

gives

rind, surface,

from

fall, killing, torehuir

ker,

tonn

Jyjota, whistle

Norse

possibly
Eng. ton.

now

E.

Ir.

Lat.

cleft, notch

torehar,

ton, Br.

Stokes

skin,

tonnenn,

plaid

^t-orko-s,

porko-s, swine,

torean,

hide,

whence

tarar

as

grub-worm,
(Con., etc.); from

Br.

ter, through,

root

toranach,

gives

(Strachan,

flood, tvinti,

thumb.

correlated

tonn,

or

tarazr,

produce, fruit,

root

root

tud-, push.

tarachair,

Br.

taradr,

toradh,

Corn,

W.,

tvanas,

have

Skr.

shawl

Ir.

augur,

0.

G.

is

tunic.

tonach,

tore,

Some

wine-skin,"

"

*theuha-

Teut.

J?edtan, howl,

skin, hide,

tunnd,

Allied

measure.

Ir. tonii,

Lit.

S.

cutis,

tonn,

thigh,

0.

Ag.

tund, tud,
W.

surface,

tore,

metiory

large, bulky :
'^tuknd, tukno(Welsh),

swell, Eng.

tumeo,

wind, etc.).

root

head

tora,

me,

mus

Lat.

tu, swell.

Ir. tond,

tu,

tin

Eug.

t toinnte, skin, Ir.

tonnag,

measure

somalta,

W.

ton,

^tundd,

as

Cf.

root

Ir., E.

wave,

Celtic

tomad.

; from

Stokes)
a

met,

where

^to-mus,

fxkrpov,a

; Gr.

measure

also

Ir.,

anus,

tonn,

root

tomus

q.v.

meas,

ton,

from

comes

Ir.

0.

Ir.,

so

Dictionary

for

tur, Br.

Lat.

torth

tour

turris,

is borrowed

Celtic

Ir., and

castle, crest,
:

Gr.

from

(cf. '^turet-). It
"heap" also in W.

THE

OP

torrach, pregnant,

Ir.

*torth-aco-^ from
bellied,

has

373

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

fruitful,
torrach, pregnant,
*torato-^ toradh, fruit, q.v.

been

tor, belly, G.

from

E.

Ir. torrach

W.
tarr,

Ir. toran,
Cor.

tarann,

sound

; Lit.

Thor,

and

E.

Ir.

Gaul.

tairnea7iach

Ir.,

so

0.

Skr.

tost

0.

N.

tosgair,

an

Gaulish
root.

"^tusto-,root

tus,

teus,

Pruss.

tussise, silet, Ch.

tush, silere,tushnim,

in

calm

Of.

tichu,
=

clos

(Banff),

tusk-spawd

peats.

or

whence

Slav,

silently, tos,

tusk

ropos,

Jove

Shet.

tushker,

torfskeri, turf-cutter.
ambassador

See

toisg.

tostal,

arrogance,

violation

Gr.

of the

(Hend.).
the Eng.
tosg",a tusk ; from
tosg, a hack, gash, dent (Wh.) :
Sc.
tosg", a peat-cutter (Dial.) ; from
and
tuskar
(Ork.
Sh.), tusk, cut
from

the

thunder,

torand,

grade

an
:

Ir.

^toranno-s

Taranis,

show

Ir.

E.

noise,

tonitruum

taran,

to, tua, silent

;

great

tarti, say.

G.

tosd, silence,
silent

attending,

torrunn, thunder,
W.

torradh,

Ir.

torradh

watching

big-

torwy

compared,
(torradh, H.S.D.), burial, funeral solemnities,
or
watching
waking of the dead, E. Ir. torroma,

post,

or

Ir.

toisg,

journey,

business.

toichiosdal

tosdal,

^to-con-sal,

Ir.

(O'B.), 0. Ir. tochossol,

sal, leap (see tuisleadh)% Also

from

toichiosdal.

tota,

rower's

toth,

foul

trabhach
from
fellow

bench,
blast

turf

see

also

of vapour,

(trabhach, M'F.),
traigh 1
(R.D.).

tobhta.

rubbish

Cf., however,
Cf.

Sc.

stoth,
cast

drabhas.

q.v.

see

ashore,

toit for
the

root.

grass

fiorin

traibfieanach, bedraggled

drab.

Lat.
trabula.
trabhailt, mill-hopper (M'A.) ; possibly from
Lat.
trachdadh, negotiating, proposal, so Ir. ; from
tracto, treat.
Sc. trachle, draggle, fatiguing exertion.
trachladh, fatigue ; from
tradh, a lance, fishing spear, Ir. tradh, lance, treagh, spear ; from
the root
trdgula, a dart.
tar, tra (see thar), through, Lat.
traigh, the shore, Ir. trdigh, E. Ir. trdig : *trdgi- ; see traogh.
to
trail!,a slave, Ir. traill (O'B.), M. Ir. trdill (not well known
Norse
from
thrall.
Jyraell,Eng.
glossographers) ;
traille, the fish tusk :
trait, troidht, a poultice, cataplasm, rag, Ir. treata
{treata, Con.),
plaster :
tramailt, a whim
(M'A.) :
from
Sc. tkrang, Eng. throng.
trang, busy ;
with
sickness
traod, one
wasting away
(Hend.); cf. Ir. (Keat.

traothaim,

wear

out,

am

weary.

374

ETYMOLOGICAL

DICTIONARY

trdighim^ traoghaim, E. Ir. trdgivi, W.

trai, ebb-tide, traeth, shore : *trdg6, from
trdg,
troidh
for
Lat.
etc.
root.
traho,
draw,
; see
corncrake, Ir. traona
cluster, Ir. trapdn :

the

traona,

trapan, a
trasd, across,

trasdan,

Loth

think

trost

mentioned

early

Fr.

Cf.

Sc.

0.

trod,

has

which

Stokes

transtrum,

ti'-ast

as

and

also

trest, beam,

or

0. Ir.
from

transtrum.

fast, Ir. trosgadh,

trud, distress, burden,

trasg,

tragh,

Ir. trost, trabs, from

rafter,

Lat.

from

above.

traste, Lat.

crozier, 0.

trawst,

borrowed

be

to

W.

I. E.

trean-ri-trean.

see

beam,

cross

thar.

of

tra

tar,

treio,ebb,

Ir.

traogh, ebb,

Ir. troscud

Lat.

root
^trusko, '*'trud-sk6,

See

threaten.

trudo, push, Eng.

trom.

Ir., E. Ir. trdth : ^trdtu-, root tra, tar, through

trath, time, season,
(see thar). Cf. W. tro, turn, time, Br. tro, occasion, round
;
turn.
Eng.
tre, through, Ir. tre, tre, E. Ir. tre, tria, tri, 0. Ir. tri, tri, tre,
.

0.

W.

troi,

"^tri,root

trwy,

now

ter, pass

tirds, through,
tora, troimh

over,

Zd.

through

dre,

in

0.

Br.

; Lat.

(do.).
Eng. through.

over,

; also

Br.

Cor.,

tar 6

tre, dre

trans,

See

the

; Skr.

across

root

^trei,

in

thar,

treabh, plough, till,Ir. treabhaim, E. Ir. trebaim, inhabit, cultivate,

0.
tref, homestead,
W., 0. Br. treb :
treh, a dwelling, W.
^trebo-,a house ; Lat. tribus, trebus, a tribe, Eng. tribe ; Eng.
Hence
treabhair,
thorp ; Lit. trobd, dwelling, building.
houses, treibhireach, prudent.
Norse
J^refi,Eng. thrave.
treabha, a thrave
; from
treachail, dig, treachladh
(1) digging (2) fatiguing : *tre-clad\
cladh
and
cf. tochail
for (1) see
; for (2) cf. Sc. trachle.
treaghaid, a darting pain, stitch, Ir. treagh{d)aim, I pierce
smart, treaglad, transpiercing ;
through, M. Ir. treghat, pangs,
Ir. treagh, a spear
:
piercing." See tradh.
ments,
trealaich, lumber, trash, Ir. trealamh, lumber, apparel, instruE. Ir. trelam, weapons,
furniture, apparel : '''tre-lam \
"

for

lam,

see

ullamJi.

trealais, the spleen (M'F.) :

trealamh, indisposition(M'F.) :
(M'A. for Islay) :
trealbhaidh, adult, grown-up
or
time, Ir. treall,M.
treall,treallan, a short space
ter, through, Eng. thrill, pierce.
:
tr6an-ri-tr6an, corn-crake, Ir. traona
treann, cut (Carm.) :
treas, third, Ir. treas,
tris,root
T/ots, Skr.
*tritijo-s.

0.

Ir. tress

tri of

W.

trell,root

tris, thrice, Gr.

trydydd, third, is for

from
"^tristo-,

tri, three.

Ir.

OF

word.

W.

has

375

LANGUAGE.

Ir. treas, E.

t treas, battle, skirmish,

next

GAELIC

THE

battle, bustle, treis,violence,

trm^

stark,

Stokes

C^strg),
strong.

Ir. tressa, W.

0.

treasa, stronger, Ir, treas^ strong, treise^stronger,

trech, fortior, Br. trec'h : *treksj6s,fortior,
sterg, strong, Eng.

root

treg, streg,

stregti,stiffen, Pers.

Lit.

refers

it to

the

malt, groats, Ir. treasumha,

treasg", refuse of brewed
dross, treascach, draffy,M. Ir. tresc, refuse, ofFal
0.

M.

trebar, prudent,
treabh, q.v.

Ir.

trehaire, prudence

tr^ig, forsake, Ir. treigim, E. Ir. trecmi, W.

root
trak, push, press,
^tranhjo, abandon,

is its

pace,

dross,

copper
"^tre-sco ?

(treibhdhireach, Dictionaries),prudent,

Ir.

suturg

treg, trag, draw,

root

further
; treasa
leap, as in troigh, traogh. See treun
comparative really.
treasdach, thorough-paced (of a horse) ; cf. Ir. trosddn,
jump ; root treg, draw, walk, as in troigh.

treibhireach

the

root, cf.

For

Ir. tress.

upright,

; from

of

perish :

trancu,

durachd

in

as

treh

(Stokes),
treis,

while,

greis,
greis.

also

space,

treimhse

Ir.

treihhse, dreibhse

(O'B.),

(Con.) ; see
treisg, treisginn, weaver's
(M'A., Arg.), Ir. treisgin
paste, trash
(Con., etc.),dreislinn
(Monaghan) ; cf. Sc. dre.^sing.
treodhair, a smith's nail mould, Ir. treoir, treoir ; from
ire, tremi,
through %
Ir.
treprach,
treoir, strength, Ir. treoir, conduct, strength, M.
E.
Ir.
of
root
treasa.
treoir,vigour : *treg-ri-,
strong,
treg
Ir.
Ir.
M.
tre6raich, guide,
treoruighim,
treoraigim : ^trag-ri-,root
trag of troigh %
See
treabh.
treubh, a tribe ; from Lat. tribus, a tribe.
treubhach,
valorous, strenuous,
treubhantas,
bravery ; for
"^treuntas,

from

wdiich

treubhach

M'Kinnon

deduced.

is

(Gael. Soc. TrP, 341) refers it to treubh, tribe.

root
treud, flock, heard, Ir. tread, treud, E. Ir. tret : "^trento-,
trem,
Lat.
S.
Jyrurria,
Ag.
(Strachan,
turma,
heap, company
troop,
has
Gr. o-T/oaros
compared
(*strntos)to
Stokes). Windisch
treud.

treun, brave, Ir. treun,

force : *tregno-, root
Celtic

as

^treksno-,

0.

Ir.

treg
W'hich

tren,
of

fortis,

treasa,

would

W.

tren,

strenuous,

Stokes

gives the
*tresno-, modern

q.v.

produce

treann.

tri, three, Ir., 0. Ir. tri, W. tri. Cor. try, Br.

rpeU j Got. preis, Eng.
i^trei-es)
; Gr.

tri

three

'^'treis\ Lat.
; Lit.

tres

trys ; Skr.

trdyas.

trlall, going, journey,

through,"

root

ell of

Ir.

triall, E.

tadhal

'?

Ir.

triall

"^tri-all,

"

go-

376

ETYMOLOGICAL

trian,

third

part,

third, Ir., E.

Ir.

trian,

W.

traian

*treisano-

E.

triath, lord, chief,

Ir. triath

"^treito-s.

the

in

Stokes

trei

root

ancestor

tre, through

of

6th

pron.

(Stokes).
Cha'n
trid, rag, clout, stitch ;
trileanta, thrilling, quavering

'eil trid

"

an

tor

word,

initiative

a),

the

"

G.

piercing,"

Eng.

may

"

trilech,

be

0.

song,

trillme, Sp.

the

from

also

strative
demon-

*em-ti, *en-ti

pron.

Ir.

is

"^trei-t,

the

is

-t

treg of

root

(see
origin of

tre,

ultimate

the

Ir.

trinar
ter

words.

t trilis,locks
from

Eng.

trill,Ital.

thrill

which

air

E.

cf.

Cf.

of birds.

trirech, song

final

; the

(Eng. that, Gr. to) ;

to

Lat.

compares

degree.
E. Ir. trice : '^trekki-,root
trie, frequent, often, Ir. ti'-ic,
troigh (Stokes, Strachan).
id
trid, trid, through, by, Ir. trid, E. Ir. trit, per eum,
trttavus, stritavus,

from

tri.

treas,

see

DICTIONARY

of

Lat.

hair,

tricia,

(obs.),E. Ir.

Ir. trilis

trica, plait,Gr.

triliss ; cf.

Tpi\a,

Eng.

three

in

tress,

parts,

root

tri, three.

trill,sand plover (Heb.,

trilleachan, trileachan

Miss

Freer)

(drilleachan, M'A.),

the

pied

oyster-

catcher, sea-piet :
trillsean

(drillsean, M'A.),

trilisedn,torch, lantern,
"

trinnseir,

lantern,
earlier

glimmer, Ir.
trilsen,facula, trillsech,sparkling

piercing," from
tre, ter, as
plate, trencher, Ir. trinsiur

rush-light,
in
;

triotalaid, trouble, tribulation, Ir. triobloid,

Lat.

tribulatio, Eng.

trileanta
from

tre^icher.

Eng.
E.

Ir.

treblait

; from

tribulation.

%
Eng. tremble
triobuail, vibrate, quiver ; from
trionaid, a trinity,Ir. trionoid, trionoid, E. Ir. trinoit, 0. Ir. trindbit ; from
Lat.
trinitdt-,trinitas,a trinity,from
tres, three.
The
Gadelic
is developed from
*trin{i)tdti-.
triubhas, trews, trousers, Ir. trius, M. Ir. tribus, 0. Ir. trebus,
tubrucus
breeches, L. Lat.
(Isidore), tribuces
(Du Cange),
breeches"
from
Sc.
thigh
Eng. trooze,
(D' Arbois) ;
trews,
"

trouses,

triucair,
from

0.

trousers,

now

rascal
Fr.

from

trunkhose.
Sc.

truker, trukier,

tricher, to trick,

allied

to

Eng.

deceitful

person,

trick.

in tartan
triuchan, a stripe of distinguishing colours
:
triuth
triuthach,
(M'F.), hooping cough, triogh (M'A.), a fit
or
laughing
pster
coughing, Ir. triuch, trioch : root
sreothart

trobhad,

come

of
of

1
thou

*to-romh-t,

"

to

hither
before

to

you

me

?"

opposite

of

thug^ad

^to-ro'-ad,

OF

tr6cair,
M.
"

Ir.,

mercy,
Br.

0.

loving

W.

from

Cor.

tregereth,
^trougo-kai^ja,
:
truagh and car,

trugaredd,
merciful

trucarauc,

wretched,"

377

LANGUAGE.

frocaire, W.

Ir.

0.

trugarez,
of the

GAELIC

THE

the

roots

of

love,

quarrel, scolding, Ir. troid, M. Ir. trot, quarrel, combat,

trottach, quarrelsome : '^truddo-, root
trud, distress, bother
;
Norse
lack
Lat.
fail,
trudo, push, Eng.
Jyrjota,
Eng. threat,
;
obtrude
SI. trudu, difficulty.
; Ch.
troggal, earlier trogell : to-ro-odtrog, raise, trogail, raising,Manx
trod,

that

gab,

to

with

tog

say,

the

ro
prep,
E. Ir.

PrayP-, 138)

Rhys

[Manx
compares
sun) : "^to-for-gab-.
(Dial.), busy dealing, trog, busy

of the

trog,

is

trash

See

tog.

turcbdl, a rising (as

dealing,

Sc.

from

old

clothes, troggin, pedlar's

Fr.
from
truck.
truck,
barter,
Eng.
troquer,
wares,
trogbhoil, grumbling (M'A.), trogbhail, quarrel (Nich., trogbhail,
Arm., Sh., O'R.) :
droich.
troich, a dwarf
; see
shoe
trdidht, cataplasm, rags, shapeless worn
(Skye) ; see trait.
troigh, misspelt troidh, a foot, Ir. troigh, 0. Ir. traig, g. traiged,
W.
traed, 0. Cor. truit, pes, M. Br. troat : ^traget-{^troget-?),
foot, root trag, leap, draw, Gaul,
vertragos, greyhound ; I. E.
traho,
tragh ; Got.
}"ragjan, run,
Ag. S. Jyrah, course
; Lat.
troke, to

barter, trog,

inserted.

bargain,

draw.
on
troileis,any triflingthing ; founded
Eng. trifles1
troimh, through, 0. Ir. tremi-, trans-, super- : *trimo-,

For

the

heavy,

Ir.

tre.

trom,

Got.
trod

0.

trom,

trud-s-mo-s,

Zeit.^S

Ir.

comh-.

roimh,

W.

tromm,

Cor.

trwm.

trom,

Br.

droman
Jew's

the

Fr.

"

208.

dwarf,

troman,

tromb,

cf.

mh,

or

distress
oppressive," from trud, oppress,
See
us-J?riutan, oppress,
Eng. threat ; Lat. trudo, push.
For
further.
other
views, see Rhys' Lect.'^,1 14, Zimmer

trourti,

G.

mi

tri of

from

elder,

(M'A.)
harp

Ir.

tromdn,

0.

Ir. tromm,

g.

truimm

; also

from

Sc.

(do.),Eng.

trump

from

trump,

trompe.

trombaid,

trumpet,

Ir. trompa,

L.

M.

Ir.

; from

trompadh

the

Eng.

troraid, a spire,steeple (M'F.) ; founded

trosdail, dull, seriously inclined, Ir.

on

Eng.

turret.

trosdamhuil,

serious,

fident
con-

trosdan,

crutch, support,

trostan,

long

slender

Ir.

pole.

trostdn, crutch,
See

trasd

pilgrim's staff,W.

for root.
46

378

ETYMOLOGICAL

tros^,

Norse

Ir. trosg ; from

codfish,

DICTIONARY

torsh,

Dan.

]?orshr,

Ger.

dorsch.

Ch.

and

pitiful,so

Ir., E.

Ir.

troc, miser, Br.

SI.

wear

Norse

Gr.

From

Celtic

truaill, a

sheath,

trud, push

Eng.

comes

Eng.

"^trougo-,miser,

refers

ment
instru-

carving

strugaa,

root

distressed

out,

worn

straucheln, stumble

Ger.

stroke,

tru.

the

it to

0.

G.

H.

of

root

druh,

Norse

compes.

t7uant.

Ir., E.

so

am

compulsion,

J?rugan,

say.

Trogos

Stokes

*troug-can-^

triiag, 0. Ir. trhg, W.

distress. Lit.
to

(Windisch, Prellwitz).

(O'B.)
can,

crrpevyofjiaL,

strjuka,

}"ruga,press,

Gaul.

tru,

strugati, scratch,

Eng.

truacdnta

truagh

expressing
truagh, wretched,
streug, rub,

Ir.

pity," from

"

Corn,

the

; from

trot, trot, trotan, trotting

truacantas,
compassion,

Ir. truaill

thrust, Lat.

*troud-s-li-, root

Saa

trudo.

further

trend,

trod,

trom.

trualnim, 0. Ir.
drudilnithe, corruptus, oellned, inquinatio, illuvies, elnithid,
violator, from
eln-, 0. Ir. as-lenaimm, polluo, G. root len {len,

truaill, pollute, violate,

Ir.

Ascoli), foedare
(Lat. lino, smear,
truaill
into
der-uad-len
analyses
refers
the
Thurneysen
tru-, dm-,
trucis.

(Stokes).

dru-es-len

E.

(Stokes).
a
trudair, a stammerer,
dirty or
stammerer
(Lh., O'B., Con.).
Ir. ; in the

origin

in

as

Norse

its

as

base

or

'?

trusdar

habits, trollop^
truis, tear, snatch,
of

"

to

get

truss,"
out

the

"

the

only,

trux,

Eng.

throe

Ir.

trudaire,
word

the

first

sense,

and

likely of

the

debtor,

has

bad

Jyrjotr,knave,

from

truis

Sc.

trolie, a

Sc.

; from

truss

G.

filthyfood

person,

Or

fashion

scattering

tru, wretched,

person,

Lat.

of

root

is

same

been

origin.

dirty

intensive), while

the

to

Ascoli

1).

lean

in

{der-

obscene
In

Ir.

as

Ir.

it is G.

sense,

trusdar.

as

adduced

truilleach,

second

E.

truaillim,

truss,

*trus-lic-,root

to

eat

(Ork.), Icel. tros, Eng. trash.

Hence
is from
Eng. truss.

slovenly

of

person

in

slovenly,

In
the

trus

the

cry

to

sense

dogs

; from

the
triip, a troop
Eng.
truss
or
bundle, collect,
trus,

trwsa,

; from

truss

tortiare, tortus,

trusdar,

Ir.

Eng.

twisted.

trusdalaim,
truss,

See

also

0.

Fr.

truss

up,

girdle, W.

trusser, from

L.

Lat.

triuhhas.

filthyfellow, filth ; cf. Ir., E. Ir. trist,curse, profligacy,

L. Lat.
tristus,improbus.
trusgan, clothes, apparel, Ir. truscdn, trosgdn, clothes, furniture
;
founded
trus.
Cf.
from
the
trousseau
on
origin.
same
Eng.
?
Sc. trucker, deceiver, trickster
truthair, a traitor, villain ; from
Or

from

Eng.

traitor

Cf.

trudair.

OF

; Gr.

tuagh,

axe,

Eng.

thou

M.

Ir.

(TV

so

Ir.,

teugh,

root

hammer,

comparison
tuaicheal, dizziness,
the

against
Ir.

; Zd.

Ir.

tuagach, hitting

Gr.

left-about
confused

Stokes

tukos,

prefers

with

*tuath-cell,

"

left

(north)

tuaineal.

Of.

Ir.

so

discussed

Ir.

dizziness, stupor,

(Lh., O'B., etc.): "^to-fo-less

;

^to-for~med-,

*?

med

root

turbulence

of

the

from

Eng.

(Dineen)

trance

swoon,

"^to-fo-neul1

Or
Ir.

vicinity,

aim,

guess,

leas-1

under

toineall,

ell of tadhal

root
*to-fo-in-el,
a

fashion,

Tev\iM,

tukalo, cuspis.

tuailt, tubhailt, a towel ; Ir. tudhoille

(Dial.) ; see tualaig.
tuainig*,unloose

tuaiream,

*tougd

{*tug).
(Sh.), winding, eddying, moving
*to-fo-ceU (for cell,see
timchioll),
:

*lisso-,blame,

tuaineal,

tu.

tuj, hit

going
tuaileas, reproach, scandal,
from

tou

Skr.

tuachail, goi^ig?
"

"^^w ; Lat.

SI.

tuachioll

sun,

te

flail ; Ch.

rvKavr],

with

strike

hit,

tuq,

E.

tuag,

ty^ te, Br.

Corn,

t%

Priiss.

379

LANGUAGE.

Ir. tu, W.

tu, thu, thou, Ir., 0.

tu

GAELIC

THE

tuairim

also

tuairmse

meas.

tuaireap,
tuairgneadh, confusion, sedition, Ir, iuargdn, noise, discontent
:
Ir.
M.
Ir.
tuarasgbhdil,
tuarascbal,
tuairisgeul, description, report,
description, 0. Ir. tuarascbaim, for to-for-as-gab-,root gab of
gabh.
eirmis.
:
tuairmeis, hit on, discover
"^do-fo-air-mes^s
; see
tuairneag, anything round, a boss, tidy female, tuairnean, a
:

mallet, beetle,

tuairnin,

Ir.

mallet

; cf.

the Eng.
tuairnear, a turner, Ir. turnoir
; from
tuaisd, a dolt, sloven, tuaisdeach, unseemly :
tuaitheal, wrong,
left-wise, Ir. tuaithbhil, E.
tuath

and

tuathal,

seal
the

deiseil

see

left

hand,

latter

for

word.

next

root

Ir.

tuathbil

and

form.

; from

Ir. has

awkward.

flux, tuanlaig
tualaig, loose
(Arm.), have
{n. elided, Perth),
tuainig, tuanag, loosening (Dial.): from leig, "^to-fo-leig.
Lat.
tuam, tuama, a tomb, Ir. tuama
tumba, Eng. tomb.
; from
*taurio-, root
tuar, food, 0. Ir. tuare
:
staur, place, store, Eng.
store, Skr.

tuar,

hue, appearance
*to-vor-, root ver,

tuarasdal,

fixed

sthdvara,

wages,

so

cf.

;
vor,

Ir.,

tal, root

oi
M,

tuasaid,

root

Ir.,

; Lat.

tollo ;

Eng.

sta.

M.

Ir.

tuar,

an

omen,

presage

1y.

tuarustul,
Ir.

; I. E.

thole.

tuarastal:

taile,salarium,

^to-fo-ar asW.

tdl, payment.

reXos, tax, rdXavTov,

tail, tldth.

tel ; Gr.
See

quarrel, fight, Ir. fuasaoid, animosity, spite, E.

fuasait,
development :
to-fo-ad-sedd-,
entwickelung,"
a

"

fhuair^.

lift,M.

tal, tel,take,
Cor., Br. tal, solvit

talent

Ir.
G.

380

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

root

sedd

Root

sed

"

sizd, si-sed, set,

But
cf faosaid.

from
of suidhe.

"

set-to

idea

the

being

Ir.

tuasg'ail,loose, untie,
tuath,

people, tenantry,

people

Umbr.

Lat.

totus,

all ;

Dutch

; Lettic

tuath,
Gr.

left

evoivvixos,

left,

hand,

the

that

Fray.^, 62) suggests

^do-hitth
"turning
i^to-su-),
tuba,

tub

hence

also

being

Ir. tubaiste

tuban,

tuch,

{Manx
Rhys
(see iompaidh)

turn
or

asivy

hand,

left

aseu,

G.

tubbiste

the

distaff

(D.

of

tiompaiste,

G.

L.), Arran

of wool

tuft

W.

cf.

Eng.

M.

tubaist, mischance,

"^toutd,

^^jm^J,good;

Got.

is su,

"^ad-sou-i-.

"

the

; from

to"

Lat.

land.

tauto,

good,"

root

*toutd,

German,

Deutsch,

good-omened."

"

hand,

tuath, left, north

Ir.
"

Teuto-

tilvtu, populus,

Pruss.

0.
0.

tuaith,

tuath,

(adj.), left

"^touto-s

Tout-,

Oscan

toto, state,

tduta, people,

Ir.

Gaul.

tud,

tud,

W.

tuath, populus,

J?iuda, people, Teutonic,

Got.

north,

tus, Br.

Cor.

nation.

country,

Ir.

0.

Ir.,

so

leig,let, q.Y.

lee of

^to-fo-as-lec-im,from

Ir. tuaslaicim

E.

releasing,

tuaslagadh,

on

hoarse, tuchan,

become

smother,

toban.

see

hoarseness

*t-uch

cf.

W.

ig, sob, hiccup.

tudan, a small heap or stack (dud, M'A.) :
thug.
tug, brought ; see
witticisms
(Dial., H.S.D.) :
tugaidean,
tugha, thatch, covering, tugh (vb.),Ir. tuighe (n.), tuighim (vb.),
E.

Ir. tuga,
Br.

to,

patch

tectum,

W.

tvgim,
toenn

to,

thatch,

cover,

*togio-, '^togo-,root

tegere,

toi,

tog, steg,

as

Cor.
in

to,

tigh,

teach.

tughag,

Ir.

tuig, understand,
root
qes

of

ges
of

chi

; but

knob,

weal

tukich).

So

235.

has

;dso

pol, pel

root
"^to-od-cesi,

as

Ir. tuicse, electus

0.

tuic.

been

tu,

thumb,

Eng.

0.

The

flood, imrbl,

The

G.

stem

"^tidid, root

ZeifJ^,

tolam,

gives

tfila, tuft

Stokes

abound,
root

tuile

Ir.

; Skr.

the

*to-od-ges-,

taste, Eng. gusto.

gus,

flood, Ir., 0.

give

tucci7)i

tuiccim,

given

would

this

*to-cd-gus-, root

tuil, a

have

Some

tug.

Ir.

0.

tuigim,

swell;

Gr.

tumid,

etc.

r-uAos,

(See

ol, to flood,

Ir. root

foroil, abundance,

suggested,

as

in

etc.

iol-.

(Carm.) :
tuilis, overloading stomach
tuille,tuilleadh, more
(n.),Ir. tuille,tuilleadh, addition, tuilleamh,
wages,

addition,

enhance,

E.

deserve,

"^to-eln-,deserve,

Ir.
as

and

tuilled,tuillem, addition,
in

G.

toill.

Two

to-oln, much,

huilliu, plus, ^olnios, root^j'o^,pel,

words

many,

Gr.

are

tuillim,
mixed

oil, great,
ttoAvs, Lat. plus

E.

more,

inf. to

Ir.

THE

OF

etc.

(see iol).

pollere, which
The

G.

from

tuille

of

syntax

equates the 0. Ir. uilliu, oil, with Lat.

(Wharton).
*pol-no-, root jpol as above

Stokes
is

shows

well
than) as
(addition and).
tuimhseadh,
beating, thumping,

(more

na

381

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

its

as

force

comparative

tuille

Ir.

agus,

tuinnse,

agus

{Gael. Soc. Tr}^,

blow

tuille

in

tuilleadh

260), M. Ir, tuinsiTii, calco, tuinsem, bruising, '^to-ud-nessim

Stokes
Lat. tundo, beat.
on
(Str.) ; founded
queries if cognate.
Ir.
tumidhe,
abode, possession,
tuineadh, an
possession (O'CL),
E.
also
tuiniieadh
and
Ir. tunide
G.) : "^to-nes-,root
(Ir.
;
nes

comhnuidh,

in

as

tuinneasach, deathful,
tuinnidh, firm, hard,
tuinidhe

Cf,

tuineadh,

; from

tuireadh,

relating,Ir.

"

clocha

being

settled,

fixed."

tuirtheachda, relation, rehearsal,

ret,
from

(as

run

^to-rim,

in

riiith).

root

rwi,

; for

root

aireamh).
Ir. tuireamh,

dirge, lamentation,

dirge, elegy

tuirse.

tuireann,
E.

in

(O'B., Sh.), immovable,

idea

the

turthiud, pi. tuirtheta, tale, from

aithris.
E. I. tuirem,
reciting, is
(as

death

tuineamh,

Ir.

number

see

tuinneamh,

Ir. tuinidhe

tuir, relate, tuireadh,

E.

q.v.
Ir.

(I):

Ir. turend

tuireasg,
cut.

fire

of

spark

Ir.

saw,

from

an

*t""-rind

tuiriosg, E.

anvil,
For

Ir. tuireann

rind,

Ir. turesc

see

(O'B., etc.),

reannag.

"^tar-thesc,from

teasg,

q.v.

tuirl, tuirling", descend,

doarblaing,

tuirse, sadness,

desilit
Ir.

Ir.

tuirlingim,

to-air-ling-;

tuirse, M.

toris,toirsech, tristis

Ir. tor,

for

E.

tairlingim,

Ir.

ling, jump,

sad,

E.

Ir.

Ir.

0.

Ir.

leum.

toirsi,tord,

tor, ter, tre, Lat.

; root

see

0.

tristis,sad.

Lat.
tuis, incense, Ir., M. Ir., E. Ir. tilis ; from
tils, Gr. dvos.
0.
Ir.
tuisleadh, a stumbling, fall,so Ir.,
tuisled, prolapsio, tuisel,
casus,

labo

dofuislim,

salio, leap, dance,

seleti,glide,
isl is what

tuit,

fall,Ir.

creep.

remains

Eng.
of isel

; Lat.

aXXofiat, leap; cf. Lit.

where
analyses it into "^'to-fo-isl-,

insult]

Ascoli

Ir.

sal, spring

or

tuitim,

Gr.

losal, low.
inf.

tutimm,

pi. totman, also

root
tothimm, "^tod-tim, Gadelic
-tini-,W, codivni, a fall (cf.Ir.
cudai7n),codymu, cadere, Cor. codlia; cf. Eng. tumble,Fi\ toniher,
fall.
would
Usually explained as *to-fo-thet-,from theid, which
that
the
crasis
of
naturally be tuid in (7., even
granting
in
landed
inf.
in
the
-ojothe-simply
-ui-,not to mention
served
preRoot
think.
tud
to-tud
m
(tulteam).
(Thur.) ;
tul, entirely, Ir. tut (i.e.tuile, O'CL), increase, flood : an adverbial
of the root
Cf
Ir. tola, superfluity.
form
of tuil, flood 1
use
tul, fire,hearth, heap (Carm.)
tuitim,

0.

root
"^to-fo-ess-sal-im,

ace.

382

ETYMOLOGICAL

tulach,

Ir.

hillock, Ir., E.

DICTIONARY

tulach

; root

TvXr) (y long), swelling,

knob,

swelling

weal

Lat.

rvXo%

; Gr.

tuber

tumor

tulag, the fish whiting, Ir. tullog, the pollock ; cf. pollag.
tulchann, tulchainn, a gable, posterior, Ir. tulchdn, hillock

; from

tulach

tulchuiseach, plucky (Hend.)

turn, dip, tumadh,
dipping, so
Ger.

Ir., E.

*tumh6

tummim:

Ir.

Eng. tiyige,tincture

tinguo, tingo, wet,

tunna,

thmnh.

Eng.

swell

tu,

0.

G.

H.

tunne^

M.

Lat.

dip,

duncon,

tunken, dip, steep,

tun,

Norse

Ir., E.

ton,

Ger.

tunna,

Ir. tunna
all
;

tonne

Ag.

from

S.

Lat.

tunna,

Eng.

tonne,
Stokes

cask.

Norse
(^Bez. Beit}^) suggests
borrowing
Kluge
;
of Celtic
On
this see
ttonn.
as
origin.
regards the words
tunnachadh,
beating, dashing ; see tuimhseadh.
tunnag, a duck, Ir. tonnog %
tunnsgadh,
upheaval (R. D.) :
tur, entirely, Ir. tura, plenty (tura namhad,
tur, gu
plenty of
enemies), E. Ir. tor, a crowd
(dat. tur) ; see tbrr.
from

tur,

Ir. tur

tower,

from

M.

the

Fr.

0.

from

Eng. tour, tur,

tur, Lat.

turris.

tur, understanding

; cf.

M.

Ir.

tuirini,rotuiraet, scrutati

turadh,

dry

sunt, for

condiment),

turud, terad, adj. tur, dry, tair : root tor,

turag", a trifling illness (as of a child) Arg :

of

ter

Ir.

sir,search,

to-fo-shirim,from

tur, dry (without

weather,

0.

research, examination,

tur,

so

Ir., E.

tioram

Ir.

"

turaman,

rocking, nodding ; see turrahan.

turcais, tweezers
(M'A.), pincers ; see durcaisd.
destruction
turguin,
(H.S.D. from
MSS.), M. Ir. tuarcain, smiting,
E. Ir. tuarcaim
Ir.
(dat.),hitting : "^to-fo-argim,root
org, 0.
Gaul.
Orgeto-rix :
occisio, 0. Br. orgiat, Caesar's
orcun,
orgun,
*urg-,

root

connection

press,

verg,

with

Gr.

Lat.

rages,
a

0.

H.

large

G.

arg,

fire

what

is vile

"^t-ur-lach,from

Stokes

urgeo.

suggests

gives Zend
Bezzenberger
Skr. rghdyati, raves,
compares

ep^xOo), tear

battle, fight ; Brugmann

areza,

turlach,

vrg,

or

bad.

Ir. ur,

ur,

fire, Gr.

izvp,

Eng.

jire.

turlach,

bulky, squat person

torr, turadh.
; see
round
a
lump,
turlas, small cupboard (Perth) ; see tairleas.
Ir. turloch
in
dries
turloch, a lake that
summer,
a

loch.

turn,

turn,

job

from

the

Eng.

Cf. W.

; from

twrllach,

tur

and

OF

383

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

turraban, turraman,
rocking of the body, nodding, grief (turadan,
Hence
drowsiness,
slumbering
a
turra-chadal,
Sh.).
nodding sleep :
"

"

turra^,

accident

an

turradh, a surprise, taking unawares

turraig, air do thurraig, at stool
turram,

sound,

soft

murmur

(Skye) :
(M'A.) :
onomatopoetic.

But

cf.

toirm,

torrunn.

turtur,

turtle,

Ir., W.

so

turtur

Lat.

from

turtur.

journey, Ir., E. Ir. turtis, 0, Ir. tururas, incursus, aururas,

(see ruith).
root, ret, run
properatio : "^to-reth-s-tu,
W.
tus, the beginning, Ir. tus, 0. Ir. tuus, tus,
tywys, leading ; see

turus,

tbiseach.

tut, interjection of cold or impatience;

tut, a quiet breaking of wind, stench,
allied

tuthan,

Eng.

tuthdn

Ir.

thud.

Ir. tutt, stench

smoky.

from

See

tut.

Ir. tut, M.

Keating's tutmhar,

(Arm., M'L.),

slut

Cf.

toit, q.v.

to

from

the

of

root

the

word.

above

ua,

Ir.

0, from,

6,

ua,

0.

Ir. ua,

hua,

"^ava,

ab

Skr,

dva, ab,

See
SI. u-, ab, away.
{au-fero),away
o.
; Ch.
the
her
root
uabairt, expulsion : "^od-bert-,prefixed by ua 1 from
(in heir).
uabhar, pride, so Ir., 0. Ir. uahar, vainglory, W. ofer, waste, vain
(Ascoli): ^ouhro-, root eug, rise, Gr. t'^/ot?,insolence
(see
It
has
also
been
"^ua-her
into
like
uabairt
analysed
nasal).
Lat.

off;

an-

"

e-latio," elation.

uachdar,

surface, summit,

root

eug,

so

rise, be

veg,

Ir., 0.

vigorous,

Ir.
as

uachtar,
in

uasal,

ochtar

"^ouktero-,

Cf. W.

q.v.

uthr,

admirandus.

uadh-

uadh-bheist,

in

uadh-chrith,

monster,

terror

uath

see

below.

uaigh,

grave,

Got.

augo,

and

Ir.

eye,

Got.

empty.

uaill, pride,

0.

eye.

secret, lonesome,

"lonesome-kind,"

uaimh,

Eng.

Ir, uag,

E,

Ir.

"^augd,

uag,

See

for

force

Ir.,

M.

Ir.

dearc.

allied

So

to

Stokes,

rightly.

uaigneach,

veg

M.

uaigh,

Ir.

from

so

aujys, waste,

desert

Ir.

uaill,

uaill, E,

uagnech

otium,

; Lat,

0.

Ir. uall

*uath-gen-,

Norse

single;

uath, lonesome,

au^r,

rest.

*ouhsld,

root

eug,

of uasal.
a

Ir.

cave,

huam,

den,
specus

suggests *poumd,

Ir.

uaimh,

g.

(alsohudd, specu)
allied

to

Gr.

M.

uamha,

Trw/xa,

Ir.

*ou7nd.

lid

uaim,

g. uama,

Bezzenberger

("^Trtov/xa)
; Strachan

384

ETYMOLOGICAL

Gr.

compares

den,

uaine,

Ir.

green,

bed

evv-q,

is correlated

DICTIONARY

W.

(Ger. ivohnen, dwell).

ogof,

cave,

Ascoli.

by

uaine, uaithne,

E.

Ir.

Strachan

uane.

suggests

^ugnio-, root
possibility of a Gadelic
wet, Gr.
veg, be
wet
(seefeur).
vypos,
uainneart, bustle, wallowing, Ir. tlnfuirt, wallowing, tumbling ;
also G. aonairt, aonagail :
uair, an hour, Ir. uair, 0. Ir. huar, uar, g. Iwre, W. au"7', Cor. our,
the

0.

Br.

Br.

aor,

heur

eur,

Lat.

; from

hour.

hora, Eng.

Hence

uaireadair, a watch, tm\e-^\eee,lv.uairead6ir ('''horatorium?).

uaisle, pride, nobility,so Ir. ; from
iiasal,q.v.
Ir.
ualach
:
uallach, a burden,
^podl-; O.H.G.
fazza, a bundle,
Ger. fassen, hold
(Strachan). Also G. eallach, q.v.
uallach, gay, proud, so Ir. ; from itaill.
uamhag", sheep-louse :
uamharr,

dreadful, Ir. uatlwihar,

q.v.
Dial,

Used

adverbially, like

E.

Eng.

dread, horror, uathbhas,

death"
"^uath-hds, dread
; see
"

uamhunn,

horror,
Ir.

Cor.

Br.

Bez.

uathhhds,

uath

and

uath, fear,

denote

excess.

Gaul,

aoun,

-obnos,
hi-abrjan, be

cfs. Got.

Gr.

E.

Ir. uathbhds

has.

uamhan, awe,
horror, E.
homon, rarely dmun, fear,

Ir. uamun^
W.

Ex-ohnus.

homan,

ofn, fear, awe.

^obno-s,
:

Fearless

(but

astounded

abrs

means

a^vw, suddenly.

Ir. uan,

:
pi. ivyn, Cor. oin, Br. oan
Ch.
SI.
dfjLv6"s
^ogno-s
(for df^vos)\
jagne ;
agnus
lamb
also Ag. S. eanian, to yean
or
(^aunon).
waterfall, heavy shower, confluence
(Sutherland Dial.), Ir.,
Arm.
E.
Ir. liardn, fresh
has
spring ; see fuaran.
uaran,
a

lamb,

Ir.,

M.

; Lat.

uar,

Ir.

Ir.

powerful "), and

"

uan,

omun,

own,

fear.

; from

aivfully,to

uarraidh.

uamhas,

0.

Ir. itathmar

fresh

W.

oen,

; Gr.

water.

uarach, hourly, temporary

(H.S.D), homely (M'L.) ; from uair.
ucliel,Br. uhel, huel,
uasal, noble, proud, Ir., 0. Ir. uasal, W.
Gaul,
uxello- : ^oukselo-, high, root
rise, increase
veg,
eug,
;
Gr. i)j/'7yA,os,
Lat.
high, av^w, increase
increase,
vigeo,
;
augeo,
Ger.
be strong ; Eng. up,
auf ; Lit. duksztas, high,
t uath, dread, Ir. uath, 0. Ir. uath, Cor. uth, Br. eus, heuz, horror
;
foul
Lat.
1
root
'^pouto-,
putris, Eng. putrid, foul
pu,
;
ub ! ubub
! interjectionof contempt
or
aversion, 0. Ir. upp.
0. Ir. upta,
ubag, utaaidh, a charm, Ir. uptha, upadh, sorcerer,
fascinatio, uptha,

Manx

speak (see ob, refuse).

hurt,

Zimmer

sorcery
refers

*od-ba-t-, from

it to

root

ben

of

ba,
bean,

touch,

ubairt, rummaging
ubraid.

obbee,

among

heavy

articles,

bustle

(Dial.);

see

OP

! ubh

ubh

ubh,

an

interjection of
Br.

oy,

GAELIC

LANGUAGE.

diso-ust

or

Jr. uhli^ ugk, 0.

egg,

uy,

THE

?", vi

385

(?),W.
o'y/Seov,
egg,

Ir. og, ub

Cor.

pi. ivyan,

wy,

^ogo.s; (jv.
phonetics

Eng. iiliexv.

; of.

amazement

furtlier

Lat.

(oov,

the
l)etween
Eng. egg.
as
other
connection
ditticult ; but
the
languages is somewhat
is indisputable.
ubhal, apple, Ir. ubhall, E. Ir. ahall, uhidl, O. Ir. aball, W. afal,
The

ovum,

Cor.

0.

apfel
H.

ubhla,

Br.

auallen,

Ger.

G.

; Lit.

obulys.

ubraid,

"^(ihallon- ;

"^abaUo-^

Stokes

(]ueries

now

Eng

Ger.

apple^

o6.s^,fruit,

obaz, Ag. S. ofef,fruit.

fine, penalty

avallen

and

Celtic

confusion,

also

dispute,

iiprait

*nd-hert-,

her

from

of

beir.
ucas,

ug^sa,

uchd,

the

coal-fish,stenlock

breast,

and

Ir.,0.

so

^poktugive '^puptu-, Lettic

Bezzenberger

Lit.

'pdpas, breast
allied
gives ^o^'i7^s,

ud,

Ir.

yonder,

yon,

(Eng.

ud,

to

pectus.

E.

Ir. ut

breast,
St.

pxippa).

now

iochd.

See

sud

; for

Stokes

pectus
woman's

pups,

Lat.

from

pap

Lat.

For

[sat),q.v.

loss

of

article.

s, cf. the

udabac, outhouse, porch,

uti-bak,

Ir. ucht

shake,
Ir.

(udabac, Uist) ;

Norse

from

"^

"out-back

to
udail, cause
(O'Cl.), 0.

back-house

waver,

remove,

utniall, unsteady,

Ir.

uchtihall,quick, stirring

utmaille, instability:

ut

of

(Rhys).
cf. Norse
udail, inhospitable, churlish, udlaidh, gloomy
utlagi,
an
outlaw, utlagd',outlawry.
udail.
Cf. hidna/u.
udalan, a swivel, Ir. udaldn
(Fob, O'li.); from
udhar, a boil, ulcer ; also othar, q.v.
udlaiche, a stag, old hart (Arm.) :
and
to
udrathad, utraid, free egress
common
pasture ;
regress
from
"out-roacl."
the Norse
cf. iUrei", an
expedition,
sud-\-tamall

"

the

ug'an,

part of
gill (Heb.)

upper
fish

ugann,

Ughdair, author,

Ir.

the

breast,

Ir.

ugdn,

of

craw

fowl,

lighdar,

E.

Ir. ugtar,

0.

Ir. augtor

Lat.

; from

auctor.

coal-fish

Ugsa,

uibe,

being."

But

number,

number

uidh

see

lump

mass,

uibhir,

; from

(uidh),care,

uidh,

into

ford,
a

that

current

ucas.

(as

dough), iob

of

; cf.

faob

ojfa, ball,
quantity, Ir. uibhir, uimhir,

*ud-bio-,

"

out-

cf. Lat.

Lat.

part

numir,

number.

Ir. uidh

of

; also

Ir.

Eng.
(obs.),0. Ir. oid ; see taidhe.
stream
leaving a lake before breaking
isthmus
(M'Kinnon, uidli, aoi) ; from

numerus,

heed,

E.

a
an

47

386

ETYMOLOniCAT.

eW,

Norse

DICTIONARY

neck

isthmus,

an

land.

of

older

Hence

Ey, Huy,
Stornoway,
uidh, uidhe, a journey, distance, Ir. uidhe,
profectio : *odio-n^ root pod^ ped, go
Gr.

TToSos, foot

Eng. foot

accoutrements,

Br.

E.

Ir.

tide, 0.

; Lat.

; Skr.

near

Ir.

kuide,

pedis,

pes^

foot

jugum
;
'^ad-jung-mi-.
nook,

; from

iiidh

uile, all, the

careful
the

in

(Skye, Lewis).

Uig

admi.

pi. n.

vik, bay, creek, Eng.

and

uile, 0.
ttoAAos

Gr.

in

Ir.

Lat.
"^soll-,

-wich.

nick,

uigean,

Hence

W.

"

it to

"^polio-s,root

pol,

see

iol-.

many

have

all, Ger.

derived

Stokes

it from

deduces

the

hoi, Br. hall, oil (see slcin).

M.

Ir.

uillinn,

uille, pi. ace.

*olen- ;
(ace), W., Cor. elin, Br. ilin, elin
ulna
coAt^v,iJiXevr)
; Lat.
; Ag. S. eln, Eng. ell,elbow.
uilear, enough, etc. ; see fuilear.
uill (uill,H.S.D.), oil thou, uilleadh, oil (n.); see
ola.
uilleann, honeysuckle, so Ir, (O'B.), M. Ir. feithlend, woodbine
0.

Ir.

uilin

under

see

uimpe,
tlin, tline, time,

her
Ir.

uaiji, leisure,
Strachan

gives

comfort,

0.

uime,
(

Hence
about

time

'^'ucn-

from

Norse

From

Ag.

wymvynyn

from

unus,

as

G.

windauga,
S.

form,
at

care,

see

for

nine, 0.

of

feith,

from

euq,

Ir.

wait.

okas,

Skr.

Ir.

M.

one,

vet

Ir.

fuindeog, fuindeoc ;
Eng. window
(^ wind eye).

M.

(Stokes, Lis.).

Lat.

E.

winnock,

uinniun,

uainicionn.

fuinneog,
Sc.

mu,

uimhi

ease.

Ir.

from

uime,

of

Ir.

uainneart.

windaege

onion,
;

reduced

from

0.

imh-shi).

or

(Carm.)
M.

it, Ir.

time, opportunity,
*ut-nio-, root
ut,

form

composition

him,

imb-sl

"VK7]Xos,free

uinich, bustle,
uinicionn, lambskin
uinneag, a window,

an

Ir. imm-

about

uain,

tumultus

uinnean,

Ir. mm-,

circum,

q.v.

Gr.

feith.

(Carm.)

coffer

and

meaning

*oljo-s,Eng.

whence

oil, all. Corn,

uille, g. uilleann,

Ir.

Some

oAos,

Gr.

sollus, whole,

elbow,

first

ttoAios),much,

philologists refer
{*oln6-s, Mayhew).

words

the

uile, huile

most

alls

Brittonic

aoigh

; from

Ir.

pel, full, many,

uileann,

instrumentum,

form

second,

whole,

all, Got.

adim,

Norse

place-name

uig'heil,pleasant,

Stokes

Ir.

requires

wanderer,

fugitive,
from

0.

Gadelic

The

jungas.

Cf.

cove

the

Hence

uilm,
uim-,

padyd^

Ir.

apparatus,

Lit.

Lat.

Ul

or

footstep,
ughaim, harness, trappings,
0. Ir. aidmi,
W.
iau, jugum, 0. Cor. ^o?^,
armamenta,
ieo, "^yougo-, yoke ; Eng. yoke, Ger. joch ; Gr. ^vyov ;
geo,
TTovs,

uidheam,

uig",

Eye

Eie.

Ir.

unio7i-em,

0.

uinneamaifi,
Fr.

oignon,

uindiun,

Eng.

W.

onion,

OF

uinnean, ankle :
uinnseann, ash,

Ir.

ind-huinnkis,
Cor.

on7ten

ash,

Russ.

M.

uinseann^

W.

on,

Ir.

onen,

on7i,

; Lat.

Cf.

loam,

aun^,

hesitates

between

"^urd

and

pdrszas,

uiread,

feith.
uireas, below,
uireasbhuidh,
and

Ir.
S.

Gr.

g. dire
humus.

dr,

edr,

^^s,

porous

"^drd

Stokes

wet.

vy/oos,

porcellus, oironin
Eng. farrow, porh

Ir. orcdn,
;

cia

down

need,

easbhuidh,

qiiamdiu

uret,

Ir. erat,

0.

oiread,

Ir.

amount,

distance,

time,

Lit.

boar.

much,

as

{^osinos);

E.

Ag.

*ug)^d,

uircean, a young
pig, Ir. uircin, M.
(do.),ore, porcus
; *porko-s ; Lat.
Lit.

ounnenn,

ash.

clay, mud,

wet

onnen,

ornus

jaseni.
Eng.
uipear, unhandy craftsman, bungler :
uipinn, a treasure, hoard
; cf. uibe.
ilir,mould, dust, earth, Ir., M. Ir. uir,
Norse

Br.

Ir.

0.

fuiiidseog, ash-tree,

earlier

*osnestu-

*osnd,

387

LANGUAGE.

GABLIC

THE

airet, length

are-vet-to-,

root

vet

of
of

ioras.

see

poverty,

Ir., M.

so

Ir. auresbadh

from

air

q.v.

uirghioU, faculty
speech, speech, Ir. uirghiol, a command
Ir.
(O'B.), uraghall, uradhall, speech (Keat.), E
uirgill,
Ir. urfliolyhill :
for ur-fhuigell,M.
uiridh, an uiridh, last year, Ir. annuraidh, E. Ir. inn uraid, 0. Ir.
urid
last
Gr.
Dor.
"^peruti; Skr. parut^
:
;
year
Trepva-L,
of

; root

Trcpvri

of

vet

feith.

uirig^h,a couch, bed : "^air-sed-,root

uiriollach, a precipice (H.S.D. from
rock,

sed

of

suidhe

MSS.)

^air-ailech, from

ail,

q.v.

uirisg, offspring of fairy and mortal

(M'F.) ; see
itruisg.
air and
lios.
walled
Ir.
uirllos
from
uirlios, a
(O'B., etc.);
garden,
uirneis, a furnace, Ir. uirneis, fuirneis (O'B.),M. Ir. forneis ; from
Eng. and 0. Fr. fornaise, Lat. fornacem, fornax, oven,
uirneis, tools, implements, Ir. uirneis
(FoL, O'R.), uirlis (Con.) ;
see

airneis.

uirsgeil,

spreading

(as

of

dung

or

hay

dry)

to

air

; from

and

sgaotl.
air
and
Ir. ; from
uirsgeul, a fable, romance,
so
llis,use, utility; from the Eng. use, Lat. usus.
uisea^, a lark, Ir. uisedg, fuiseog, W. uchedydd,

W.

LLcheda, to

soar

from

*iix, up,

uis^, uisge, water,

uisge,
ved ; Gr.
v^mp, vSo? ; Eng.
Ir.

Lat.

being

unda,
for

wave.

'^uskio-,and

0.

Stokes
allied

Ir.

as

suggests

etc.

Br.

uas,

uisce, usee

water,

to

in

sgeul.

the

Eng. wash.

ecliouedet, also

uasal

*ud-s-kio,

Skr.

uddn

root

ud,

; further

possibility of

uisg*

388

ETYMOLOGICAL

DIOTIONAKY

uisliginn, disturbance, fury :

(Lh., etc.):
uislinn, sport, diversion, Ir. usiainn
uist, hist ! whist ! Lat. st I Eng. hist !
*uluhon-\
ula, ulachan
(pi.),beard, Ir., E. Ir. ulcJia,g. ulchain
\
Gr.
beard
Skr.
"^pidu-,
pula, pulaka, horripilation;
TrvXcyyes,
;
Hence
Ulster.
It
of chairs
be root
hair
Ulaid,
(Hes.).
may
idy vel, cover

(see olann).

ulag, block, pulley,

polanus

uloh,

brute

ulbhacll

Ir.

uladh,

W.

stone

Lat.

to

suggested.

Norse

wolf,

ulfr,

ulw, pi. uhvyn

^polviko-, *p6lven-

pulvis, dust, pollen, pollen,

Lat.

uiiUa, owl,

ullachadh,
from

ullamh,

ullamh,

and

Ir.

art

comkart,

q.v.
I

idlmhuighim,

ir.

preparing,

meal

(Sh.)
for

ullamh,

prepare

tday.
E.

Ir. erlam,

to

"

hand,

to

/as, desire,

root

; from

paratus

hand

lamh,

from

being

referred

Usually

; cf.

urlamJi,

latter

the

lam,

handy."

of

(Gr. vXdw, bark,

"^m/, bark

; from

ready.
of

ready,

air

etc.), and

preparation,

mouthful

Lat.

lascivus,

lascivious.

Eng.
a

ulathach,
dolt,

blockhead

uiiiaide, humide,

arms

umpaidh.

see

0.

Ir. umka,

brass,

copper,

root

in one's

burden

(0'13.),M. Ir. utlach, lapful,

tol, tel, lift (see toil,tldth). G.
i*/"rtc/i(Wh.).

Ir. ulltkach

lapful, armful,
urtlach, lap : *ar-tl-ac-

umaidh,
umha,

Lat.

ulad,

^alveto-, allied

been

has

; from

ulartaich, ulfhartaich, howling

ultach,

Gadelic

Ir.

E.

charnel-house,

(Sutherland)

(ul'ach), ashes,

Lat.

ullag,

L.

Eng. pulley,

belly, alveus, chamiel,

you

mixed

water

ul, vel, cover

; root

alvus,

; from

(Wh.)

and
ulag, oatmeal
ulaidh, a treasure,
tomb

"snowball"

W.

aeneus,

ir.

humw,

efydd,

0.

brass,

copper,

ume,

W.

emid,

acre

^u7iidjo-

(Stokes), *07)ija (Ascoli),*wn-ajo-, -aJo- aes (Bez.).

umhail, heed, attention, Ir. wnhail, undiail
(O'B., Con.) ;
=

cf. next

word.

timhal,

(umhailt,

obedient

VV.

ufyll.

Dial),
Br.

vuel

(Arg.)

; from

kuvtl,

Corn,

Ir.
;

umhal,

E.

Ir., O.

umal,

huyiiilis,Eng.

Lat.

from

Ir.

humble.

umlagh,

tine, unlagh

transgression,

umpaidh,
ung,

anoint,
enenio

unnsa,

an

unga,

Ir.

from
ounce,
from

unlaw,

unlach,

fine,

andaw.

boor, clown,

Sc.

idiot

unc/aivri,0,

(Sh., Oil.)

Ir.

ongiin

; from

see

umaidh.
Lat.

W.

unguo.

has

*o'nj-.
Ir.
Lat.

ansa,

uncia.

W.

wns

from

Eng.

The

0.

Ir.

is

THE

OP

unradh, adversity (Campbell's Tales,

up,

a
push, upag,
push
Onomatopoetic.

ur,

fresh,

:
green
Usually referred

root

W.

cf.

Ir.

Jr., E.

new,

fresh,

kwp^

0.

it7\

urchair,

send,

to

B.

Cf.

Eng.

pttrus,

vypos,

//",

pure.

Lat.

wet,

piic.

W.

vividarium,

Lat.

arcan,

Ir.

E.

uvidtis,

cork,

urchur, aurchor, erchor, W.

"^are-koru-, a

ictum

erco?\

cast

from

cuir,

q.v.

urchall, fetters, shackles,

timchioll

of

hurde^

Cf.

veg.

0.

erg^r,

Ir.

*puro-s ;
^ugro-s, Gr.

pin (N. Lochaber).

shot, cast, Ir. urchur,

form

effort.

push,

^uro-s,

thole

urcag",

Mac-a-rusgaich)

II.

of an-rath

moist,

389

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

Ir

so

(Lh., etc.): "^are-col-,

root, col, eel

urchasg, physic, antidote, Ir. urchosg, preservative, antidote

:
from
*air-c/iosg,
cosg^ casg, stop, q.v.
urchoid, hurt, mischief, Ir. urchoid, 0. Ir. erchoit : * are-konti-, Cr.
Stokes
kill.
stick, prick, Katvw,
as
prefers ^skontiK"VT"0),
scathe.
allied
to
Eng.
stem,
url?, face, hair, breast, Ir. 2irla, lock of hair, long hair of the
E.

head,

irla

Ir.,urla,

air-la-,where

la is for

via,

root

vel

oifalt?

urlabhairt, eloquence,
*

air-labhair

see

Ir.

urlabhair,

E.

elocution,

Ir.

erlabra

lahhair.

urlach, stag (R.D.) :

urlaich, turn from in disgust (Arg.) :
Hence
urlaim, readiness
(M'F.), Ir. drlamh, ready; see uUamh.
also urlaimh, expert, 0. ir. erlam, irlam.
urlamhas, possession, Ir. urldmhus, forlamhus ; from for, super,
and
Idmh, hand
upper-handed -ness."
:
M.
Ir. urlann, staff
urlann, a staff, Ir. urlaiin, a staff,spear
staff',
"

of

end

spear
of

urlar, a
urnuigh,

'^
:

air-lann,

spear
floor,lowest
a

part, Ir. urldr

Ir. urnuighe, ().

prayer,
irwigde, irnichte

tJdg

Zimmer

Lit.

igiju, strive

*
:

are-nako,

gives

the

after, Skr.

con-ig (* air-in-ig ?).

"^paran, Gr. Tra^oa (St. Zeit.
urra,

person,

urradh,

urrainn,

"^

also

E.

Ir.

G.

; cf. next

ernacde

I strive

(B.

hinder

igh, desire,

Deer),

(ir.

arnigim

ig

Ir.
in

as

desire,

L\avav,

it into

Ix'^P

(^r.

"

0.

nak, enk,

th, long for, dividing

',

*r"Vai'n

"

36).
word,

authority, guarantee,

"gentlemen," paying

Idr, floor, q.v.

of

for, root

author,

surety, author, defendant, urraiii, stay, prop,

vdih, rdthan, surety.
responsibility; from
chiefs

irlond,

air-ldr, from

root

0. % Ir.

infant

ship,

or

lann

from

rent

or

service

Ir.
M.

urra{dh),

Ir.

XJrradlia

trrudua,
were

(Sil.Gad.).

390

lilCTlONARt

ETYMOLOGICAL

urrainn,

is

power,
above

See

urrail,

bold,

forward,

might

M.

surety,

ursainn,
d.

W.

US,

impudence

usa,

easier,

Ir.

Ir.

Ir.

confident

bold,

tirrdnta,

stay.

one's

in

tirrudhas,
g.
^

air-reim

urrus

air

uisge,

root

urradh.

from

Ir.

E.

are-stan-,

ursann,

deference,

honour,

irsa,

aursa,

ursa,

stand,

sta,

uisg.

0.

usa,

urraim,

homage

ursa,

from

(M'A.)

liaivdd,

from

urrain^

power,

urra,

urram,

urraim,

gorsin

Brownie

Ir.

guarantee,

ursaind,

uruisg,

Ir.

door-post,

Ir.

Ir.

urranta,

respect,

submission,
urras,

ean

urradh.

from

honour,

urram,

urrainn,

word.

Ir.

easy

facilius,

assu,

Fr.

further

facilis

asse,

aise,

Eng.

W.

cf.

haws,

Got.

easy,

azets,

easy,

usaid,

(M'A.

querulousness

USgar,

usga(r),
uspag,

push,

uspair,

chaos,

uspairn,

Ir.

cf.

ospag.

Ir.

fellow,
See

Ir.

mass,

uspdn,

shapeless

lump,

uspan.

uspaimeachd

shapeless

uspog

fellow.

Ir.

lumpish

or

clumsy

strife,

Wh.)

(Carm.)

pang,

ugly

an

liquor

on

sacred

holy,
a

uspan,

bell

jewel,

and

*ud-spairn,

uspdn

also

spdirn.

from

(usp)

usp

uihe,

cf.

*uibs-1
ut

ut

utag",

(Arg.),

utag

Cf.

utan,

uth,

interjection

put,

E.

suputima.'^,

Eng.

"

utraid,

district

utrais,

uth.

better

see

confused

Stokes

Eng.
also

tut,

hoot,

W.

hwt,

jostle," ut,

"push,

utan

etc.

push.

stem

is

consonant

as

Lat.

but

compared,

the

the

gives

2~^ntliis,swollen.

been

and

-er,

above,

high

Ir.

have

uttr,

uthard,

confusion

swelling,

udder

terminal
Lat.

strife,

(Sh., O'R.),

udder,

an

disapprobation,

putay.

knuckle

of

Gadelic
than

lacks
d

or

Lit.

ovOap,

Gr.

uber,

the

rather

*{p)utu-.

dh.

the
Cf.

skin-bag.
on

air

Ir.

high,
and

mass

is

drd.

(Carm.)

road

Gaelic

o'.s,drd.

of

see

anything,

udrathad.
a

fidgeting.

for

*fo7--ard,

"on

OF

OAEIJC

THE

SUPT'I.EMENTAEY

WORDS
OF

afterwards

Sutherland

from

"r"-like

the

used

for

Rev.

"

hanks

confound

for

string

fingers

of

mills,

mud,

"

body,
bold,

day
hailmisg,

stormy
f

sma^ach,

fishers.

See

stiucan

fireun

II.

the

Pbrthshire

Rev.

C.

aoghaist, fishing tackle

and
hook), ad-gaoisd

be6, "Lir :
"

"

bata,

gu
M'A.

the

M.

(line

air

is

am

beo

fas

getting

beo-ghaoithe,"

"

of

bleithteach, kind of gruel.

brabhd, anything bulky (especially
a
person).
a

tantrum,

huff.

(Ed.).

neip

f hiach

twelve

stiucan
better.

times

vacillating.

Dialect

buidean(-re6taidh), icicle,
(chloiche),a

hod

boulder.

bird.

young

See

put

ceabhgach
ciagach, q.v.
ciad, opinion, impression
=

cf.

ceudfath.

cl6imhneag,

wind."

braodag,

See

Tnaaan

(Ed.),
fuar,"

colder

"breath

necessarily.
un-

Robertson).

buta,

buta, surplus.
"tha

is

bulbhag

abundance.

to

See

t'iff,
why?
tighinn-toghainn,

From

(Per

Cf.

"

dheth,"
corncrake,

giorrasach, hare.
goireag", cole.

toad.

sn^ip, turnip.

(Ed.),

bata

Sc.

cf.

mumbling.
putting off time

rangan,

faoirisgeadh, sprinkling,
f ir-iasg ; muinntir
an
fhir eisg,

g^arra-gartan,

button

"

weather."

salmon

(Ed.).

meilich

murd-mhard,

teamhair

"stormy

See
white

fimylies.

gutter,

dusd, dead
failmisg,

See

(Ed.).

cold.

dead,

dam,

milk.

leumachan, frog.
itch
on
meanmainn,
point of
nose
prognosticating news.
with
meireachadh,
starving

of

you,"

tying

curdled

lamhan

yarn,

cionlas,

Gunn).

lampan,

fellow

instrument

making

BODY

THE

IN

Dialect

Adam

manure,

cealdair, slow-moving

GIVEN

DICTIONARY.

the

(Per

bore, thatch,

NOT

THE

I. From

391

LANOUACJE.

cloimh

flake

boinne

of

snow

clionach, partition.
cn6adag, fir cone,
cramhuinn, a large (hearth)fire.

892

ETYMOLOCxTCAL

curraidh,

sitting
curr^

V.

in

crouching

deanaich,

work,

diaghaltach,

fond

driichdjStaUion
illness

cf.

sliding

ice

on

illness

(-reabhgan),

cf. Arm.'s

frioghlaisg,

shred

of

furlaich,

revolt

f hurlaich

heavily,
ris

"
=

urge.
ing.
threaten-

rascal,

rollicking
(of

root

blustering

(of

ther).
wea-

rising

against.

mi

falling

ramhlair.

riodach,

pushing

syll.),

tree).
riasgach,

skin

pray,

pi. ramhchan,

ramh,

duhh-

nails,

fucadh,

of

fellow.

farraid.

noise

{air), scolding,

reamalair

ask

last

on

threahhadh.

at

clatter, heavy

raidh

duhh-reotha,

idr-reothadh

Shaw's

faghairt,

(accent

raigealtach,

mole

to

asked).

prois, beseech,

of.

unnamed

reabha

(as

things.

dreag.

dubh

when

prio-taoil

(Ed.).

(Arms.),drudge.

middling

health,

coorie-

position

at

drug,

his

of

hunkers/'said

niarraidh,

hunkers.

on

On

"

Sc.

DTHTTONRAY

"

Dh'

kind.

ruaig,

shower

saich,

sick

abhor.

"

ill

"),

of

rain.

(Arms,

saoich.

soitliich,
Cf

maith

s.

no

the

futhair,
geabhag,
giolc

dog

See

leatach,

remote.

leiceid,

See

tatter.

rag,

Sgiut
lebh

diet

Sglogaid

luig, desire, long,

sic

luis,

sladaig

outrush

of

water,

allow.

luthasaich,

See

hidhaig

(out

thick

of
and

grumbling;

niannradh

^,^*(stone)

friendly,

stir

muganach,
murthail,

peace.

\air), attempt

upon.

{air), working
smaiteard,
youth,

hard

at.

"

young

spark."

(Ed.),
maoidheanach,
moislich,

aglongaid.

avoid.

siochadh,

longadh.

(anything

juicy).

sgiot.

siach,

(Ed.),
lomh,

(of wood).

crush

and

soft

one.

(Ed.).

seanagar

sgiorlaich,

slap.

sagacious

sgeilceil, crackling

hesitation.
talk.

thud.

seanagair,

sgiolc.

loud

liab,

samht,

twist,

iomaltas,
lad,

days.

(Ed.),

futhar

saith.

See

sleep).

chunk

spacadh,

suigeartach,

murlaich.

toman

elided).

grinding

(of food).

wrestling.

damp.

(clach),
{nn

snaoic,

merry.

eallaidh,

damhaii-allaidh

spider.

(Ed )
.

See

OF

THE

GAELIC

NATIONAL

Albion,

Great

Britain

Scotland,
"

Ir.,E.
"

white-land

white

Armoric,

Ir.

0.

(jreek

tlic
Lat.

W.

H.

G.

g. Albainn,

Alba,

(Pliny), G.

white

albus,

"AA^toi', AXfSLow,

Gr.

writers,

Alhioyi

Alba, Alban,

; Lat.

(Hes.) ;

NAMES.

in

Ptolemy's AXovuor,

?}9P}

LANGUAGE.

Alhan

(Stokes),

"^Albion-

dA(/)o?,white

; Gr.

leprosy,

albiz, swan.
Aremori-

Brittany, Lat, (Caesar) Armoricus,

cns
(Orosins), "^'are-mori,"by the sea" (see "iV and
land
Diet.),M. Br. Armors/, Brittany, arvior,
b}^ the
belonging

to

in

mui?'

Br.

sea,

maritime.

arvo7\

Britain,
the

Ir. Breatain,

Breatann,

(\.

W.

Britons,

E.

Ir.

Corn.

Briton,

Hrython,

Bretan,

pi. Bretain,

n.

Br.

BrHhon,

B^^eiz,

(Ceesar),Brittani, Britons, B/oerrai/ot

The
Gr.
best
forms
are
(Strabo).
IlpeTTai'ot,\\p"TT"xviKi],
W.
E
Ir.
Prydain,
Britain,
Cruithne, a Bict, O. Ir. (Lat.)
Cruithnii
Cnithini
(Adamnan,
Popiili): "^Qrkoiid, root
f/rt,
Brittany,

which

to

nsual
the

Stokes

though,

origin

as

their

gave

Celtic
Brittany

Caledonia,

Breton

into

France

Britain,

others

The

and

as

G.

seems

.300

about

word

B.C.,

been

Picts

or

of

Cruithne

have

to

Cruithne

being,

as

coille,the

and

word

Caledonia

the

because

thus

its then

fifth

and

Britain
sixth

(Tacitus),

KaAv^Soi'tot(Ptol.,

(Jr.

fort

Britons

centuries.

etc.), 0.

Martial,

Dnn-Keld,

above.

of

G.

Dun-

the

Caledonians,
from
*cald, the

as
explained by Windisch
"wood-landers."
Stokes
force being
of the 17 (Lat. e) in KaXr]8- ; but

modern

Gaelic

Eng.
Lat.

; from

(Lucan,

Dwwi-Callen,

object

the

Scotland

Dun-Chaillinn
of G.

in

(kiledonii

Lat.

Callden,

etc.:

Greek.

language

northern

etc.),

root

UpeTTavia^

retaining

explanations

Brittania

Lat.

Lat.

still

inhabitants.

poured

in

to

name

; the

G.

the

of

the

Gr.

fact, the

of

matter

rendering

the

from

old

the

in

the

thongh

wheat,

cruth, picture, form,

G.

to

of

different

bad

is

cruithneachd,

G.

as
"pictured" men
Stokes, Rhys, etc., regard

Pict.

(yELTs,

refers

reference
notion

of

Brittania

Lat.

forms

are

the

descendants

and
if the
of

the

hold.
locallyspoken, the objection cannot
Celtw
(Caesar),Gr. KeArot, KeArat, KeArtKo?, appearing
fourth
fifth and
in Herodotus,
cent.
B.C.
Xenophon,
Lat.
*Kelto-s, "the
relsus,
lofty," root
qel, raise, go,
as

48

394

DTCTTONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

excel, Lit.

high, Eng.

S.

qel, slay, Ag.

Lit.
kalti, strike
percello, hit.
the

to

Cornwall

root

the

Corn

or

the

lands

of

Cruithne,

(pL), Cymraeg,

Welsh
the

language ;
'^Com-mrox,

Welsh

or

Walas

For

of

(Corm.),

Cornn

Corn.

the

Walas

Bretann

tirib

Lat.

hildr,

"smiters."

being

the

name

in

see

Walesa,

the

Welsh

Britain.

under

see

of

Norse,

war,

Celtse

the

Ir. i

Britons

the

hild,

the

refers

Rhys

Comwalas,

S.

E.

Horn,

Pict

the

Cymry,

Ag.

Cornish,

raised.

keltas,

Cymry

of

singular

Welsh

the

for

name

older

Cymro,

is

Cyni-mro

Allo(cf. Caesar's
pi. Com-mroges or Comhroges
"co-landers," from
broges, "Other-landers"),
country-men,
for
Ir. Gaelic
in
E.
The
of hrugh
Diet., q.v.
hrog, mrog
im
in the
Wales
is found
Kymrischen
phrase isinc/wmreic
Zeit.32
162).
(Zim.
=

Erin

Ireland.

see

people of the Scottish

G. Gaidhlig", G^idheal, Ir. Gaoidhilig, Gaedhilig,
Highlands,
the Irish
(1100
language, Gaoidheal, Irishman, E, Ir. Goedel
the

Gaelic, Gael,

of the

name

and

language

'''Gddelo-s
Irishman
:
Gwyddel,
(Giraldus), W.
A.D.), Gaideli
(for Sc. Gaelic) or "^Gdidelo-s (forIrish),root ghddh, Eng. good,
Ger.

been

has

Stokes
Bez.

which
Stokes

Galli,

The

Scotch
the

continuous,

Scotland.

Oscan

etc.

gut,

gives

Hirpini)

Gaul,

or

hoedus,

goat

as

fourth

^Goidelos

or

its

use

in

item

"^Geidelos,
which

and

Geidtimni,

Gaul.

the

best,

cf.

("Goat-men,"

gaidys, cock.

Lit.

France,

now

only

proto-Gaelic

Lat.

with

compares

the

seems

being

race

to

compares

form

Lat.

alius,

Galli

(fourth

to

first

cent.

second
cent.
B.C.);
FaAaTTy?, FaAarat
(third and
discussion
with
in
which
the root
from
Diet.,
see
gal, bravery,
G. Gall, Lowlander,
of Galli and
stranger.
E. Ir. 'Erin,
Ir.
Irish
G.
'Eire,
'Eireann,
Ireland,
g. 'Eireann,
;

B.C.),Gr.

:.

'

W.

Erenn,

Ywerddon,

W.

M.

Iwerddon,

Irish,

Ewyrdonic,

(Mela),
'lovfpvia 'IcpvYj(Strabo), Lat. Hibernia, Iverna
Irish
lerne
cent,
(Adamnan) :
(Claudian, fourth
a.d.),Evernili,
*
referred
to
Piverjo-, Skr. pivari,
Iverjon-, Everjon-, usually
Ptol.

Hiepia,

fat, Gr.
"

Man,

Grecian

the

of

seat

the

Muses,

ir'nav,fat

it
refer
swelling." Others
G.
G.
to
bho), western,
(from ava,
iar, west, or Skr. dvara
does
which
not
derivation
No
be satisfactory
lower.
at
can
named
the
the
for
time
account
Highland
same
similarly
Findhorn.
called
rivers
'Eire, 'Eireann, Eng. Earn,

(Windisch, Stokes):

Manx
Manx
*Mana

; Manx

Gaelic,
(

"rich-soiled,

Manninagh,
E.

Lat.

Ir. inis

Mono),

Manx

Manann,

early

W.

(adj.),Gailck, Gaelk,
Isle

of

Manau,

Man,
Lat.

genitive

Mona

the
from

(Caesar),

Ptol.

Moi/aotSa,

Mananndn
the

Skr.

(Tacitus),
PiCTS

Lir

Eng.

name

Picti

now

Poitiers

from

pict

leaves

name

be

Ir.

god-name

connected

is

with

Teutonic

Mannus

this

be

cickt,
be

idea

claimed

of

the

case,

be

as

Pictavi,
derivation

so

Brittonic

{*qict)

and

intact,

Windisch

which

parallel

tattooing

usual

for

The

Gaul.

abandoned.

carver,

engraver,

the

from

the

must

Britain.

under

see

separated

painted,

Ir.

the

E.

Sea)

Law-giver

which

if

and,

may

historical

The

?)

the

of
the

scarcely
;

E.

piht,

for

pictus,

adduces

Mona

man.

can

Lat.

(son

Manu,

Cruithnich,

G.

395

LANGUAGE.

(or

Monapia

Mac
Island

GAELIC

THE

OF

this

again

with

agrees

the

facts.

Scotland,

Scots

E.

Adamnan

Ir.

Scott,

pi.

Ireland,

Scotia,

d.

Scuit,

n.

the

Scoti,

Irishmen

Scottaib,

Irish,

Britanniae,

Scoti

"

Scots

Dalriada,

of

Lat.

language,
translates

(fourth

the

skatts,

The

cattle.
has

ones"

(so

skat,

root

of

ysgivthr,

Ch.

carving

Stokes

skotu,

perty,
pro-

Eng.

of

cut,

"tattooed

or

suggested

connection

tattooed

-"

Got.

to

SI.

"cutters"
has

Gaelic

the

allied

scathe,

as

Rhys

cutting,

hurt,

either

Saville).

in

*Skotto-s.

^coti,

stock,

treasure,

suggested,

been
Isidore

W.

with

sckatz,

Scotice,

owners,"

"masters,

as

Ger.

Irish,

Scotti,

cent.)

name

money,

scathe,

Scoticus,

etc.,

painted

or

"

men."
Welsh

Wales,
the

in

people

Wylisce

men,

nuss,

Eng.

bordering
from

vole,
with

name

of

the

Welsh
H.

ival-nut
the

on

bathe
Lit,
Gauls.

used

being

pi.

0.

Walas,

Welsh

the

the

G.

sing,

of

the

foreigner,

from

the

(s.ee failc
pull,

in

is

nation
"^

referring

Volkd,
Stokes

Diet.).
to

the

//Use,

Wealh,

Celt,

Gaul,

Volko-s,

IV

country,

Weaias

walh,

Germans,

wilkti,

for

Ger.

"

Welsh,

foreigner,

ivalof

of

name

"

the

Welshman,

Weaias,

S.

Ag.

the
the

in

wal-

Volcae,
bathers,"
the

connects

restless

ings
wander-

396

ETYMOLOGICAL

PERSONAL

Adam,
0,

NAMES

Adhamh,

G.

Ir.

Ahft

Adim

(o)

Adhmhnan

Adhamhnan

"little

(seventh

Adam,''

personal

Allan,

Ir.

The

(). l)r.

Iv

fr.

name

Ailpein,

"j. Ir. At

Welsh

be

rather?).
Andrew,

Aindrea

(j.

landera,

name

Mac-aiidrejv,
li'.

taste,

as

from

in

(1467

MS.),

(1467
Or.

from

M'Alasdair,

Scotch

Allan

from
Gf.

ElpltlH, Eljin,

Mac-

al,

from

mostly,

is

the

Alpmannus,
Norman,
Frank,

Pictish

from

Stokes

whicli

allnuH,white

Mac-"dpine.
Dial). Gilleanndrais,

E.

(t. Aiulro

(D.

Ir. Andrla.^

'AvSyoea^,a
only av^p-,

Fr.

(or

gests
sug-

allied

; from

Gil-

L.), Ainnrias,
Lat.

Aiidreas,

double-stemmed

reduced

(see

man

of

Fng.

Hence

nea.rl).

Vj.

aoit

Goi'.

and

iagh).

E.
Ir. '()engui",
Aonyhum,
Ungiiat : Oino-gustu-s, "unique

Aon;/hi(f",g,

'O'nujnii, \V.,

(choice,"

father

Antferson.
Gillan".lers.,

An(;tts, ij. Aong'has,

0.

the

Hence

AllemiK,

^i/lnituK, from

MS.),

showing

now

a.d.),

M'Ailpein,

(h-.

from

Andrea^,

(died 704

q.v.

Adanman's

Alannx,

M.
//"7/e,

(1467

Lat.

Adhamhndin,

(i.

Men."

(Anndra,

Andrew's

St.

Gille-a.innriaa
g.

(x.

AdamudiL,

Alexander,

Lat.

whence

W.

{akX.

from

earlier

pin (Dalriadic king 693)

"

Hence

Ydnan),

M"ic-(dlau.

M.

sources

to

from

(from Sand}/).

Ailene,

"All

Hence

or

dinjinutive

L.), Alaxandair,

Hence

Alaiinnts^ Neimius

tribe

(t.

adam,
Mac-

Hence

Gilla-aijainnan

from

Alan,

l)u";all,Fin^all
Alimn,

Ir. Adam,

Adam.

Giolla-

(I), of
\

Fr.

from

men."

Norman

Alan,

German

E.

ar-lenimnn,

Alley

\lac-andie

Ailean,

rock?

AUududair

further

G.

or

Adannian

cent.),
the

AXe^avSpo^,
"defendingalister

Youman

(1495),

deduces

Alasdair,

M.

MS.),

(a

diminutive

(twelfth

Skene
G.

'Adaidh

St

cent.),

Gaelic

name

AT;Exani)eh,

ij

M'V.),

GHleojonan

Somerled

whence

red.

Adam,

(pronounced

{Gghamhuan,

Adamnaiius

of

Dial,

from

L.),E

of

(D.

WAd2ii"h.

So.) JPCadie,
G.

A2uzoe

Hebrew

from

SURNAMES.

AND

(Fer. MS.),

and

Af^Caif,

Adamnan,

DICTIONARY

giiK,

Hence

choice

(Eng.

M'Aonghuis,

choose, Ijat. guHns^,

Mae-innea

; further

M'Aina/i.

Archibald,
M.

G.

Gilleasbuig,
Gillespik (D. of

G.

Gillespie.

The

name

Bishop's ^^7/^^(see easbai"/ in

L.), Gilla-espic (1467 MS.).

Arddbald^

Ag.

S,

Arcebald,

Diet.),
Hence

Arcenhald

THE

OF

which

Ercenbald,

or

in

meaning

witli

connection

G.

H.

Gillespie

and

Ludovic

(cf. similarly

origin

or

means

apparent

no

right-bold" (0.

"

vaguely

ercheu, right, real), has

397

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

Maol-

domhnuich).
Arthur,

Artair,

G.

Arturius,
Lat.

lasted

W.

from

idea

of

from

Bain,

0.

i.}.

sixteenth

(1*555).

last

rendered

into

Eng.

of

name

the

Partholon

tlie Clan

Brown,
of

britheamh,

Cainro7iaich

Eng.

judge,

(D,

which

E.

cerrbel, wry

chamberlain

(Jamfbell,

(1266,

G.

Cameron).
references,

most

M.

or

from

There
De

M.

Bar

temporary
con-

M''(iille})ayie
"

Fair-(/i7/f,"
Lat.

Partholon,

Prof.

no

take

of

legend

Rhj^s thought
Ireland.

in

the

M'abhriuiu

former

it

Hence

Gaelic

(1408

(Sc. Gaelic) genitive

Mac-brayne.
M.

(x.

GillacamHroiii

explained
probable

Cdmsroin,

(1467

(M'V,),

g.

MS.),

Charter

cdm-srb7i, "wryexplanation (cf. caimbeid,

from

as

Connection

with

camerarius

or

tlie fourteenth
unlikely, or with
parish in Fife.
Cambel
G,
(1467 MS.), Cambell

Cameron

cambel, wry-mouthed
is

historians

Tolemon

race

G.

Hence

mouth).

Caimbeul,

but

with

the

M'Pharlain.

q.v.

Cambru?i"f

etc.),

Ir.

the

as

Pre-Celtic

or

(of Scotland)
De

centiuy

the

and

original.

L,),

of

nose,"

is

E.

in

appear

APGilvane.

also

the

(1472);

Camroun

Ir.

Camaran,

Camshron,

G.

Cameron,

; whence

the

to

Mac-arthur.

Bane,

or

cultor,"

Arthur

Tulloch

Parthalon,

brithearnhain,

from

"

as

M'llle-bhain,

now

Spanish

Mac-farlaue,
M'A'-Bhriuthainn,

Charter),

Art, Artgal,

names

Makferquhair

the

G.

G.

John

non-Gadelic

Ivernians

the

of

^arto-s,

from

cent.), the
(Nennius, ninth
is represented as
the first invader
after
(27S y("ars
I). The
p
proves

who

Spain,
suggested as

from

came

Ir.

from

been

has

is

Artair,

Bayiie

as

Wiiyte

tiie Flood
l)e

to

Bains

is

M*

G.

If

Bartholomoius

after

name

Hence

name

personage

to

of

times, where

^arto-

the

as

Artoria

Confessor),

it

the

render

the

suggested

Gens

the

whence

art,

called

by
Parian,
or

Ireland

Edward

probable),

is

The

them

near

of

the

Domesday-Book

of

variously

This

Partholomceus

that

which

to

and

compared

to

God."

century

G.

been

Arthur,

Lat.

Ir.

Artuir, Artiir,

{Arth. Leg., 40-48), allying

white.

ban,

Bartholomew,

Ir.

prefers

"Culture

has

days
(which

Rhys
plough

ar,

W,

the

in

arth,

Artljran.

(Adamnan),

Roman

Brittonic

to

bear,

from

appears

native

Ir.

maintained

(it being

Yorkshire

E.

Artuir,

(Juvenal)

source

Artor

G.

/?Jdan

of

son

Artorius

its

M.

De

Cambel

Campo-bello

appears

in

{cam
the
in

and

beul

1320

see

early

numerous
as

Latin

398

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

and

form
De

etymology

an

Bello-campo
form

we

or

de

no

Cambell

M.

was

name

L.), "belonging
which

descent

Charles,

name

Englished
and

Latinised
but

the

toir
and

super,

G.

Chisholm,

Ches

whence
G.

being

servant

alogy),
Gene-

E.

Ir.

Toirdelbach,

Tower-shaped,"

"

of

prefix tair,

the

M^Kerlie.

(thirteenth

century

the

name,

placebut

(a holm,

Cailean,
(Lat.

less

M.

the

to

doubtful.
is

A'-Chleirich,

relation
"

Coiledn,

dialectic

personal

the

form

whelp,"

of

old

Colla

name,

once

Chief

being

and

Continental

Eng.

to

Ir.

(see above).
L.), Cailin
(1467

of

Campbells,

Its
Cf.

(D.
is

E.

MS.),

Celtw

in

as

This

1292).

M^Cailein.

Gaelic

M'

Also

Diet.

1467

(M'V.,
Callane

G.

of

peculiar

in

M^Chlery.
Colla

col, eel, high,

from

Colimts

G.

(1467),

(Maclean

Ches-holTn

of

(see cat).

Border

(D.

MS.),

Hence

Roxburgh

cleireach

see

Galwegian
Colla, M. G.

G.

is

Cattanich

cat"

Chesholme

(1254),
in

cathair, q.v.).

(1467

form.

(j.

Parish

Gillacatan

phonetics

De

Chesehohne

Cleireach

navo-s,

or

Clann

Deer).

of

?).

G.

Clark,

modern

show

the

or

plural

Turloiigh,

the

Siosal, Siosalach,
De

(B.

caer

Turri-formis,

as

took

the

Chisholm

name

Colin,

Gaelic

hence

documents),

Coll,

explained

in

"

"little

and

but

Michael,

St

from

Toirrdhealbhach

Tirlagh

as

of

yille

Giltacatain

Ir.

M.

Tearlach,

G.

the

G.

denotes

Campello

forms

Gillemicel

M.

"

place-name.

Chattan,"
from

whose

Catan,

earliest

really
(Michael's

Clan

to

claims

St

of

suggested

Lowland

Catanach,

G.

Latin

been

in Lanark

Chattan,

Cattanach,

demand

De

O.G.

MS.),

is

Carmichael

of

name

(1467

Carmichael

be

naturally

Beecham.

the

an

Gillamichol

G.

The

derivations

epithet, not
Son
of
M'Gillemhicheil,

G.

Carmichael,

these

and

has

(little plain)

for

unfortunately

and

Beau-champ

in

Campellis

De

idiom

Norman-French

as

have

should

this, however,

and

coiledn

*Co^

MS.),
more

in

always

Colin

personal name
; the
(see Fol.), cuileanj

whelp.
G.

Crerar,

regard
"

Criathrar,
themselves

riddler,"

is
name

the

criatkar
the

for
right, but
Sieve{w)right.

(yUMMiNG,
Norman
Norman

G.

Cuimein,
family
house

(which
See

Celt.

De

from

Comines,

the

compare

Mag.

Cuimeanach,
dating

of

explaining the
in Diet.) : the

see

meaning

Lochtay-side

Mackintoshes,

as

from

of

name

who

name

as

derivation
and

noun

^, 38.

earliest
the

Eng.

clan

Eng.

Conquest,
territorial

form

Comyn,

belonging

designation.

to

the

OF

Davud,

Davidsons^

the

or

Davidson

Lat.

M.

E.

MS.),

Clan

the

of

Diii-lh

Clann

hence

(C.S.) ;

Chattan.

C.S.,

Fn

D^ibhiosdan.

as

Diarmad,

(1467

branch

appears

G.

Dermic,

(Classical),D^idh

Daibhidh

G.

389

LANGUAGE.

OAETJC

THE

Dermit

G.

0.

Diarmait^

Ir.

Diormitius

L.), Diarmada,

of

(D.
Ir.

gen.
Ir.

Diarmit,

Diarmuit,

the

Zimmer

name
as
(Adamnan).
explains
ermit
*areand
dia
from
Dia-ermit,
:
God-reverencing,"
in
root
as
dearmad,
ment,
7nent-, "on-minding,"
q.v.
Ddire
G.
documents
(1487), Jore
Obwar,
Deoir, DeMreach,
Macindeor.
Hence
debradh,
a
(1428) ; from
pilgrim, q.v.
G.
M.
G.
Domnall
(1467
Donald,
Domhnall,
MS.), gen. Donil
"

(D.

L.),

of

Lat.

0.

Domnallus

and

Duff,

the

Gadelic

dub,

curtailment

Fionn,
The

family

Dubh,

nam'e

Hence

epithetically.
Ir. Dubhthaigh
G. Dughall,
DuGALD,
(1467 MS.),
gen.

M.

world-king,
ilath.

domhan,

As

century

personal

(Clen

from

it is

name,

(cf.

name

Duffe, 1384),
used
adjective duhh

the

merely

beth,
Mac-

was

double-stemmed

or

Macduff

is

tenth

in

q.v.

which

of

m^

Mac-phee.

see

G.

Duff,

DufF

longer
Duff

Duffy,

of

world-

world-wielder,
See

W.

duhno-

Dumnorix,

as

Clan

King

some

red).

Flann,

*'

Aedui.

did"h, black,
of

Ir.

Domnall,

from

Dumnovalo-s,

the

Dub,

now

Ir.

Mac-donald.

{Clann

Ir. Duhh

E.

(do,,ablative), Early

meaning

among

etc.),earlier

in

same

M'Dhomhnuill,

M.

"^

(see flath),meaning

opponent

Hence

Domnail

Dyfiiioal

valo-

much

ruler,"
Caesar's

Deer),

of

(B.

(Adamnan),
later

Dumngual,
domhan,

Domnall

G.

Dowgall,

thirteenth

g, Dowle

(D,

of

L,), Dabgaill,

documents

century

give

Dugald
Dubgall

(1289), Dufgal (1261), M. Ir. Duhgall (firstrecorded

"Black
912
is at
a
Dane,
A.D.), from
Early Ir. Dubgall,
Fair
to
opposed
Finngall, a Norwegian,
stranger," as
Gall.
Hence
See, for derivation,
fionn and
foreigner."
M'Dhughaill,
Mac-dougall,
Mac-dowel, etc.
G. Donnchadh
Duncan,
(Dial. Donnach), M. G. Duncha
(D. of L.),
"

Donnchaid,
E.

warrior,"

personal
a

from

word

is the

donn
has

names

meaning

Edward,

Donnchad

Ir.

same

(1467

gen.

and

occurring
'Eideard

G.

Edward

cath,

been

M.

as

Donchad

G.

q.v.

referred

(B,

of

Dunno-catu-s,
Gaulish

The

by

Brown

Donno-

of

Jubainville

to

king, judge,

noble

De

Ir. donn,

Deer),

"

the
"

O'Davoren's

('Eudard,

glossary.
Dial), Imhear,

borrowed,
Eng.
Hence
(see Mac-iver).

borrowed

0.

Donno-catu-s,

and

origin
in

MS.),

the

second

lomhar
is the

M''Eideard,

Norse

M'Edward.

the

first
Ivarr

400

ETYMOT.OGTCAl.

EwBN,

DTCTTONARY

(Dial. Eog^hainn), M. G. Eogan, Eoghrm, E. Ir.,

0.
Ir. Eogan:
^Avi-gono-^^ {* AvigeMon^ Stokes), ''well born,
from
"^aw,
good,"
friendly, good, Skr. dvi (do.). Got. avi-liud,
Lat.
desire, possibly Gr.
thanks,
good
(cf. here
aveo,
ev-,
Eugeni/iis),W. has Eu-tigir?i,Eii-fut, 0. Br. EiL-cant,
Evyei/T^s,
Avi-cantus.
Gaul.
Eu-hocm\
Rhys [IJib. Led. 63) refers Ir.
and
W.
Oive7i
to
Esu-gen-, Gaul.
Esugenns, sprung
Eoghan
Eoghann

(x.

"^

from

the

Lat.

Eugenius.

god

Farquhar,

(F. M.,
fear^

M.

G.

Feavchar,

and

Fei^gus,

Fergusso,

g.

for

Diet,

see

car

W.

(allied

above.

FiNGAL,

should

Isles
Isles

here

gustus,
G.

as

E.

see

1070

the

Macpherson's,
of

matter

the

of

name

1077

to

fact

from

Gaelic

fear,

man,

Fionnghal,

the

is
is

name

*vir.

which
M.

G.

really
Fio7inand

Man
Man

the

and

the

Fingal

invention

an

of

Fionnghal.

Gaelic

his
Gaelic

is

form

of

the

/a?^,

or

Gall, q.v.

hero

mythic

likewise

as

and

fionn

Ir.

Aonghus

*viro-

(M'V.), ri F'lonn-gal, king of

king of
Chnm.),
(M'V.), Fingal {Manx

from

0.

Diet.

in

under

Norseman

Ir.,

see

Fair-foreigner,

or

for

Hence

Uuorgost, Uurgont

fear-,

qy

Gaelic

"Norseman,"

Br.

one";

Farquhar.

Fergu,%

ver-

for

Macpherson's

mean

ghall,

Fer

regard

Fionn,

for

super), and

Lat.

Some

(x.

as

to

Ir. Fearchair

above.

jiP

son,

0.

Gurgust,

Ver-gustu-s, "super-choice";

air

from

Eva-cattos,

Fearchair,

M'Fhearchair,
Mac-erchar, Farquhar
M.
(/. Fearghm,
(x. Fearghas,
Fergus,
Fergus,

Ogmic

of

evo-

a.d.) : ^Ver-caro-a, "super-dear

848

year

see

the

borrowed

as

Mac-ewen.

Hence

Fearchar,

G.

Owen

regards

Cf., however,

Eochaidh.

now

Zimmer

Esus.

As

female

name

this list.
to
FionnaghaJ m the addendum
G.
FiNLAY,
Fionnla, Fionnlagh
(misspelt Fionnladh), M.
Finlay
(D. of L.), Finlaeic, gen. (1467 MS.), Fionnlaoich,
{Buan
(Lib. Leinster), FinnAlhanach), E. Ir. Findkmh
gen.
Those
loech
and
Finlaeg, gen.
(Marianus
Scotus).
early
Flora!

See

G.

forms

and

"Fair

hero"f'/?omi

11th

the

century)

the

older

would

Norse

the

and

rendering
It has

name.

suit

Finnleikv

phonetics

laock).
of

been

the

that

prove
It

is

Hence

means

(10th

popular

Finning, "Fair
explained as

also.

name

one,"

attractive
"

Fair

and

calf," which

Finlayson,

Mackinlay

(M'Fhionnlaigh).
Foirbeiseach, early
from
(thirteenth cent.),so named

Forbes,

G. Foirbeis,

document
the

form

place-name

Be

Forbes

Forbes

in

Aberdeenshire.

Eraser,

G.

Friseal, Frisealach,

\ariously
B.

Fresle,

Simon
Battle

Eraser,

Abbey

patriot's name
Frasel, Fresel, Frisel, in Domesday

Rolls

circ.

1298

{%) Frisell

the

or

Fresell

is

usually

OF

referred

0.

to

Fr.
Fr.

fragiUa, fragum,
cf. the

mean

the

M'

G.

clyde).

The

Lennox,

name

etc.,

as

in the
appears
Galbrait
(from Gall

thirteenth
and

"worker

farmer,

the

of

G.

eleventh

christ.

yeuipyo^,

Gisle-

S.

Ag.

from

Giilebride

is

but

once,

Gillecriosd, M. G. Gillacrist,Ir. Gillacrist

of Christ.''
Hence
century): "servant

It translates

Gillespie,

also

Gilleasbuig

G.

Gilliosa

G.

Gillies,

Gr.

from

St

now

used.

Gilchrist,
in

Breatann

of

(yrj,earth, d/oyo?,Eng.

earth"

the Border
M''George.
ivorlc). Hence
Gilbert
is
Gilbert, G. Gilleabart, Giilebride.
bert, "Bright hostage" (see giall in Diet);
name
Bridget's slave, an exceedingly common
little

in

century

Breat-

above).
George, G. Se6ras, Se6rsa, Deorsa, ultimately
a

sense,

leaves
form
(broom).
Strawberry
Fraser
word
also
armorial
bearings. The
may
(Eng. frizzle,frieze).
of the
Briton
A'-Bhreatnaich, son
(of Strath-

"curled"

Galbraith,

Lat.

from
freze^ a strawberry, "^frezele,
fraisier, strawberry plant. For

Plantagenet

name

of

part

401

LANGUAGE.

GAELIC

THE

see

M^Gil-

Christopher.
Archibald.
Jesus."

of

"servant

(several

M'A-Lios

From

"English" form Lees, M^Leish.

M'Glashan.
See
Glass, G. Glas, an epithet,being glas, grey.
M.
G.
G.
Godfrey,
Goraidh,
Gofraig (1467 MS.), Godfrey (do.),
Ir. Gofraidh (F.M.), M. Ir. Gothfrith, Gofraig, also
Gofraig
(Tigernach, 989), E. Ir. Gothfraid (Lib.Lein.), E. W. Gothrit
Norse
that
The
for it is Norse-men
are
{Ann. Camb.).
name,
Gudrod
referred
or
(also Gorod'r), but the
to, is GocSro^r
allied
the
earlier
Gaelic
shows
rather
to
name
a
Ag. S.
Gaelic
is
peace." Modern
Godefrid, Ger. Gottfried, "God's
the

comes

like

more

the

G.

evidence

Berwickshire.

in

in

place-name
Gow, G. Gobha,

as
give G. Guaidhre
which, however, see M^Quarrie.

Dictionaries

Godfrey; for
Gordonach
Gordon,

Gordan,

Gordon

The

of

equivalent

Gordon,
of

Norse.

the

the

thirteenth

The

Gregor,
M.

died

from

parish
are

name

well

in

Chalmers
"

as
a

Inverness

Grand,

the

Gordons

explains the
Gor-dyn, "super-dunum
(see far and dun).
Hence
smith, now
usually gobhainn, q.v.
century.

Cowan.
Mac-gowan,
Mac-cowan,
Grant
G.
Grant,
Grannd,
(1258),an
about

; from

De

in

the

English

thirteenth

family

century,

which

settled

Eng.

Grant,

Fr., Eng. grand.

Griogair, Griogarach^ M. G. M'Gregar (D. of L.),

Ir. Grigoir, E.
Ir. (Lat.) Grigorius (Gregory the
Great,
Gr.
from
favourite
Lat.
a
Tp7]y6pLo"^,
604),
Gregorins,
G.

49

402

fiTYMOLOGICAL

ecclesiastical

gregor,

GuNN,

third

the

from

name

be

ypTjyopeo),

DICTIONARY

(cf. Gr.
M'Griogair, Mac-

Hence

watchful, Eng. care).

Gregory.
G-uinne, Gunnach,
early
of
(1525), in Kildonan

onward

century

documents

(1601), ClanSutherland,
originally from
givn
Caithness
the
Norse
Gumii
(twelfth century), the
; from
then
of a
of Olaf, a
Caithness
chief
name
son
{Orh. Saga).
Gunni
This
short
of
is a
or
longer name
"pet" form of some
with
two
the
first and
chief
one
stems,
as
(cf.
war,
gunn-r^
Gunnis an
old
Gann-arr, which
Gunn-hjorn,
Orkney name,
laugr.,Gunn-olfr^ war-wolf, Gunn-atein., Gumi-valdr).
G. Harailt, M.
Ir, Aralt, from
Haraldr
Norse
Harold,
(same in
and
Mac-raild.
roots
origin as Eng. herald). Hence
G.
Eachunn
M.
G.
Hector,
Eadminn,
(Dial. Eachainn),
g. (M'V.),
Eachduinn
Eachdhuin,
Eachdhonn,
(1467 MS.),
g. (M'V.),
g.
Ir. Eachdonn
lord," like
(year 1042): *Eqo-donno-s, "horse
Of
"Brown-horse"
is
course
Each-ihighearna of Mac-echern.
BdvOnnros.
The
against
possible ; cf. Gr.
phonetics are
"^
Each-duine, "horse-man,"
as
an
explanation.
G.
0.
from
Henry,
Eanruig ;
Henric, now
Eng.
Henry, from
Germanic
home-ruler
and
ric
in
Heiin-rik,
(Eng. home
Henderson.
hishop-ric, rich). Hence
Mackendrick,
G.
G.
'Uisdean
M.
Hugh,
(Huisdean), in Argyle Eoghan,
G.

"

"

Huisduinn,
The

which

equivalent
Teutonic

James,

G.

John,

Seumas,
of

Sheathainn,
Kathel,
from
see

G.

as

sources,

M.

G.

Cathal

(M'V.),

under

val

gen.

; from

also

M'Ualraig

who

first

tenth
ceann,

settled

as

Mac-Gille-

with

patrimonially."

Cathal

Hence

(common

^Katu-valo-s

Mackail.

M^All,

{Kenedy, John
of the
century) is the family name
of
now
represented by the Marquis

century

head,
in

Ir.

Catguat

W.

Donald.

Irish

from

0.

Ceanadaidh,

Carrick,

in

James,

Eng.

M'llleathainn.

famous

the

Seathain,

compounds

and

Boru

the

Germanic

; from

(M'V.)

onwards),

of

; it is

(see Mackay)

from

Jacob.
in

fourteenth

Earls

confused

Semus

Ceanaideach,

G.

"^^('?)-stone."

Eysteinn,
Aodh

G.

itself

is

century

war,

M'-Kennedy,
Ailsa

G.

Eoin,

Cathal,

cath,

give

which

Hebrew

now

seventh

Kennedy,
old

M.

older

Iain,

the

hug, thought.

root

modification
G.

also

Hugh,

to

Norse

from

comes

Dictionaries

Gun

borne

name

"

and

Ir.

Teutonic

by

the

Kennedy
:

Walrick

JJlrick,

older

of Brian

father
E,

Ceinneidigh,

eitigh,ugly: "ugly

Walrick
Lochaber

Kennedy

Ir,

Cennetich,

head."

Called

(sixteenth century),
be G. Ualgharg
may
Uodalrich,

"

rich

OF

Kenneth,

Coinneach,

G.

(M'V.),

g.

Cainnig,
"fair

king

the

from

name

stem

is

different

Mackay.
G. Lachlann
Lachlan,

Deer),

0.

Ginathd

G.

old

it is the

cin

g. (M'V.), Lochloinn, n.
Lochlainn
Mac
Lochlainn

and

g.,

Ir.

E.

"^Cannico-s,

Scotch

Deer),

of

(B.
and

cinn

of

(Dial. Lachlainn), Lachunn,

linn^
Ir.

word

Ir.

Coinndigh,

g.

(root qas), q.v.

cannach

as

(E.
form),
fire-sprung," from

"

Coinnidk,

(B. of
g. Caennig
Gainnechus
(Adamnan)

same

Cinoed

Cinaedh,

Ir.

Coinndec\

G.

Lat.

Kenneth

Eng.

M.

403

LANGUAGE.

Cainneck,

Ir.

gen.,

one,"

The

G.

0.

GAELIC

THE

of

aed

G.

M.

Loch-

g. (1467 MS.),
1060) ; probably

Lachlan,

(F.M., year
Macas
possibly commencing
Scandinavian
Lochlann
of
Lochlainne,
a
("son
L.").
evidently means
Fjord-land."
G.
G.
M.
ments
Lamond,
Ladmann,
M'Laomuinn,
Laman,
early docuLawemundus
(Lat. of 1292), Laumun
(circ. 1230),
Lochlann,

from

Scandinavia,
"

M.

Ir.

Laghmand,

lawman,

Lagmand

; from

Norse

pi. I'dgmienn, law-men,"

"

lagania^r, logma^r,
and

by meaning

derivation.

Hence

M^Glymont, D. of L. V'Glymont, Clyne lymyn.

G.
M.
G.
Lahhran
Laurence,
Labhruinn,
(1467), Ir. Laurint
stem
(Saint),from Lat. Laurejitius, St Laurence, the ultimate
Hence
or
being that of Lat. laurus, a laurel.
M'Labhruinn,
3Iac-laren.

Luthais

G.

Lewis,

Fr.

; from

Louis,

Ghlovis,

from

Ghlodwig,

old
German
king (fifthcentury), degraded from
now
warrior, roots
Ludiuig {^ Kluto-vigo-s,famed
is
Eng. victory). Hence
Eng. Ludovic, which
G. by Maolddnuich,
the
Church.
of
shaveling
Livingstone, G. M'An-leigh ; see Mac-leay.

Luke,

Lucais.

G.

Magnus,

Manus,

G.

MS.),

Ir.

name

of

Malcolm,

Hence

G.

Ir.

Norse

Maghnus,

Charlema^?ie
Calum, earlier
"

Maelcoluim

G.

0.
:

from

M.

Malise,
also

in

Lat.

from

Magnuss,
Carolus
Magnus.

Gillecalum,

G.

M.

ma

gnus,

Mylcollum

and

calum,

here

meant

(1467
the

in

(D.

of

GilUecolaim,

Malcolum,

Malcoloum,
maol, bald,

g.

dove

being

St

(Lat.

Columba.

Macccdlum,.
G.

Maoliosa,

Ir.

E.

Maeltsu,

servant

of

Jesus.

Hence

Mellis.

Matheson,

M'Mhathan,
(1467 MS.), Macmaghan
G.

Mac-maho7i,
Matheson
the

Manuis,

Magnus,

G.

columba), the particular Galum

Hence

cliit and

in

rendered

Mac-lucas.

Manus,

L.), Maelcolaim,

Frankish

the

in

of

"son

Perthshire

Highlands,

for

the

Mathanach,
(Exchequer
bear,"
and

which

for

Kintyre

Mathm-son,

G.

M.
Rolls

is, as

M'Mhatha.

G.
for
see

Mac-Matgamna
1264), the Ir.
mathghamhuin.

elsewhere

outside

404

ETYMOLOGICAL

Menzies,

de

household,"

the

the

from

from

and

manor,

the

Fr.

is,
(our

men-

(our mansion),

mans-

is

mansion

of

man

and

Manners

to

that

Camera^

giving

anyway
allied

is

name

De

as

Lat.

root

locally, early
De
(1249);

Meyners

masti-,

from

The

remain.

tnaneo,

de

same

mesn-,

7nenagerie, menial),

menage,

and

(1487),

much

mean

M6innearach

and

Mengues

would

Meyneria
"of

M6inn

M^innear,

G.

documents

DICTIONRAY

Main-

ivari^ig.
Morgan,

M.

W.

Morcunt,
"

Clann

G.

sea-white,"

connadh

Morrison,
M.

G.

from

stem

the

from

and

Br.

G.

Morgunn,

Morcant

and

g.

Mori-canto-s,

hid, burn,

root

in

as

candle). See Mackay.

M'Gille-mhoire, Mary's servant,

earlier

Gilmour.

The

saint's

the

the

In

which

Monro,"

for

is

Moorish."

"

(Dial. Munro).
is "of

name

Morris

name

Mauricius,

name

Mac-an-Rothaich

century

0.

shine, Eng.

Latin

the

0.

of muir

whence

Rothach,

G.

fourteenth
is

Cor.

Gillamure,

Maurice,
MuNRo,

Morgan,

(Lat. candeo,
Moireasdan,

G.

(M'V.),

Mhorguinn

shows

it

of the
explained as Bun-roe, the mouth
the family are
Roe, a river in County Derry, Ireland, whence
eleventh
in the
represented as having come
century.
first
G. MuiredhMurchadh
G. Muireach,
is M.
Murdoch,
; the
aigh, gen.
(M'V.), Murreich
(D. of L.), Muireadhaigh,
g.
0. Ir. (Lat.)
E. Ir. Muiredach,
(1467 MS.), Ir. Muireadhack,
territorial

name,

Muirethachus,
muiren7i

and

E.

same,

(from
and

from

See

murrach

Murray,

the

and

Morrich,

Maolmoire,

Mac-andrew
ARTHUR

Mac-askill,
kettle

from
a

Mac-alister

Mac-

the

G.

"

Murchison,

etc.,

and

Ir.

Hence

becoming

Murchie,

cono-

is in

warrior.

sea

Ir.

the

Moray

the

'^

Kiltearn,
of

servant

Med.

common

Lat.
in

name

Alexander.

see

Andreiv.

see

A vtUur.

M'Asgaill

; from
of

and

Ctirrie),
Murphy.

Morhceji
of

mor

Celtic

of several

Murray,

or

Norse

from

Mor-apia,

termination

(sacrificial
vessel)

holiness."

form

Mori-catu-s,

haf, sea)

see

G.

The

Br.

Murchadh

coimty name
being Moreb, Muref,

Norse

Andrew

soldier

clarus

masre,

(in Arran,

from

forms

*apia,

is

S.

to

above.

Moirreach

Myles

"^

second,

early
(influenced by

Myles,

C.

Ir. Murchad

Gadelic

sea,

R.

first)M'Mhuirich

the

G.

Ag.
1876.)
;

allied

lord,"

"

Muiredaxhus,

muriucdii

(?)(Stokes

morios
the

Adamnan's

muir,

place-names.

1672.

Mary,
Milo,
the

old

with

Middle

Norse
the

an

and
a

name.

leaning

on

miles,

Ages.

'Askell, for

Anses

common

or

gods

'

"^

As-ketill, the
"

vessel

of

OP

Mac-aulay,
E.

Ir.

'Alaib

Amldib,
Anses'

405

LANGtJAGE.

GAELIC

M'Amhlaidh,

G.

the

THE

Ir.

(on coins),

'Oldfr, Anlaf

Norse

; from

Anilaihh,

Ir.

M.

Amhlaoibh,

Mac

"

(Eng. left).
from
M'Bheathain,
Beathan,
Englished as Bean
*Bitdtagno-s, life's son,
Benjamin
(1490, Beane^ 1481) or
:
"

Mac-bean,

relic

G.

beatha,

from

life,

"descendant

M.

It

From

is

Mac-caig,

and

Dav.

Mac-CODrum,

Tommie,"
Mac-cx)nachie,

G.

Clan

name

helped

in

Mac-cormic,
Cor mac,

beatha,

life,"from

of

"son

Ir. Mac-

M.

Deer),

patronymic.

not

under

see

Malcolm.
Norse

from

Guttormr,

GotSormr,

god serpent" (orm).

or

Coll.

see

M.

G.

(D.

M'Comie

L.)

of

"

of

son

Thomas.

M'Dhonnchaidh,
de
is

are

Atholia
from

the
in

Adamnan's
Lat.

of

son

Bruce's

Robert,

Duncan's

corbis,basket.

English
great-grandson,

James

I. to

E.

charioteer,
From

carbad.

form
who

execution.

(Cormag),

"^C orb-mac,
See

see.

so-named

the

Cormac

Cormacus

Athole,

of

time

of

which

Duncan,

Robertsons

bringing the murderers

G.
from
M'Cormaig,

corb, chariot,

of

originally,

name

"good

Donnachie

Duncan

of the

M'Comaidh,
or

form

to

M'Bey, M'Vey, M'Veagh.

of Teague, E. Ir. Tadg,
Taidhg, son
Gaul.
Tasgius, etc.
Tadg explained by 0.
poet."

M'Codrum

M'CoUa
G.

Eng.

M'Bheathaig),

and

(B.

a.d.):

1041

M'Caluim

G.

G.

from

"

Guthrum

S.

Mac-combie,

The

to
as

G.

the

Ir. Mac

M'Caog,

Mac-callum,
Ag.
Mac-coll,

come

like

Mac-vean.

Mac-bead

personal

allied

possibly

G.

1058,

Macbeth
G.

used

meaning

-agno-s,

(Dial. M'Bheathain
0.

Macbeth

life.

termination

Mac-bain,

M'Bheatha

Macbethad,

bethad,

CI.

Also

G.

G.

the

of," Eng. -ing, now

diminutives.

Mac-beth,

with

corb

Ir.
from
also

Cairbre, 0. Ir. Coirbre.

Mac-corquodale,
M'Corcadail, M. G. Corgitill,g. (D. of L.),early
documents
Norse
Thorketill,
Makcorquydill
( 1 434) ; from
Thor's
kettle
or
holy vessel (see Mac-asMll).
M'Cruimein
Rumun
Rune
G.
Mac-crimmon,
(on a Manx
; from
famed
Hromundr
inscription),from Norse
(for Hrb^-m^undr,
Mac
Rumain,
protector) % Ceannfaelad
Bishop, d. 820 ;
the
the
Ruman,
Erig
bishop, d. 919.
poet, d. 742; Ruman,
Laud.
MS.
Bodl.
Lib.
a
610, fol. 10, a, a
n-agaid Rumuind,
Don's
Gram.).
(0.
G. M'Cullach,
M'Culloch
Mac-culloch,
early documents
(1458),
comes

M'Cullo,
Boar
been

"

M'Cullach

(1431)"

in

{cullach)% M''Lulach, son

suggested, and this appears

Easter

Ross:

of Lulach
as

M^Lulich.

"son

of

the

has
(littlecalf '?),

406

DICTIONARY

ETYMOLOGICAL

Mac-dermid

Mac-donald

Macduff

see

Dermid.

see

Donald.

Dujf.

see

Mac-echern,

M'Eachairn,

G.

documents

Mackauchern

846

"

G.

M.

M'Caychim

(D.

of

L.), early

Ir.

Echthighern
(1499),
(Annals
each
and
Also
Horse-lord," from
A.D.) :
tighearna.
(^'Mac-Echthigerna).
Englished as M^KtcJuiie
G.
M'Fadzeane
Mac-fadybn,
M'Phaidein, early documents
(1540);
Paidean,

from
Mac-farlane
Mac-gill

; from

M'Gille,

G.

Mac-millan

Mac-glashan,

G.

M.

iiaomh

see

Mac-hardy,

G.

Mac-indbor

documents

this

(Mac-millan), M'Gillebane
lad), Gilroy, red lad.

"^
:

G.

0.

Aed,

fire,E.

Aldus,

the

carpenter

see

(1467 MS.),

Ir. Aed,

0.

Ir. aed,

hearth), aestus, heat,

Gaul.

M'Coinnich

G.

Ir.

G.

Makkellar

the

proves

Gaelic

the

EUm\

"

Ardare

"of

form

of

borrowed.

Hilarius

Mac-kenzie,

M.

aWo"^,

0. H.

Aedui.

old
documents
M'Ealair, M'Eallair,
(1470), all
(1518), Makalere
(1476), M'Callar
Ellar
in
M^KeUar,
1595,
Glassary, Argyle.

Eaiair.

xAdam-

fire,Gr.

G.

be

saor.

Ir. Imhar,

'Ivarr.

Aoiih,

from

the

M'Imhair

Norse

Hence

eit, fire,pyre.

to

Gille-

cf.

name,

dun

of

son

aedes, house

Lat.

fire,brand,

Lat.

M'Gille-

g. ; from

g. Aido

Aldus,

name

the

Angus.

M'Aoidh,

Mac-kellar,

ment,
Judg-

or.

Mac-an-t-saoir,
G.
M.
M'lamhair,

G.

of

M'Ghilleghlais,

L.),
of

Servant

Dewar.

Imair,

nan's

formation

G.

Ir.

the

of

of

(D.

(M'Clure,

M'Cardaidh

see

G.

especially of

Gow.

Greg

see

see

Mac-intyre,
Mac-iver,

under

of

Gille-maol

(Mac-niven),
;

Mackay,

the

J\'PGill.e-iddhir

Mac-gregor

E.

M'lllezlass
For

"/lasch (1508).

curtailment,

M'Gillebhrath,
son
brath^ judgment, q.v,
M'Glaisein, a side-form

G.

lad,

Mac-innes

as

G.

from

(1555),

used

M'Gille-mhaoil.

or

Mac-gillivray,

Mac-gowan

of Patrick.

form

pet

Bartholomnv.

see

Grey

Pat,

from

Coinneach,

which

see

under

Kenneth.

Mackerchar,

G.

Mackessack,

for

IPKesek.,
1507

from

Kessog

M'Fhearchair

1475

Makysonn,
Kessock.

see

son

Kessokissone,
1400

Kessoc, Kessan,
or

M'Isaac,

G.

(mostly
personal

Farquhar.
Isaac.

Also

Kessoksone,

1488

of

in
names

Menteith
circ.

Mackieson,
;

and

1500,

Makesone,
S.

Perth),
also

St.

OF

GAELIC

THE

G.

Mackillop,

M'Fliiiib, for Philip {

aspirated and
disappears ; from
^iAiTTTTos,lover

Mackinlay,

Macfingon
Finghin,

Finghin,
"

fair-born

go7iio-s,
Gr.

Ir.

M.

"

root

Lat.
and

of horses

M'Fhionghuin,
(1400), 0. G.

G.

MACKINNON,

M.

G.

each).

Fionghuine,

girt);

(B. of Deer),
Fingiiine : ^ Vindo-

Ir.

of. for

and
KaA/Vtyei/i^s,

Mackintosh,

in

(M'V.),

g.

Ir.

gen.
E.

Finnguine,
and

Gr.

Finlay.

Fingun%

(fionn

is

/ (=ph)
Fhillipus, from

Filip), where

(seegaol
M'Fhionnla(idh) ; from

G.

407

LANGUAGE.

in proper
-yovos
the
Thane's
Mac-an-toisich,

partial

and

force

names.

(see tbiseach),
Mackintosh
Clan7ia-an-t6isaigh,Clans
(M'V.), Toissich
C lanu-an-toisigJi (1467 MS.), early
(D. of L.), Mackintoshes,
documents
M'Toschy
(1382).
G.
1632
Mackirdy,
M'Quiritei,
M'Urardaigh,
M'Urarthie,
;
1626
1547
in
1517
; Makmurrm'ty,
; Makwerarty,
; common
M.

ii.

son

G.

Bute

and

(muir

Arran

and

Mac-lachlan,

old,

from

whence

ceart);
G.

Maclagan,

of

also

M'Lachlainn

Lac/dan.

see

IVE'Lagain (Lathagain
Strathtay), documentary
Maklaagan
sed quid 1
M^Labhruinn

G.

Mac-larty,

M^Mutrie.

liPMurtrie,

G.

Mac-laren,

"

sea-director

"

MuircJieartack^

in

its

district

native

(1525)

of

^M^Gillaagan,

Lawrence.

; see

and
M^Labhartaigh
Lathartaich,
bheartach, Eng. Flaherty :
dominion-bearing
bearing
(seejlat/iand beartach).
G.
M'llleathain, for Gill' Sheathain, John
Mac-lean,
G.

Flaith-

from

"

"

"

or

princely-

"

M.

servant,

G.

documents
or

in

means

Mac-learnan,
Latin

so

G.
of

name

the

latter

Hebrew
from

this

Gilleeoin

(M'V.),

(1390)

Makgilleon

Ebin, John,

John

Giolla-eoin

"the

Lord

Gill'

Frnan,

saint

is

classic

the

being

(1467

MS.),
{Iain)

Seathain

gille and

; from

Seathan's

or

G.

for

the

name.

graciously gave."
Ernan's

St

"

Ferreolus,

The

gille.
"

Iron-one

from

ia^'unn.

Mac-leay,

or
M'An-leigh,
M^Conleif
(1498 in Easter
Kintyre), Dunslaf Makcorry

Ir.

G.

Doiinsleibhe, E.

from
similar

Capt.

Thomas

son,

their

in

Manx
name

traveller.

in

(not
dubh,

regarded
from

Ferchar

the

"

Lord

e.g.

of

the

Dubhsleibhe
of

M'Leays

Leche,

Brown

"

gen.

F.
thus

Hill,"
;

the

of the

see

as

Hill,"
other

Mac-phee).

north-west

the

1386, being
Assynt
The
Legge.
Cleg,
Appin
as
Livingstone, of whom
in

documents

Ross), Dunslephe, gen. (1306-9,

(1505), M. G. Dv.insleibe, gen.,

Duindslebe,

sliabh
exist

names

descended
lands

and

donn

Ir.

M'An-leibh,

earlier

who

as

gets
physician,
M^An-leigh, physician's
M'Lea
clan
Englished
was

the

celebrated

408

ETYMOLOGICAL

M'Grillf

G.

Mac-lellan,
faelan

horn,

Fdilan,

fail,

Ir.

M.

Finden,

name,

head,"

Eng.

Finnan

which

Mac-lbod,

1540), documents
(B. of Deer),
and

century,

Norse

G.

Mac-martin,

G.

MS.,

Martin,
century

Gaulish
G.

Mac-master,
Mac-michael,

full

"Fair-

or

from

M.

G.

Gilleganan

Orkney

G.
in

; the

name

liuta, dissembler,

doubt

no

of

for

earlier

Leot
tenth

word

is

Eng. little.

Gillamartain^
chiefs) : Eng.

Cameron

the

the

Martinus,

the

of

name

famous

fourth

"martial."

means

M^Mhaighistir,
G.
M'Mhicheil,

of

(MS.

0.

Matheson.

see

it

L.), M'Leod

of the

son

doubtless

Master,
for

earlier

Gillamichol

Carmickael.

see

M'Mhaolain,
M''Glasha7i).
gille (cf.

To

Maolan

of

son

be

must

the

Bald
the

compared

Mailagni.

Ogmic
G.

Mac-nab,

M'Ghille-mhaoil,

G.

Mac-millan,

M*

(1467 MS.)
(odhar)

An-ataa,
:

John

Makaneduy,

"son

G.

m'

Abbot";
;

for

the

of

documents

lain

uidhir,

i"'
An-oighre, son
explained as
Makneivar
Cowal
(1685), John
(1681, Inverness).
M'Nuyer

iWAn-fkuibhir,
M''An-fhuidhir,

son

the

of

the

stranger's

is the

the

sept

(1390),
heir.

(1546,
Prof.

son

of

dun

or

be

appears
which

Dunoon)

in

fa.ber

is

M''Nuirs

Mackinnon

smith

and
of the

source

Perthshire

of

son,

Aha

Mac-inroy,

now

(1468), Macnayr

W-Inayr

as

The

name.

An

aba.

see

Mac

L.), J/'

of

(D.

ynnab

1556,
(cf. Makaneroy,
1526, now
Mac-indoe). Such

branch

Gairloch

M.

of the

M'An-uidhir

G.

Mac-nair,

in

the

century),

Norse

ancestor

saint;

of

earl

Ljdtr,

(!),Got.
;

an

Lat.

from

Mac-

Finnio,

white

Findbarr

(D.

common

M'Mhairtinn,

(1467

gen.

Ir.

century),

Vinnianus

(fourteenth

"ugly"

Ir.

fifteenth

was

0.

Giljillan.

Mac-lennan

M'Cloyd

Sagas

M'Mhathain

Mac-mahon,

Faeldn,

(1427).

G.

otherwise

L.), Gilla-

gille, documents

Madoyde

adj. meaning

an

M.

of

Finnan,

jinn, fionn,

Adamnan's

(1545),
M'Leoid,

St
and

deduced

Gilleownan

G.

of

pet form,

Skene

M''Gilla-agamnan,
Macneill

is

Fairfax.

q.v.

Adamnan'8

from

"

of

Ir.

Hence

fourteenth

Finnian,

Ir.

(D.

E.

slave,

Servant

in

Findbarrus

Finnionis

M'Gillelan

faol, wolf,

now

Giila-finnen (common
E.

G.

Fillan's

St

M'lllinnein,

G.

Mac-lennan,

haolain, M.

MS.),

(1467

DICTIONARY

in
Tho.

suggested

overlooked

should

nor

;
as

possible

etymology.
G.

Mac-naughton,
0.

nig

G.
of

Nectan,

nigh,

M*Neachdainn,
Pictish

wash.

Naiton

M.

G.

(Bede),

M'Neachtain
from

necht,

(1467),
pure,

root

OF

GAELIC

THE

G. M'Righ
Mac-nee,
; D.
1480
M'Kne,
1594;
mac-nia, champion 1

L.

of

409

LANGUAGE.

M'onee,

(Menteith

M'Me,

and

1613;

M'Knie,

Breadalbane).

From

MaJcneill
M*Neill, documents
(1427). See Neil.
Lat. Nicolas, Gr.
Mac-nicol, G. M^Neacail, M. G. M'Nicail, from
N
NichoUon.
Aas,
conquering people." Hence
the
Naois
M'Naois,
Mac-nish, G. M'Neis
being a dialectic
; from
form
of Aong^hus or Angus.
Mac-niven, G. M'Ghille-naoimh, the saintly gille (cf.for form in
form
Gilnew
Eng. Mac-glashan).
Documentary
M'llwedy
Ir.
Gill
M. G. and
of the
servant
a
Nanaemh,
(1506). The
different
The
Ir.
is
saints
M'Nevin
is
name.
a
(1467 MS.),
Nimhein
Mac
for JW'Cnaimhin.
{Oranaiche 520).
G.

Nac-neill,

"

iKo

Mac

M'Phail

G.

PHAiL,

M'a-Phi,

G.

Mac-phbe,

documents

(1467),

(duhh

peace

of Paul.

son

M'a

G.

M.

Macduffie

See

Paul.

ffeith (D. of L.), M'Duibsithi

(1463), for Diib-shithe,Black

of

slth).

and

the
G.
of
M.
G.
son
Parson,
M'Phearsain,
Mac-pherson,
M''a pharsone (D. of L.), documents
M^Inphersonis (1594 Acts
of Pari.).Bean
Makimpersone
(1490, Cawdor
Papers), Mak-

(1481,

f arson
Doncho
of

vie

Argyle)

Badenoch

Kilravock

1589

in

(who

Persoun

known

are

called

M'Walter

lands

has

vie

in

(xlassary
(vicar of Snizort, 1526). The

M''Farsane

; Tormot
M'Phersons

Archibald

Papers),

as

Cananaich

Clann

Mhuirich

the

Lat.

cafionicus,canon).
(from
Skye sept are
M. G. Guaire, M'Guaire
G. M'Guaire,
Mac-quarrie,
(1467 MS.),
of Ulva
in
(1481), M'Goire
Macquharry
(1463, Makquhory
Gadelic
Guaire, "^Gaurio-s, E. Ir. c/uaire, noble ;
1473) ; from
Gr.
Lat.
gaudeo, rejoice,
proud, exulting ; further
yav pos,

Eng. joy.
Sween
M'Cuinn, documents
McQueen
(1609, Clan
Chattan
Bond), M''Queyn (1543. Swyne then also as a personal
in
(1502, personal name
Huntly's Bond), Makquean
name,
M.
G.
tosh
also
^uibne,
Soyne
appears),
(1467 MS., Mackingen,
genealogy), IW'Soenith
(D. of L.), documents
Syffyn
(1269, the Kintyre Sweens), Ir. Suibhne
(Sweeney), E. Ir.
G.

Mac-queen,

Adamnan's

Subne,

going 1"
Ogam

The

Mac-queen

which

Mac-rae,

(1383

is referred
G.
in

is the
G.
in

Mac

Cf.

Norse

Jk/^Suain,

Arg.

best

to

root

(O'Duinn,

Duibne

gives

Pronounced

*Subnio-s,

opposite
Dovvinias
(gen.).

as

which

Suibneus

now

Cui'ne

ben, go

etc.)

"

Good

appears

in

dubhach, subhach.
Usually
Sveinn,
Eng. Sweyn, Norse
a
Mac-Swan,
Skye name.
for
or
M'Shuibhne,
Cuibhne,

spelling for Argyle.

M'Rath, M. G. gen.
Rothiemurchus), Ir.

Mecraith,
Macraith

documents

M^Crath

(years 448, onwards)

50

410

ETYMOLOGICAL

"

Son

Grace

of

DICTIONARY

Luck,"

or

rath,

from

q.v.

personal

name

Macbeth.

like
Mac-raild

under

see

Mac-ranald,

Harold.

M'Raonuill

G.

Mac-rury

Mac-rory,

Documents

Rory.

see

Ranald.

see

in

give Mahreury

1427.
of the priest.
son
M'An-t-Sagairt,
for
of Thomas
son
or
Mac-tavish,
M'Thaimhs,
M'Thamhais,
M.
G. Cljne Tawssi
M^Caivis
Tammas,
(D. of L.)" documents
M'Cause
and
(1494, 1488, in Killin of Lochtay).
G.
Makvicar
M'Bhiocair, documents
(1561, when
Mac-vicar,
lands
Son
the Vicar."
of
to
are
given near
him) :
Inveraray
G.
M.
G.
Mac-vurich,
M^Mhuirich,
Mhuireadhaigh
(M'V.) : the
Bardic
claimed
descent
from
the
family of M'Vurich
poet
Muireach
Albanach
call
selves
them(circ. 1200
a.d.). They now
Clann
Badenoch
with
the
confusion
Macphersons
by
G.

Mac-taggart,

G.

"

Mhuirich.

Niall,

G.

Neil,

Ir.,

so

*I^eillo-s,*Neid-s-loNorse

where

M'Neacail

inond), documents
Thormo^r,

(Dial.Tormailt,

wrath

alternates

Tormund

learned

Eng.,

into

spelling

Mac-nicol.

see

II.'s

(David

Tormode

the

Nigel,

as

was

etc.

Tormod

Tormoid,

G.

Norman,

Bk.

Domesday

borrowed

borrowed

thence

gen.

being

meaning

word

The

and

Nellis,

root, the

for

Mac-neill.

Nelson,

whence

G.

Nicholson,

in

Adamnan's

Niall,

niata

see

Njdll, JVjal,

as

it appears

Neil,

of

Ir.

Hence

"champion."
into

E.

of
with

Thor,

Eng.

Tormod

earlier

for

reign)

from

(1584,

Norse

The

mood.

1560)

Tor-

form
"Thor's

Tormailt
Dial.
for
whence
the
(cf. iarmailt
protection ;
phonetics). Cf. Gearmailt, Germany.
G.
Para), for GillePatrick,
Padruig, Parui^ (with pet form
Giollaphdtraicc,
phadruig, M. G. Gillapadruig, Ir. Pddraig,
Mac0, Ir. Patrice
from
Lat.
Patricius,
patrician. Hence
;
"

phatrick,
Pol

G.

Paul,

Paterson.

Pal
(Classic),

(C.S.);

from

Lat, Paulus,

from

paulus,

little,Eng. few.
Peter,
Philip,

G.

Peadair
(j. ;

so

see

; from

Lat.

Petrus, from

Gr.

Her/oos, rock,

stone.

Mackillop.

Raonull, M. G. Raghnall (M'V.), Ragnall, Raghnall

Norse
Rbgnvaldr,
(1467 MS.), Ir. Ragnall {GOTCivnor^)
; from
ruler
ruler
of counsel, from
of (from) the gods, or
regin,
rogn,
the
Reginald, Reynold,
gods, Got. ragin, opinion, rule ; whence
Clanranald.
Hence
etc.
M^Raonuill, Mac-ranald,
G.
Robert
Robert, Raibert, Rotaart, Rob, M.
(D. of L.), Roibert
(1467 MS.) ; from Eng. Robert, Ag. S. Robert, iromhro, hfd^,

Ranald,

G.

OF

and

fame,

praise,

Hence

Rolertsons

Roderick,

Rory,

Ruadri,
0.

Ir.

W.

The

G.

Mac-robhie.

(1467 MS.), 0. G.
(Annals at 779, 814),

Rodri

rik,

Roderick

the

G.

as

reduced

and

the

"Famed-

means

root

same

red,

ruadh,

; from

Teutonic

and

hro^

fame."

bright

Ruaidri

Ruadrach

gen.

Rotri,

righ, king?

(from

M.

"

bright,

now

Donnchaidh),

E,

Ruadri,

ruler"

herht, bright,

Ruaidhri,

411

LANGUAGE.

( Claim
Ruairidh,

G.

Ir.

of

root

GAELIC

THE

The

righ).

rtgh, king
a
(old gen.)
Ruadri
from
N.
Hrorehr,
as
(Zimmer, who, however, regards
but
this in Galloway actually gives Rerik, APRerik,
M'-Crerik^
still
1490, 1579, thus disproving Zimmer's
view). M'Gririck

terminal

-ri,-reck

is

form

of

exists.
G.

Ross,

from

ros,

G.

Ruadh,

Roy,

Samuel,

G.

M.

G.

County

Ross,

name

named

so

promontory.
red.

Mac-inroy

Hence

(1555),

Makaneroy

earlier
,

son.
Ruaidh, Red John's
The
Samuel, Somhairle.
Somuirle
Somairli
(M'V.),

Sumarli^i,
^rora

Seaghdh,
Scheach,

Englished

Inverness

Ferchar

M.

Greenock

are

"

shaws

Ir.
in
The

from

; the

in

The

(1296),

of

"

from

influenced

name

in

SoMERLED

17th

century

Sutherland,
Taggart

Thomas,

G.
see

Hence

ToHQUiL,

the

and

Eng.

northern

Torcull

G.
of
G.

in

called

hence
Lovat
Mac-

etc.

; from

the

county

name.

Mac-taggart.
Tamhus

Mac-tavish,

form

White,

Suthurlanach

Tomas,

G.

and

Ayrshire
Sc.

Samuel.

see

Simpson,

of

name

In Argyle, the
Shaws
are
spelling and pronunciation.
Clann
Mhic-ghiWe-Sheathanaich.
Sim.
G.
This
the
Lovat
is
Simon,
personal name
;
Simmie's
which
the
the
M'Shimidh,
name
by
son,
is
known.
Hence
in
family
patronymically
Eng. Sime,

kiniTYiie,
M''Kim,

B.

in

female

the

in

Shaws

Schaw

southern

1234, M'Sithig

Highlands

Southern
De

Badenoch

in

wolf,

sidhach,

Scheoch, king's

Tho.

Macmallon

there

the

and

Jo.

1451,

Seth

evidently formerly Si^ach

in 1637
M'Shaw),
( Shaw
=

Sythach

hlius

Sitheag was
common
(Shiak, Shihag).

Weem

in

latter

sailor.

Setk

as

M'Keich,

"^Sithech,

shaw,

1455-1462,

1224-33,

r3ally is Some.rled,
Norse
{MQl
MS.); from
sailor,"
mariner,
viking, "summer

lid'i,a follower,

Schiach

"cursors"

Deer

means

and

Se'ach,

Jo.

which

sumar

G.
or

the

; from

M'lain

for

Shaw,

Ros

Rosach,

M.

G.

Tamas

(1467

MS.).

Mac-comhie.

(Torcall) ;

Thorketill,

M'lllebhain

(M'F.),

which
;

son

see

Norse

from
under

of the

fair

Thorkell,

shorter

Mac-corquodale.

gille.

See

Bain

above.

412

ETYMOLOGICAL

William,

Uilleam, M.
the Eng.,
from

G.

of resohition"

(from

SOME

Beathag,
and
fem.

DIC'I

G.
0.

(1467 MS.)

William

Eng. Willelm,

ivill and

NATIVE
M.

lONARY.

Ger.

FEMALE

G.

the

Wilheha,

Hence

helm).

rowed
is bor-

''helmet

ac-william.

NAMES,

G.

Bethog (M'V.), Bethoc

{Chroniclesof Picts
Duncan's
of King
: name
mother), for "^Bethoc, the
discussed
under
of Beathan,
Mac-bean.

Sophia,
Scots
form

Bride, Bridget, E. Ir.,0. Ir. Brigit, g. Brigte or Brigtae : "^Brgnti

GaeHc
old
(Stokes), an
goddess of poetry, etc. (Corm.) ;
the
to
root
brg, high, Celtic Brigantes, high
usually referred
noble
Skr.
Ger. ber^g,
or
hrhatt, high (fem.) ; further
people ;
The
Norse
of
hill,Eng. burgh.
god
Bragi, whose
poetry was
name

allied

be

may

to

that

of

Brigit.

The

name

of

the

Gr.

and
the Teutonic
Berhta
name
goddess AcfipoSiTr)
(B/irg-ttct)
been
stem
as
Eng. bright),have
(from the same
compared to
that of Bridget (Hoffman, Bez. Beit, i^,290) ; but
tion
this derivaof Aphrodite ("foam-sprung'"?) is unusual.
G. Derbhfdil (M'V.), Ir.
M.
Diorbhail, Diorbhorguil, Dorothy,
ovan
Dearbhail, Dearbhforghaill, respectivelytranslated
by 0' Donand
"true
oath"
"true
request" (see aill)
(E. Ir.forgall,
0.
Ir. forcell, testimony, from
Hence
the
historic
geall).
name
Devorgilla.
rionnaghal, Flora, M. G. Fionnghuala
(1469 MS.), documents
Ir.
Finvola
Finnghuala \ "Fair(1463), Fynvola
(1409),
"

shouldered

M6r, M6rag,

; from

Sarah,

M.

fionn
G.

great, while Hebrew

Muriel,
Muireall, Marion,
mor,

"

from

muir

and

guala.

(M'V.),

Ir. Mor

(year 916) : from

Sarah
means
"queen."
Ir. Muirgheal (year 852) : Mori-geld^

Mor

and

geal.
M.
G.
Euphemia,
Effric (D. of L.), med.
documents
Africa, Ir. Aithbhric, older Ajfraic (two abbesses
called
and
Kildare
in 738
of
so
833) ; from Africa ?
God's
Norse
Raqnhildis,
Raonaild, Raonaid, Rachel
; from
"

sea-white

Oighrig,

Eighrig,

"

fight." Of. Ronald.

the
adj. sorcha, bright, the
Sorcha, Clara, Ir. Sorcha
; from
opposite of dorcha, q.v.
from
Ir. Una
Winny,
una
Una, Winifred,
; usually explained as
the
Ir.
Ir,
=gorta), hunger, famine, whence
(nuna, M.
mbion
Una
la na
leath
Ni bhion
teach
a
an
proverb :
gan
Una
half
is
is
The
house
where
niina
never
a
one
day or
M.
Br.
Br.
W.
Cor.
without
hunger."
naun,
naon,
newj/n,
Cf. E. Ir. uinchi, scarcity,Eng.
naffln,*novengo-, Eng. need.
"

"

"

want,

wane.

by
century).

Una, daughter
Keating as Conn

of the

King

Cedcathach's

of Lochlan,
mother

is represented

(second

OTHER

WORKS

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by

MACBAIN,

M.A., LLD.
THE

OF

HISTORY

F.S.A.

added

and

Clan

Scot.,

Families.

Historian.

2nd

Alexander

by

to

MATHESON,

Various

the

of

Genealogies

CLAN

TOWN

THE

OF

HOW

and

INVERNESS.

TO

Instructions, Heading
John

HIGHER

Outlines

THE

of

F.

Wm.

10s

pages.

Dr

Story.
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6d.

Is

6d.

xii.

SCOTLAND.

edited

and

By

Dr

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12s

Alexander

Bain.
Mac-

6d.

ETYMOLOGY.

Is.

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Is.

HIGHLANDER:

By

GAELIC,

MacBain.

Vols., Buckram,

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192

ADVERTISEMENTS.

THE

NAMES

PLACE
D.

OF
late

F.E.I.S.,

Matheson,

OPINIONS
This

contains

book

places

of

majority

be

cases,

ingenuity

and

the

The

Elginshire.

in

208

THE

and

names

accepted
the

for

given

original

6s.

PRESS.

and

correct,

as

tion,
Institu-

1905.

pages.

of

etymologies

etymologies

detecting

in

OF

By

Anderson's

Headmaster,

Illustrations.

Eight

Elgin.

ELGINSHIRE.

the

of

thousand

names.

the

research
Banffshire

"

Celtic

in

may,

show

of them

some

iorm

about

names

"

Journal."
Matheson

Mr

of

important

embodying
original

considers

all

"

Mr

D.

of

the

is

Elginshire"
interested

in

historic

some

of

with

of

of

of

be

in

all

the

best

will

it

"

both

If

and

its

serve

all the

to

purpose

otheir

tively
compara-

aid

The

eral
gen-

reading

the

to

is

work

The

valuable

Press."

will

work

place

full 'accord

in

not

revel
be

the

in

the
the

none

book

glory
less
that

one

as

touches

sensitive

some

and

that

"

swear

it

more

and

instruct

still further
interests

the

will

him.

read

the

in
"

"

he
at

the

countrymen

interest

its wake.

in

follow

be

will

his

interest

growing

the

Elginshire,
at
large"

of

names

critics

if hostile

read,

be

awaken

to

to

interpretations.

Matheson

the

on

and

company;
his
work

does,

it

as

language are
delight is to

Mr

names

and

them,

on

of

list

one

Chronicle."

exhaustive.

heartily recommend

We

instruct,

of

Every

their

Free

his

but

slowly

Names

cally
systematiplace names
alphabetical order,
in detail, a
full index
being
the
to
contribution
rapidly-

it much

Whose

classics.

working

in

as

and

race

the

to

Place

the

fanciful

in

"

Northern

relating,

Aberdeen

"

of

account.

of

and

find

recruit
the

and

institution,

pages.

As
"

"

with

from

excellence,

will

subject,

200

i^garded

free

names

extreme

views

more

will

more

the

his

the

the

on

notable
and

be

by

latest

do.

dealt
a

names,

may

views

and

interest

spots

the
work

it.

will

is

nomenclature.

that

on

educational

over

have

are

book

it

academic

popular

each

place

place

of

mere

will

in

Matheson's

those

of

book

oommendably

and

topogTaphical
Mr

the

The

county,

student

His

should

names

end.

small

most

an

is

Times,"
volume

facts,

names

the

scholarly,

of

head

place-names.

on

literature

growing

the

of great
interest, going over
The
taken
parish.
parishes are

place

;at

"

is

book

the

given

the
view

the
most
Elginshire
interesting subject, as
least
the
at
original form,
Matheson
is evidently a
Mr
of

this

not

sensible

"Isiortheru

place

parish by
and

records
on

if

handsome

with

This

seems

lately

authors

increasing

old

Journal."

Matheson,

editor

now

This

Daily

"

the
information

approximately,

very
sound.

philologist.

of

sources

Oban

on

topography
Weekly

News."

THE

Original

Ink

Drawings.

Fscap

4to., 3s

Illustrated

Sources.

from

64

Pages.

We
Northern
The

original

have

seldom

By

1898.

Original

20

by

Pen

(Scot.).

F.S.A.

an

and

6d.
OF

OPINIONS

"

Related

SHERIFFMUIR.

OF

BATTLE

seen

more

PRESS.

THE

dainty

production

than

this

quarto.

"

Chronicle."
author

anonymous
authorities

as

the

has

told

despatches

the
of

story
Mar

and

of

the

fight

Argyle

and

from

sucii

Freebaim's

ADVERTISEMEMTS.

Perth

print

work
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of

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unpretentious narrative
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evidently
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battlefield.

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actual
and

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its Heroes.
end

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By

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late

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historical
to

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ever

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The

book

"
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and

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ability

the

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books

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.

courage
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present

claimed

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well-informed,

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strengthens

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concludes

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Appendix

with

PRESS.

and

writer

undaunted

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as

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illustrations, is
The

of

ever

and

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Edition,

accumulated

...

is too

noted

Highland
other

pulse,

which

might

had

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fictionist

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Cromb,

THE

ready

he

conspicuously

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the

quickens

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skill

his

figures

as

OF

matters

and

the

narrative

the

Oromb

James

Highland

on

clearly

very

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3s

OPINIONS
The

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L,

are

Scotsman."

"

D.

by

locality

""

sources.

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War

Boer

of

pages.

the

BRIGADE

HIGHLAND

to

of

and

event

struggle

blood,

the

against

Brigade
Highland
Oban
Telegrapli."
the

on

men

of

Highland

the
and

portraits

many

household.

Times."
work

is

Gael.

LIFE
the
pages.

in

produced

patriotic

"
"

Highland

Alexander
1901.

style, and

2s

should

be

in

the

library

News."

MACDONALD.

FLORA

OF

Rev.

excellent

M.A.

MacGregor,

By
Illustrated.

152

6d.

than
his
of
knew
of
more
probably
MacGregor,
Inverness,
any
of
and
folk-lore
the
Outer
of
the
contemporaries
history, traditions,
of
Hebrides
events
and
in particular he
an
authority on
was
Skye, and
the
Flora
of
Macdonald
is clearly the
Life
His
eighteenth century.
had
studied
work
of a man
who
knew
who
his subject thoroughly,
thing
everyin a spirit
with
who
wrote
connected
the distinguished
heroine, and
leaders
in
the
of
with
the
and
their
sympathy
Highlanders
genuine
in the
of the
The
which
memorable
'45.
they played
part
great drama
is admirably
illustrated
and
book
visitors to the Highlands
got up
; the
many
will
in especial welcome
it.
Scotsman."
The
eminent
Rev.
Alexander
Gaelic
scholar, and
was
as
a
MacGregor
of the
the
contributor
best of
to the literature
Highlands.
as
a
Probably
the
readers
and
his writings, and
which
will
find
most
one
certainly
throws
Life of Flora
is his
Macdonald."
So long as
admirers,
romance
her
brilliant
the '45, so long will a corner
of the garment
plaid over
cover
the
heroic
maiden
adventure
of
the
whose
behalf
on
fugitive Prince
of song
and
Mr
Charlie
has
been
the fruitful
theme
MacGregor
story.
with
fervour
who
writes
with
and
would
such
not
Highland
as
a
subject
his narrative
is full of incident.
One
of the portraits is a reproduction
of
Allan
Herald."
painting of the heroine.
Ramsay's
Glasgow
Mr

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

ADVERTISEMENTS.

THE

OF

HISTORY

of

part

all called

"

division

J.

by

time

6d.

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and

Province

of

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Volumes.

408

MORAY

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greater

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County

before

Shaw.

there

down

424

was

in

edition,

New

brought
pages,

the

of

portion

Moray

and

Gordon.

S.

and

Lachlan

By

Enlarged

F.

OF

Elgin

of

Counties.

into

Three

10s

of

County

the

of Banff

Counties

the

Comprising

PROVINCE

to

present

479

pages,

pages,

1882.

CONTENTS.

Introductions
Druids

Language

"

Celts

and

Names

"

Picts

Invasion

Religion

"

Inhabitants

Early

"

Roman

"

Culdees

"

Historians

Early

"

Houses

"

Dress

"

of
Grant,
Gordon,
Duff,
Shaw,
Fam:ly
Leslies,
Innes,
Duchart,
Macpherson,
Moray,

Parish

Rose,

Political

History

Roman,

Military

"

THE

History

Churches,

Protestant

Chisholm

Macdonald,

Lovat,

late

F.

Excursus

with

and

227

LL.D.

Skene,

LL.D.,

Notes,

by

OPINIONS

beginner

The

reading

with
"

due

"

Saturday

"

Dundee

In

It

by

its

the

"

Mac
or

vols.

Bain,

A.,

Buckram

history

PRESS.

do

can

Scotland,"

of

better

nothing
by

Skene,

than

start

edited

by

his
Mac-

history

and

of

explained

the

Clans

Highland
MacBain,

Dr

by

is

the

interesting.
editor

of

Respect

the

work.

"

this

form

present

will

book

be

valuable

more

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ever

was.

"

Advertiser."
was

happy

of

have

since

deserves

Sootsmar.."

the

on

Skene's

to

first

Picts

in

the

This

issue.

Celtic

on

Chambers'

"

in

with

library

the

work,

critical

the

authority

Highlanders,

place

reprint

embody
its

high

article
of

thought
which

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elapsed

excellent

well

6d;

Edited,

(Scot.).

Alexander

THE

OF

Highlanders

views

MacBain,
edition

By

Review."

means

that

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Primitive,

"

Times.''

origin
to

Celtic

in

The

"

Oban

"

The
is

Brodie,
Civil

"

6d.

12s

Bain.

"

by

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"

Culbin,

History
History

F.S.A.

10s

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pages.

Parish

"

SCOTLAND

OF

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Cumming,

Ecclesiastical

"

"

etc.

etc.,

HIGHLANDERS
the

Geography

"

Natural

"

Province

Description

Farquharson

"

Cialder,

the

of

Buchanan's

"

of

Dr
every

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labour
task

was

matters,

to

of

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it up

the

seventy

confided
to

whom

Encyclopcedia."
MacBain's
student

learned
of

Scottish

to

to' Dr
we

owe

This

date
years
ander
Alexthe
new

annotations,
history.^

"

ADVERTISEMENTS.

THE

devoted

Journal

Lore,

Mackenzie

Alexander

Rev.

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13

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10s

o'

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Dr

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OF

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THE

"

delight.

take

Highlanders

which

John

"

Journal.

Groats
No

one

profit,

Alexander

by

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M.A.,

MacGregor,

OPINIONS
The

Gaelic

of the

(late Secretary

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Conducted

abroad.

of

Interests

Material

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the

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History, Antiquities, Folk

Literature,

and

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the

the

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MAGAZINE.

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The

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Illustrations.

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POACHING

Alexander

By
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OF

of Scotland.

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l^ortraits

its

Highlander."

ROMANCE

THE

pleasure,

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finding

Scotsman."

find

to

Greenock

"

without

pages

American

"

ought

Magazine

Highlander.

its

open

Free-

the

of

1904.

pages.

6d.

CONTENTS.
John

Farquharson

Deer-Stalking
Outwitted

"

Stalkers
"
"

the

How
and

Sportsmen
"
"

Reads

Deer

Deer

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Dream

Grampians
Old

the
Off

Sixty

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Chasing

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on

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the

Alexander

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with

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Running

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Nell

iLanavey

"

Days

Two

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than

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plain

naiintive

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facts.

of

"

Stirling

Observer."

HECTOR

MACDONALD:

Life.

David

By

Brigade

Its

158

THE

The
L.

Battles

pages.

FEUDS

OF

and

Mxxxi.

wrote

3s

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unto

in

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M.A.

Conflicts
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of

among
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MDCXix.

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CLANS

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Heroes,"

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the

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Parts

Its

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1903.

Alexander
Feuds

Cromb.

King

of

Story
"The

His

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Nine

tions.
Illustra-

6d.

the

By
with

together
the

Clans

Western

in

Isles,

published
.James

the

in

VI."

1764
176

Rev.

History

the

Northern

from
"from
pages.

of

the

year
a

MS.

1907.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

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air

Part

THUG

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AM

BRU-DHEARG

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Lachlan

ri'm

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duanagan

DO

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Macbain,

A.

PB
An
the

1563

etymological
Gselic

dictionary
language

jy^T^^iCAL
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Toronto

institute:
J

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Canada

of

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